identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C4526D0335A046029626BCFA5DF834.text	03C4526D0335A046029626BCFA5DF834.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyposmocoma FROM	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> NEW  HYPOSMOCOMA FROM KAHOʻOLAWE ISLAND 571 </p>
            <p> paired with over a century of overgrazing by goats,War and that are considered ‘lost causes’ might still hold proits use as a bombing range for the US military Reserve from mise, such as small patches of degraded habitat frag- World War II until the early 1990.hawaii s (Kahoʻolawe.gov/history.shtml Island). mented by development in urban areas. Reserve Commission, http://kahoolawe.hawaii.gov/his- clitory.shtml). The combination of its very small impoversize and MATERIAL AND METHODS arid climate would suggest that it supported an impov- and erished native fauna prior to human settlement remain, and Adult moth specimens were collected from sites that little or no endemic biodiversity may remain disturafter around Kahoʻolawe (Fig. 1) using UV lights (unless its history of extensive anthropogenic disturbance the. otherwise noted) over several nights in October 2008 Understanding the level of diversity and the phylo- would (Medeiros), July 2011 (Medeiros), and March 2013 genetic relationships on such an island would inform gen- (Haines &amp; Rubinoff). We also searched intensively not only evolutionists concerned with the generation apparently of for case-making larvae in March 2013, and endemic diversity on smaller, apparently lower diver- seek attempted to rear them in the laboratory. Legs of sity landmasses, but also those that seek to estimate land- adult moths were preserved in 95% ethanol for DNA the conservation value of degraded landscapes. The of extraction. Genitalia were prepared and mounted on extended military occupation and use of Kahoʻolawe many slides using the following protocol: abdomens were as a bombing range left behind many unexploded haz- soaked in simmering 10% KOH solution for 1 h, genordinances making it an extremely hazardous virtually envi- italia were removed, stained with lignin pink and ronment; the island has been virtually unavailable when to chlorazol black, soaked in a sequence of 30% ethyl research until the past decade when ownership was the alcohol, 90% ethyl alcohol, 100% isopropyl alcohol, transferred State of Hawai from i. the military to the State of Hawai`i. and Euparal essence (Bioquip, Rancho Dominguez, The endemic Hawaiian moth genus  Hyposmocoma CA , USA), then spread on microscope slides and Butler, 1881, is one of the most widespread and mounted in Euparal. Digital photographs were taken diverse lineages in the archipelago, with species using an Olympus Q-Color3 camera mounted on an occurring from sea level to over 3000 m elevation, Olympus SZX10 light microscope. and essentially 100% of these species being single- DNA was extracted from the legs of field-caught island endemics. Precious few island-endemic ani- and loaned specimens using the standard protocol mals or plants have been found on Kahoʻolawe [but described in Qiagen’s (Valencia, CA, USA) DNeasy see Lorence &amp; Wood (1994) for a new genus within kits. Using PCR, we amplified fragments of four the plant family  Fabaceae and Medeiros &amp; Adamski nuclear genes (elongation factor 1-a, carbamoyl- (2012) for three new species of  Lepidoptera ]; thus, phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, our recent surveys of the diversity of  Hyposmocoma and dihydroorotase, malate dehydrogenase, and on Kahoʻolawe might provide important information ribosomal protein S5) and one mitochondrial gene concerning the potential for such a small island to (cytochrome oxidase 1). Primers and their annealing generate and maintain endemic diversity in the face temperatures are listed in Appendix 1. Thermal proof wholesale ecological destruction. As we know the files for PCR began with denaturation at 95 ° C ecological roles of  Hyposmocoma species based on (2 min), followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at their larval case types, we can use the presence of 95 ° C (1 min), an annealing step (1 min), and elongaspecies on Kahoʻolawe as an indicator of which kinds tion at 72 ° C (1 min). Cycles were followed by a final of microhabitats still occur on the island – even when extension step at 72 ° C (12 min). Amplified PCR collecting adult moths. This information may be used products were purified using the QIAquick PCR to guide future surveys to locate those microhabitats Purification Kit (Qiagen) and run on an ABI Prism that may harbour additional cryptic taxa that are 377 XL automated DNA sequencer. The final data not as well known as  Hyposmocoma . Knowledge of set consisted of a total of 3993 bp, including the the evolution of endemic  Hyposmocoma species on mitochondrial gene CO1 (1422 bp) and the nuclear Kahoʻolawe will not only be important in under- genes EF-1 a (771 bp), CAD (705 bp), MDH (498 bp), standing the evolution of this ultra-diverse lineage and RpS5 (597 bp). across the archipelago (e.g. Haines et al., 2014), but New sequences from Kahoʻolawe  Hyposmocoma also in assessing whether Kahoʻolawe might still were added to many additional sequences of Hyposharbour endemic species in other cryptic arthropod mocoma representing a diversity of larval case types groups. Perhaps more importantly, such data could and islands that had previously been published in guide conservation efforts by indicating how and Haines et al. (2014). The concatenated data matrix where endemic species might have survived cen- had 164 taxa and 3993 characters (see Appendix 2 turies of severe habitat alteration. Results from such for GenBank accession codes and for specimens with research on a small, heavily impacted island could incomplete coverage in terms of the five gene regions </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4526D0335A046029626BCFA5DF834	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Doorenweerd, Camiel;Austin, Kyhl A.;Rubinoff, Daniel;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.	