taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CF879FFFC6662EC943FC30FEC3B615.taxon	description	The genus contains two species, B. javensis Blume, widespread in Asia, Australia and the Pacific; and from China B. polycarpa (H. Lév.) Airy Shaw (1972 b, based on Celtis polycarpa H. Lév., Ulmaceae), including the synonym B. racemosa W. C. Cheng & C. D. Chu ex Yi F. Duan & X. R. Wang (Duan et al. 2016). Bischofia polycarpa, not treated here, differs from B. javensis in having thinner, more densely veined leaflets (vs more coriaceous, less densely veined in B. javensis) that are generally broadly elliptic to almost suborbicular (vs elliptic to oblong in B. javensis), deli- cate, (unbranched) racemose pistillate inflorescences (vs more sturdy and paniculate in B. javensis), and smaller fruits (bigger in B. javensis) (Airy Shaw 1972 b). Some of the characters are difficult to interpret. Both species are deciduous with the leaves appearing during flowering. These young leaves are thin in both species, thus the texture can only be measured when they are in fruit. Also the size of the fruits is difficult, because the maturity of the fruits is not easy to assess from herbarium specimens. Likewise, the branching of the inflorescence is variable in B. javanica, more northern specimens often also have unbranched inflorescences. Character differences mentioned in the Flora of China (Li & Gilbert 2008) are partly also not applica- ble, both species are deciduous, also B. javanica, and the sole specimen of B. polycarpa in L does not really have a rounded leaf blade base. It seems that B. polycarpa is often 2 - locular (vs 3 - locular) and the Leiden specimen has an ovate (instead of elliptic) leaflet blade and the fruits have on top a short style (absent in B. javanica) and shorter stigmas than B. javanica. One character not mentioned for Bischofia so far, is the presence of domatia on the lower leaf surface between midrib and secondary veins and / or in axils of secondary and tertiary veins. These are holes or more or less sac-like (walled and sometimes with roof). Bischofia javanica, a pioneer species, is invasive in the Bonin Islands (Japan) due to its rapid germination in open places (Hata et al. 2006) and adaptability to dry periods via leaf shed- ding (Yazaki et al. 2015).	en	van Welzen, P. C. (2016): Bischofia and Hymenocardia (Phyllanthaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 61 (3): 272-279, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694337, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694337
03CF879FFFC7662ECA0CFDC8FB83B601.taxon	description	Stylodiscus Benn. (1840) 133. ― Type: Andrachne trifoliata Roxb. (Stylodiscus trifoliatus (Roxb.) Benn.) (= Bischofia javanica Blume). Tree, dioecious, deciduous (flowering when in young leaf), latex red. Indumentum simple hairs, only very locally present. Stipules falcate, early caducous. Leaves alternate, 3 - foliolate (to 5 - imparipinnate), usually crowded at end of branchlets, petiole long; leaflets symmetric, basally attached, margin (ser- rulate to) serrate with sharp teeth, without glands, sometimes seemingly entire in old leaves, surfaces smooth, (sub) glabrous, lower surface usually with (sac-like or hole) domatia in axils of midrib and secondary veins and / or in the axils of secondary and tertiary veins; venation pinnate, nerves seemingly looped and closed near margin, veins indistinctly reticulate. Inflorescences axillary to pseudoterminal racemes (B. racemosa) or panicles (B. javanica), pendulous in fruit; flowers single per bract; bracts early caducous. Flowers actinomorphic; sepals 5, free; petals and disc absent. Staminate flowers: pedicel with subbasal abscission zone; sepals hooded around stamens when young, reflexing, valvate; receptacle torus-like, with stamens attached below pistillode; stamens 5, episepalous, filament short, anthers large, latrorse, thecae two, connective narrow; pistillode 5 - lobed, infundibuliform. Pistillate flowers: pedicel with abscission zone in ± middle; sepals imbricate, flat; staminodes absent or early caducous, small, strap-like; ovary 3 (– 4) - locular, globose; ovules 2 per locule; style short, stigmas long, apically entire, upper surface with stigmatic tissue. Fruits drupes, (sub) - globose, smooth, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp woody. Seeds obovoid, rather crescent-moon-shaped, smooth, naked. Distribution ― Two species, one locally in China, the other from India to the Pacific.	en	van Welzen, P. C. (2016): Bischofia and Hymenocardia (Phyllanthaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 61 (3): 272-279, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694337, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694337
