Sinuolinea Davis, 1917

Kodádková, Alena, Dyková, Iva, Tyml, Tomáš, Ditrich, Oleg & Fiala, Ivan, 2014, Myxozoa in high Arctic: Survey on the central part of Svalbard archipelago, International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 3 (1), pp. 41-56 : 50-51

Genus Sinuolinea Davis, 1917 .

Type host: M. scorpius (Linnaeus, 1758) , Shorthorn sculpin; average standard length 18.7 cm.

Other hosts: unknown.

Type locality: Greenland Sea , part of the Billefjorden , Isfjorden, Petunia Bay in the central part of Svalbard archipelago (78° 69 Ɩ N, 16° 53 Ɩ E) .

Other localities: none.

Description of sporogonic stages: mostly disporic, rarely polysporic spherical plasmodia; freely floating in urine; spores maturing either inside the plasmodium or in pansporoblasts which are as a whole separated from the plasmodium and where spores bladder of M. scorpius . However, infecting gall bladder, which is not a typical site of infection of sinuolineid species, and poor morphological description of M. myoxocephali puts doubt on correct systematic position of this species.

subsequently undergo complete maturation; for dimensions see Table 1.

Description of myxospores: spores spherical with protrusive sinuous suture line twisted in its axis; valves with smooth surface; two spherical PCs of equal size, separated from one another and discharging sideways, 7 coils of polar filament; spores with a single distinct sporoplasm; for dimensions see Table 1.

Localization of sporogonic stages: coelozoic; urinary bladder.

Prevalence: 10% (5 of 48 urinary bladders).

Pathology: unknown.

Materials deposited: DNA sample (nr. 1317) stored in – 80 °C in the Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, BC ASCR; SSU (GenBank accession No. KF874232) and LSU (GenBank accession No. KF874227) rDNA sequences.

Etymology: species name refers to the geographic origin in Arctic.

Remarks: Sinuolinea arctica is the first Sinuolinea species described from M. scorpius . Its size and morphology are similar to those of the type species S. dimorpha , but the spore of S. arctica is slightly bigger (14.8–15 µm vs. 15.4–16 µm) ( Dyková et al., 2013). Sinuolinea sp. from urine of M. scorpius was previously reported by Lom (1984) and has identical morphology to S. arctica . However, dimensions of Sinuolinea sp. are significantly larger (L 22.9 µm and W 20.7 µm) than of S. arctica (L 15.7 ± 0.9 and W 15.4 ± 0.8). Assigning taxonomic status of Sinuolinea sp. would require molecular characterisation. Myxoproteus myoxocephali Fantham, 1940 (family Sinuolineidae ) was described from gall 3.2.3. Characterization of new organism

Latyspora- like organism ( Fig. 1L–N , Figs. 9 and 10 ).

Family Sinuolineidae Shulman, 1959 .

Genus Latyspora Bartošová, Freeman, Yokoyama, Caffara and Fiala, 2010 .

Type host: C. harengus Linnaeus, 1758 , Atlantic herring; average standard length 20.9 cm.

Other hosts: unknown.

Type locality: Greenland Sea , part of the Billefjorden , Isfjorden, Petunia Bay in the central part of Svalbard archipelago (78° 69 Ɩ N, 16° 53 Ɩ E) .

Other localities: none.

Description of sporogonic stages: disporic plasmodia globular in shape containing numerous refractile granules; plasmodia developing in renal tubules (attached to the epithelium and sometimes invading into epithelium); for dimensions see Table 1.

Description of myxospores: spores bean-shaped or trapezoidal from frontal view, oval from the apical view; both valves smooth with rounded shape; spore folds formed by the shell valve at its posterior pole; straight sutural line running perpendicularly between two spherical PCs of equal size, PCs located close together at anterior pole and oriented in the same direction, discharging sideways, PCs with a straight central shaft of the filament, 6–7 coils of polar filament; single sporoplasm with two nuclei; for dimensions see Table 1.

Localization of sporogonic stages: coelozoic; renal tubules.

Prevalence: 14% (9 of 66 kidney samples).

Pathology: advanced infection associated with alteration to the epithelium of renal tubules either by atrophy of epithelial cells and pyknosis of cell nuclei or complete loss of integrity of epithelium due to necrotic changes; hypertrophy of renal corpuscles caused by foreign material accumulated in dilated Bowman’s spaces not possible to unambiguously associate with infection ( Fig. 10 ).

Materials deposited: DNA sample (nr. 1365) stored at – 80 °C and paraffin blocks nrs. 695/09, 700/09, 704/09 stored in the Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, BC ASCR; SSU (GenBank accession No. KF874234) and LSU (GenBank accession No. KF874225) rDNAs sequences.

Remarks: Classification of this species near the genus Latyspora is based on the current state of Latyspora taxonomy ( Bartošová et al., 2011). The taxonomic status of Latyspora- like organism will be emended in the future when myxozoan taxonomy and in particular the genus Latyspora is revised. Latyspora -like organism differs morphologically from the genus Latyspora in one morphological characteristic: the sutural line is straight in Latyspora -like organism vs. sinuous in the type species Latyspora scomberomori . Other morphological and biological characteristics e.g. localization in the fish host fully correspond to Latyspora and phylogenetically, the genus type species L. scomberomori and Latyspora -like organism are distantly related.

Figures

Fig. 1. Mature spores and plasmodia. (A-N) Myxospores and myxosporean plasmodial stages as seen in Nomarski differential interference contrast. Measurements are listed in Table 1. (A) Mature spore of Ceratomyxa porrecta. (B) Spores of Schulmania aenigmatosa with focus on polar capsules (left) and sinuous valve suture (right). (C) Plasmodial stages (left) and mature spore of Parvicapsula irregularis (right). (D) Mature spores of Parvicapsula petuniae. (E) Mature spore of Myxidium gadi. (F) Mature spore of Myxidium finnmarchicum. (G, H) Spores of Sinuolinea arctica in frontal (G) and sutural (H) view. (I, J) Plasmodial stages of Zschokkella siegfriedi. (K) Mature spores of Zschokkella siegfriedi. (L) Plasmodial stage of Latyspora-like organism. (M, N) Latyspora-like organism spores with focus on polar capsules and part of valve suture, respectively.

Fig. 9. Line drawing of Latyspora-like organism, sutural view. Scale bar = 10 µm.

Fig. 10. The histology of kidney infected with Latyspora-like organism. (A–B) Advanced stage of Latyspora-like organism infection in renal tubules of Clupea harengus. (A) Epithelium in infected segments of renal tubules consisting of cells with pyknotic nuclei suggestive of cellular necrosis. (B) Early stage of epithelial disintegration. (C) Loss of integrity of epithelium due to advanced necrotic changes. Basophilic remnants seen in necrotic epithelium indicate hypertrophy of some nuclei. (D) Hypertrophy of renal corpuscles containing foreign material in Bowman’s spaces was observed but cannot be solely associated with Latyspora-like organism infection.