Doorenweerd, Camiel, Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel, n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp. (2017): Small survivors: unexpected endemic diversity of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) moths on Kaho olawe, a degraded Hawaiian island. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (3): 570-592, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159765
03C4526D0337A043029626BCFA48F8CB.text	03C4526D0337A043029626BCFA48F8CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyposmocoma FROM	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> NEW  HYPOSMOCOMA FROM KAHOʻOLAWE ISLAND 573 </p>
            <p>© 2017 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2017, 180, 570–592</p>
            <p> 574 M. J. MEDEIROS ET AL . </p>
            <p> 2013. W. Haines &amp; D. Rubinoff, WHP055-13. DNA Etymology:  Hyposmocoma anoai , from the Hawaiian extraction DN2172. (UHIM). ʻanoʻai (unexpected). We did not expect to find a representative of this predominantly aquatic or Diagnosis: A Kahoʻolawe  Hyposmocoma species forest clade on Kahoʻolawe. </p>
            <p> with male genitalia similar to  Hyposmocoma pahanalo in terms of having nearly symmetrical Biology: Based on its position in the phylogenetic valvae and spur-like setae that are hugely larger on tree, we expect the larvae of  H. anoai to construct the left valva as compared to the right, but without ‘bugle’ case types, based on its being sister to the nearly square bend of the valvae seen in another clade that makes this case type. This species  H. pahanalo . The only Kahoʻolawe species with a is a member of a clade usually associated with single band of dark scales extending from base to streams or forests, neither of which are currently apex of forewing. common on Kahoʻolawe. </p>
            <p>Description: (N = 1) (Fig. 3A). Wingspan 9.2 mm. Distribution: Known only from Kahoʻolawe Island, Head pale brown. Haustellum with beige scales. Hawai i, where it is presumed to be endemic.</p>
            <p>Maxillary palpus reduced. Recurved labial palpus pale brown with some darker scales scattered Remarks: This species is known only from the male throughout. Antennal flagellomeres with alternating holotype; the female of this species is unknown. We rings of dark and pale brown scales; scape dark anticipate that the larvae will be found on woody brown; pecten absent. Thorax, tegula, and vegetation.</p>
            <p> metascutellum pale brown. Foreleg coxa very pale brown; femur, tibia, and tarsomeres mostly dark  HYPOSMOCOMA HOOILO MEDEIROS, HAINES &amp; brown with some lighter scales scattered throughout. RUBINOFF  SP. NOV. (FIGS 3B, 4B, 5A) Midleg as foreleg, except tarsomeres missing from specimen. Hindleg entirely very pale brown. Material examined: HOLOTYPE: HI: Kahoʻolawe: Forewing ground colour very pale brown, with Kaukamoku gulch, 20 33 0 33 00 N, 156 35 0 13 00 W. ♂, 7.iii. slightly darker scales near the costal margin; rough 2013, W. Haines &amp; D. Rubinoff, WPH040-13, DNA band of dark brown scales extending from base to extraction 2159, slide WPH040- 13 ♂. </p>
            <p>apex with band closer to costal margin starting PARATYPES: HI: Kahoʻolawe: Kaukamoku gulch, halfway along length of wing; fringe short and 20 33 0 33 00 N, 156 35 0 13 00 W. 2 ♂, 2 ♀, 7.iii.2013, W. brown. Hindwing and fringe uniformly pale brown. Haines &amp; D. Rubinoff, WPH041-13, DNA extraction Subcostal brush absent. Abdomen mounted on slide. 2160; WPH043-13; WPH039-13, DNA extraction Sclerotized hook (pseuduncus sensu Zimmerman, DN2158, slide WPH039- 13 ♀; WPH042-13, slide 1978) elongate, recurved, with blunt apex; distinct WPH042- 13 ♀. Kealialalo, 20 32 0 23 00 N, 156 38 0 15 00 W.</p>
            <p>sclerotized ring on segment VII. 1 ♂, 5.iii.2013, W. Haines &amp; D. Rubinoff, WPH078- Male genitalia: (N = 1) (Fig. 4A). Valvae roughly 13, DNA extraction DN2184.</p>
            <p>symmetrical, both with long and slender arms,</p>
            <p> enlarged apically, bent approximately 30° upward in Diagnosis: The only Kahoʻolawe  Hyposmocoma with the middle, with two heavy, sclerotized spur-like the apically enlarged left anellus lobe of the male setae projecting dorsally near apex of left valva, and genitalia being notched, and with two distinct dark two much smaller and shorter, sclerotized spur-like bands extending nearly parallel along the forewing. </p>
