Chilecicada occidentis ( Walker, 1850 )

Sanborn, Allen F., Cole, Jeffrey A., Stukel, Mark, Łukasik, Piotr, Veloso, Claudio, Gonzalez, Valorie A., Karkar, Jessica B. & Simon, Chris, 2021, Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile, Zootaxa 5078 (1), pp. 1-70 : 27-33

Chilecicada occidentis ( Walker, 1850)

Fig. 7 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 2 (song), Plate 4 (wing flick), Plate 5 (distribution)

Cicada occidentis Walker 1850: 225 .

Cicada crassimargo Spinola 1852: 241. Type material. Holotype. “W. Coast / of Amer (circular label) // Type (circular label with green surrounding text) // 179. Cicada occidentis. // crassimargo / Spin.”” ♂ ( BMNH).

Material examined. “ CHILE, Región Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.; Parque Natural / Quebrada de Macul / 33.49278S, 70.51833W, 860 m. / 4-I-2018, JA Cole, E Gordon, C Simon, S Chiswell leg. // JAC000003284” 1♂ ( LACM); “ CHILE, Región Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.; Parque Natural / Quebrada de Macul / 33.49278S, 70.51833W, 860 m. / 4-I-2018, JA Cole, E Gordon, C Simon, S Chiswell leg. // JAC000003285” 1♂ ( LACM); “ CHILE, Región Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.; Parque Natural / Quebrada de Macul / 33.49278S, 70.51833W, 860 m. / 4-I-2018, JA Cole, E Gordon, C Simon, S Chiswell leg. // JAC000003286” 1♂ ( LACM); “ CHILE, Región Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.; Parque Natural / Quebrada de Macul / 33.49278S, 70.51833W, 860 m. / 4-I-2018, JA Cole leg. // 18.CL. SA.FQD // JAC000003287” 1♂ ( LACM); “ CHILE, Región Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.; Parque Natural / Quebrada de Macul / 33.49278S, 70.51833W, 860 m. / 4-I-2018, JA Cole, E Gordon, C Simon, S Chiswell leg.” 1♂ ( MNNC), 1♂ ( AFSC); “ CHILE, Región Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.; Universidad de / Ibañez, Botánico, Peñalolén / 33.48944S, 70.51194W, 998 m. / 4-I-2018, JA Cole, E Gordon, C Simon, S Chiswell leg. // 18.CL. SA.FQD // JAC000003288” 1♂ ( LACM); “ CHILE, Región Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.; Universidad de / Ibañez Botánico, Peñalolén / 33.48944S, 70.51194W, 997 m. / 4-I-2018, JA Cole leg. ” 1♂ ( AFSC); “El Canelo / Chile / Dec. 29 1950 / L. E. Pena” 1♂ ( AFSC); “14.CL. RM.PLN.304.4 / -33.4926, -70.5177 / 9.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ ( UCMS); “14. CL. RM.PLN.304.5 / -33.4926, -70.5177 / 9.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ ( AFSC); “14.CL. RM.PLN.304.1 / -33.4926, -70.5177 / 9.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♀ ( UCMS); “14.CL. RM.PLN.304.2 / -33.4926, -70.5177 / 9.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♀ ( AFSC); “14.CL. RM.PLN.1000 / Peñalolén / 3.XII.2014 Claudio Veloso” 1♂ ( MNNC); “14.CL.VS. CPA.370 / -32.4608, -70.7047 / 11.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ ( UCMS); “14.CL. RM.CPA.340 / -32.4804, -70.7091 / 11.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ ( MNNC); “16.CL. RM.TCD.979 / -33.0730, -70.9639 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.” 1♂ ( UCMS); “16.CL. RM.LPD.993 / -33.4397, -70.9913 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.” 1♂ ( UCMS). The code 14.CL. RM.PLN refers to Peñalolén, Quebrada de Macul, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile. The code 14.CL.VS.CPA refers to the high part of the road between Putaendo and Alicahue , Valparaíso Region , Chile. The code 14.CL. RM.CPA refers to the side of the road between Putaendo and Alicahue , Valparaíso Region , Chile. The code 16.CL. RM.TCD refers to Cuesta la Dormida, Tiltil , Región Metropolitana , collected by Claudio Veloso and Piotr Łukasik. Finally, 16.CL. RM.LPD refers to the side of highway 68, 3.5 km E from Los Panguiles , Región Metropolitana , Chile, collected by Claudio Veloso and Piotr Łukasik.

