Philodoria molokaiensis Swezey, 1928

Kobayashi, Shigeki, Johns, Chris A. & Kawahara, Akito Y., 2021, Revision of the Hawaiian endemic leaf-mining moth genus Philodoria Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): its conservation status, host plants and descriptions of thirteen new species, Zootaxa 4944 (1), pp. 1-175 : 34-36

Philodoria molokaiensis Swezey, 1928

Figs. 8B , 26F , 41H , 42G , 43G , 56I, J , 62F–H , 73A , 80A, B, D, E .

Philodoria molokaiensis Swezey, 1928: 188–189 ; Zimmerman 1978a: 709, figs. 464, 470, 478.

Type locality. Kawela (Molokai).

Type material. Lectotype ♂, Kawela, 3700ft, Molokai, 23.xii.1925, O.H. Swezey Collector, Lysimachia [ hillebrandi var.], | Holotype | Philodoria molokaiensis Swezey Det. by O. H. Swezey| ♀ paratype & ♂ holotype abdomen sent ECZ 7?-17-61| Type no. 4271, slide no. Z-XII- 20-65 in BPBM (here designated). Paralectotype ♀, same data and locality as lectotype, Z-XII-19-62- 26 in BPBM. Described from two specimens. Swezey considered them as holotype and paratype, as indicated on their specimen labels. However, because the holotype was not specified in the original description, the so-labeled holotype and paratype are all to be considered syntypes under Article 73.2 of the Code ( ICZN 1999), and any one is thus eligible for designation as lectotype under Article 74 of the Code ( ICZN 1999). The syntype labeled ‘Holotype’ is here designated as lectotype ( Fig. 8B ), and the other syntype is the paralectotype.

Addtional material. (2♂, 2♀). Molokai: 2♀, Kamakou, 16–20.i.2014 (stored), C.A. Johns leg., host: L. hillebrandi var., CJ229 / SK 668♀ (20.xii.2013 em., wing and abdomen), CJ239 / SK 669♀ (abdomen); 2♂, Kawela, 26.vii.2015 (stored), K. Bustamente leg., host: L. maxima, KMB 01, 20150317, CJ509 / SK667♂ (wing and abdomen), SK666♂ (abdomen); deposited in BPBM .

Diagnosis. Forewing with two longitudinal streaks of ocherous-orange on distal area of thorax and the patagium is light gray instead of ocherous-orange as in P. lysimachiella Swezey ( Swezey 1928) ( Fig. 8B , 73A ). See also diagnosis of P. lysimachiella .

Redescription: Adult ( Figs. 8B , 73A ). Wingspan 9 mm in lectotype; forewing length 3.2 mm in paralectotype. Head light gray; frons white; maxillary palpus reduced; labial palpus white, slightly brownish externally on the base. Antenna light gray, white below on basal third, about 1.3x length of forewing. Thorax ocherous-orange on each side of disk, patagium light gray. Forewing shiny metallic bronze with ocherous-orange patches: a large oblique patch from base to 1/3, containing two longitudinal streaks; a median white one narrowing toward apex, another same length, on the dorsal margin; tf from costal 1/3 to dorsal 1/2; a large tp after the middle to costal 3/4, distinctly narrowing in the dorsum, extending to dorsal 2/3, containing white cs; one white band (w 1) on the middle of first bronze color band (bb 1) from the base via costal fold, curved at costal 1/4 to dorsal 1/2; others on costa to the middle of bb 2 and bb 3; apical portion with a fuscous patch extending toward the termen and apex with a bronze as with orange-ocherous color encroaching on the apex and a small white spot at tornus; cilia light gray, with a white spot at beginning of costal cilia, remainder of cilia with black scales at base. Hindwing light gray, slightly infuscated towards apex, cilia light gray. Accessible abdomen that we had in poor condition, pale brownish gray, preserved in 99% ethanol. Legs mostly gray, distal segment white.

Male genitalia ( Figs. 41H , 42G , 43G ) (n=2). Capsule 970 µm. Tegumen 570 µm long and 0.9 x length of valva; valva 640–650 µm long, very broad and long apically extended and having a slender and very long dorsal process ( Fig. 41H ). Saccus short and thick, apically blunt ( Fig. 42G ). Phallus 710 µm long and nearly straight and gradually wider in phallobase ( Fig. 43G ).

Female genitalia ( Figs. 56I, J , 62F ) (n=2). 1260 µm long. Ostium bursae large; antrum rather short; lamella antevaginalis 340 µm, trapezoid, large inflexed on the posterior margin. Corpus bursae 630 µm long; paired signa with a pair of large triangular-shaped spines.

Distribution. Molokai ( Swezey 1928).

Host plants. Primulaceae : Lysimachia hillebrandii var. ( Swezey 1928) and L. maxima (R. Knuth) H. St. John : new record. L. maxima is very rare plant, only two small populations remain on Molokai, listed as an endangered plant species in the United States.

Biology. ( Fig. 80A, B, D, E ). Larvae form a slender linear mine on the adaxial leaf surface, and mines gradually expand as the larvae feed and grow ( Fig. 80A, B ). One mine per leaf. The late instar larva is pale yellow-green ( Fig. 80D ). Pupation occurs in the cocoon outside of the mine, usually on the abaxial leaf surface; a pupal cocoon is pale grayish ocherous and near ellipsoid ( Fig. 80E ).

Parasitoids. Chalcidoidea spp. (including at least three species from CJ201), Euplemidae sp.: new record ( Fig. 99E–L ).

Figures

FIGURE 8. Adults of Philodoria species. A P. lysimachiella Swezey, 1928 lectotype male, B P. molokaiensis Swezey, 1928 lectotype male, C P. basalis Walsingham, 1907 lectotype male, D Paralectotype male, E Female, Hawaii (Big Island), F Male, Hawaii (Big Island). Scale bar 1 mm.