            <p>setae on right valva; setae on left valva at least six times length of those on right. Anellus with two api- Description: (N = 6) (Fig. 3B). Wingspan 11.3 – cally enlarged, asymmetrical lobes, left lobe being 14.0 mm. Head very pale brown. Haustellum with more robust generally, and more apically enlarged very pale brown scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. than right lobe. Phallus large, cylindrical, heavily Recurved labial palpus very light pale brown along sclerotized, curved near apex. third segment, and distal half of second segment;</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4526D0337A043029626BCFA48F8CB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Doorenweerd, Camiel;Austin, Kyhl A.;Rubinoff, Daniel;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.	Doorenweerd, Camiel, Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel, n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp. (2017): Small survivors: unexpected endemic diversity of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) moths on Kaho olawe, a degraded Hawaiian island. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (3): 570-592, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159765
03C4526D0331A042029626BCFA57F836.text	03C4526D0331A042029626BCFA57F836.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyposmocoma FROM	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> NEW  HYPOSMOCOMA FROM KAHOʻOLAWE ISLAND 575 </p>
            <p>flagellomeres very pale brown; scape dark brown. scales clustered near tip. Subcostal brush absent. Thorax, tegula, and metascutellum pale brown Sclerotized hook (pseuduncus sensu Zimmerman, dorsally, dark brown along sides; abdomen nearly 1978) elongate, slightly curved, slender; distinct white. Foreleg brown with rings of lighter scales at sclerotized ring on segment VII. Females similar to distal end of each segment. Midleg and hindleg males except frenulum with three acanthae.</p>
            <p>almost entirely nearly white, with some dark scales Male genitalia: (N = 1) (Fig. 4B). Valvae roughly present on femur. Forewing ground colour pale symmetrical, both with long and somewhat robust brown, with very dark brown band extending from arms, although left valva slightly larger than right. base of wing to termen; additional dark brown scales Both valvae bent nearly 90 ° upward in the middle, in thin band along costal margin; fringe pale brown. with four heavy, long, sclerotized spur-like setae</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4526D0331A042029626BCFA57F836	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Doorenweerd, Camiel;Austin, Kyhl A.;Rubinoff, Daniel;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.	Doorenweerd, Camiel, Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel, n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp. (2017): Small survivors: unexpected endemic diversity of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) moths on Kaho olawe, a degraded Hawaiian island. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (3): 570-592, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159765
03C4526D0333A040029626BCFA57F83B.text	03C4526D0333A040029626BCFA57F83B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyposmocoma FROM	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> NEW  HYPOSMOCOMA FROM KAHOʻOLAWE ISLAND 577 </p>
            <p> ductus seminalis situated at posterior end of corpus survived on all the islands, even Laysan Atoll in bursae. the far north-west, suggesting a tolerance for dry, flat habitats. It is possible that this larva is a Etymology:  Hyposmocoma hooilo , from the Hawaiian scavenger. </p>
            <p> hoʻoilo (to sprout/winter season of regrowth), so named because the presumed larval case of this Distribution: Known only from Kahoʻolawe Island, species resembles a seed, and Kahoʻolawe is Hawai i, where it is presumed to be endemic. recovering in response to ecological restoration efforts.  HYPOSMOCOMA KAMAULA MEDEIROS, HAINES &amp; RUBINOFF  SP. NOV. (FIGS 3C, 4C, 5B) Biology: Based on its position in the phylogenetic tree, we expect larvae of  H. hooilo to construct ‘flat purse’ case types, based on the sister clade that Material examined: HOLOTYPE: HI: Kahoʻolawe: </p>
            <p>makes this case type. Flat purses seem to have Kaukaukapapa, 20 32 0 7 00 N, 156 41 0 36 00 W. ♀, 5.iii.2013,</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4526D0333A040029626BCFA57F83B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Doorenweerd, Camiel;Austin, Kyhl A.;Rubinoff, Daniel;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.	Doorenweerd, Camiel, Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel, n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp. (2017): Small survivors: unexpected endemic diversity of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) moths on Kaho olawe, a degraded Hawaiian island. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (3): 570-592, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159765
03C4526D033DA04E029626BCFA57F834.text	03C4526D033DA04E029626BCFA57F834.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyposmocoma FROM	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> NEW  HYPOSMOCOMA FROM KAHOʻOLAWE ISLAND 579 </p>
            <p> longitudinally along length of forewing. Although structure constructed from silk, lichens, and other  H. oolea and  H. waauhi also have bands of scales debris. The case tapers to a point and has a single orientated similarly, they are darker in colour than entrance at the broader end. This species was not those of  H. kanaloa . This species has quite robust collected at lights, and the only known specimens valvae on the male genitalia, with spur-like setae that were reared from case-making larvae found on bark are close in size between the left and right valva; of a very old wiliwili tree (  Erythrina sandwicensis ). however, prominent lateral lobes on the valvae are not There are very few ‘old growth’ stands of wiliwili on present as they are in  H. mahoepo and  H. oolea . Kahoʻolawe, although efforts are underway to restore more of this dry forest tree through extensive Description: (N = 2) (Fig. 3D). Wingspan 8.0 – outplantings. </p>
