Sobarocephala

Lonsdale, Owen, 2014, Revision of the Old World Sobarocephala (Diptera: Clusiidae), Zootaxa 3760 (2), pp. 211-240 : 213-215

Key to the Old World Species of Sobarocephala

1. Scutum yellow with curved stripe along anteromedial margin ( Fig. 2 ). Scutellum entirely light yellow. Eye narrow and oblique, leaving large triangular tomentose region on occiput and postgena. Frons much narrower than eye, vertex inset. Thailand..................................................................................... S. geniculata Sasakawa

- Scutum not as above, usually yellow anteromedially and extensively pigmented postsuturally. Scutellum at least partly brown, either laterally or medially. Eye large and subovate, long axis approximately vertical, not oblique. Frons not narrowed, vertex not shifted anteriorly................................................................................... 2

2. Arista sparsely plumose along entire length (Figs 13, 14). Usually two pairs of lateral scutellar setae................... 3

- Arista densely plumose (sometimes less pronounced apically). Usually one pair of lateral scutellar setae................ 6

3. Scutellum brown medially (Figs 13, 14). Setae black. Japan, Korea.............................................. 4

- Scutellum entirely light brown to brown ( Figs 1 , 7). Setae light brown to brown. Africa.............................. 5

4. Lateral margin of postsutural scutum yellow with faint supra-alar spot (Fig. 14). Scutum with minute posteromedial spot; subquadrate (as below) in Chinese male. Female with faint floating dorsocentral stripes. Scutellar stripe darkest apically. First flagellomere entirely yellow. Mid and hind tibiae brown (yellow in Chinese male). Posterior margin of surstylus sinuate ( Fig. 70 ). Japan (Honshu, Kyushu), South Korea, China........................................... S. mitsuii Sasakawa

- Lateral margin of postsutural scutum brown (Fig. 13). Scutum with dark posteromedial stripe. Female without faint dorsocentral stripes. Scutellar stripe evenly dark. First flagellomere with light anterodorsal stripe. Mid and hind tibiae yellow. Posterior margin of surstylus relatively straight (Fig. 73). Japan (Ryukyus)............................... S. uncinata Sueyoshi

5. Frons yellow (Fig. 7). Scutellum with two lateral setae. Scutum mostly yellow with one pair of thin postsutural stripes outside dorsocentral rows. Surstylus slightly smaller than epandrium, straight and evenly narrow along length. Madagascar............................................................................................ S. insolata spec. nov.

- Frons yellow with anterior margin white and lateral margin brown ( Fig. 1 ). Scutellum with one lateral seta. Scutum dark brown with three very thin yellow anteromedial stripes. Surstylus longer than epandrium, thin (particularly near base), and with apex arched and incurved. Burundi.......................................................... S. myllolabis spec. nov.

6. Face bulging below and between antennal bases. Setae yellow. Arista densely plumose along entire length. Ocellar seta absent. Frons narrowing posteriorly. Notum brown with central yellow scutal stripe (Fig. 12). Male cerci projecting and deeply emarginate. Malaysia, Philippines........................................................ S. vockerothi Sasakawa

- Face usually flat to concave. Setae light brown to dark brown, sometimes yellowish. Arista with hairs sparser apically. Ocellar seta usually well-developed, but sometimes absent. Sides of frons parallel or slightly bowed laterally. Notal pattern various. Male cerci somewhat rounded and sometimes slightly produced pas distal margin of epandrium....................... 7

7. Presutural intra-alar seta small, but distinct................................................................ 8

- Presutural intra-alar seta absent.......................................................................... 12

8. Katepisternum entirely yellow. Anepisternum and anepimeron yellow, sometimes with brown spot in posterodorsal corner of anepisternum. Surstylus curved inwards, smaller than epandrium and with tubercles apical (Figs 49, 52). Epiphallus as large as basiphallus (seen laterally) (Figs 50, 53). Afrotropical Region................................................. 9