03CF879FFFC7662CC943FDB2FB07B640.taxon	description	Microelus roeperianus Wight & Arn. (1833) 298; Wight (1852) t. 1880. ― Bischofia roeperiana (Wight & Arn.) Decne. (1844) 153; Baill. (1858) 595, pl. 26, f. 25 - 32 (‘ Bischoffia ’). ― Lectotype (designated here, following Hooker 1887): R. Wight 941 (E, E 00179541; iso BR, E 4 sheets, G-DC, K 2 sheets), Peninsula Ind. orientalis. Bischofia oblongifolia Decne. (1844) 152, t. 153 (in text ‘ tab. 154 ’). ― Bischofia javanica Blume var. oblongifolia (Decne.) Müll. Arg. (1866) 479 (‘ Bischoffia ’). ― Type: Not indicated. Bischofia toui Decne. (1844) 153. ― Bischofia javanica Blume var. toui (Decne.) Müll. Arg. (1866) 478 (‘ Bischoffia ’). ― Type: Not indicated. [Andrachne apetala Roxb. ex Wall. (1847) 7956 A, nom. inval., nom. nud.] Bischofia leptopoda Müll. Arg. (1866) 479 (‘ Bischoffia ’). ― Type: Herbarium of the U. S. Exploring Expedition under the command of Capt. Wilkes s. n. ’ 1865 (holo G-DC), Tonga. Phyllanthus? gymnanthus Baill. (1862) 240 ― Type: Vieillard 1162 (P), New Caledonia, Kanala. Tree up to 40 m high, dbh up to 2 m; buttresses often present, up to 0.5 m high, 1.5 cm out. Outer bark thin, up to 3 mm thick, slightly cracked to usually flaking with fibrous, thin strips (like Eucalyptus) or scaling, pale reddish to usually dark brown to grey-brown; inner bark up to 1 cm thick, red-brown to pink to light reddish to cream inside, soft; exudate red; sapwood white to light red, soft to hard; heartwood dark beefy red. Stipules c. 5 by 1.7 mm. Leaves 3 - foliolate; petiole 5.5 – 17.5 cm long, petiolules up to 6.5 cm long, especially central one longer; leaflets mainly elliptic, 5 – 18 by 2.5 – 10 cm, length / width ratio 1.4 – 2.3, coriaceous when mature; base cuneate, occasionally with two glandular teeth at point of petiole insertion on upper surface, apex acuminate (to cuspidate), upper surface dark green, lower surface light green; nerves in 7 – 8 pairs. Inflorescences up to 32 cm long in fruit, branching often tomentose, glabrescent; bracts ovate, those to branches c. 4.3 by 1.8 mm, those to flowers 0.8 - 2.6 by 0.3 - 1.3 mm. Staminate flowers c. 2.5 mm diam; red in bud, yellowish when open; pedicel c. 2.6 mm long; sepals ovate to almost circular, 1.2 - 2 by 0.6 - 1.1 mm, light green, apex rounded, slightly hairy; torus c. 0.5 mm high; filaments 0.5 – 0.6 mm long, light green, anthers c. 1 by 0.8 mm, yellow-green to light yellow. Pistillate flowers quickly developing into fruits; pedicel in fruit up to 11 mm long; sepals ovate, 2.1 – 4 by 0.8 – 1 mm, apex acute; staminodes up to c. 0.5 mm high; ovary green; style c. 0.7 mm long, stigmas 4.5 – 5 mm long, whitish. Fruits dry 8 – 10 by 7 – 10 mm, wrinkled, dark red to brown. Seeds 4.2 - 4.8 by 3.2 - 3.4 by 2.5 - 3 mm, brown. Distribution ― India (Assam, Kerala), Nepal, Bangladesh, China (Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong), Taiwan, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands, the Moluccas, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, E Australia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga, Cook Islands. Note the absence in Cambodia. Habitat & Ecology ― A pioneer species that occurs in many different, generally open habitats in primary wet evergreen to dry evergreen to deciduous to disturbed forest, beach forest, secondary montane forest, riparian forest, savannah, degraded scrub forest, thickets, village commons, fields; usually in wetter places, often along streams, mangrove edge, forest margins, roads; soils: on (peaty) sand, loam, clay, clay-loam, limestone, rock, coral reef, ultramafic. Altitude: sea level up to 1500 (- 2350) m. Flowering: March till May, November; fruiting: throughout the year. Fruits eaten by Oriolus birds, an invasive species in the Bonin Islands. Vernacular names ― Sumatra: Bintoeng, Bintoengan, Geroendjing, Gradjing, Kajoe sikkam, Kalek oeba, Kroendjing, Ma- dangbienoengan; Kerindjing (Malay); Sikam (Timor); Singkam (Toba); Tingkem, Tjikam, Tjingham, Tjingkam, Tjinkam (Karo). Java: Gadok (Sundanese); Gendungan, Genlungan, Gi (e) ntoeng, Gintoengan. Borneo: Kalimantan: Bato (Dayak); Betoh; Sabah: Bongkoi; Kapas-kapas (Dusun-Kinabatangan); Tungou (Dusun); Sarawak: Buah jelintik, Merbak (Iban); Bual tu-arur (Kelabit). Philippines: Alimunos (East Cagayan); Guilon; Tuwod, Tuwol an aguyae (Ifugao). Sulawesi: Boeroenga, Kayawoe; Marintek (Tontembuan); Mau hal (Bunaq); Peti mati. Lesser Sunda Islands: Alor: Atait; Bali: Gintoengan; Flores: H. uwu, Na; Sumba: Memala (Wuijewa); Ternate: Simamo; Timor: Wat- toeng. New Guinea: Papua (Indonesia): Dafoa (Itik & Mander); Defer (Berik); Goe (Karoon); Guddie (Kemtoek); Poem (Dani); Oewem, Wala (Mooi); Rikreu (Nemo); Senteroraar, Sentoroar, Sentroari, Toroep (Kebar); Sebie, Serbie, Siesemo (Manikiong); Papua New Guinea: Gugul (Utu); Gwek (Bembi); Keme (Ku- man); Kena (Kopiago); Marramar (Miniafia, Utukap dial.); Morwar (Kaigorin); Nangum (Madang); Ruru (Wanigela); Simi (Rawa); Unai (Jal); Ur (Onjob, Koreaf dial.). Uses ― Medicinal use in China (Hainan); fruits eaten in Borneo (Sarawak); wood used for firewood in New Guinea and for fencing (poles easily sprout!) in the Solomon Islands; in the latter and in Tonga the squeezed bark or the latex is used with charcoal as a brown or black dye and for tanning strings and fishing nets in New Guinea. In Tonga the stem is used for handicrafts. Note ― Forman (1997) does not list Andrachne trifoliata (or any of the synonyms) in his list of possible Roxburgh type specimens or drawings. Specimens in Kew showing the name A. trifoliata have no original Roxburgh handwriting and one of them can at best be a neotype. Sanjappa et al. (1994) provide a list of Roxburgh drawings present in CAL. In their table 1 (titled ‘ plates absent in Kew’) no. 1698 is a plate of A. trifoliata. Forman (1997) states that most of the plates absent in Kew do not depict Roxburgh species, except those listed by him; unfortunately he missed A. trifoliata.	en	van Welzen, P. C. (2016): Bischofia and Hymenocardia (Phyllanthaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 61 (3): 272-279, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694337, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694337
03CF879FFFC5662CC943FAF7FA18B1ED.taxon	description	The genus name (Greek: humên, humĕnos = fleece; kardĬa = heart) refers to the very flat, heart-shaped fruits (Backer 2000).	en	van Welzen, P. C. (2016): Bischofia and Hymenocardia (Phyllanthaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 61 (3): 272-279, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694337, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694337
03CF879FFFC5662AC943F9DEFED7B6B5.taxon	description	Shrubs to trees, dioecious, deciduous, leaves appearing during flowering; branches hairy with scale-like hairs and simple hairs when young. Indumentum of simple and scale-like hairs (re- corded as glandular). Stipules triangular, thick, early caducous. Leaves distichous (to opposite) on branches, simple; petiole not pulvinate, reniform in transverse section; blades elliptic, margin entire, glabrous above to hairy on midrib with simple hairs, hairy beneath, venation densely reticulate, few nerves, latter looped and closed near margin. Inflorescences dense spikes 276 Blumea – Volume 61 / 3, 2016 1 mm e d 1 mm i c 1 mm j 1 mm g b 1 mm h f 1 mm 1 cm a to panicles, axillary and catkin-like when staminate, terminal and few-flowered racemes when pistillate; flowers bracteate. Flowers actinomorphic; petals and disc absent. Staminate flowers: pedicel very short; calyx mainly 5 - lobed, cupular, lobes triangular, imbricate to almost valvate; stamens mainly 5, episepalous, basally united or free, anthers very large, 2 - thecate, dorsifixed, horizontal when dehiscing extrorse via