            <p>8.2 mm. Head with both pale yellow and pale grey patches of scales. Haustellum with beige scales. Distribution: Known only from Kahoʻolawe Island, Maxillary palpus reduced. Recurved labial palpus Hawai i, where it is presumed to be endemic.</p>
            <p>mostly pale grey with patches of nearly white scales.</p>
            <p>Antennal flagellomeres dark brown; pedicel pale</p>
            <p> HYPOSMOCOMA MAHOEPO MEDEIROS, HAINES &amp; </p>
            <p>brown;</p>
            <p>scape</p>
            <p>dark brown;</p>
            <p>pecten present.</p>
            <p>Thorax,</p>
            <p> RUBINOFF  SP. NOV. (FIGS 3E, 4E, 5D) tegula, and metascutellum dark grey. Legs mostly grey with numerous bands of pale yellow scales, </p>
            <p>  especially at distal end of each segment.  Forewings Material examined: HOLOTYPE: HI: Kahoʻolawe: mostly grey, with several rough, wide bands of white Hakioawa, D 4 Planting Area. ♂, 19.vii.2011, M. J. scales extending either fully or partially from costal Medeiros, slide 11A02 ♂. </p>
            <p>
                  margin to anal margin; fringe nearly white. Hindwing PARATYPES: HI: Kahoʻolawe:  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.55715/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.55715&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Hakioawa</a>
                 ,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.55715/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.55715&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Area</a>
                 11. 1 and fringe uniformly pale brown.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.55715/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.55715&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Subcostal</a>
                 brush ♂, 22.x.2008, M. J. Medeiros, slide 08A 65♂.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.55715/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.55715&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Hakioawa</a>
                 , absent.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.55715/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.55715&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Abdomens</a>
                 mounted on slides. Sclerotized D 4  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.55715/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.55715&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Planting Area</a>
                 . 1 ♂, 2 ♀, 19 – 20.vii.2011, M. J. hook (pseuduncus sensu Zimmerman, 1978) elongate, Medeiros (specimens missing abdomens). Honokanaiʻa nearly straight, apex blunt; distinct sclerotized ring camp, 20 30 0 54 00 N, 156 40 0 56 00 W. 1 ♂, 4 ♀, 5.iii.2013, W. on segment VII. Females similar to males except Haines &amp; D. Rubinoff, WPH059-13, DNA extraction frenulum with three acanthae and antennae slightly DN2176, slide ♂ WPH059-13; WPH052-13, DNA extracthinner than those of males. tion DN2169; WPH053-13, DNA extraction DN2170, Male genitalia: (N = 1) (Fig. 4D). Valvae roughly slide ♀ WPH053-13; WPH054-13, DNA extraction symmetrical, both with long arms bent nearly 90 ° DN2171; WPH058-13, DNA extraction DN2175, slide ♀ halfway along length, enlarged and rounded apically, WPH058-13. Kaukamoku gulch, 20 33 0 33 00 N, with three heavy, sclerotized spur-like setae project- 156 35 0 13 00 W. 2 ♂, 7.iii. 2013, W. Haines &amp; D. Rubinoff, ing dorsally near apex of left valva, and three WPH045-13, DNA extraction DN2162; WPH046-13, slightly smaller setae on right valva; both valvae DNA extraction DN2163. Kaukaukapapa, 20 32 0 7 00 N, broadly notched near apex. Anellus with two asym- 156 41 0 36 00 W. 2 ♀, 5.iii.2013, W. Haines &amp; D. Rubinoff, metrical lobes, left lobe being robust and nearly WPH093-13, DNA extraction DN2195; WPH098-13, straight, right lobe rounded apically. Phallus large, DNA extraction DN2200. Kealaikahiki. 1 ♀ (hand colcylindrical, heavily sclerotized, curved near apex. lected), 5 – 7.iii.2013, W. Haines &amp; D. Rubinoff, Female genitalia: (N = 1) Fig. 5C). Papillae anales WPH089-13, DNA extraction DN2191. Kealaikahiki, short. Apophyses thin and straight; anterior and pos- Keanakeiki beach. 3 ♂, 1 ♀, 21.x.2008, M. J. Medeiros, terior apophyses both very long. Ostium-bearing pro- slides 08A 49♂, 08A 50♀, &amp; 08A 55♂. Kealialalo, cess heavily sclerotized and very large, externally 20 32 0 23 00 N, 156 38 0 15 00 W. 3 ♂, 5.iii.2013, W. Haines &amp; protruding, snail-shell shaped and curled, with broad D. Rubinoff, WPH079-13, DNA extraction DN2185; base. Ductus bursae about 0.5 9 length of anterior WPH080-13, DNA extraction DN2186; WPH083-13, apophysis. Corpus bursae oval, about 0.75 9 length DNA extraction DN2189, slide WPH083-13. Pu’u o of anterior apophysis; signum absent. Inception of Moa’ula Nui, N 20.55715 W 156.57303. 1 ♂, 6.iii.2013, ductus seminalis situated at posterior end of corpus W. Haines &amp; D. Rubinoff, WPH091-13, DNA extraction bursae. DN2193  . 