- Katepisternum brown on anterodorsal face. Anepisternum and anepimeron mostly to entirely brown. Surstyli flat, essentially parallel; sometimes broad, larger than epandrium, and with tubercles along inner-posterior margin ( Figs 43 , 46). Epiphallus smaller than basiphallus (seen laterally) (Figs 40, 43). Oriental Region.......................................... 10

9. Knob of halter white. Scutum with quadrate posteromedial spot, and with lateral and sutural mottling (Fig. 9). Male abdomen yellow with dorsal stripe from posterior half of tergite 3 to annulus. Pleuron entirely yellow. Hind tibia yellow. Madagascar...................................................................................... S. recava spec. nov.

- Knob of halter brownish. Scutum brown behind postpronotum (males), or with two pairs of basally-connected stripes (females) (Fig. 10). Male abdomen brown with surstylus and cerci yellow. Pleuron yellow with posterodorsal spot on anepisternum. Hind tibia brownish. Tanzania.................................................... S. laticrinis spec. nov.

10. Scutellum yellow medially. Acrostichal seta present. Perianal region shifted ventrally past distal margin of epandrium ( Figs 30, 31 ). Surstylus half length of epandrium; tubercle-like setae restricted to inner-distal margin. Paraphallus without “thumb” ( Fig. 32 ). Laos........................................................................... S. nebulosa spec. nov.

- Scutellum entirely brown. Acrostichal seta absent. Perianal region enclosed by distal margin of epandrium. Surstylus nearly as long as epandrium; tubercle-like setae along most of inner-posterior margin. Paraphallus with “thumb”................. 11

11. Setae dark brown. Wing darkly infuscated, primarily along anterior and distal margins. Scutum brown with central yellow stripe (Fig. 24). Postpronotum brown. Ocellar spot small. Face brown to orange or dirty yellow. Thailand................................................................................................ S. nimbipennis spec. nov.

- Setae brown. Wing lightly clouded along anterior margin. Scutum entirely brown behind level of postpronotum (Fig. 29). Postpronotum yellow with anterior margin brown. Ocellar spot large and triangular, continuing onto back of head as small spot. Face light yellow. Sri Lanka........................................................... S. kapnikos spec. nov.

12. Notum mostly or entirely brown behind level of postpronotum, sometimes with a narrow yellow anteromedial emargination(s) (as in Figs 16, 17, 19). One or (occasionally) two pairs of lateral scutellar setae................................... 13

- Notum yellow with brown stripes, or brown with a thick yellow medial stripe. One pair of lateral scutellar setae........ 17

13. Knob of halter brown. Presutural scutum with anterior margin brown; notopleuron and anteromedial stripe brownish (Fig. 18). External male terminalia more than half length of tibiae. Nigeria................................. S. magna spec. nov.

- Knob of halter white. Anterior margin of scutum yellow; notal pattern various, but sometimes with thin yellow anteromedial emargination. External male terminalia much less than half length of tibiae. Southeast Asia.......................... 14

14. Ocellar seta absent. Mid fronto-orbital 2/3 length of other fronto-orbitals. Epandrium yellow with orange tint (Fig. 28). Laos, Thailand........................................................................... S. secaperas spec. nov.

- Ocellar seta comparable in length to postvertical. Fronto-orbitals similar in length. Epandrium brown.................. 15

15. Body length 2.5mm. Notum brown with anterior margin, postpronotum, and medial line nearly attaining base of scutum yellow (Fig. 19). Surstylus longer than wide; inner marginal surface with small tubercle-like setae. Paraphallus long and narrow, tapering to a point; thumb absent. Thailand................................................... S. megastylis Sasakawa

- Body length 2.8-3.8mm. Notum various, but scutum not as above; if with medial yellow line, then postsutural scutum and abdominal tergites partially yellow. Surstylus subcircular, with length and width nearly equal, and tubercle-like setae either absent or forming stout pointed spines ( Figs 54, 55 , 57, 58). Paraphallus short with broad apex; thumb short ( Figs 56 , 59)....................................................................................................... 16

16. Scutum variable (Figs 15-17), but not as below. Tergites 1, 6 and annulus yellow. One lateral scutellar seta. Wing sometimes with faint anterodistal infuscation. Indonesia, Malaysia.......................................... S. cycla spec. nov.

