taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C30E44C250B41393745AABFE40FBA3.taxon	description	“ The rankest and filthiest smelling thing I ever smelled, has the odor of car- rion. ” (M. E. Jones 24, 2 July 1892.) “ Flowers ... with unpleasant odor, like that of dirty socks ... ” (D. A. Neill 3142, 9 Feb. 1978.) “ The dirty socks tree. ” (Organization for Tropical Studies, Tropical Biology: An Ecological Approach 82 – 1.)	en	Schatz, G. E., Maas, P. J. M., Kamer, H. Maas-van de, Westra, L. Y. T., Wieringa, J. J. (2018): Revision of the Neotropical genus Sapranthus (Annonaceae). Blumea 63 (1): 54-66, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.63.01.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.01.06
03C30E44C253B417902E59DAFEF3F897.taxon	description	Sapranthus chiapensis is recognized by its flowers borne one at a time on perennial short shoots back from the leaves on older wood (ramiflorous), and its monocarps bearing plate-like, lamellar, lacerate excrescences to 10 mm tall. — Type: Matuda 16420 (holo MEXU [MEXU 00013176]; iso F 2 sheets, K, MEXU, MICH, NY), Mexico, Chiapas, Jamaica, Escuintla, 24 Sept. 1946. Shrub 4 – 5 m tall, diam not recorded; young twigs and petiole densely covered with mainly erect, pale golden brown hairs to c. 0.5 mm long. Leaves: petiole 4 – 11 mm long, c. 2 mm diam; lamina elliptic to elliptic-obovate, 5 – 20 by 3 – 8 cm, shiny and sparsely covered with appressed hairs above, densely covered with erect, white hairs below, base slightly asymmetric, acute to obtuse, apex acute to shortly acuminate (acumen to c. 5 mm long), venation weakly brochidodromous, primary vein slightly impressed above, secondary veins 11 – 13 on either side of pri- mary vein, raised above, tertiary veins raised above, percurrent. Inflorescence and flower indument: pedicels and outer side of bracts, sepals, and petals sparsely to rather densely covered with appressed, white hairs. Flowers borne one at a time on perennial short shoots (rhipidia) on older wood back from the leaves, i. e., ramiflorous, the short shoots to c. 2 cm long; pedi- cels 7 – 10 mm long, c. 2 mm diam, fruiting pedicels to c. 18 mm long and c. 8 mm diam, densely covered with appressed hairs 0.4 – 0.6 mm long, bearing at its base a broadly ovate to orbicular bract, 6 – 7 by 4 – 6 mm, base obtuse to rounded, apex acute to obtuse, with evident venation; sepals broadly ovate to ovate, 12 – 13 by 7 – 11 mm, reflexed at anthesis, base truncate to concave and decurrent along the pedicel, apex acute, with evident venation; petals membranous, dark purple, with 5 – 7 longitudinal veins interconnected by faint cross veins, the former prominently raised on the outside, outer petals narrowly elliptic, 28 – 36 by 10 – 16 mm, concave, base cuneate, the point of at- tachment c. 4 mm broad, apex acute with a rounded tip, inner petals narrowly elliptic-oblong, 28 – 31 by 10 – 13 mm, base tapering abruptly and geniculate, forming a claw c. 3 mm long, c. 3 mm broad at the point of attachment, c. 5 mm wide at the point of the bend, with a corrugated food body present just above the claw inside consisting of c. 6 ridges separated by furrows, c. 4 mm long, c. 6 mm broad at its upper margin. Monocarps c. 6 (to potentially 20), greyish green, ellipsoid-oblongoid to obovoid, 10 – 63 by 23 – 45 mm, densely to sparsely covered with appressed hairs 0.3 – 0.4 mm long, bearing anastomosing, plate-like, lamellar, lacerate excrescences to c. 10 mm high, wall c. 0.5 mm thick, stipes 0 – 7 mm long. Seeds 4 or 5, in one or two rows, spherical wedge-shaped, 18 – 22 by 9 – 16 mm, smooth, light tan. Distribution — Mexico (Chiapas). Habitat & Ecology — In tropical dry deciduous forest. At elevations of c. 200 m. Vernacular names — Mexico: Haste, Pataste de Mico (Chia- pas, Matuda 16420, 16466). Other specimen examined. MEXICO, Chiapas, Nueve Libertad, Escuintla, Matuda 16466 (paratypes BR, F, MEXU 2 sheets, MICH). Notes — Standley annotated the only two known collections of this species, both collected by Matuda, as Sapranthus chiapensis sp. nov. However, the name was never published, and we here adopt his