taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C4526D0337A043029626BCFA48F8CB.taxon	description	574 M. J. MEDEIROS ET AL. 2013. W. Haines & D. Rubinoff, WHP 055 - 13. DNA Etymology: Hyposmocoma anoai, from the Hawaiian extraction DN 2172. (UHIM). ʻanoʻai (unexpected). We did not expect to find a representative of this predominantly aquatic or Diagnosis: A Kahoʻolawe Hyposmocoma species forest clade on Kahoʻolawe. with male genitalia similar to Hyposmocoma pahanalo in terms of having nearly symmetrical Biology: Based on its position in the phylogenetic valvae and spur-like setae that are hugely larger on tree, we expect the larvae of H. anoai to construct the left valva as compared to the right, but without ‘ bugle’ case types, based on its being sister to the nearly square bend of the valvae seen in another clade that makes this case type. This species H. pahanalo. The only Kahoʻolawe species with a is a member of a clade usually associated with single band of dark scales extending from base to streams or forests, neither of which are currently apex of forewing. common on Kahoʻolawe. Description: (N = 1) (Fig. 3 A). Wingspan 9.2 mm. Distribution: Known only from Kahoʻolawe Island, Head pale brown. Haustellum with beige scales. Hawai i, where it is presumed to be endemic. Maxillary palpus reduced. Recurved labial palpus pale brown with some darker scales scattered Remarks: This species is known only from the male throughout. Antennal flagellomeres with alternating holotype; the female of this species is unknown. We rings of dark and pale brown scales; scape dark anticipate that the larvae will be found on woody brown; pecten absent. Thorax, tegula, and vegetation. metascutellum pale brown. Foreleg coxa very pale brown; femur, tibia, and tarsomeres mostly dark HYPOSMOCOMA HOOILO MEDEIROS, HAINES & brown with some lighter scales scattered throughout. RUBINOFF SP. NOV. (FIGS 3 B, 4 B, 5 A) Midleg as foreleg, except tarsomeres missing from specimen. Hindleg entirely very pale brown. Material examined: HOLOTYPE: HI: Kahoʻolawe: Forewing ground colour very pale brown, with Kaukamoku gulch, 20 33 0 33 00 N, 156 35 0 13 00 W. ♂, 7. iii. slightly darker scales near the costal margin; rough 2013, W. Haines & D. Rubinoff, WPH 040 - 13, DNA band of dark brown scales extending from base to extraction 2159, slide WPH 040 - 13 ♂. apex with band closer to costal margin starting PARATYPES: HI: Kahoʻolawe: Kaukamoku gulch, halfway along length of wing; fringe short and 20 33 0 33 00 N, 156 35 0 13 00 W. 2 ♂, 2 ♀, 7. iii. 2013, W. brown. Hindwing and fringe uniformly pale brown. Haines & D. Rubinoff, WPH 041 - 13, DNA extraction Subcostal brush absent. Abdomen mounted on slide. 2160; WPH 043 - 13; WPH 039 - 13, DNA extraction Sclerotized hook (pseuduncus sensu Zimmerman, DN 2158, slide WPH 039 - 13 ♀; WPH 042 - 13, slide 1978) elongate, recurved, with blunt apex; distinct WPH 042 - 13 ♀. Kealialalo, 20 32 0 23 00 N, 156 38 0 15 00 W. sclerotized ring on segment VII. 1 ♂, 5. iii. 2013, W. Haines & D. Rubinoff, WPH 078 - Male genitalia: (N = 1) (Fig. 4 A). Valvae roughly 13, DNA extraction DN 2184. symmetrical, both with long and slender arms, enlarged apically, bent approximately 30 ° upward in Diagnosis: The only Kahoʻolawe Hyposmocoma with the middle, with two heavy, sclerotized spur-like the apically enlarged left anellus lobe of the male setae projecting dorsally near apex of left valva, and genitalia being notched, and with two distinct dark two much smaller and shorter, sclerotized spur-like bands extending nearly parallel along the forewing. setae on right valva; setae on left valva at least six times length of those on right. Anellus with two api- Description: (N = 6) (Fig. 3 B). Wingspan 11.3 – cally enlarged, asymmetrical lobes, left lobe being 14.0 mm. Head very pale brown. Haustellum with more robust generally, and more apically enlarged very pale brown scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. than right lobe. Phallus large, cylindrical, heavily Recurved labial palpus very light pale brown along sclerotized, curved near apex. third segment, and distal half of second segment;	en	Doorenweerd, Camiel, Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel, n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp. (2017): Small survivors: unexpected endemic diversity of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) moths on Kaho olawe, a degraded Hawaiian island. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (3): 570-592, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159765
