Okanagana noveboracensis ( Emmons, 1854 )

Cole, Jeffrey A., Chatfield-Taylor, Will, Smeds, Elliott A., Cooley, John R., Gonzalez, Valorie A. & Wong, Caressa, 2023, Phylogeny of North America’s largest cicada radiation redefines Tibicinoides and Okanagana (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae), Zootaxa 5346 (5), pp. 501-531 : 520-521

Okanagana noveboracensis ( Emmons, 1854)

Cicada noveboracensis — Emmons, 1854: 152.

Tibicen rimosa — Uhler, 1892: 160 (Incorrect synonymy).

Tibicen noveboracensis — Osborn, 1895: 202 (A revision in status).

Okanagana rimosa — Distant, 1906: 126 (An incorrect synonymy).

Tibicen rimosa noveboracensis — Patch, 1906: 222 (As a subspecies of an incorrect synonymy).

Okanagana novaeboracensis — [sic], Gibson, 1911: 119 (Revised status, incorrect spelling).

Okanagana noveboracensis — Van Duzee, 1915: 38 (Current combination).

Cicada canadensis Provancher, 1889: 213 . New junior subjective synonym. *

Neotype Locality: USA, New York, Erie County, Buffalo. Deposited at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History ( Sanborn 2009).

Rationale for synonymy: O. noveboracensis is a color pattern variant ( Fig. 10 ) that is not genetically differentiated ( Figs. 4–5 , 7 ), not geographically localized ( Fig. 11 ), and not bioacoustically distinct ( Table 3 ) from O. canadensis . Phylogenetically, O. noveboracensis nests within O. canadensis with no detected genetic distance (COI uncorrected genetic distance 0.00%; Supp. Table 2 ; Fig. 5 ). Type O. noveboracensis represent a localized population in northeastern North America that is peripatric ( Fig. 11 ) to O. canadensis ( Sanborn & Phillips 2013) that have the typical color pattern ( Fig. 10A ). At the opposite extreme of the range in southwestern USA, a pair of specimens obtained from R.L. Sanders north of the New Mexico border share the O. noveboracensis color pattern ( Fig. 11 inset below right) but are genetically O. canadensis (JAC unpublished data). An O. rimosa -like species was previously mentioned from the Rocky Mountains ( Kondratieff et al. 2002) that may also refer to this form of O. canadensis given the superficial similarities between O. rimosa and O. noveboracensis ( Sanborn 2009) . Bioacoustically, there are no known instances of peripatric species of Okanagana that share the same calling song ( Chatfield-Taylor & Cole 2019; unpublished data), yet the calls of O. canadensis and O. noveboracensis are almost identical in syllable rate and overlap in dominant frequency ( Table 3 ). Based on the combined evidence we make O. canadensis a new junior subjective synonym of O. noveboracensis .

*We are preparing an application to the ICZN, with Joel Kits at the Canadian National Insect Collection, under article 23.9.3 of the Code of Zoological Nomenclature to reverse the precedence of O. canadensis ( Provancher, 1889) over O. noveboracensis ( Emmons, 1854) , and recommend maintaining the prevailing combination of O. canadensis until the Commission has ruled.

Figures

FIGURE 4. Bayesian consensus trees of nDNA (analysis 1 in Methods: Phylogenetic analysis). Posterior probabilities below 100% are shown along associated branches, all unlabeled branches are 100% posterior probability. Branches are proportional to lengths. Current assignments to genera (Sanborn 2014; Sanborn & Heath 2017) are annotated at the right.

FIGURE 5. Bayesian consensus tree of mtDNA (analysis 2 in Methods: Phylogenetic analysis). Annotations as in Fig. 4.

FIGURE 7. Bayesian consensus tree of concatenated matrix (analysis 3) as in Fig. 6 with branches proportional to lengths. Outgroups are cartooned. Concepts of genera as revised in this work appear on relevant branches. Photographed representatives of each genus appear to the right of the tree (Supp. Table 3).

FIGURE 10. Habitus comparison between A. O. canadensis and B. O. noveboracensis.

FIGURE 11. Distributions of O. canadensis and O. noveboracensis showing peripatry. Inset details O. noveboracensis type locality. Lower right detail: habitus of O. noveboracensis-like phenotype from southwestern extreme of range.