Remarks. These specimens match the image of the holotype provided by M. Webb. The studied examples were also collected in the vicinity of Santiago that was the most likely place specimens were collected prior to the original description as a main port of entry and egress from the country.

Etymology. The name is in reference to the collection locality of the holotype (L. occidentis , west).

Description. Ground color testaceous heavily marked with piceous, greenish, but not the vibrant green of some of the new species, costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing. Costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing faded from green to ochraceous in many paratypes. Body covered with silvery pile.

Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color anterior margin of supraantennal plate, mark extends along medial margin with postclypeus in some specimens, anteromedial corner of vertex and triangular mark in posterior half of epicranial suture, mark extending laterad on posterior head margin in some specimens to level of lateral ocelli, short silvery pile, golden in some specimens, and radiating long silvery pile on dorsal head, very dense on frons, denser long silvery pile posterior to eye. Ocelli rosaceous, ochraceous in some specimens, eyes dark castaneous, ochraceous in a few specimens, margined proximally with ground color. Gena piceous medially and laterally to eye surrounded by ground color on medial, anterior and posteromedial margins along lorum, lorum piceous margined anteriorly and laterally with ground color, short white pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short white pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus with ground color carina, and medial anterior and posterior margins, piceous laterally with piceous extending towards midline in middle, all but carina and anterior and posterior margins piceous in some specimens, short fascia on either side of midline in some specimens where piceous not expanding medially, covered with short white pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum ground color with lateral U-shaped castaneous fascia pointing distally, expanding to cover most of mentum in some specimens, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to middle of middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous, junction of distal pedicel and first flagellar segment ground color in some specimens.

Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of midline between anterior fissure and pronotal collar, expanding into triangular mark anteriorly and posteriorly, all fissures piceous, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk just posterior to central paramedian fissure and anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure, spots expanded, reduced or fused in some specimens. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous angled fascia from lateral ambient fissure along anterior margin of pronotal collar lateral angle to posterolateral corner of lateral angle. Pronotum with short silvery pile in fissures. Mesonotum ground color, submedian sigilla piceous, piceous fused anteromedially, lateral sigilla piceous, longitudinal fascia lateral to lateral sigilla, expanding and fusing anteriorly with lateral sigilla in some specimens, posterior mesonotum piceous, posteromedial central disk piceous, mark extending anteriorly between posterior submedian sigilla and anterolaterally to form ground color mark surrounding sigilla, scutal depressions and between anterior arms of cruciform elevation piceous, mark extends along midline of cruciform elevation for various lengths but not reaching posterior margin, anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally, additional transverse fascia in some specimens. Metanotum ground color with piceous midline and anterolateral, mediolateral and posterolateral fasciae. Dorsum with silvery pile, denser and longer between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and long silvery pile in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous on basisternum 2, lateral anepisternum 2, posterior katepisternum 2, transverse fascia in trochantin 2, meron 2, medial katepimeron 2, basisternum 3, transverse fascia on posterior episternum 3, transverse fascia in trochantin 3, and meron 3, piceous expanded or reduced in various specimens. Ventral segments covered with short white pile and radiating long silvery pile.

Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively, some specimens with five hind wing apical cells. Venation greenish, fading to ochraceous, proximally, becoming piceous distally, costal margin with piceous or castaneous fascia along anterior margin proximally extending as far as node, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein greenish separated by piceous fascia extending to node, cubitus posterior piceous, posterior of anal vein 2 + 3 at bend piceous or castaneous, piceous spot on wing base. Basal cell about 2.78 times longer than broad with piceous mark in base. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing orange mottled with red. Hind wing venation similarly colored except piceous median vein, castaneous anal vein 2 and anal vein 3, piceous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with orange mottled with red, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering orange and red area and base of cubital cell 2.