03C4526D0331A042029626BCFA57F836.taxon	description	almost entirely nearly white, with some dark scales Male genitalia: (N = 1) (Fig. 4 B). Valvae roughly present on femur. Forewing ground colour pale symmetrical, both with long and somewhat robust brown, with very dark brown band extending from arms, although left valva slightly larger than right. base of wing to termen; additional dark brown scales Both valvae bent nearly 90 ° upward in the middle, in thin band along costal margin; fringe pale brown. with four heavy, long, sclerotized spur-like setae	en	Doorenweerd, Camiel, Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel, n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp. (2017): Small survivors: unexpected endemic diversity of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) moths on Kaho olawe, a degraded Hawaiian island. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (3): 570-592, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159765
03C4526D0333A040029626BCFA57F83B.taxon	materials_examined	hoʻoilo (to sprout / winter season of regrowth), so named because the presumed larval case of this Distribution: Known only from Kahoʻolawe Island, species resembles a seed, and Kahoʻolawe is Hawai i, where it is presumed to be endemic. recovering in response to ecological restoration efforts. HYPOSMOCOMA KAMAULA MEDEIROS, HAINES & RUBINOFF SP. NOV. (FIGS 3 C, 4 C, 5 B) Biology: Based on its position in the phylogenetic tree, we expect larvae of H. hooilo to construct ‘ flat purse’ case types, based on the sister clade that Material examined: HOLOTYPE: HI: Kahoʻolawe: makes this case type. Flat purses seem to have Kaukaukapapa, 20 32 0 7 00 N, 156 41 0 36 00 W. ♀, 5. iii. 2013,	en	Doorenweerd, Camiel, Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel, n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp. (2017): Small survivors: unexpected endemic diversity of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) moths on Kaho olawe, a degraded Hawaiian island. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (3): 570-592, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159765
03C4526D033DA04E029626BCFA57F834.taxon	description	8.2 mm. Head with both pale yellow and pale grey patches of scales. Haustellum with beige scales. Distribution: Known only from Kahoʻolawe Island, Maxillary palpus reduced. Recurved labial palpus Hawai i, where it is presumed to be endemic. mostly pale grey with patches of nearly white scales. Antennal flagellomeres dark brown; pedicel pale HYPOSMOCOMA MAHOEPO MEDEIROS, HAINES & brown; scape dark brown; pecten present. Thorax, RUBINOFF SP. NOV. (FIGS 3 E, 4 E, 5 D) tegula, and metascutellum dark grey. Legs mostly grey with numerous bands of pale yellow scales, especially at distal end of each segment. Forewings Material examined: HOLOTYPE: HI: Kahoʻolawe: mostly grey, with several rough, wide bands of white Hakioawa, D 4 Planting Area. ♂, 19. vii. 2011, M. J. scales extending either fully or partially from costal Medeiros, slide 11 A 02 ♂. margin to anal margin; fringe nearly white. Hindwing PARATYPES: HI: Kahoʻolawe: Hakioawa, Area 11. 