taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CE4676FFF9814756A9F8BD0DB44176.taxon	discussion	Comments. This subtribe is one of the most homogeneous in terms of external morphology. Its filiform antennae distinguish it; fastigium is subtriangular and does not noticeably extend beyond the scape and pedicel of the antenna (differentiating it from Vilernina and some Oulenotacrina, which have a more elongated fastigium and usually dorsoventrally flattened or ensiform antennae). The pronotum lacks conspicuous modifications (unlike Oulenotacrina, which exhibit lateral projections or median lobes in the prozona, particularly in genera associated with tree bark). Members of this subtribe are micropterous or subapterous, with ovoid or lanceolate, narrow tegmina, generally featuring conspicuous venation useful for distinguishing genera and species (differing from Oulenotacrina and Vilernina, where most taxa are macropterous or brachypterous and lack conspicuous markings on the tegmina). Their coloration is bright, with uniform shades ranging from gray to yellow and green (in contrast, Oulenotacrina and Vilernina exhibit cryptic coloration and sometimes camouflage among leaf litter or bryophytes). This group was comprehensively reviewed by Carbonell & Descamps (1978), who described most of the genera and species currently included. The subtribe remained largely unstudied for a long time, with only recent additions and modifications. The generic name Albrechtia Carbonell & Descamps, 1978, was replaced by Peruana Koçak & Kemal, 2008, as it was a homonym of a previously described mollusk (Koçak & Kemal 2008). Later, Costa et al. (2014) described Muriciacris Costa, 2014, a monotypic genus from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, including chromosomal data. Subsequently, Cadena-Castañeda & Cardona-Granda (2015) reassigned Dicaearchus cribellatus Stål, 1878, from Melanoplinae to Ommatolampidinae after studying additional specimens. Since the species was previously known only from a female, examining male specimens clarified its taxonomic placement. Following these recent additions and changes within the subtribe, it is necessary to update the key to identify its genera.	en	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Cardona-Granda, Juan Manuel (2025): Studies on Neotropical grasshoppers: Estefaniacris gen. nov. (Orthoptera: Acrididae), a new Andean genus. Zootaxa 5661 (2): 261-273, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5661.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5661.2.7
03CE4676FFFB814056A9FAD50A2D40BB.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Estefaniacris huilensis sp. nov. by original monotypy and designation.	en	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Cardona-Granda, Juan Manuel (2025): Studies on Neotropical grasshoppers: Estefaniacris gen. nov. (Orthoptera: Acrididae), a new Andean genus. Zootaxa 5661 (2): 261-273, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5661.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5661.2.7
03CE4676FFFB814056A9FAD50A2D40BB.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Dedicated to Estefania Villanueva Rojas, Forestry Engineer, collaborating with the Flora of the Orinoquia and Juan Manuel Cardona-Granda’s wife.	en	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Cardona-Granda, Juan Manuel (2025): Studies on Neotropical grasshoppers: Estefaniacris gen. nov. (Orthoptera: Acrididae), a new Andean genus. Zootaxa 5661 (2): 261-273, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5661.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5661.2.7