- Scutum dark brown postsuturally (except for anterolateral margin along suture), with wide medial stripe nearly attaining anterior margin, and notopleuron light brown (Fig. 20). Abdomen dark brown with tergite 1 pale brown. Two lateral scutellar setae [sockets evident on holotype]. Wing dusky apically, becoming darker anterior to R4+5. Malaysia...... S. eurystylis Sasakawa

17. Scutum with central brown stripe. Gena shining............................................................ 18

- Scutum yellow centrally (base of scutum brownish in some S. plumicornis ). Gena pilose or shining.................. 21

18. Anepisternum yellow with dorsal margin brownish. Lateral margin of scutum yellow with notopleuron brownish (Fig. 3). Surstylus with pointed posterobasal process (Fig. 67). South Africa............................ S. zuluensis Stuckenberg

- Anepisternum entirely brown, sometimes yellow lateral to spiracle. Lateral margin of scutum various, but not as above. Surstylus without basal process [males unknown for S. hirsutiseta ].................................................. 19

19. Scutal stripe thick along entire length, mostly dark brown; if attaining anterior margin, anterior section of stripe light brown; lateral margin of scutum dark brown to base of postpronotum (Fig. 21). Female face and clypeus brown. First flagellomere with strong dorsal stripe. Philippines...................................................... S. hirsutiseta (Frey)

- Scutal stripe tapering apically and sometimes narrowed medially, not extending much past transverse suture; lateral margin of scutum partially yellow postsuturally, at least at base (as in Fig. 22). Female face yellow [females unknown for S. baculigera ]. First flagellomere with spot at base of arista that sometimes reaches base of segment as a weak stripe................. 20

20. Male face and clypeus yellow. Scutellum yellow laterally (Fig. 23); surface smooth. Scutal stripe widest at base, tapering apically; lateral margin of scutum yellow excluding irregular spot medially before suture. Ocellar seta slightly longer than tubercle. Philippines................................................................... S. baculigera Sasakawa

- Male face and center of clypeus dark brown. Scutellum entirely brown (Fig. 22); wrinkled dorsomedially. Scutal stripe narrowed past base and slightly widened medially; lateral margin of scutum brown with base yellow. Ocellar seta minute. Philippines............................................................................ S. fuscifacies Sasakawa

21. Scutellum yellow with lateral margins brown, at least posteriorly. Hind tibia yellow. Notal stripes relatively wide........ 22

- Scutellum brown, but if with orange or yellowish region medially ( S. plumicornis males), then hind tibia brown and notal stripes thin and not touching posterior or lateral margins of scutum (Fig. 5)....................................... 24

22. Body length 4.5mm. Notal stripe truncated; entire lateral margin of stripe confluent with margin of scutum; notopleuron yellow (Fig. 4). Metanotum brown. Pleuron entirely yellow. Setae brown. Southeast Africa....... S. milangensis Stuckenberg

- Body length less than 3.0mm. Notal stripes rounded and tapering apically, with only base touching lateral margin of scutum; notopleuron sometimes brown (Fig. 26). Metanotum yellow to ochraeous, at least medially below scutellum. Pleuron yellow with anepisternum brown, at least in part. Setae light brown to yellowish......................................... 23

23. First flagellomere with spot at base of arista. Anepisternum brown; anepimeron yellow. Surstylus as high as epandrium, broadest past midpoint (seen laterally) and with shallow posterobasal lobe (seen posteriorly) (Figs 33, 34). Paraphallus well-developed, with apex tapered and minutely spinulose (Fig. 35). Basal shield of distiphallus and epiphallus fused. Laos............................................................................................ S. anonymos spec. nov.