1 and fringe uniformly pale brown. Subcostal brush ♂, 22. x. 2008, M. J. Medeiros, slide 08 A 65 ♂. Hakioawa, absent. Abdomens mounted on slides. Sclerotized D 4 Planting Area. 1 ♂, 2 ♀, 19 – 20. vii. 2011, M. J. hook (pseuduncus sensu Zimmerman, 1978) elongate, Medeiros (specimens missing abdomens). Honokanaiʻa nearly straight, apex blunt; distinct sclerotized ring camp, 20 30 0 54 00 N, 156 40 0 56 00 W. 1 ♂, 4 ♀, 5. iii. 2013, W. on segment VII. Females similar to males except Haines & D. Rubinoff, WPH 059 - 13, DNA extraction frenulum with three acanthae and antennae slightly DN 2176, slide ♂ WPH 059 - 13; WPH 052 - 13, DNA extracthinner than those of males. tion DN 2169; WPH 053 - 13, DNA extraction DN 2170, Male genitalia: (N = 1) (Fig. 4 D). Valvae roughly slide ♀ WPH 053 - 13; WPH 054 - 13, DNA extraction symmetrical, both with long arms bent nearly 90 ° DN 2171; WPH 058 - 13, DNA extraction DN 2175, slide ♀ halfway along length, enlarged and rounded apically, WPH 058 - 13. Kaukamoku gulch, 20 33 0 33 00 N, with three heavy, sclerotized spur-like setae project- 156 35 0 13 00 W. 2 ♂, 7. iii. 2013, W. Haines & D. Rubinoff, ing dorsally near apex of left valva, and three WPH 045 - 13, DNA extraction DN 2162; WPH 046 - 13, slightly smaller setae on right valva; both valvae DNA extraction DN 2163. Kaukaukapapa, 20 32 0 7 00 N, broadly notched near apex. Anellus with two asym- 156 41 0 36 00 W. 2 ♀, 5. iii. 2013, W. Haines & D. Rubinoff, metrical lobes, left lobe being robust and nearly WPH 093 - 13, DNA extraction DN 2195; WPH 098 - 13, straight, right lobe rounded apically. Phallus large, DNA extraction DN 2200. Kealaikahiki. 1 ♀ (hand colcylindrical, heavily sclerotized, curved near apex. lected), 5 – 7. iii. 2013, W. Haines & D. Rubinoff, Female genitalia: (N = 1) Fig. 5 C). Papillae anales WPH 089 - 13, DNA extraction DN 2191. Kealaikahiki, short. Apophyses thin and straight; anterior and pos- Keanakeiki beach. 3 ♂, 1 ♀, 21. x. 2008, M. J. Medeiros, terior apophyses both very long. Ostium-bearing pro- slides 08 A 49 ♂, 08 A 50 ♀, & 08 A 55 ♂. Kealialalo, cess heavily sclerotized and very large, externally 20 32 0 23 00 N, 156 38 0 15 00 W. 3 ♂, 5. iii. 2013, W. Haines & protruding, snail-shell shaped and curled, with broad D. Rubinoff, WPH 079 - 13, DNA extraction DN 2185; base. Ductus bursae about 0.5 9 length of anterior WPH 080 - 13, DNA extraction DN 2186; WPH 083 - 13, apophysis. Corpus bursae oval, about 0.75 9 length DNA extraction DN 2189, slide WPH 083 - 13. Pu’u o of anterior apophysis; signum absent. Inception of Moa’ula Nui, N 20.55715 W 156.57303. 1 ♂, 6. iii. 2013, ductus seminalis situated at posterior end of corpus W. Haines & D. Rubinoff, WPH 091 - 13, DNA extraction bursae. DN 2193. Etymology: Hyposmocoma kanaloa is named after Diagnosis: The only Kahoʻolawe Hyposmocoma with the Hawaiian word Kanaloa, an ancient name for male genitalia having roughly symmetrical valvae, the presiding deity of Kahoʻolawe. with three lobes on each dorsal edge, and robust setae on each side. The forewing pattern is similar to Biology: Larvae of this species have a ‘ burrito’ case H. pahanalo, but H. mahoepo has a band of dark	en	Doorenweerd, Camiel, Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel, n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp. (2017): Small survivors: unexpected endemic diversity of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) moths on Kaho olawe, a degraded Hawaiian island. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (3): 570-592, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159765
03C4526D033FA04C029626BCFA57F834.taxon	materials_examined	pecten present. Thorax, tegula, and metascutellum 2013, W. Haines & D. Rubinoff, WPH 047 - 13, DNA mostly white, some scales tipped with brown; extraction DN 2164, slide WPH 047 - 13 ♂. abdomen pale grey. Foreleg and midleg coxa, femur, PARATYPES: HI: Kahoʻolawe: Base of Puʻu o tibia, and tarsomeres mostly dark brown with some Moaʻula Iki, N 20.56457 W 156.58519. 1 ♀, on boullighter scales scattered throughout, especially as ders, ‘ burrito’ case, 7. iii. 2013, em. 26. iv. 2013, W. rings around tarsomeres. Hindleg entirely nearly Haines & D. Rubinoff, WPH 147 - 13, DR 13 C 7 C, slide white. Forewing ground colour white, with dark WPH 147 - 13 ♀. Honokanaiʻa camp. 20 30 0 54 00 N, brown scales scattered throughout, especially near 156 40 0 56 00 W. 