            </p>
            <p> Etymology:  Hyposmocoma kanaloa is named after Diagnosis: The only Kahoʻolawe  Hyposmocoma with the Hawaiian word Kanaloa, an ancient name for male genitalia having roughly symmetrical valvae, the presiding deity of Kahoʻolawe. with three lobes on each dorsal edge, and robust setae on each side. The forewing pattern is similar to Biology: Larvae of this species have a ‘burrito’ case  H. pahanalo , but  H. mahoepo has a band of dark </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4526D033DA04E029626BCFA57F834	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Doorenweerd, Camiel;Austin, Kyhl A.;Rubinoff, Daniel;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.	Doorenweerd, Camiel, Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel, n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp. (2017): Small survivors: unexpected endemic diversity of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) moths on Kaho olawe, a degraded Hawaiian island. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (3): 570-592, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159765
03C4526D033FA04C029626BCFA57F834.text	03C4526D033FA04C029626BCFA57F834.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyposmocoma FROM	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> NEW  HYPOSMOCOMA FROM KAHOʻOLAWE ISLAND 581 </p>
            <p>
                  pecten present. Thorax, tegula, and metascutellum 2013, W. Haines &amp; D. Rubinoff, WPH047-13, DNA mostly white, some scales tipped with brown; extraction DN2164, slide WPH047- 13♂. abdomen pale grey. Foreleg and midleg coxa, femur, PARATYPES: HI: Kahoʻolawe: Base of Puʻu o tibia, and tarsomeres mostly dark brown with some Moaʻula Iki, N 20.56457 W 156.58519. 1 ♀, on boullighter scales scattered throughout, especially as ders, ‘burrito’ case, 7.iii.2013, em. 26.iv.2013, W. rings around tarsomeres. Hindleg entirely nearly Haines &amp; D. Rubinoff, WPH147-13, DR13C7C, slide white. Forewing ground colour white, with dark WPH147- 13♀. Honokanaiʻa camp. 20 30 0 54 00 N, brown scales scattered throughout, especially near 156 40 0 56 00 W. 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 5.iii.2013. W. Haines &amp; D. costal margin; fringe minimal, nearly white. Rubinoff, WHP051-13. DNA extraction DN2168; Hindwing and fringe uniformly brown. Subcostal WPH073-13, DNA extraction 2179. Kaukamoku brush apparently absent. No sclerotized hook present gulch, 20 33 0 33 00 N, 156 35 0 13 00 W. ♀, 7.iii.2013, W. on segment VII. Females similar to males except Haines &amp; D. Rubinoff, WPH048-13, DNA extraction frenulum with three acanthae and antennae slightly DN2165, slide WPH048- 13♀. Kealialalo, 20 32 0 23 00 N, thinner than those of males. 156 38 0 15 00 W. 1 ♀, 5.iii.2013, W. Haines &amp; D. Rubi- Male genitalia: (N = 1) (Fig. 4F). Valvae symmetri- noff, WPH081-13, DNA extraction DN2187. Near cal, simple, slightly upcurved, enlarged and rounded Honokanaiʻa camp, N 20.52256 W 156.68657. 1 ♂, on apically.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Anellar</a>
                 lobes not visible.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Phallus</a>
                 large, boulder, ‘burrito’ case, 6.iii.2013, em. 9.iv.2013, W cylindrical, heavily sclerotized, straight.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Haines</a>
                 &amp; D Rubinoff, WPH121-13, DNA extraction  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Female</a>
                 genitalia: (N = 1) (Fig. 5E).  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Papillae</a>
                 anales DN2219. short.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Apophyses</a>
                 thin and straight; posterior apophyses very long, about two times length of ante-  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Diagnosis</a>
                 :  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Of</a>
                 the Kahoʻolawe  Hyposmocoma , the rior apophyses.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Ductus</a>
                 bursae long, about same forewing pattern of  H. oolea is very similar to H. length as anterior apophysis.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Corpus</a>
                 bursae oval,  kamaula and  H. waauhi in being mostly brown with about same length as anterior apophysis; two small irregular darker bands that appear as spots, and so circular signa present near centre of corpus bursa. the male genitalia are required to diagnose this  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Inception</a>
                 of ductus seminalis situated at posterior species.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">The</a>
                 male genitalia have a crescent-shaped end of corpus bursae. left lobe of the anellus, as well as a fifth seta on the lobe of the left valva; no other Kahoʻolawe  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Etymology</a>
                 :  Hyposmocoma nohomeha , or ‘hermit’,  Hyposmocoma has this combination of characters. from the  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Hawaiian</a>
                 noho (reside) and meha (isolated/alone), so named because the phylogeny  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Description</a>
                 : (N = 7) (Fig. 3G).  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Wingspan</a>
                 10.0 – suggests that this species has been isolated from 11.6 mm.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Head</a>
                 dark brown.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Haustellum</a>
                 with brown its nearest relatives for a long time on a small scales.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Maxillary</a>
                 palpus reduced.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Recurved</a>
                 labial island. palpus with second segment nearly white with darker scales scattered throughout; third segment  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Biology</a>
                 :  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Based</a>
                 on its position in the phylogenetic dark brown.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Antennal</a>
                 flagellomeres dark brown tree, we expect larvae of  H. nohomeha to construct scales; scape dark brown; pecten present.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Thorax</a>
                 , ‘burrito’ case types, as it is sister to another clade tegula, metascutellum, and abdomen dark brown. that makes this case type. Fore-, mid-, and hindleg coxa dark brown; femur, tibia, and tarsomeres dark brown with each segment  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Distribution</a>