- First flagellomere with complete stripe (Fig. 26). Anepisternum brown, at least along sutures; anepimeron at least partially brown. Surstylus smaller than epandrium (seen laterally), tapering apically and without posterobasal lobe ( Figs 63, 64 ). Paraphallus small, smooth, irregular in outline. Basal shield of distiphallus and epiphallus separate ( Fig. 65 ). Australia, Indonesia, Vietnam...................................................................... S. triangula spec. nov.

24. Lateral 1/3 of scutum brown with thin yellow emargination medially behind postpronotum (Fig. 11). Frons with orange tint. Female abdomen brown, with terminal segment and lateral margin of tergites 4–6 broadly yellow. Madagascar, Seychelles...

................................................................................ S. doryphoros spec. nov. - Lateral margin of scutum yellow, at least in part. Frons yellow. Female abdomen without conspicuously narrowed stripe medially............................................................................................... 25

25. Abdomen yellow with narrow light brown stripe along lateral margins of tergites and similarly pale but limited striping medially; epandrium dark brown. Anepisternum brown with oblique yellow stripe. Vietnam.............. S. apoxys spec. nov.

- Abdominal tergites entirely or medially brown, never as above with contrastingly dark epandrium. If anepisternum as above, then abdomen entirely brown ( S. paksana ); normally entirely brown to light brown................................ 26

26. Lateral 1/3 of scutum brown behind level of postpronotum or transverse suture (Fig. 27). Hind tibia yellow (state unknown for S. paksana ). Southeast Asia........................................................................... 27

- Scutum yellow with one pair of thin brown posteromedial stripes, but sometimes also with variable lateral mottling. Hind tibia brown, at least medially............................................................................... 28

27. Lateral margin of scutum brown to transverse suture (Fig. 27). Wing clear. Back of head with one pair of spots. Gena shining. Male abdomen yellow with tergite 2 brown posterolaterally, tergites 3 and 4 brown, tergite 5 brown centrally (stripe strongly narrowing anteriorly) and epandrium dark brown. Surstylus much shorter than epandrium (Figs 60, 61). Pregonite spectral with two subapical setae (Fig. 62). Paraphallus short, arched and with apex spinulose; “thumb” short, broad. Malaysia, Thailand.............................................................................. S. orientalis spec. nov.

- Lateral margin of scutum brown to base of postpronotum. Wing with faint anterodistal infuscation. Back of head entirely yellow. Gena pilose. Male abdomen entirely brown. Surstylus as high as epandrium (Figs 36, 37). Pregonite well defined, curved, with several medial to subapical setae (Fig. 38). Paraphallus smooth, flat, without “thumb”. Laos..... S. paksana spec. nov.

28. Sometimes only faded basal portion of notal stripe attaining posterior margin of scutum (Figs 5, 6). Anepisternum and anepimeron yellow to light brown. Face, clypeus and palpus yellow. Back of head yellow. Nigeria, Seychelles..................................................................................................... S. plumicornis (Lamb)

- Notal stripe extending to posterior and lateral margins of scutum (Fig. 25). Anepisternum and anepimeron brown. Face and clypeus with brownish medial tint and palpus with orange apical tint. Back of head with one pair of triangular spots. Nepal................................................................................... S. nepalensis Sasakawa

Figures

FIGURE 1. Sobarocephala myllolabis spec. nov., male, with detail of genitalia inset.