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 5. iii. 2013. W. Haines & D. costal margin; fringe minimal, nearly white. Rubinoff, WHP 051 - 13. DNA extraction DN 2168; Hindwing and fringe uniformly brown. Subcostal WPH 073 - 13, DNA extraction 2179. Kaukamoku brush apparently absent. No sclerotized hook present gulch, 20 33 0 33 00 N, 156 35 0 13 00 W. ♀, 7. iii. 2013, W. on segment VII. Females similar to males except Haines & D. Rubinoff, WPH 048 - 13, DNA extraction frenulum with three acanthae and antennae slightly DN 2165, slide WPH 048 - 13 ♀. Kealialalo, 20 32 0 23 00 N, thinner than those of males. 156 38 0 15 00 W. 1 ♀, 5. iii. 2013, W. Haines & D. Rubi- Male genitalia: (N = 1) (Fig. 4 F). Valvae symmetri- noff, WPH 081 - 13, DNA extraction DN 2187. Near cal, simple, slightly upcurved, enlarged and rounded Honokanaiʻa camp, N 20.52256 W 156.68657. 1 ♂, on apically. Anellar lobes not visible. Phallus large, boulder, ‘ burrito’ case, 6. iii. 2013, em. 9. iv. 2013, W cylindrical, heavily sclerotized, straight. Haines & D Rubinoff, WPH 121 - 13, DNA extraction Female genitalia: (N = 1) (Fig. 5 E). Papillae anales DN 2219. short. Apophyses thin and straight; posterior apophyses very long, about two times length of ante- Diagnosis: Of the Kahoʻolawe Hyposmocoma, the rior apophyses. Ductus bursae long, about same forewing pattern of H. oolea is very similar to H. length as anterior apophysis. Corpus bursae oval, kamaula and H. waauhi in being mostly brown with about same length as anterior apophysis; two small irregular darker bands that appear as spots, and so circular signa present near centre of corpus bursa. the male genitalia are required to diagnose this Inception of ductus seminalis situated at posterior species. The male genitalia have a crescent-shaped end of corpus bursae. left lobe of the anellus, as well as a fifth seta on the lobe of the left valva; no other Kahoʻolawe Etymology: Hyposmocoma nohomeha, or ‘ hermit’, Hyposmocoma has this combination of characters. from the Hawaiian noho (reside) and meha (isolated / alone), so named because the phylogeny Description: (N = 7) (Fig. 3 G). Wingspan 10.0 – suggests that this species has been isolated from 11.6 mm. Head dark brown. Haustellum with brown its nearest relatives for a long time on a small scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Recurved labial island. palpus with second segment nearly white with darker scales scattered throughout; third segment Biology: Based on its position in the phylogenetic dark brown. Antennal flagellomeres dark brown tree, we expect larvae of H. nohomeha to construct scales; scape dark brown; pecten present. Thorax, ‘ burrito’ case types, as it is sister to another clade tegula, metascutellum, and abdomen dark brown. that makes this case type. Fore-, mid-, and hindleg coxa dark brown; femur, tibia, and tarsomeres dark brown with each segment Distribution: Known only from Kahoʻolawe Island, terminating with a light brown ring. Forewing Hawai i, where it is presumed to be endemic. ground colour brown, with several bands of darker scales extending from costal margin to anal margin, Remarks: This species is one of several independent alternating with bands of lighter scales; fringe lineages with the ‘ burrito’ case type that inhabit brown. Hindwing and fringe uniformly brown. Kahoʻolawe. In the phylogeny, H. nohomeha is Subcostal brush present. Sclerotized hook separated from its closest known relatives by a long (pseuduncus sensu Zimmerman, 1978) elongate, branch (Fig. 2), implying either a long history of slender, straight; distinct sclerotized ring on segment isolation, or extinction of related taxa. VII. Females similar to males except frenulum with three acanthae. HYPOSMOCOMA OOLEA MEDEIROS, HAINES & RUBI- Male genitalia: (N = 1) (Fig. 4 G). Valvae asymmetrical, left valva robust and with four heavy, long, NOFF SP. NOV. (FIGS 3 G, 4 G, 5 F, I) sclerotized spur-like setae projecting dorsally near apex of both valvae; one additional heavy seta pro- Material examined: HOLOTYPE: HI: Kahoʻolawe: jecting dorsally from an acute dorsal lobe located	en	Doorenweerd, Camiel, Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel, n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp. (2017): Small survivors: unexpected endemic diversity of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) moths on Kaho olawe, a degraded Hawaiian island. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (3): 570-592, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159765