epithet for this narrow Mexican endemic. With respect to leaf indument and floral characters, this distinctive species differs only slightly from the widespread Pacific dry forest S. violaceus. However, both the inflorescence structure, and the surface of the monocarps are unique within the genus. With the exception of S. palanga, whose flowers are borne at condensed flowering nodes primarily along the main trunk (trunciflory), all other Sapranthus species bear solitary, terminal flowers, which nonetheless appear leaf-opposed by extension of the renewal shoot. In contrast, S. chiapensis produces flowers, one at a time, on distinct short-shoots (rhipidia), these located on somewhat older branches just back of the leaves (ramiflory), a condition thus intermediate between S. palanga and all other Sapranthus species. At first glance, the surface sculpturing of the monocarps might appear to be an aberration, the possible result of disease. However, both collections exhibit identical plate-like excrescences. Although unique within Sapranthus, such monocarp surface sculpturing also occurs in several other Annonaceae including Stenanona costaricensis R. E. Fr. from Costa Rica and Nicaragua, as well as West African Piptostigma multinervium Engl. & Diels and Monocarpia borneensis Mols & Kessler in SE Asia.	en	Schatz, G. E., Maas, P. J. M., Kamer, H. Maas-van de, Westra, L. Y. T., Wieringa, J. J. (2018): Revision of the Neotropical genus Sapranthus (Annonaceae). Blumea 63 (1): 54-66, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.63.01.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.01.06
03C30E44C254B41693745F63FD79FD28.taxon	description	Sapranthus hirsutus is recognized by its densely hirsute young twigs, petioles, primary vein below, and both sepal and petal veins, and its large sepals 15 – 22 by 11 – 16 mm. — Type: L. O. Williams & Molina R. 18053 (holo MO [MO 105994]; iso BM, F, GH, US), Honduras, Comayagua, Barranca Trincheras, about 20 km N of Siguatepeque, 1200 m, 17 Apr. 1951. Tree 5 – 15 m tall, diam not recorded; young twigs and petiole densely covered with erect and appressed, golden brownish hairs (hirsute) c. 2 mm long. Leaves: petiole 3 – 7 mm long, 1 – 3 mm diam; lamina narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 8 – 27 by 3 – 9 cm, rather densely to sparsely covered with erect, golden brown hairs (hirsute) above, densely so below, base acute to obtuse, apex acute to acuminate (acumen 5 – 10 mm long), venation weakly brochidodromous, primary vein impressed above, secondary veins 9 – 13 on either side of primary vein, slightly raised above, tertiary veins slightly raised above, percurrent to reticulate. Inflorescence and flower indument: pedicels and outer side of bracts, sepals, and petals densely to rather densely covered with erect and appressed, white hairs, and longer golden brown hairs above the veins on outer side of sepals and petals. Flowers solitary, leaf-opposed; pedicels 12 – 22 mm long, c. 2 mm diam; bract leafy, broadly ovate to ovate, 12 – 32 by 12 – 19 mm, base rounded to subcordate and somewhat ampexicaul and decurrent along the pedicel, apex acute; sepals distinctly veined, broadly ovate-triangular, 15 – 22 by 11 – 16 mm, spreading; petals membranous, dark maroon, 5 – 7 - veined, narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 40 – 70 by 10 – 25 mm, apex acute, inner petals bearing a corrugated food body at the base inside consisting of 6 ridges separated by 5 furrows, these connecting with the longitudinal veins; carpels c. 20, ovary densely covered with appressed hairs, ovules 7 – 12, in two rows, stigma subglobose to ellipsoid, c. 1 mm diam, obliquely attached to the ovary, sparsely covered with appressed hairs. Fruit and seeds unknown. Distribution — Honduras, Nicaragua. Habitat & Ecology — In semideciduous forest at elevation of 1050 – 1200 m. Flowering: May; fruiting: unknown. Vernacular names — Not recorded. Field observations — ‘ Fls. … with a strong foetid odor’ (Allen 6202). Other specimens examined. HONDURAS, Comayagua, Barranca Trincheras, 1050 m, Allen 6202 (DS, F, GH); Barranca Trincheras, 3 