                 :  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Known</a>
                 only from Kahoʻolawe Island, terminating with a light brown ring.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Forewing Hawai</a>
                 i, where it is presumed to be endemic. ground colour brown, with several bands of darker scales extending from costal margin to anal margin,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Remarks</a>
                 :  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">This</a>
                 species is one of several independent alternating with bands of lighter scales; fringe lineages with the ‘burrito’ case type that inhabit brown.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Hindwing</a>
                 and fringe uniformly brown. Kahoʻolawe.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">In</a>
                 the phylogeny,  H. nohomeha is  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Subcostal</a>
                 brush present.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Sclerotized</a>
                 hook separated from its closest known relatives by a long (pseuduncus sensu Zimmerman, 1978) elongate, branch (Fig. 2), implying either a long history of slender, straight; distinct sclerotized ring on segment isolation, or extinction of related taxa. VII.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Females</a>
                 similar to males except frenulum with three acanthae.  HYPOSMOCOMA OOLEA MEDEIROS, HAINES &amp; RUBI-  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.52256/lat 0.38333333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.52256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333">Male</a>
                 genitalia: (N = 1) (Fig. 4G). Valvae asymmetrical, left valva robust and with four heavy, long, NOFF  SP. NOV. (FIGS 3G, 4G, 5F, I) sclerotized spur-like setae projecting dorsally near apex of both valvae; one additional heavy seta pro- Material examined: HOLOTYPE: HI: Kahoʻolawe: jecting dorsally from an acute dorsal lobe located 
            </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4526D033FA04C029626BCFA57F834	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Doorenweerd, Camiel;Austin, Kyhl A.;Rubinoff, Daniel;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.	Doorenweerd, Camiel, Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel, n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp. (2017): Small survivors: unexpected endemic diversity of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) moths on Kaho olawe, a degraded Hawaiian island. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (3): 570-592, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159765
03C4526D0339A04A029626BCFA57F834.text	03C4526D0339A04A029626BCFA57F834.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyposmocoma FROM	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> NEW  HYPOSMOCOMA FROM KAHOʻOLAWE ISLAND 583 </p>
            <p>Female genitalia: (N = 2) (Fig. 5G). Papillae anales Antennal flagellomeres with alternating rings of short. Apophyses thin and straight; posterior apophy- dark and pale brown scales; scape dark brown; ses very long, about two times length of anterior pecten absent. Thorax, tegula, and metascutellum apophyses. Ostium-bearing process heavily sclero- mottled pale brown to brown. Foreleg and midleg tized and very large, externally protruding, snail-shell coxa, femur, tibia, and tarsomeres mostly dark shaped and curled, with broad base. Ductus bursae brown; fringe brown. Hindleg entirely nearly white. long, about same length as anterior apophysis. Corpus Forewing ground colour pale brown, with three or bursae oval, about same length as anterior apophysis; four wide bands of brown scales extending more or signum absent. Inception of ductus seminalis situated less vertically from costa to anal margin; several at posterior end of corpus bursae. brown spots near cell; some scattered brown scales near anal margin. Hindwing and fringe uniformly</p>
            <p> Etymology:  Hyposmocoma pahanalo , or ‘hidden pale brown. Subcostal brush absent. Abdomen surfboard’, from the Hawaiian paha (a kind of brown. Sclerotized hook (pseuduncus sensu surfboard) and nalo (missing); this refers to the Zimmerman, 1978) elongate, slender, with pointed presumed larval case of this species, as the ‘flat apex; distinct sclerotized ring on segment VII. purse’ cases in this clade are similar in shape to Female similar to males except frenulum with Hawaiian surfboards. apparently two acanthae and antennae slightly thinner than those of males. </p>
            <p> Biology: Based on its position in the phylogenetic Male genitalia: (N = 2) (Fig. 4I). Valvae asymmettree, we expect larvae of  H. pahanalo to construct rical, left arm long and robust, enlarged apically, ‘flat purse’ case types, based on its being sister to with four heavy, long, sclerotized spur-like setae proanother clade that makes this case type. jecting dorsally near apex (lost in Fig. 4I); right arm long and slender with no heavy setae, apex deeply </p>
            <p>Distribution: Known only from Kahoʻolawe Island, notched resulting in the appearance of one large and Hawai i, where it is presumed to be endemic. one small apical lobe. Right valva with a small lateral lobe projecting from near base; left valva with-</p>
            <p> HYPOSMOCOMA WAAUHI MEDEIROS, HAINES &amp; out such a lobe. Anellus with two roughly symmetrical lobes, both slender and slightly apically RUBINOFF  SP. NOV. (FIGS 3I, 4I) enlarged. Phallus large, cylindrical, heavily sclerotized, curved near apex. </p>
            <p>
                 Material examined: HOLOTYPE: HI: Kahoʻolawe: Female genitalia: (N = 1). Specimen is in unsatis- Honokanaiʻa camp, 20 30 0 54 00 N, 156 40 0 56 00 W. ♂, factory condition to illustrate, as the genitalia are 5.iii.2013, W. Haines &amp; D. Rubinoff, WPH074-13, damaged. Ductus bursa, corpus bursa, and ostium DNA extraction DN2180, slide WPH074- 13♂. unavailable for study. Papillae anales short. Apophy-   PARATYPES: HI: Kahoʻolawe: Hakioawa, D 4 ses thin and straight; posterior apophyses long,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -0.93333334/lat 0.9)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-0.93333334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.9">Planting Area</a>
                 . 1 ♂, 20.x.2008, M. J. Medeiros, about 1.5 9 length of anterior apophyses. Inception slide 08A 48♂. Honokanaiʻa camp, 20 30 0 54 00 N, of ductus seminalis situated at posterior end of cor- 156 40 0 56 00 W. 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 5.iii.2013, W. Haines &amp; D. pus bursae  . 