03C4526D0339A04A029626BCFA57F834.taxon	description	Female genitalia: (N = 2) (Fig. 5 G). Papillae anales Antennal flagellomeres with alternating rings of short. Apophyses thin and straight; posterior apophy- dark and pale brown scales; scape dark brown; ses very long, about two times length of anterior pecten absent. Thorax, tegula, and metascutellum apophyses. Ostium-bearing process heavily sclero- mottled pale brown to brown. Foreleg and midleg tized and very large, externally protruding, snail-shell coxa, femur, tibia, and tarsomeres mostly dark shaped and curled, with broad base. Ductus bursae brown; fringe brown. Hindleg entirely nearly white. long, about same length as anterior apophysis. Corpus Forewing ground colour pale brown, with three or bursae oval, about same length as anterior apophysis; four wide bands of brown scales extending more or signum absent. Inception of ductus seminalis situated less vertically from costa to anal margin; several at posterior end of corpus bursae. brown spots near cell; some scattered brown scales near anal margin. Hindwing and fringe uniformly Etymology: Hyposmocoma pahanalo, or ‘ hidden pale brown. Subcostal brush absent. Abdomen surfboard’, from the Hawaiian paha (a kind of brown. Sclerotized hook (pseuduncus sensu surfboard) and nalo (missing); this refers to the Zimmerman, 1978) elongate, slender, with pointed presumed larval case of this species, as the ‘ flat apex; distinct sclerotized ring on segment VII. purse’ cases in this clade are similar in shape to Female similar to males except frenulum with Hawaiian surfboards. apparently two acanthae and antennae slightly thinner than those of males. Biology: Based on its position in the phylogenetic Male genitalia: (N = 2) (Fig. 4 I). Valvae asymmettree, we expect larvae of H. pahanalo to construct rical, left arm long and robust, enlarged apically, ‘ flat purse’ case types, based on its being sister to with four heavy, long, sclerotized spur-like setae proanother clade that makes this case type. jecting dorsally near apex (lost in Fig. 4 I); right arm long and slender with no heavy setae, apex deeply Distribution: Known only from Kahoʻolawe Island, notched resulting in the appearance of one large and Hawai i, where it is presumed to be endemic. one small apical lobe. Right valva with a small lateral lobe projecting from near base; left valva with- HYPOSMOCOMA WAAUHI MEDEIROS, HAINES & out such a lobe. Anellus with two roughly symmetrical lobes, both slender and slightly apically RUBINOFF SP. NOV. (FIGS 3 I, 4 I) enlarged. Phallus large, cylindrical, heavily sclerotized, curved near apex. Material examined: HOLOTYPE: HI: Kahoʻolawe: Female genitalia: (N = 1). Specimen is in unsatis- Honokanaiʻa camp, 20 30 0 54 00 N, 156 40 0 56 00 W. ♂, factory condition to illustrate, as the genitalia are 5. iii. 2013, W. Haines & D. Rubinoff, WPH 074 - 13, damaged. Ductus bursa, corpus bursa, and ostium DNA extraction DN 2180, slide WPH 074 - 13 ♂. unavailable for study. Papillae anales short. Apophy- PARATYPES: HI: Kahoʻolawe: Hakioawa, D 4 ses thin and straight; posterior apophyses long, Planting Area. 1 ♂, 20. x. 2008, M. J. Medeiros, about 1.5 9 length of anterior apophyses. Inception slide 08 A 48 ♂. Honokanaiʻa camp, 20 30 0 54 00 N, of ductus seminalis situated at posterior end of cor- 156 40 0 56 00 W. 