km from Montañuela, 1200 m, Molina R. 13657 (F, LL, NY, US 2 sheets); 6 km after Siguatepeque, 3 km from Montañuela, near Canal 5 (radio station, 1100 m, Van Rooden 850 (COL, F, K, MO, NY, P, S, U, W, WIS, WU 2 sheets). – NICARAGUA, Zelaya, Reserva Bosawas, Falda oeste del Cerro Salaya, entre el Campamento Los Monos y la cima, Grijalva et al. 5948 (MO). Note — Van Rooden used the epithet ‘ hirsutus ’ for this taxon in a paper on wood anatomy (Ter Welle & Van Rooden 1982: 17), but never validly published the name. We here adopt his epithet for this rare species known from two localities in Honduras and Nicaragua. Sapranthus hirsutus is clearly most closely related to the widespread Pacific dry forest species S. violaceus, from which the new species differs most markedly by its dense hirsute indument, which covers not only the lamina, but also bracts, sepals, and petals. In addition, its sepals are distinctly larger (15 – 22 by 12 – 16 mm) than those of S. violaceus (6 – 18 by 5 – 12 mm), and in fact, are the largest in the genus.	en	Schatz, G. E., Maas, P. J. M., Kamer, H. Maas-van de, Westra, L. Y. T., Wieringa, J. J. (2018): Revision of the Neotropical genus Sapranthus (Annonaceae). Blumea 63 (1): 54-66, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.63.01.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.01.06
03C30E44C255B41693745A80FB35FD63.taxon	description	Sapranthus isae J. G. Vélez & Cogollo (2007) 230, f. 1. — Type: Vélez-Arango, Cogollo & Uribe 6668 (holo JAUM not seen; iso COL, CUVC, FMB, HUA, HUC, JBGP, TULV not seen), Colombia, Cesar, Mun. Curumani, Vereda El Champán, Cerro El Champán, 5 May 2005. Tree 6 – 10 m tall, deciduous, diam not recorded; young twigs and petiole densely covered with yellow simple and stellate hairs. Leaves: petiole 8 – 10 long, 1 – 1.5 mm diam; lamina elliptic, 6.5 – 20 by 3.5 – 9 cm, with yellow simple and stellate hairs on both sides, base attenuate to acute to obtuse, apex acuminate, venation brochidodromous, primary vein impressed and cover- ed with yellow hairs above, secondary veins 10 – 14 on either side of primary vein, impressed above, tertiary veins percurrent. Inflorescence and flower indument: pedicels and outer side of bracts, sepals, and petals sparsely to rather densely covered with yellow hairs. Flowers solitary, leaf-opposed or opposite leaf scar; pedicels 5 – 8 mm long, 2.5 – 3 mm diam, fruiting pedicels 8 – 15 mm long, 5 – 7 mm diam; bracts two, distichous, ovate to broadly ovate, the lower one 4.5 – 6 by 4 – 6 mm, the upper one 9 – 11 by 7 – 8 mm; sepals broadly ovate (triangular), 7 – 8 by 7 – 9 mm, with indument more dense on the outer side; petals membranous, with evident venation at anthesis, green with a purple tint at the base inside and outside, with yellow indument more dense outside than inside, outer petals ovate, 15 – 30 by 8 – 16 mm, inner petals triangular, 21 – 37 by 11 – 15 mm, nar- rowed to a short claw with 4 or 5 rugose, strictly elliptic, black food bodies at the base inside. Monocarps 6 – 11, with odour of urine when dry, spherical to ellipsoid, 33 – 48 by 26 – 33 mm, (wall thickness not noted) with yellow indument coming off upon contact, exocarp black, mesocarp coffee-coloured; stipes absent. Seeds 4 – 7, in two rows, transversely broadly ellipsoid to spherical wedge-shaped, 19 – 23 by 6 – 13 mm, coffee-coloured to reddish coloured, pitted to slightly grooved. Distribution — Colombia (Cesar). Habitat & Ecology — In deciduous forest (‘ bosque caducifolio’), on rocky outcrops, surrounded by swampy areas, in association with Astronium graveolens, Bonamia trichantha, Bursera simaruba, Lonchocarpus atropurpureus, Machaerium mutisii, Oxandra venezuelana, Platymiscium polystachium, Pradosia colombiana, Sorocea affinis and Sterculia apetala. At elevations of 46 – 304 m. Flowering: May; fruiting: May, August to October. Vernacular names — Not recorded. Field observation — ‘ Flowers con olor fragrante’ (Vélez-Arango, Cogollo & Uribe 6668, Colombia). Note — Unfortunately, we were only able to see scans of S. isae, with all material of the species in Colombian herbaria. Based on the original description and our observations of the scans, S. isae is distinguished by its green flowers exhibiting venation at anthesis, borne on pedicels with two distichous bracts, and by its 6 – 11 sessile monocarps.	en	Schatz, G. E., Maas, P. J. M., Kamer, H. Maas-van de, Westra, L. Y. T., Wieringa, J. J. (2018): Revision of the Neotropical genus Sapranthus (Annonaceae). Blumea 63 (1): 54-66, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.63.01.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.01.06
