Necrophila (Calosilpha) brunnicollis

Růžička, Jan, Qubaiová, Jarin, Nishikawa, Masaaki & Schneider, Jan, 2015, Revision of Palearctic and Oriental Necrophila Kirby et Spence, part 3: subgenus Calosilpha Portevin (Coleoptera: Silphidae: Silphinae), Zootaxa 4013 (4), pp. 451-502 : 475-479

2) Necrophila (Calosilpha) brunnicollis sensu lato

When analyzing the different N. (C.) brunnicollis populations, the first RW axis in the male groups accounted for 62.34% of the elytral shape differences and the second RW axis had a value of 17.61%. Alternatively, the female groups showed 52.91% shape variation in the first RW axis and 15.54% in the second. The RWs scatter plots in both sexes were greatly overlapped (not shown here), and the TPS transformation grids showed little shape variability in the elytra. Males appeared to be generally truncate, and particularly specimens from Continental Asia ( Fig. 68 ). The female elytral apex conversely seemed more protracted and rounded compared to that of the males ( Fig. 69 ).

MANOVA appeared significant for both sexes. In the male population groups: F = 3.291, Wilk’s lambda = 0.6343, d.f. = 24/465, and p <0.0001. For the female groups: F = 7.817, Wilk’s lambda = 0.4194, d.f. = 24/537, and p <0.0001. CVA was performed on the first 8 axes of the RW scores matrix, representing 98.33% of shape variability in males and 98.07% in females. The plot displayed great overlap between all male and female groups ( Fig. 70 ). The jackknifed values of the CVA confusion matrix indicated a large number of incorrectly classified specimens in both males and females ( Table 3).

Regions Males Females

Correctly classified Misclassified Total Correctly classified Misclassified Total Continental Asia 27 41 68 51 36 87 Japan (Kyushu) 6 9 15 14 4 18 Japan (Ryukus) 14 17 31 22 9 31 Japan (Honshu + Shikoku) 23 34 57 20 40 60 Inasmuch as there were many misclassifications, discriminant analysis between each pair of groups was performed on the first 8 RW scores of the matrix for further support of significance ( Table 4). Results between the majority of tested groups were significant, thus indicating shape variability. The exception was in comparing males of the Japan (Kyushu) and Japan (Honshu + Shikoku) groups.

Tested groups Males/Females

Hotelling’s t2 F value p value (p <) % Misclassified Continental Asia / Japan (Kyushu) 22.74/ 77.24 2.60/ 8.99 0.05/ 0.001 26.51/ 14.24 Continental Asia / Japan (Ryukus) 21.27/ 55.74 2.47/ 6.55 0.05/ 0.001 35.35/ 23.73 Continental Asia / Japan (Honshu + Shikoku) 46.12/ 87.21 5.44/ 10.38 0.001/ 0.001 24.8/ 23.13 Japan (Honshu + Shikoku) / Japan (Kyushu) 9.43/ 29.34 1.06/ 3.33 0.4017 / 0.01 31.94/ 23.08 Japan (Honshu + Shikoku) / Japan (Ryukus) 45.82/ 52.60 5.26/ 6.06 0.001/ 0.001 19.32/ 18.68 Japan (Kyushu) / Japan (Ryukus) 55.86/ 76.49 5.87/ 8.46 0.001/ 0.001 15.22/ 10.20 To exclude the effect of allometry, regression analysis was conducted in both male and female groups separately. Size explained 20.78% of the shape variability in males and its effect was significant (F = 10.909, p <0.001). In females it explained 34.79% and results also showed significance (F = 25.51, p <0.001). Permutation tests with 1,000 random permutations indicated significance; p <0.0091 in males and p <0.0087 in females. As indicated, size played a great role in the shape variation between the groups.

Figures

FIGURE 68. Thin-plate spline (TPS) transformation grids representing the shape variation of the elytral apex in males of Necrophila (Calosilpha) brunnicollis populations along the relative warp axes (RW 1 and RW 2). Grids marked as “ ext. ” belong to specimens from extreme positions on the relative warps scatter plot.

FIGURE 69. Thin-plate spline (TPS) transformation grids representing the shape variation of the elytral apex in females of Necrophila (Calosilpha) brunnicollis populations along the relative warp axes (RW 1 and RW 2). Grids marked as “ ext. ” belong to specimens from extreme positions on the relative warps scatter plot.

FIGURE 70. Canonical variate analysis (CVA) of male (above) and female (below) elytral apex of Necrophila (Calosilpha) brunnicollis populations.