Legs. Legs ground color, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous and/or castaneous, fore tibiae with piceous spot proximally, thickly striped with piceous and annular piceous mark at distal terminus, middle and hind tibiae with thinner and shorter fascia and incomplete or absent distal mark in middle tibia, distal mark absent in hind tibia, tibial spurs and tibial combs castaneous with darker tips, tarsi ground color with piceous distal pretarsus, amount of piceous decreasing in middle and posterior tarsi, piceous expanding in some specimens, pretarsal claws ground color with piceous tips. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur, secondary spine almost upright with proximally extended base, and very small tertiary spine, primary spine piceous, secondary spine ground color with piceous tip, piceous expanding in some specimens, tertiary spine ground color. Proximal segments with short silvery pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, elongated with parallel-sided extension from base to triangular tip, reaching beyond operculum and sternite I posterior margins to middle of tympanal cavity. Female meracanthus similarly shaped and colored, reaching to anterior of sternite III.

Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base and piceous and/or castaneous fascia along medial margin with meracanthus, may be reduced to spot in some specimens, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, obtusely angled posteromedially, medial margin rounded, anteromedial margin obliquely angled to base, not reaching to anterior of sternite II posteriorly, well separated medially barely reaching lateral base of meracanthus, covered with short white pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Female operculum similarly colored and shaped but only reaching just past half the length of the meracanthus to the middle of sternite II.

Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 ground color with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally, castaneous dorsoposterior castaneous in some specimens, tergite 2 with transverse piceous fascia anterior and ground color posterior, piceous mark extending posteriorly on midline but not reaching posterior margin, piceous and ground color separated by castaneous in some specimens, interior timbal cavity piceous, tergites 3–8 piceous anteriorly bordered posteriorly by ground color posterior, piceous expanding on lateral surface, proportion of piceous reducing in posterior tergites, tergites sparsely covered with short silvery pile, denser in some specimens, longer pile radiating from posterior tergite margins and lateral tergites 6–8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color with lateral piceous fascia and castaneous spots on either side of posterior midline, sternite II with transverse piceous fascia on either side of midline, near posterior margin and piceous auditory capsule, sternites III–VII dark ground color with piceous anterior margin and lateral spots, spots connected to transverse fascia in some specimens, anteromedial piceous spot connected to transverse fascia, largest in sternite III, reducing in posterior sternites. Epipleurites dark ground color with central piceous spot. Sternite VIII ground color with elongated, lateral piceous or castaneous spots or fascia ventral to dorsal margin curve, dorsal margin with curve near base forming an obtuse angle, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on sternites VII and VIII. Female sternite VII dark ground color with large anterolateral piceous spots, single, deep, V-shaped notch almost reaching anterior margin, posterolateral margin on either side of notch semicircular connecting to straight lateral margin. Female abdominal segment 9 ground color ventrally, piceous dorsoanteriorly, dorsolaterally, laterally on stigma and tip of dorsal beak, castaneous mark on dorsal midline connecting to posterior dorsolateral piceous spots, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile ventrally. Dorsal beak not as long as piceous margined proximally with ground color anal styles. Posterior margin of abdominal segment 9 straight.

Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color with piceous anterior, large dorsolateral spots that fuse posteriorly but anterior to posterior margin and recurving dorsal to ventral margin to terminate at distal terminus of basal pygofer lobe, posterior and ventral margins ground color, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to distal anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with short silvery pile on dorsolateral posterior. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, curving dorsally at slightly oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, expanding distal to bend to paddle-shaped terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous with ground color margins and base, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous, ground color posterior margin in some specimens. Median uncus lobe piceous, narrow, elongated, undivided, expanding laterally only slightly near base, angled posteriorly from base, lateral margins straight, narrowing to pointed terminus, distal quarter curving toward sternite VIII, small ridge on distal dorsal surface midline ground color, ventral surface piceous with ground color medial margin, ground color expanding distally, medial margins almost meeting along midline except for small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating long golden pile. Aedeagus castaneous, basal aedeagus tubular, distal terminus not exposed in available specimens.

Female gonocoxite IX piceous with ground color ventral margin, gonapophysis IX castaneous, gonapophysis X castaneous with piceous tip. Ovipositor sheath reaching to terminus of dorsal beak and middle of anal styles. Long golden pile radiating from ovipositor sheath.