03C30E44C255B414902E5B4FFEB6FE73.taxon	description	Sapranthus microcarpus (Donn. Sm.) R. E. Fr. (1900) 12. — Porcelia microcarpa Donn. Sm. (1895) 1. — Type: Donnell Smith 1484 (holo US; iso B, GH, K, M, US 2 sheets), Guatemala, Quezaltenango, shores of Rio Ocosito, c. 100 m, Apr. 1892.	en	Schatz, G. E., Maas, P. J. M., Kamer, H. Maas-van de, Westra, L. Y. T., Wieringa, J. J. (2018): Revision of the Neotropical genus Sapranthus (Annonaceae). Blumea 63 (1): 54-66, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.63.01.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.01.06
03C30E44C255B414902E5B4FFEB6FE73.taxon	description	Shrub or tree 1 – 15 m tall, c. 6 cm diam; young twigs and petiole rather densely covered with appressed and erect, white hairs to c. 0.5 mm long, soon glabrous. Leaves: petiole 3 – 6 mm long, 0.5 – 1 mm diam; lamina elliptic to obovate to narrowly so, 3 – 20 by 1.5 – 7.5 cm, shiny above, glabrous or with a hairy primary vein above, rather densely to sparsely covered with appressed and erect, white hairs below, usually verruculose, especially on the upper surface, base obtuse to acute, apex acute, obtuse to shortly and bluntly acuminate (acumen to c. 10 mm long), venation weakly brochidodromous, primary vein impressed above, secondary veins 5 – 8 on either side of primary vein, slightly raised above, mostly with pocket domatia in the axils of the secondary veins with the primary vein below, tertiary veins slightly raised to flat above, reticulate. Inflorescence and flower indument: pedicels and outer side of bracts and sepals densely to sparsely covered with appressed and erect hairs, petals sparsely so. Inflorescence 1 - (or 2 -) flowered, leaf-opposed; pedicels 10 – 40 mm long, 0.5 – 1 mm diam, to c. 80 mm long and 1 – 3 mm diam in fruit; bract leafy, ovate to broadly ovate-triangular, 3 – 33 by 2 – 13 mm; sepals distinctly 5 – 10 - veined, narrowly triangular to triangular, 5 – 12 by 3 – 5 mm, spreading to reflexed; petals membranous, green, maturing cream-yellow with a purple blush at the base inside to pink or dull red to deep maroon, 2 – 6 - veined, narrowly ovate, 15 – 35 by 3 – 11 mm, base tapering abruptly and forming a claw of c. 2 by 2 mm, the food body c. 2 by 4 mm, white, glistening. Monocarps 3 – 15, green, maturing orange, pulp fleshy, orange, subglobose to oblongoid to ellipsoid-oblongoid, 12 – 45 by 10 – 20 mm, rather densely covered with erect and appressed, minute, white hairs, wall 0.5 – 1 mm thick, stipes 1 – 4 mm long, 1 – 3 mm diam. Seeds 1 – 6, in one row, discoid, subspherical to broadly ellipsoid, or hemispherical, 8 – 12 by 4 – 6 mm, smooth to slightly grooved, pale brown. Distribution — Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras. Habitat & Ecology — In tropical dry to moist forest. At eleva- tions of 0 – 1100 m. Flowering: May to July; fruiting: November, December, February. Vernacular names — El Salvador: Asta (Rosales 466, 723, 1240, Sandoval 1455), Asta de bajillo (Martínez 56), Asta de costa (Chinchilla s. n.), Canjuro, Chufle, Guacoco blanco ó tresillo (Chinchilla s. n.), Hasta arbusto (Rosales 1902), Huevo de iguana (Chinchilla s. n), Palanco. Mexico: Anona (Torres 8323), Anonillo (Chiapas), Coloradillo (Schatz 1199, Veracruz), Colorado (Ibarra Manriquez 2164). Uses — ‘ Medicinal para colicos’ (Torres 8323, Mexico). Field observations — ‘ Flores con olor suave, similar a las brácteas de los bananos’ (Linares 7528, El Salvador); ‘ flow- ers with odour of rotting apples or fermented fruit’ (Lott 3432, Mexico); ‘ flesh of fruit orange with a faint chlorine smell’ (Monro 1951, El Salvador); ‘ fruit said to be eaten by Chachalacas’ (Schatz 1199, Mexico). Notes — Despite possessing typical flowers with evident petal venation, S. microcarpus differs markedly from all other Sapranthus species, and is here retained as the sole member of an emended sect. Microsapranthus, with S. campechianus reassigned to sect. Sapranthus, as discussed above. Sapranthus microcarpus is distinguished by its weakly to strongly verruculose leaves with domatia present on the lower side of the lamina in the axils of the secondary veins with the primary vein, and its brightly orange-coloured monocarps with mostly discoid seeds arranged in a single row, all characters unique within Sapranthus. The types of Asimina purpusii Brandegee (Purpus 6276) and Sapranthus ligularis Saff. ex R. E. Fr. (Donnell Smith 4508) both possess a verruculose lamina with domatia, and thus clearly belong in S. microcarpus.	en	Schatz, G. E., Maas, P. J. M., Kamer, H. Maas-van de, Westra, L. Y. T., Wieringa, J. J. (2018): Revision of the Neotropical genus Sapranthus (Annonaceae). Blumea 63 (1): 54-66, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.63.01.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.01.06
03C30E44C257B41493745A7FFA7FFD68.taxon	description	Sapranthus palanga R. E. Fr. (1930) 12. — Type: Oersted 158 (holo C; iso BM, C 2 sheets, US), Costa Rica (‘ Nicaragua’), Guanacaste, 1845 – 48. Sapranthus palanga R. E. Fr. var. santaerosae R. E. Fr. (1930) 13 (as ‘ Santae Rosae’). — Type: Oersted 157 (holo C), Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Hacienda Santa Rosa, Mar. 1847. Tree or shrub 3 – 12 m tall, 6 – 60 cm diam; young twigs and petiole densely covered with erect and appressed, white hairs to c. 1 mm long. Leaves: petiole 4 – 16 mm long, 1 – 4 mm diam; lamina obovate to elliptic, the first leaves of a shoot sometimes orbicular, 8 – 34 by 4 – 18 cm, densely covered with erect and appressed, stiff, white hairs to c. 1 mm long, soon subglabrous above, except for the primary vein, densely (at last rather densely) so below and therefore somewhat rough (hispid-strigose), base obtuse, sometimes subcordate, rarely acute, apex acute to shortly acuminate (acumen to c. 10 mm long), venation eucamptodromous, primary vein slightly impressed above, secondary veins 8 – 13 on either side of pri- mary vein, slightly raised above, tertiary veins slightly raised above, percurrent. Inflorescence and flower indument: pedicels and outer side of bracts and sepals densely covered with white erect and appressed, curly hairs, outer side of petals densely to sparsely so mainly along the longitudinal veins. Inflorescences condensed rhipidia mostly on the main trunk (trunciflory) and occasionally on leafless branches; pedicels 15 – 40 mm long, 1 – 2 mm diam, 3 – 5 mm diam in fruit; bract broadly ovate to broadly ovate-triangular, 5 – 11 by 3 – 9 mm; sepals distinctly 3 - veined, broadly ovate-triangular, 5 – 12 by 5 – 11 mm, reflexed; petals membranous, green, maturing dark purple to black, 6 – 8 - veined, narrowly elliptic to narrowly ovate, 70 – 110 by 15 – 40 mm, base rounded, concave, geniculate, the point of attachment c. 7 mm wide, apex acute to obtuse, inner petals narrowly elliptic to oblong, 80 – 100 by 30 – 35 mm, base cuneate and then abruptly narrowed to form a short claw, 4 – 7 mm broad, 1 – 2 mm thick at the point of attachment, concave, geniculate c. 3 mm from the base, the food body c. 7 mm at the middle to 6 mm at the margins, c. 3 mm from the base, i. e., just above the bend, consisting of 6 or 7 ridges separated by furrows, fleshy, cream to yellow, glistening, margins strongly revolute above the level of the food body, apex acute to obtuse. Monocarps 10 – 22, glaucous green, maturing red, globose, el- lipsoid to oblongoid and somewhat curved, 60 – 125 by 20 – 40 mm, sparsely covered with appressed to erect, curly hairs, wall c. 1 mm thick, stipes 5 – 22 mm long, 5 – 6 mm diam. Seeds 5 – 19, in one or two rows, spherical wedge-shaped, 15 – 33 by 5 – 19 mm, smooth, pale brown. Distribution — Nicaragua, Costa Rica. Habitat & Ecology — In tropical dry, deciduous forest. At elevations