FIGURE 26. Forewing pattern variation in Philodoria. Specimens from recent collection efforts that were preserved in ethanol or RNA stabilization reagent, originally for molecular studies. Wings were placed without mountant under a coverslip. A P. succedanea (sex unknown, CJ419), B P. auromagnifica, male (CJ148/SK689), C P. basalis, female (CJ410), D P. splendida, female (CJ488a), host: Syzygium sp., E P. splendida (sex unknown, CJ488b), host: Syzygium sp., F P. molokaiensis, male (CJ509b/ SK667), G P. sp. A nr. P. lysimachiella, female (CJ346a/SK753), H P. lysimachiella, female (CJ530), lateral view, I P. pipturiella, female (CJ529), J Same species, male (CJ529), K P. haelaauensis, female (CJ209), L Same species, female (CJ216), M P. floscula, female (CJ426/SK845), N P. wilkesiella, male (CJ009/SK649), O P. epibathra, male (CJ506a/SK678), P Same species, female (CJ506b/SK681). Arrows point to diagnostic characters of species: black patch at base (A), basal fascia (D), transverse fasciae (tf) (F, G), white spot (ws) (I, J), white patch (K–M). Scale bar 1 mm.

FIGURE 41. Male valva of Philodoria, inner view. A–F, H–J, L, M: Left valva, G, K, N: Right valva. A P. succedanea, Maui, SK641, B P. auromagnifica, Hawaii (Big Island), SK800, C P. auromagnifica, Kauai, SK689, D P. kolea, holotype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK851, E P. lysimachiella, Oahu, SK656, F, G P. sp. 7, Kauai, SK754, H P. molokaiensis, Molokai, SK666, I P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island), SK614, J P. splendida, Maui, SK696, K Same species, Oahu, SK747, host Syzygium sp., L P. lama, holotype, Maui SK744, M P. napaliensis, paratype, Kauai, SK767, N Same as L, paratype, Kauai, SK745.

FIGURE 42. Genital capsule of Philodoria, excluding right portion of male genitalia, ventral view. A P. succedanea, Maui, SK641, B P. auromagnifica, Hawaii (Big Island), SK800, C P. auromagnifica, Kauai, SK689, D P. kolea, holotype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK851, E P. lysimachiella, Oahu, SK656, F P. sp. 7, Kauai, SK754, G P. molokaiensis, Molokai, SK666, H P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island), SK614, I P. splendida, Maui, SK696, J Same species, Oahu, SK747, host Syzygium sp., K P. lama, holotype, Maui, SK744, L P. napaliensis, paratype, Kauai, SK745. Abbreviation: ta: tuba analis.

FIGURE 43. Phallus of Philodoria, lateral view. A P. succedanea, Maui, SK641, B P. auromagnifica, Hawaii (Big Island), SK800, C P. auromagnifica, Kauai, SK689, D P. kolea, holotype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK851, E P. lysimachiella, Oahu, SK656, F P. sp. 7, Kauai, SK755, G P. molokaiensis, Molokai, SK666, H P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island), SK614, I P. splendida, Maui, SK696, J Same species, Oahu, SK747, host Syzygium sp., K P. lama, holotype, Maui, SK744, L P. napaliensis, paratype, Kauai, SK767.

FIGURE 56. Female genitalia of Philodoria. A P. succedanea, paralectotype, Maui, SK714, B Same species, Hawaii (Big Island), SK624, C P. auromagnifica, Hawaii (Big Island), SK623, D P. kauaulaensis, holotype, SK690, E Same species, lateral view, F P. kolea, paratype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK634, G P. lysimachiella, SK654, H P. sp. A, SK753, I P. molokaiensis, SK668, lateral view, J Same ventral view, K P. splendida, SK621, L P. lama, paratype, SK813.

FIGURE 62. Images of genitalia and wing vein mounts prepared by E. C. Zimmerman. A–E: P. lysimachiella, male, Oahu, Z- XII-20-62-1, F–H: P. molokaiensis, paralectotype female, Molokai, I, J: P. knudseniiella, paratype female, Kauai, Z-I-10-66-A. A Phallus, lateral view, B Entire genitalia except phallus, ventral view, C Dorsal flap, D Pair of coremata, E, G J Abdominal segments, F, G Z-XII-19-62-26, F, I Female genitalia, ventral view, H Same species, left wing veins, Z-XII-20-65.

FIGURE 73. Resting posture of adult Philodoria and Caloptilia. A P. molokaiensis, Molokai, CJ229, host: Lysimachia hillebrandii, B P. splendida, Oahu, CJ319, host: Metrosideros polymorpha, C Same species, Oahu, D Caloptilia mabaella, Lanai, CJ333, host: Diospyros sandwicensis, E P. lama, Maui, CJ190, F Same species, Maui, CJ194.

FIGURE 80. Philodoria species on the host plant, Lysimachia. A, B, D, E: P. molokaiensis, Molokai, host: L. hillebrandii, C, F: Philodoria sp., Maui, host: L. remyi. A–C Leaf mine, D, F Late instar larva, E Cocoon.

FIGURE 99. Parasitoid wasps that emerged from Philodoria that mine Primulaceae. A–D: unidentified wasps from Philodoria species (possibly P. succedanea) on Myrsine linearifolia, Kauai, E–L: Chalcidoidea from P. molokaiensis on Lysimachia hillebrandii, Molokai. A, B 511-1, 2/CJ511, C, D 511-3, 4/CJ511, E, F CJ201, G, H CJ203-1, I, J CJ203-2, K, L CJ203-3.