03CE4676FFFB814056A9FAD50A2D40BB.taxon	description	Description. Slender insects, slightly coarse body surface, mainly on head and thorax (Fig. 1). Head rounded in frontal view, eyes conspicuous and rounded (Fig. 2 A); frons slightly convex, fastigium rounded distally truncate and not surpassing the antennal pedicel (Fig. 2 B). Thorax. Pronotum without modifications, with two medial sulcus (Figs. 2 B, C), lateral lobes rectangular, slightly wider than high (Fig. 2 B). Metanotum and first abdominal tergite with a mid-posterior protuberance (Fig. 2 B). Wings. Micropterous, tegmina lanceolate, five times longer than wide, moderately narrowed, and bicolored without conspicuous black spots (Fig. 2 D). Legs. Femora without spines or modifications; fore and mid tibiae with small black spinules, on the two ventral margins at the distal third section. Hind tarsomeres slender and elongated, covered by long and abundant bristles (Fig. 2 E). Abdomen unmodified. Last abdominal segment is noticeably modified into a concave extension that projects upward, with a denticulated posterior edge (Fig. 2 F – H). Cerci slender and hook-shaped (Fig. 2 F), without an internal apophysis (Figs. 2 G, H). Supra-anal plate subtriangular with the side margins embroidered (Fig. 2 G). Subgenital plate cupuliform and moderately inflated (Fig. 2 F). Phallic complex. Joined by membranes that envelop the endophallus and ectophallus, the epiphallus plate is positioned above them (Fig. 3). Epiphallus with a well-developed lophus (Lo) (Fig. 4 A), ancora (Anc) very reduced, oval sclerites (Ov scl) undeveloped (Fig. 4 B). Ectophallus (ect) with ventro-lateral sclerite present, surrounded at side the valves of endophallus (Val end) and sheat of endophallus (Sh end) (Figs. 3 A – C). Zygoma (Zy) wide and subquadrangular in dorsal view (Fig. 4 C). Endophallic plates (End pl) wide, shoulder blade-shaped, and with moderately sclerotized edges (Fig. 4 E). Female. Unknown.	en	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Cardona-Granda, Juan Manuel (2025): Studies on Neotropical grasshoppers: Estefaniacris gen. nov. (Orthoptera: Acrididae), a new Andean genus. Zootaxa 5661 (2): 261-273, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5661.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5661.2.7
03CE4676FFFB814056A9FAD50A2D40BB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Colombian Andes. Comparison. Estefaniacris gen. nov. resembles the genera Stenelutracris Carbonell & Descamps, 1978, Peruana Koçak & Kemal, 2008, and Kyphiacris Carbonell & Descamps, 1978. The new genus is similar to Kyphiacris for a body covered with abundant hairs, predominantly black, with a whitish stripe extending from one side of the head to the other. Additionally, it shares the presence of a mid-posterior protuberance on the metanotum and the first abdominal tergite. However, the two genera can be distinguished by the pronotum: in Kyphiacris, elevations or projections are present between the third and fourth sulci, whereas this does not occur in Estefaniacris gen. nov. Furthermore, in Kyphiacris, the last segment of the maxillary palpi is not compressed, and the wings are undeveloped, rendering the species subapterous. In contrast, the new genus have tegmina, making it brachypterous. Additionally, the morphology of the cerci differs: in Kyphiacris, they are moderately compressed and bear an internal apophysis, whereas in Estefaniacris gen. nov., the cerci are hook-shaped and lack an internal apophysis. Estefaniacris gen. nov. differs from Stenelutracris and Peruana in several aspects. The tegmina are narrower and monochromatic in these two genera, and there are no dorsal protuberances on the metanotum or the first abdominal segment. In contrast, the new genus exhibits such protuberances, and its tegmina are bicolored, with one-half black and the other whitish. Although Stenelutracris species have a black background, their venation is yellowish. The cerci of Stenelutracris and Peruana are moderately widened, subtriangular, and generally bear an internal apophysis, differing from the characteristic structure of the cerci in the new genus. The new genus can be distinguished from all other genera in the subtribe by its last abdominal segment, which is noticeably modified into a concave extension that projects upward, with a denticulated posterior edge. Additionally, its cerci are slender and hook-shaped, lacking an internal apophysis, a shape not observed in any other known genus. Moreover, the wing venation is reticulate, with the background matching the color of the veins, unlike genera such as Lamiacris Carbonell & Descamps, 1978, Ommatolampis Burmeister, 1838, Eulampiacris Carbonell & Descamps, 1978, and Hippariacris Carbonell & Descamps, 1978, which have ovoid tegmina with venation arranged to form usually conspicuous black spots.	en	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Cardona-Granda, Juan Manuel (2025): Studies on Neotropical grasshoppers: Estefaniacris gen. nov. (Orthoptera: Acrididae), a new Andean genus. Zootaxa 5661 (2): 261-273, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5661.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5661.2.7