Measurements (mm). n= 10♂, 2♀, mean (range). Length of body: ♂ 17.12 (15.40–18.30), ♀ 17.33 (17.30– 17.35); length of fore wing: ♂ 18.96 (18.20–19.90), ♀ 20.23 (20.10–20.35); width of fore wing: ♂ 6.72 (6.40–7.15), ♀ 7.23 (7.20–7.25); length of head: ♂ 3.22 (3.05–3.40), ♀ 3.43 (3.35–3.50); width of head including eyes: ♂ 5.70 (5.50–5.90), ♀ 6.00 (6.00–6.00); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: ♂ 6.23 (6.10–6.45), ♀ 6.58 (6.45–6.70); width of mesonotum: ♂ 5.32 (5.15–5.55), ♀ 5.55 (5.50–5.60).

Song. (n=9, from 3 localities in the Metropolitan Region) Brief, rapidly produced echemes, a song type shared only with C. citatatemporaria and that is indistinguishable from that species (MANOVA, P =2.90×10 -1). Echemes of 0.04± 0.00 s are delivered at a rapid rate of 18.07± 0.89 s- 1. Dominant frequency band is 9.11–12.63 kHz (mean dominant frequency=10.69±0.52 kHz). Echemes are grouped into in echeme sequences that vary widely in length from 3.60 to 10.12 s.

Diagnosis. Another of the smaller of the Chilecicada species. The species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 15.40–18.30 mm, fore wing length between 18.20–20.35 mm, fore wing basal cell about 2.78 times longer than broad, proximal fore wing basal cell is ground color, a piceous fascia separating the fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins that can extend partially or completely to node, an elongated meracanthus with a parallel-sided base and triangular terminus, a piceous mark along the medial opercular margin, posteromedial operculum forming an obtuse angle, abdominal epipleurites with a central spot, and a narrow piceous uncus with the distal quarter curving to the terminus.

The song with rapid sequences of echemes (~20 s-1) can be confused only with C. citatatemporaria . Brief, fast echemes also occur in C. viridicitata but the rate is half (~10 s-1) that of C. occidentis .

Distribution. The specimens examined were collected in multiple localities in the Metropolitana and Valparaíso Regions of central Chile. Walker (1850) recorded the species from the west coast of America. Spinola (1852) provided no specific location data other than the central provinces of Chile.

Figures

PLATE 1. Living habitus of Chilecicada species. A. C. citatatemporaria PARATOPOTYPE, Región de Valparaíso, Provincia de Petorca; B. C. culenesensis PARATOPOTYPE specimen PL714, Región Metropolitana; C. C. impartemporaria PARATYPE, Región de Valparaíso, Provincia de Petorca; D. C. magna HOLOTYPE specimen JM037, Región del Maule; E. C. mapuchensis HOLOTYPE specimen PL518, Región Metropolitana; F. C. occidentis Región Metropolitana, Provincia de Santiago; G. C. oraria PARATOPOTYPE, Región del Maule, Provincia de Cauquenes; H. C. parrajaraorum HOLOTYPE specimen PL722, Región O’Higgins; I. C. partemporaria; J. C. pehuenchesensis PARATYPE specimen PL516, Región Metropolitana; K. C. trifascia HOLOTYPE specimen PL430, Región O’Higgins; L. C. trifasciunca PARATOPOTYPE specimen PL515, Región Metropolitana; M. C. viridicitata PARATOPOTYPE, Región O’Higgins, Provincia de Cochagüa.

PLATE 2. Waveforms of Chilecicada songs. Left column 5 s oscillogram windows show echemes and echeme sequences, right column 0.5 s windows show pulses and syllables within echemes.

PLATE 4. Male Chilecicada wing flick behavior. Wing flicks are depicted on spectrograms with Hanning window size 512 except 4B C. impartemporaria, which best resolved on an oscillogram. Each wing flick is annotated with a dot above its position on the window, while echemes are annotated with dashes.

PLATE 5. Distribution of Chilecicada from records reported in this work.

FIGURE 7. Chilecicada occidentis (Walker, 1850): A, Male and female habitus; B, male dorsum; C, male timbal; D, male operculum; E, female operculum; F, male lateral view of genitalia; G, male posterior view of genitalia; H, female lateral view of genitalia; I, female ventral view of genitalia. Scale bar: A, 2 cm; B, 2 mm; C–G, 1 mm; H–I, 2 mm.