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 5. iii. 2013, W. Haines & D. pus bursae. Rubinoff, WPH 057 - 13, DNA extraction DN 2174, slide WPH 057 - 13 ♂; WPH 075 - 13, DNA extraction DN 2181, Etymology: Hyposmocoma waauhi, or ‘ hidden canoe’, slide WPH 075 - 13 ♀. from the Hawaiian waʻa (canoe) and uhi (concealed or hidden). This species is so named because we Diagnosis: The forewing pattern is very similar to hypothesize that it builds ‘ tube purse’ cases, their H. kamaula and H. oolea, in being mostly brown shapes resembling canoes, but we still have not with irregular darker spots and irregular dark bands collected the larvae. of scales extending from costal to anal margin of the forewing. The male genitalia are therefore required Biology: Based on its position in the phylogenetic tree, to diagnose this species. This is the only species of we expect larvae of H. waauhi to construct a ‘ tube Kahoʻolawe Hyposmocoma with the right valva purse’ case, based on its being nested within a clade deeply notched. that makes this case type. Larvae of other species in the ‘ tube purse’ clade can be found in a diversity of Description: (N = 4) (Fig. 3 I). Wingspan 9.2 – habitats, including decaying logs and leaf litter. They 10.1 mm. Head pale to medium brown. Haustellum presumably feed on decaying plant matter. with beige scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Second segment of recurved labial palpus dark brown; third Distribution: Known only from Kahoʻolawe Island,	en	Doorenweerd, Camiel, Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel, n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp. (2017): Small survivors: unexpected endemic diversity of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) moths on Kaho olawe, a degraded Hawaiian island. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (3): 570-592, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159765
03C4526D033BA048029626BCFA57F8C5.taxon	description	to discover nine new species over the course of only Butler AG. 1881. On a collection of nocturnal Lepidoptera several days of sampling, which suggests that addi- from the Hawaiian Islands. Annals and Magazine of Natutional Hyposmocoma species await discovery and ral History 7: 317 – 333; 392 – 408. Dupont S, Rubinoff D. 2015. Larval and larval case mordescription on the island of Kahoʻolawe. Addition- phology of Hyposmocoma species (Lepidoptera: Cosmopteally, owing to the nature of the island’s history, rigidae), with a discussion on adaptations to larval casethe risk of unexploded ordinance precluded access bearing locomotion. Annals of the Entomological Society of to much of Kahoʻolawe, and we were able to sam- America 108: 1037 – 1052. ple on only small fractions of the total area of the Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R. island. Our results exemplify the conservation 1994. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytovalue of a small, heavily degraded landmass. chrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan inverte- Although these areas may not harbour as much brates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 3: endemic biodiversity as larger, more intact areas, 294 – 299. they still hold a surprisingly rich and unique biodi- Haines WP, Schmitz P, Rubinoff D. 2014. Ancient diversiversity. It is our hope that future fieldwork on fication of Hyposmocoma moths in Hawaii. Nature Commu- Kahoʻolawe will yield exciting new finds, not only nications 5: 1 – 7. doi: 10.1038 / ncomms 4502. for the sake of a deeper understanding of biogeo- Kawahara AY, Rubinoff D. 2012. Three new species of graphical processes across the Hawaiian Islands, Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii but also to document new species and in turn, to (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, Hyposmocoma). ZooKeys raise awareness of the conservation importance of 170: 1 – 20. this highly degraded island. Kawahara AY, Rubinoff D. 2013. Convergent evolution of morphology and habitat use in the explosive Hawaiian fancy case caterpillar radiation. Journal of Evolutionary ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Biology 26: 1763 – 1773. We thank the Kahoʻolawe Island Reserve Commis- Lanfear R, Calcott B, Kainer D, Mayer C, Stamatakis sion and staff, especially James Bruch and Paul A. 2014. Selecting optimal partitioning schemes for Higashino, for granting us access and assistance on phylogenomic datasets. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: Kahoʻolawe. Sam Ohu Gon III (The Nature Conser- 82 – 95. vancy Hawai � i) helped select Hawaiian names for the Lerner HRL, Meyer M, James HF, Hofreiter M, Fleisnew species. P. Schmitz, A. Kawahara, and D. Nitta cher R. 2011. Multilocus resolution of phylogeny and time- (University of Hawai � i at Mānoa) generated much of scale in the extant adaptive radiation of Hawaiian honeycreepers. Current Biology 21: 1838 – 1844. the molecular data used to construct the phylogeny. Lorence DH, Wood KR. 1994. Kanaloa, a new genus of We also thank Robert Dudley, Jay Lan, and the Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) from Hawaii. Novon 4: 137 – 145. Urban School of San Francisco (especially Matthew Medeiros MJ. 2009. A revision of the endemic Hawaiian Casey, Jonathan Howland, and many Urban genus Thyrocopa (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae: Xyloryctinae). Advanced Studies Genetics students). This research Zootaxa 2202: 1 – 47. was funded in part by the College of Tropical Agri- Medeiros MJ, Adamski D. 2012. Three new species of culture and Human Resources, University of Hawai � i Hawaiian moths from Kahoolawe island (Lepidoptera: at M anoa �, the National Science Foundation award Crambidae & Coleophoridae). Zootaxa 3341: 59 – 63. # DEB- 0918341, and United States Department of Medeiros MJ, Gillespie RG. 2011. Biogeography and the Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education evolution of flightlessness in a radiation of Hawaiian moths and Extension (CSREES) project HAW 00942 - H (Xyloryctidae: Thyrocopa). Journal of Biogeography 38: administered by the College of Tropical Agriculture 101 – 111. and Human Resources, University of Hawai � i. Addi- Nishida GM. 2002. Hawaiian terrestrial arthropod checklist. tional funding was made by contributors to the Sci- Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Biological Survey, Bishop Museum Fund Challenge. Press. Obbard DJ, Maclennan J, Kim KW, Rambaut A, O’Grady PM, Jiggins FM. 2012. Estimating divergence	en	Doorenweerd, Camiel, Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel, n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp. (2017): Small survivors: unexpected endemic diversity of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) moths on Kaho olawe, a degraded Hawaiian island. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (3): 570-592, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159765
03C4526D0325A056029626BCFD0CFDC4.taxon	description	SPECIMENS USED IN THIS STUDY. SPECIMENS SEQUENCED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE FIRST TIME HERE ARE IN BOLD. SEE MAIN TEXT FOR GENE NAMES IN FULL Sort Rearing order Extraction code Species	en	Doorenweerd, Camiel, Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel, n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp. (2017): Small survivors: unexpected endemic diversity of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) moths on Kaho olawe, a degraded Hawaiian island. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (3): 570-592, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159765
03C4526D0327A054029626BCFD0CFDFE.taxon	description	Sort Rearing order Extraction code Species	en	Doorenweerd, Camiel, Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel, n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp., n, sp. (2017): Small survivors: unexpected endemic diversity of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) moths on Kaho olawe, a degraded Hawaiian island. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (3): 570-592, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12493, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159765