            </p>
            <p>Rubinoff, WPH057-13, DNA extraction DN2174, slide</p>
            <p> WPH057- 13♂; WPH075-13, DNA extraction DN2181, Etymology:  Hyposmocoma waauhi , or ‘hidden canoe’, slide WPH075- 13♀. from the Hawaiian waʻa (canoe) and uhi (concealed or hidden). This species is so named because we </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: The forewing pattern is very similar to hypothesize that it builds ‘tube purse’ cases, their  H. kamaula and  H. oolea , in being mostly brown shapes resembling canoes, but we still have not with irregular darker spots and irregular dark bands collected the larvae. </p>
            <p> of scales extending from costal to anal margin of the forewing. The male genitalia are therefore required Biology: Based on its position in the phylogenetic tree, to diagnose this species. This is the only species of we expect larvae of  H. waauhi to construct a ‘tube Kahoʻolawe  Hyposmocoma with the right valva purse’ case, based on its being nested within a clade deeply notched. that makes this case type. Larvae of other species in the ‘tube purse’ clade can be found in a diversity of </p>
            <p>Description: (N = 4) (Fig. 3I). Wingspan 9.2 – habitats, including decaying logs and leaf litter. They 10.1 mm. Head pale to medium brown. Haustellum presumably feed on decaying plant matter.</p>
            <p>with beige scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Second segment of recurved labial palpus dark brown; third Distribution: Known only from Kahoʻolawe Island,</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4526D0339A04A029626BCFA57F834	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Doorenweerd, Camiel;Austin, Kyhl A.;Rubinoff, Daniel;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.	Doorenweerd, Camiel, Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel, n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp. (2017): Small survivors: unexpected endemic diversity of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) moths on Kaho olawe, a degraded Hawaiian island. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (3): 570-592, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159765
03C4526D033BA048029626BCFA57F8C5.text	03C4526D033BA048029626BCFA57F8C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyposmocoma FROM	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> NEW  HYPOSMOCOMA FROM KAHOʻOLAWE ISLAND 585 </p>
            <p> islands. Ongoing research aims to attain a complete Bess EC, Catanach TA, Johnson KP. 2014. The imporunderstanding of the patterns and process of diversi- tance of molecular dating analyses for inferring Hawaiian fication within this hyperdiverse group. biogeographical history: a case study with bark lice (Psoci- We had limited time in the field, yet we were able dae:  Ptycta ). Journal of Biogeography 41: 158 – 167. </p>
            <p> to discover nine new species over the course of only Butler AG. 1881. On a collection of nocturnal  Lepidoptera several days of sampling, which suggests that addi- from the Hawaiian Islands. Annals and Magazine of Natutional  Hyposmocoma species await discovery and ral History 7: 317 – 333; 392 – 408. </p>
            <p> Dupont S, Rubinoff D. 2015. Larval and larval case mordescription on the island of Kahoʻolawe. Addition- phology of  Hyposmocoma species (  Lepidoptera : Cosmopteally, owing to the nature of the island’s history, rigidae), with a discussion on adaptations to larval casethe risk of unexploded ordinance precluded access bearing locomotion. Annals of the Entomological Society of to much of Kahoʻolawe, and we were able to sam- America 108: 1037 – 1052. </p>
            <p>ple on only small fractions of the total area of the Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R. island. Our results exemplify the conservation 1994. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytovalue of a small, heavily degraded landmass. chrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan inverte- Although these areas may not harbour as much brates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 3: endemic biodiversity as larger, more intact areas, 294 – 299.</p>
            <p>  they still hold a surprisingly rich and unique biodi- Haines WP, Schmitz P, Rubinoff D. 2014. Ancient diversiversity. It is our hope that future fieldwork on fication of  Hyposmocoma moths in Hawaii. Nature Commu- Kahoʻolawe will yield exciting new finds, not only nications 5: 1 – 7. doi:10.1038/ncomms4502  . </p>
            <p> for the sake of a deeper understanding of biogeo- Kawahara AY, Rubinoff D. 2012. Three new species of graphical processes across the Hawaiian Islands, Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii but also to document new species and in turn, to (  Lepidoptera ,  Cosmopterigidae ,  Hyposmocoma ). ZooKeys raise awareness of the conservation importance of 170: 1 – 20. </p>
            <p>this highly degraded island. Kawahara AY, Rubinoff D. 2013. Convergent evolution of morphology and habitat use in the explosive Hawaiian fancy case caterpillar radiation. Journal of Evolutionary</p>
            <p>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Biology 26: 1763 – 1773.</p>
            <p>We thank the Kahoʻolawe Island Reserve Commis- Lanfear R, Calcott B, Kainer D, Mayer C, Stamatakis sion and staff, especially James Bruch and Paul A. 2014. Selecting optimal partitioning schemes for Higashino, for granting us access and assistance on phylogenomic datasets. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: Kahoʻolawe. Sam Ohu Gon III (The Nature Conser- 82 – 95.</p>
            <p> vancy Hawai � i) helped select Hawaiian names for the Lerner HRL, Meyer M, James HF, Hofreiter M, Fleisnew species. P. Schmitz, A. Kawahara, and D. Nitta cher R. 2011. Multilocus resolution of phylogeny and time- (University of Hawai � i at Mānoa) generated much of scale in the extant adaptive radiation of Hawaiian honeycreepers. Current Biology 21: 1838 – 1844 . </p>