03CE4676FFFC814E56A9FA990D4E46B3.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 – 5)	en	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Cardona-Granda, Juan Manuel (2025): Studies on Neotropical grasshoppers: Estefaniacris gen. nov. (Orthoptera: Acrididae), a new Andean genus. Zootaxa 5661 (2): 261-273, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5661.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5661.2.7
03CE4676FFFC814E56A9FA990D4E46B3.taxon	etymology	Etymology. It refers to the Huila department where the type series was collected.	en	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Cardona-Granda, Juan Manuel (2025): Studies on Neotropical grasshoppers: Estefaniacris gen. nov. (Orthoptera: Acrididae), a new Andean genus. Zootaxa 5661 (2): 261-273, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5661.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5661.2.7
03CE4676FFFC814E56A9FA990D4E46B3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype. Male. COLOMBIA, Huila, Acevedo, Parque Nacional Natural Cueva de los Guácharos, 1.615648 N, 76.104948 W, 1880 m., 11 april 2017, J. M. Cardona-Granda leg. (CAUD). Paratype. Same data as holotype.	en	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Cardona-Granda, Juan Manuel (2025): Studies on Neotropical grasshoppers: Estefaniacris gen. nov. (Orthoptera: Acrididae), a new Andean genus. Zootaxa 5661 (2): 261-273, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5661.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5661.2.7
03CE4676FFFC814E56A9FA990D4E46B3.taxon	description	Description. Slender body, moderately rugose, covered with long bristles (Fig. 1). Head. Fastigium rounded, moderately projecting between the eyes, with well-defined and parallel borders in frontal view (Fig. 2 A). Eyes round, covering most of the upper section of the cephalic capsule, with a small dorsal gap where they nearly touch (Figs. 2 A, C). Antennae extending beyond half the body length, composed of 21 segments, including the scape and pedicel (Fig. 1). Clypeus rectangular, wider than long; labrum rounded (Fig. 2 A); last segment of the maxillary palps rounded, moderately dilated, and compressed dorsoventrally, while the remaining segments are subquadrangular and of similar length. Thorax. Pronotum unmodified, with two main sulci near the midsection of its length (Fig. 2 B); anterior margin of the pronotal disc undulated and moderately projecting forward; posterior margin concave; metazona with numerous pores, more abundant in this region than in the rest of the pronotum (Fig. 2 C). Lateral lobes of the pronotum with the anterior margin nearly straight; posterior margin slightly curved inward; ventral margin curving downward from the anterior corner near the midpoint, then smoothly curving upward toward the posterior corner (Fig. 2 B). Wings. Tegmina lanceolate, moderately narrowed, reaching the base of the second abdominal segment and covering a significant portion of the tympanum; bicolored, with one-half black and the other whitish; venation reticulated and of similar coloration to the background (Fig. 2 D). Legs. Fore and midfemora moderately robust; fore and mid-tibiae with 4 – 5 spines on both sides of the ventral surface. Hind femora with conspicuous chevrons; hind tibia dorsally with eight outer and seven inner spines; apex with three inner and two outer spurs. Hind tarsomeres thin and elongated, together nearly half the length of the hind tibia (Fig. 2 E). Abdomen. Last abdominal segment with a concave extension that projects upward (Fig. 2 F), featuring a denticulated posterior edge (Figs. 2 G, H); mid-section of the posterior margin with two digitiform projections of similar length and a small extension on each side of the ascending edge (Fig. 2 F). Supra-anal plate with lateral margins elevated (Fig. 2 F), apex angled and curving downward (Fig. 2 H); dorsal surface with seven