lengthwise slits, connective with subapical, dorsal gland; pistillode on top of androphore, a short cylinder, apically slightly 2 - lobed. Pistillate flowers shortly pedicelled, sepals (4 –) 5 (– 8), free, longtriangular, valvate, soon caducous leaving cup-shaped scars; ovary 2 - locular, flattened; ovules 2 per locule; style absent or minute, stigmas 2, unlobed, long papillate. Fruits flat, 2 - lobed, usually heart-shaped, samara-like capsules (rhegmas), winged or not. Seeds usually 1 per locule developed, naked. Distribution ― A genus of six species (Govaerts et al. 2000), of which five in continental Africa and one in Southeast Asia main land and W Malesia.	en	van Welzen, P. C. (2016): Bischofia and Hymenocardia (Phyllanthaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 61 (3): 272-279, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694337, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694337
03CF879FFFC3662ACA0CFD26FBB0B148.taxon	description	Hymenocardia wallichii Tul. var. dasycarpa Gagnep. (1927) 546. ― Type: Thorel s. n. (not seen), Cambodia, Compong-luong. Samaropyxis elliptica Miq. (1860) 465. ― Type: Teijsmann HB 4248 (holo U), Sumatra, prov. Lampong, prope Marassa. Hymenocardia laotica Gagnep. (1923) 436; (1927) 546, f. 68: 1. ― Type: Thorel 1283 (holo P; iso A), Laos, Stung-streng (A sheet: Me-Kong, Stong Treng). Shrubs to trees up to 7 m high, dbh up to 9 cm; flowering branches 2 - 4.5 mm thick. Bark thin, smooth to finely roughened to roughly cracked and flaking, grey to grey-brown. Indumentum present on most parts, scale-like hairs yellow, stipules and floral parts inside glabrous. Stipules 1 – 3 by 0.2 – 1 mm. Leaves: petiole 0.5 – 1.2 cm, hairy, especially above; blade elliptic, 2.2 – 9 by 1.4 – 5.2 cm, length / width ratio 1.7 – 2.1, base emarginate to rounded (to cuneate), apex acute to acuminate, upper surface shiny, green, lower surface densely scaly, at most hairy on nerves and midrib, with (indistinct) hair tuft domatia, dull light green; venation sunken to slightly raised above, raised underneath, nerves 6 - 8 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary catkins, up to 2.5 cm long, axes dull light yellow-green; bracts pedicelled, pedicel up to 0.5 mm long, blade subpeltate, triangular, c. 0.5 by 0.4 mm. Staminate flowers c. 1.5 mm diam, red to purple; pedicel up to 0.5 mm long, calyx c. 1.5 mm long, lobes 0.4 - 0.7 by 0.4 - 0.7 mm, pale light greenish; stamens 4 – 5, united with pistillode, androphore 0.4 - 0.5 mm long, filaments pale pinkish white, c. 1 mm long, anthers c. 1 by 0.7 mm, dark red; pistillode c. 1.2 mm long. Pistillate inflorescences racemes, up to 2 cm long, axes grey-tan; bracts ovate, c. 1 by 1 mm, dull light greenish, early caducous. Pistillate flowers c. 1 mm diam, brown; pedicel up to 2 mm long; sepals 5, triangular, 0.7 - 1.2 by 0.3 - 0.5 mm; ovary flat, ± diamond-shaped, 0.3 - 1 by 0.3 - 1 mm, green to glossy dark maroon; stigmas 1 - 15 mm long (elongating with age), maroon. Fruits not winged, heart-shaped with horizontal lobes, 1.6 - 2.1 by 1.1 - 1.5 cm, changing from maroon to brownish green to yellowish; columella very slender, c. 13.5 mm long, apically hardly broadened. Seed unripe?, flat, obovate, c. 6 by 3.5 mm. Distribution ― Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra. Habitat & Ecology ― In primary to secondary dry diptero- carp forest to mixed deciduous forest, very often along water, like along beaches, rivers, lakes, but also very often in open scrubs, roadsides or at the border between cultivated and natural vegetations. The plant is considered to be a pioneer. Soils generally wet; bedrock sand, sandstone, rhyolite. Altitude: sea level up to 235 m. Flowering: October, December till May; fruiting: February till October. Vernacular names ― Sumatra: Mersepang, Sepang, Sese- pang, Serpang. Uses ― Cambodia: Fruits sour, used in cooking. Bark and roots used medicinally.	en	van Welzen, P. C. (2016): Bischofia and Hymenocardia (Phyllanthaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 61 (3): 272-279, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694337, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694337