FIGURE 2. Sobarocephala geniculata Sasakawa, male. Fig. 3: S. zuluensis Stuckenberg, male. Fig. 4: S. milangensis Stuckenberg, female. Fig. 5: S. plumicornis (Lamb), Seychelles male. Fig. 6: S. plumicornis, Nigerian female. Fig. 7: S. insolata spec. nov., male. Fig. 8: S. apoxys spec. nov., male. Fig. 9: S. recava spec. nov., male. Fig. 10: S. laticrinis spec. nov., male. Fig. 11: S. doryphoros spec. nov., female. Fig. 12: S. vockerothi Sasakawa, male. Fig. 13: S. uncinata Sueyoshi, male. Fig. 14: S. mitsuii Sasakawa, male (left) and female abdomen (right). Figs 15 – 17: S. cycla spec. nov; 15: Malaysian dark colour pattern; 16: Malaysian light colour pattern; 17: Indonesian colour pattern. Fig. 18: S. magna spec. nov., male. Fig. 19: S. megastylis Sasakawa, male. Fig. 20: S. eurystylis Sasakawa, male. Fig. 21: S. hirsutiseta (Frey), female. Fig. 22: S. fuscifacies Sasakawa, male. Fig. 23: S. baculigera Sasakawa, male. Fig. 24: S. nimbipennis spec. nov., male. Fig. 25: S. nepalensis Sasakawa, female. Fig. 26: S. triangula spec. nov., Australian female (pattern of Vietnamese female dotted). Fig. 27: S. orientalis spec. nov., female (left) and male abdomen (right). Fig. 28: S. secaperas spec. nov., male. Fig. 29: S. kapnikos spec. nov., male. * — representative of S. flaviseta species group; ** — representatives of S. flava species group; other species are representatives of the S. plumicornis species group or are of uncertain placement.

FIGURES 69 – 71. Sobarocephala mitsuii Sasakawa, male genitalia; 69: external, left lateral; 70: external, posterior; 71: hypandrial complex, left lateral. Figs 72 – 74: S. uncinata Sueyoshi, male genitalia; 72: external, left lateral; 73: external, posterior; 74: hypandrial complex, left lateral. Figs 75, 76: S. vockerothi Sasakawa, male genitalia; 75: external, left lateral (annulus missing); 76: hypandrial complex, left lateral.

FIGURES 42 – 44. Sobarocephala kapnikos spec. nov., male genitalia; 42: external, left lateral; 43: external, posterior; 44: hypandrial complex, left lateral. Figs 45 – 47: S. nimbipennis spec. nov., male genitalia; 45: external, left lateral; 46: external, posterior; 47: hypandrial complex, left lateral. Figs 48 – 50: S. laticrinis spec. nov., male genitalia; 48: external, left lateral; 49: external, posterior; 50: hypandrial complex, left lateral. Figs 51 – 53: S. recava spec. nov., male genitalia; 51: external, left lateral; 52: external, posterior; 53: hypandrial complex, left lateral.

FIGURES 30 – 32. Sobarocephala nebulosa spec. nov., male genitalia; 30: external, left lateral (annulus not included); 31: external, posterior; 32: hypandrial complex, left lateral. Figs 33 – 35: S. anonymos spec. nov., male genitalia; 33: external, left lateral; 34: external, posterior; 35: hypandrial complex, left lateral. Figs 36 – 38: S. paksana spec. nov., male genitalia; 36: external, left lateral; 37: external, posterior; 38: hypandrial complex, left lateral. Figs 39 – 41: S. insolata spec. nov., male genitalia; 39: external, left lateral; 40: external, posterior; 41: hypandrial complex, left lateral.

FIGURES 54 – 56. Sobarocephala cycla spec. nov., dark phase male genitalia; 54: external, left lateral; 55: external, posterior; 56: hypandrial complex, left lateral. Figs 57 – 59: S. cycla spec. nov., light phase male genitalia; 57: external, left lateral; 58: external, posterior; 59: hypandrial complex, left lateral. Figs 60 – 62: S. orientalis spec. nov., male genitalia; 60: external, left lateral; 61: external, posterior; 62: hypandrial complex, left lateral.

FIGURES 63 – 65. Sobarocephala triangula spec. nov., male genitalia; 63: external, left lateral; 64: external, posterior; 65: hypandrial complex, left lateral. Figs 66 – 68: S. zuluensis Stuckenberg, male genitalia; 66: external, left lateral; 67: external, posterior; 68: hypandrial complex, left lateral.