black callosities arranged as follows: two conical projections near the proximal margin, with two small equidistant spots between them; further along, near the midpoint, two round spots, followed by a smaller spot positioned between them (Fig. 2 G). Cerci hook-shaped, tapering toward the apex, curving upward (Fig. 2 F) and inward (Fig. 2 G); apex moderately rounded, depressed, and with the distal edge outlined in black (Fig. 2 H). Subgenital plate with a straight dorsal margin, an angled apex, and a moderately pointed tip (Fig. 2 F). Phallic complex. The epiphallus is partially membranous and partially sclerotized (epi), with a membranous epiphallic rim and a subtriangular extension in the middle (Fig. 4 A). Ancora (Anc) is tubercular and underdeveloped (Fig. 4 B). Lophus (Lo) is hook-shaped, well-sclerotized, and has a pointed apex (Figs. 4 A, B). The posterior margin of the bridge (Brg) is moderately thickened and elevated in the middle of the lophi, but does not exceed their length (Fig. 4 B). Lateral plate (Lat Pl) lacks modifications or projections (Fig. 4 A). Oval sclerites (Ov scl) are unsclerotized, replaced by a membranous fold (Figs. 4 A, B). The ectophallus (ect) well-developed and well-sclerotized. Arc of the aedeagus (Arc) is nearly straight and narrow (Fig. 4 C). Zygoma (Zy) is subrectangular (Fig. 4 C). Apodeme of the cingulum (Ap cin) consists of two thin, almost straight projections in dorsal view (Fig. 4 C), curving upward in lateral view (Fig. 4 D). Rami (Rm) are digitiform and surrounded by a membranous fold (Fig. 4 D). The endophallus (end) is complete and mostly sclerotized. Valves of the endophallus (Val end) are submembranous, covered with multiple microstructures throughout their surface, ovoid in dorsal view (Fig. 4 C), and subquadrangular in lateral view (Fig. 4 D). Sheath of the endophallus (Sh end) is rounded, and sac-like, located ventro-apically (Fig. 4 D), invaginated in the middle, and covered with numerous microstructures (Fig. 4 E). Apical valves (Aval) are black, falciform, and convergent, connected with an articulation to the basal valves (Bval) (Fig. 4 D), which progressively curve upward, leading to the endophallic plates (End pl) (Fig. 4 E). The ejaculatory sac (EjS) is membranous, covering the connection to the Bval, which appear fin-like in lateral view (Fig. 4 D) and V-shaped in ventral view (Fig. 4 E). It then connects to the ejaculatory duct (EjD), which is membranous and tubular (Figs. 4 C – E). Coloration in life (Fig. 5). Antennae reddish-brown. Head, thorax, and abdomen predominantly black, except for the following: eyes deep navy blue with black ovoid spots; a white stripe crosses the face, extending along the lower half of the lateral lobes of the pronotum and reaching the upper margin of the mid-leg coxa. The posterior margin of the metazone features a triangular whitish stripe on each side in dorsal view. Tegmina bicolored: the upper half, when at rest, is whitish, while the lower half is black, matching most of the body. Tympanic membrane white, with its borders subtly outlined in dark brown. Legs olive green, with knees or genicular area light red. Cerci and subgenital plate reddish-green. Female. Unknown. Measurements (in mm.). Tl: 12 – 14, Pr: 3.0 – 3.5, Teg: 2.0 – 2.5, Hf: 9.0 – 10.0, Ht: 8.0 – 8.5.	en	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Cardona-Granda, Juan Manuel (2025): Studies on Neotropical grasshoppers: Estefaniacris gen. nov. (Orthoptera: Acrididae), a new Andean genus. Zootaxa 5661 (2): 261-273, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5661.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5661.2.7
03CE4676FFFC814E56A9FA990D4E46B3.taxon	discussion	Comments. Determined as “ unknown grasshopper species ” in Cardona-Granda, 2020. The specimens lose almost all their coloration when preserved in alcohol. The two males do not show any conspicuous variations.	en	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Cardona-Granda, Juan Manuel (2025): Studies on Neotropical grasshoppers: Estefaniacris gen. nov. (Orthoptera: Acrididae), a new Andean genus. Zootaxa 5661 (2): 261-273, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5661.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5661.2.7