of 0 – 700 m. Flowering: January to August; fruiting: January to July. Vernacular names — Costa Rica: Guinea, Palanco (Pittier 1519, Tonduz 13796, Van Rooden 866), Platano, Turru. Nica- ragua: Palanca / Palanco (Coronado 5716, 5964, 6285, Grijalva 815, 2424, Sandino 2811, Velásquez 230). Field observations — ‘ Flowers smelling foetid’ (Burger 11388, Costa Rica); ‘ flores .. olor muy fuerte desagradable’ (Chavarría 606, Costa Rica); ‘ olor a animal descompuesto’ (Grijalva 2424); ‘ flores con olor a excremento de perro’ (Hammel & Morales 22451, Costa Rica); ‘ con olor fuerte y repelente’ (Morales 2915, Nicaragua); ‘ de olor nauseabundo’ (Sandino 1895, 1968, Nicaragua); ‘ unpleasant odour like that of dirty socks’ (Neill 3142, Nicaragua); ‘ repumnante’ (Moreno 15969, Nicaragua); ‘ flor hedionda’ (Soza 407, Robleto 438, Nicaragua); ‘ flowers fetid smelling’ (Stevens 31353 - A, Nicaragua); ‘ flowers foul smelling’ (Stevens 32796, Nicaragua). Note — Sapranthus palanga is unique among Sapranthus species in possessing a hispid-strigose indument that renders the lower surface of the leaves somewhat rough. Although other Sapranthus species occasionally bear flowers on older wood (S. chiapensis), S. palanga is remarkable for its high degree of trunciflory, bearing flowers primarily along the main trunk from ground level on up, as well as occasionally on older leafless horizontal branches (ramiflory), but never among the leaves.	en	Schatz, G. E., Maas, P. J. M., Kamer, H. Maas-van de, Westra, L. Y. T., Wieringa, J. J. (2018): Revision of the Neotropical genus Sapranthus (Annonaceae). Blumea 63 (1): 54-66, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.63.01.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.01.06
03C30E44C257B41A902E5B40FC09F8A4.taxon	description	Sapranthus borealis R. E. Fr. (1930) 11, f. 2 c. — Type: Gonzalez Ortega 856 (Narvaez, Montes & Salazar 856) (holo K; iso K, MEXU 2 sheets, US), Mexico, Sinaloa, Arroyo del Palmar, La Caña, San Ignacio, 450 m, 3 June 1919. Sapranthus megistanthus Standl. & Steyerm. (1943) 7. — Type: Standley 59219 (holo F; iso A, NY), Guatemala, Guatemala, on roadside bank, Estancia Grande, 600 m, 8 Dec. 1938. Tree 3 – 12 m tall, to c. 30 cm diam; young twigs and petiole densely covered with erect and appressed, white, long-persisting hairs to c. 1 mm long. Leaves: petiole 3 – 13 mm long, 1 – 2 mm diam; lamina elliptic to obovate, 7 – 30 by 3 – 12 cm, sparsely covered with erect hairs mainly along the veins above, densely so along primary vein, densely covered with erect and appressed, white hairs to c. 1 mm long below, base obtuse to truncate, sometimes acute, apex acute to shortly acuminate (acumen to c. 5 mm long), venation weakly brochidodromous, primary vein impressed above, secondary veins 6 – 12 on either side of primary vein, raised above, tertiary veins raised above, more or less percurrent. Inflorescence and flower indument: pedicels and outer side of bracts, sepals, and petals sparsely to rather densely covered with appressed, white hairs. Flowers solitary, occasionally produced from the main trunk; pedicels 6 – 43 mm long, c. 1 mm diam, to c. 6 mm diam in fruit; bract leafy, broadly ovate to triangular, 6 – 35 by 3 – 22 mm; sepals distinctly 5 - or 6 - veined, broadly ovate-triangular, 6 – 18 by 5 – 15 mm, spreading to reflexed; petals membranous, deep purple brown at anthesis, 5 – 8 - veined, narrowly elliptic, nar- rowly oblong-elliptic, to narrowly obovate, 25 – 120 (– 190) by 12 – 30 (– 70) mm, the venation prominently raised on the outer surface, base obtuse to cuneate, geniculate and abruptly narrowing to form a short claw, the food body cream-yellow, fleshy, glistening, apex obtuse to acute. Monocarps 10 – 25, glaucous green to brown, ellipsoid, oblongoid-ellipsoid to obovoid, 35 – 70 by 15 – 30 mm, densely covered with appressed, curly, greyish hairs, creating a glaucous appearance, apex obtuse, wall 2 – 6 mm thick, stipes 2 – 8 mm long, 5 – 6 mm diam. Seeds 1 – 10, in one or two rows, spherical wedge-shaped, 10 – 21 by 4 – 9 mm, smooth, orange-brown. Distribution — Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua. Habitat & Ecology — In low, dry semideciduous forest. At elevations of 0 – 1200 m. Flowering: all year through, but par- ticularly May and June; fruiting: all year through. Vernacular names — El Salvador: Anona blanca (Flores 394), Asta (López s. n., Rodríguez 2124, Rosales 447, 703, 738), Asta de costa (Sandoval s. n.), Asta de media altura (Martínez 876), Hasta (Martínez 625), Palanco (Witsberger 302). Guatemala: Palanco (Hazlett 2602). Honduras: Ala de murcielago (Molina R. 856). Mexico: Anonillo (Hinton 4564), Cacao (Hughes & Elorsa 1916), Flora de mula negra (Kruse 1101), Morsiegalo (Langlassé 128 bis), Platanito (Hughes & Elorsa 1916), Zopilote (Hinton 9182), Zopilotillo (Ortega 856). Nicaragua: Palanca / Palanco (Coronado et al. 582, Grijalva et al. 1733, 2626, 2683, 4094, Rueda 11915, 13887, 15972, Sandino & Aldubin 4393, Stevens 22420). Field observations — ‘ Flores de aroma fuerte y nause- abundo’ (Araquistain 3479, Nicaragua); ‘ flowers with the stink of rotting meat’ (Davidse 30531, Nicaragua); ‘ flores moradas, olor desagradable’ (Moreno 9436, Nicaragua); ‘ frutos verdes de olor extravagante’ (Moreno 21967, Nicaragua); ‘ flowers with a strong rotting meat odor attracting flies flowers have a foul odor’ (Rodríguez 2336, Vincelli 709, Nicaragua); ‘ flores fetidas’ (Rueda 1191, Nicaragua); ‘ flor púrpura grande, con olor muy fuerte desagradable’ (Sandino et al. 4393, 4426, 4437, Nicaragua); ‘ flowers with strong fetid odor’ (Schatz & Stevens 586, 587, Stevens 30314, Nicaragua); ‘ flowers producing a strong fetid odor and apparently heat, the flowers seemingly warmer than the surrounding air’ (Stevens 20308, Nicaragua); ‘ flowers with a strong rotten meat odor attracting flies’ (Stevens 28423, 29623, Nicaragua); ‘ fruits eaten’ (Vincelli 480, Nicaragua). Notes — Sapranthus violaceus can be recognized by an indument of short, whitish appressed and erect hairs, its solitary, usually leaf-opposed flowers (occasionally borne on older wood), quite large petals (25 – 120 (– 190) by 12 – 30 (– 70) mm), and numerous stipitate monocarps (10 – 25). Although Safford (1911) first signalled the correct generic place- ment of Dunal’s (1817) Unona violacea by providing new combinations for both it and Asimina foetida in Sapranthus, Fries (1930: 11) was reluctant to recognize Unona violacea Dunal despite his statement that ‘ the plant is certainly a Sapranthus species’. Under his discussion of S. foetidus, Fries (1930) cites the pedicel in the Dunal illustration (Dunal 1817: t. 25, f. 4) as being too long for S. foetidus (and, therefore, why did it not correspond to his newly described species S. longepidunculatus?), and his having not examined a type specimen of Unona violacea, as justifications for not treating the Dunal species. Ironically, however, Dunal based his description of Unona violacea, as well as those of Annona purpurea Sessé & Moc. ex Dunal and Unona penduliflora [= Cymbopetalum penduliflorum (Dunal) Baill.], the three Annonaceae he described from the Sessé and Mociño Expedition to New Spain, solely on the drawings made during the expedition, which were brought to Montpellier by Mociño after he fled from Spain in 1813. They serve as the types for these three species (McVaugh 1980, 1982, 1998, Murray 1993). Unona violacea is represented by three of the Sessé & Mociño drawings: one, a less polished field sketch (Torner Collection 1814 (Fig. 3 a )) and two other nearly identical more finished drawings, one of which has been numbered Torner Collection 1791 (Fig. 3 b), the other of which has been left unnumbered. These latter two drawings served as the model upon which the artist Node-Veran based his engraving for Dunal’s Monograph, Plate 25 (Fig. 3 c). The field sketch (Torner Collection 1814) has written on it in ink (the handwriting perhaps that of Mociño, ‘ Ubaria purpurea N’, the ‘ b’ presumably a linguistic transformation of a Spanish ‘ v’, and hence indicating a new species and preliminary assignment to the genus Uvaria. The more finished drawing (Torner Col- lection 1791) has written in pencil below the drawing ‘ Uvaria? purpurea ’, the handwriting perhaps Dunal’s. The nearly identical unnumbered drawing lacks any annotation. With the exception of failing to include the secondary cross venation in the petals and completing the three leaves cut off at their margins on the original drawing, Node-Veran accurately copied the drawing in preparation for the engraver. By the time the Monograph ap- peared in 1817, Dunal had rejected placement of the species in Uvaria, describing it instead as a Unona, with the epithet ‘ violacea ’ instead of ‘ purpurea ’. Insofar as the expedition drawings of S. violaceus are not part of the Icones Florae Mexicanae (a numbered series of species collected in western Mexico during the early part of the expedi- tion), it is not possible to determine the exact provenance of the plants from which the drawings were made. In all likelihood they were encountered relatively late in the expedition during the travels of Mociño and the artist Cerda from Mexico to Costa Rica and back, during the period 1795 – 1799 (McVaugh 1977 and pers. comm.). The five species brought together here in synonymy under S. violaceus have previously been distinguished on the basis of petal size and shape, and pedicel length, all of which vary greatly and continuously, both within an individual, and throughout the broad geographical range extending from Nicaragua north to Sinaloa, Mexico. For example, although Standley & Steyermark (1943) described the petals of S. megistanthus from Guatemala as 170 – 190 mm long, supposedly ‘ twice as long as any other member of the genus’, two different flowers from the type collection with petals measuring 130 and 139 mm were seemingly ignored, one of which overlaps with petals 132 mm long exhibited by a collection from Nicaragua (Schatz & Stevens 587). Similarly, Fries (1930) described the petals of S. borealis from Sinaloa, Mexico, as 25 – 33 mm long despite one flower on the type collection with petals 44 mm long. He later annotated another Sinaloa collection (Ortega 6695) with petals to 55 mm long as S. borealis ‘ petala longa’, which falls within the range of variation in petal length exhibited in Nicaragua. Pedicel length is also highly variable, exhibiting nearly as much variation in a single collection (12 – 33 mm long for Schatz & Stevens 586 from Nicaragua) as the total variation of 6 – 43 mm manifest throughout the total distribution range, thus easily encompassing the 28 – 35 mm long pedicels of the type of S. longipedunculatus (Langlassé 128 bis) from Guer- rero, Mexico.	en	Schatz, G. E., Maas, P. J. M., Kamer, H. Maas-van de, Westra, L. Y. T., Wieringa, J. J. (2018): Revision of the Neotropical genus Sapranthus (Annonaceae). Blumea 63 (1): 54-66, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.63.01.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.01.06
03C30E44C259B419902E5F09FD50FA31.taxon	distribution	Distribution — SE Nicaragua (Madriz, Río San Juan), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas), Panama (Bocas del Toro, Chiriquí, Los Santos, Veraguas). Habitat & Ecology — In moist to wet evergreen forest; from 0 – 1700 m. Flowering: January, February, July, September, October; fruiting: all year through. Vernacular name — Panama: Hueve de caballe (Holdridge 6231). Field observations — ‘ Frutos con olor de guanabana’ (Alfaro 53, Costa Rica), ‘ frutos con olor como Anona’ (Bello 1385, Costa Rica), ‘ flores de aroma fuerte muy agradable’ (Herrera 1564, Costa Rica), ‘ flowers with ‘ horrible’ smell of bananas’ (Maas 7961, Costa Rica); ‘ flowers with strong smell of bananas’ (Maas 7956, Costa Rica). Note — Sapranthus viridiflorus differs from all other Sapranthus species by its green petals lacking visible venation at anthesis (which, however, clearly exhibit venation in bud and when dry), and the low number of monocarps (1 – 6).	en	Schatz, G. E., Maas, P. J. M., Kamer, H. Maas-van de, Westra, L. Y. T., Wieringa, J. J. (2018): Revision of the Neotropical genus Sapranthus (Annonaceae). Blumea 63 (1): 54-66, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.63.01.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.01.06
