Apidae

Scarpulla, Eugene J., 2018, Four submarginal cells on a forewing of Melitoma taurea (Say) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), and a summary of known records of atypical and variable numbers of submarginal cells, Insecta Mundi 2018 (667), pp. 1-28 : 10-12

Family Apidae

Apis (Apis) mellifera Linnaeus

Typically, 3 SM ( Michener et al. 1994). Experimental effects of undernourishment of larvae: 116 specimens: 19.82% ± 2.50 with incomplete development of the 2nd SMCV resulting in the 2nd SM and 3rd SM being partially conjoined ( Alpatov 1928).

Drones from a virgin queen of mixed Italian honey bees, A. m. ligustica Spinola: occasional partial or complete division of the 3rd SM by “protrusion” of veinlets between the 2nd SMCV and 3rd SMCV ( Akahira and Sakagami 1959).

Wing vein teratology study: specimens with the following: reduction of the 1st SMCV to a stub thereby joining the 1st SM and 2nd SM; an incomplete 2nd SMCV and partial merging of the 2nd SM and 3rd SM; an open forked 2nd SMCV forming an incomplete supernumerary SM; a closed forked 2nd SMCV forming a complete supernumerary SM (a small fourth cell); and spurs on the 2nd SMCV and 3rd SMCV that nearly met, almost dividing the 3rd SM in two ( Porporato et al. 2014).

Epeolus ainsliei Crawford

Typically, 3 SM; specimens examined by Onuferko (2017): the 2nd SMCV or 3rd SMCV partially or entirely missing in one or both wings.

Epeolus minimus (Robertson)

Typically, 3 SM; specimens examined by Onuferko (2017): the 2nd SMCV or 3rd SMCV partially or entirely missing in one or both wings.

Epeolus olympiellus Cockerell

Typically, 3 SM; holotype with 2nd SMCV incomplete on both forewings ( Onuferko 2017); specimens examined by Onuferko (2017): the 2nd SMCV or 3rd SMCV partially or entirely missing in one or both wings.

Eucera (Eucera) tuberculata (Fabricius) Typically , 2 SM; illustration of a ♂ forewing possessing a 2nd SMCV and 3 SM ( Peters 1969).

Melecta (Melecta) luctuosa (Scopoli)

[reported as Melecta (Melecta) punctata (Fabricius) in Peters (1969) and in Hirsch [1999] (2000)]

Typically, 3 SM; illustration of a ♂ forewing lacking 2nd SMCV and with only 2 SM; of 31 ♀ s, one specimen having both wings with only 2 SM; of 23 ♂ s, four with only 2 SM (three specimens with 2 SM on both wings, and one specimen with 2 SM on one wing only) ( Peters 1969).

Two ♀ s collected in northern Poland with only 2 SM ( Hirsch [1999] 2000).

Nomada flavoguttata (Kirby) Often with 2 SM instead of the typical 3 SM ( Peters 1969).

Nomada mesopotamica Roig Alsina

Typically, 3 SM; three of 19 specimens with 2 SM (one with 2nd SMCV reduced on both wings; two with 1st SMCV reduced) ( Roig Alsina 2009).

Nomada obliterata Cresson Typically , ♀ s with 2 SM; rarely with 3 SM, but usually on one wing only ( Droege et al. 2010).

Nomada panamensis Michener Typically , 3 SM; 2nd SMCV sometimes absent ( Alexander 1994).

Nomada roberjeotiana Panzer Often with 2 SM instead of the typical 3 SM ( Peters 1969).

Nomada roberjeotiana Panzer

[reported as Nomada montana (Mocsáry) in Peters (1969); synonym of N. roberjeotiana Panzer per BWARS (2017)]

Sometimes with 3 SM instead of the typical 2 SM ( Peters 1969). Note that these characters are just the opposite of N. roberjeotiana as stated above in Peters (1969).

Nomada rufipes Fabricius Often with 2 SM instead of the typical 3 SM ( Peters 1969).

Nomada sexfasciata Panzer Typically , 3 SM; illustration of a ♀ forewing lacking 2nd SMCV and with only 2 SM ( Peters 1969).

Nomada stoeckherti Pittioni Sometimes with 3 SM instead of the typical 2 SM ( Peters 1969).

Nomada trapidoi Michener

Michener’s specimens: number of submarginal cells varied by sex; ♂ s with 3 SM; ♀ s with 2 SM ( Michener 1954).

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) caerulea (Fabricius) Typically , 3 SM; 2nd SM “frequently wanting” ( Smith 1874).

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) insularis Smith

Typically, 3 SM; ♂ s from Sarawak, Borneo , with the 1st SMCV “obliterated” ( Smith 1858). Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) unicolor Smith

2nd SM is obsolete in both sexes; ♂ s show a trace of 1st SMCV ( Smith 1861).

Smith (1874) examined two ♂ s and ten ♀ s “always, apparently” without a 2nd SM.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma Gribodo) “ Cyaneoderes group” spp.

[reported as Xylocopa (Cyaneoderes Ashmead) ( Hurd and Moure 1963) ]

Fourteen names applied in the former subfamily Cyaneoderes ( Hurd and Moure 1963) ; currently, six recognized species: X. abbotti (Cockerell) , X. bangkaensis Friese , X. caerulea (Fabricius) , X. incompleta Ritsema , X. insularis Smith , and X. tumida Friese ( Mawdsley 2016) . Forewing with 2 SM or 3 SM; if 3 SM, 1st SMCV usually incomplete; number of submarginal cells variable; species often exhibit just 2 SM; the frequency of 2 SM individuals was high in the specimens examined by Hurd and Moure (1963); they postulated that natural selection might be producing a 2 SM group in the Xylocopini.