            <p>  the molecular data used to construct the phylogeny. Lorence DH, Wood KR. 1994. Kanaloa, a new genus of We also thank Robert Dudley, Jay Lan, and the  Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) from Hawaii. Novon 4: 137 – 145  . </p>
            <p> Urban School of San Francisco (especially Matthew Medeiros MJ. 2009. A revision of the endemic Hawaiian Casey, Jonathan Howland, and many Urban genus  Thyrocopa (  Lepidoptera :  Xyloryctidae : Xyloryctinae). Advanced Studies Genetics students). This research  Zootaxa 2202: 1 – 47. </p>
            <p> was funded in part by the College of Tropical Agri- Medeiros MJ, Adamski D. 2012. Three new species of culture and Human Resources, University of Hawai � i Hawaiian moths from Kahoolawe island (  Lepidoptera : at M anoa �, the National Science Foundation award  Crambidae &amp;  Coleophoridae ).  Zootaxa 3341: 59 – 63. </p>
            <p> #DEB-0918341, and United States Department of Medeiros MJ, Gillespie RG. 2011. Biogeography and the Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education evolution of flightlessness in a radiation of Hawaiian moths and Extension (CSREES) project HAW00942-H (  Xyloryctidae :  Thyrocopa ). Journal of Biogeography 38: administered by the College of Tropical Agriculture 101 – 111. </p>
            <p> and Human Resources, University of Hawai � i. Addi- Nishida GM. 2002. Hawaiian terrestrial arthropod checklist. tional funding was made by contributors to the Sci- Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Biological Survey, Bishop Museum Fund Challenge. Press . </p>
            <p>Obbard DJ, Maclennan J, Kim KW, Rambaut A,</p>
            <p>O’Grady PM, Jiggins FM. 2012. Estimating divergence</p>
            <p> REFERENCES dates and substitution rates in the  Drosophila phylogeny. Baldwin BG, Sanderson MJ. 1998. Age and rate of diversi- Molecular Biology and Evolution 29: 3459 – 3473. mss150 fication of the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Compositae). Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van der Mark P, Ayres DL, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the Uni- Darling A, H ohna € S, Larget B, Liu L, Suchard MA, </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4526D033BA048029626BCFA57F8C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Doorenweerd, Camiel;Austin, Kyhl A.;Rubinoff, Daniel;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.	Doorenweerd, Camiel, Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel, n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp. (2017): Small survivors: unexpected endemic diversity of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) moths on Kaho olawe, a degraded Hawaiian island. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (3): 570-592, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159765
03C4526D0325A056029626BCFD0CFDC4.text	03C4526D0325A056029626BCFD0CFDC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyposmocoma FROM	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> NEW  HYPOSMOCOMA FROM KAHOʻOLAWE ISLAND 587 </p>
            <p>APPENDIX 2</p>
            <p>SPECIMENS USED IN THIS STUDY. SPECIMENS SEQUENCED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE FIRST TIME HERE ARE IN BOLD. SEE MAIN TEXT FOR GENE NAMES IN FULL</p>
            <p> Sort Rearing order  Extraction code Species </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4526D0325A056029626BCFD0CFDC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Doorenweerd, Camiel;Austin, Kyhl A.;Rubinoff, Daniel;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.	Doorenweerd, Camiel, Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel, n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp. (2017): Small survivors: unexpected endemic diversity of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) moths on Kaho olawe, a degraded Hawaiian island. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (3): 570-592, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159765
03C4526D0327A054029626BCFD0CFDFE.text	03C4526D0327A054029626BCFD0CFDFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyposmocoma FROM	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> NEW  HYPOSMOCOMA FROM KAHOʻOLAWE ISLAND 589 </p>
            <p>APPENDIX 2. Continued</p>
            <p> Sort Rearing order  Extraction code Species </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4526D0327A054029626BCFD0CFDFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Doorenweerd, Camiel;Austin, Kyhl A.;Rubinoff, Daniel;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.	Doorenweerd, Camiel, Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel, n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp. (2017): Small survivors: unexpected endemic diversity of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) moths on Kaho olawe, a degraded Hawaiian island. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (3): 570-592, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159765
03C4526D0321A052029626BCFE70FDA0.text	03C4526D0321A052029626BCFE70FDA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyposmocoma FROM	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> NEW  HYPOSMOCOMA FROM KAHOʻOLAWE ISLAND 591 </p>
            <p>APPENDIX 2. Continued</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4526D0321A052029626BCFE70FDA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Doorenweerd, Camiel;Austin, Kyhl A.;Rubinoff, Daniel;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.;n, sp.	Doorenweerd, Camiel, Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel, n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp. (2017): Small survivors: unexpected endemic diversity of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) moths on Kaho olawe, a degraded Hawaiian island. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (3): 570-592, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159765
