taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CCBD10FF9CE05D3192FCEFE3A7FF62.taxon	description	(Figures 1 (A), 2 (A – C), 3, 4 (C ))	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF9CE05D3192FCEFE3A7FF62.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined n = 1, BMNH 1912.6.27.26 – 28, Batang, west China, identified by T. C. Yen; n = 11, 24 _ NCU _ XPWU _ AN 01 – 11, 1 km west of Jinshajiang River Bridge [金沙江大桥以西 1 km], Mangkang County [芒康县], Changdu City [昌都市], Xizang Autonomous Region [西藏自 治区], China, 99.000 ° E, 29.761 ° N, collected by Zhong-Guang Chen, Meng-Hua Li and Jin-Sheng Mou, 17 August 2023.	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF9CE05D3192FCEFE3A7FF62.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Shell sinistral, medium width (<12 mm), uniformly reddish brown; umbilicus narrowly open. Penial caecum present, subglobular. Bursa copulatrix ovoid, with stalk, well defined. Habitat is exposed rock walls.	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF9CE05D3192FCEFE3A7FF62.taxon	description	Redescription Shell. (Figure 2 (A – C )) n = 11. Shell cylindrical-conic with apex abruptly pointed; shell most swollen at body whorl, sinistral, large, medium width (width <12 mm), thick, solid, semitranslucent, sub-glossy, not speckled, not spirally grooved; 6.75 – 8.0 whorls. Whorls rather flattened, not shouldered. Post-nuclear teleoconch smooth, polished. Post-nuclear whorls smooth. Growth lines distinct. Suture shallow, without narrow band beneath it. Body whorl gradually ascending towards aperture, rounded at periphery. Aperture in a plane, truncate-ovate, slightly oblique, without tooth, without angular tubercle, adnate. Peristome connected, with a shallow channel at upper insertion; white, thickened, expanded, slightly reflexed. Parietal callus distinct. Columellar margin reflexed. Umbilicus narrowly open. Shell uniformly reddish brown. Apex region coloured like the rest of the shell. Genitalia. (Figure 3) n = 5. Vas deferens relatively short, slightly swollen distally; entering epiphallus apically with distinct demarcation. Epiphallus long; cylindrical; forming numerous loops; externally smooth. Epiphallic caecum present; blunt apically; located near vas deferens entrance. Flagellum short; tubular; proximally normal; with tip pointed. Penis with terminal entrance of epiphallus; clavate; distally tapering. Penial caecum present, subglobular. Penial appendix long; branched off from penis at some distance from atrium; divided into sections including A- 1 + A- 2, A- 3 and A- 4 + A- 5. A- 1 and A- 2 fused. A- 2 and A- 3 not fused. Boundary between A- 4 and A- 5 indistinct. A- 5 long; slightly convoluted. Appendicular retractor and penial retractor; biramous; attaching to penis in middle part and to A- 1 + A- 2; with penial retractor arms arising from diaphragm closed to each other. Additional retractor other than penial or appendicular absent. Muscular band connecting vagina and epiphallus absent. Atrium short; without retractor. Free oviduct longer than vagina. Vagina short; not swollen; straight; unpigmented. Bursa copulatrix duct long; proximally straight. Bursa copulatrix ovoid, with stalk; without apical ligament; normal in size; with short neck; well defined. Diverticle normally present; longer than bursa copulatrix; unexpanded. Bursa copulatrix and diverticle distinguishable; forked more distally from their base. Measurements n = 11. Shell height 21.3 – 26.1 mm, width 10.1 – 11.5 mm; aperture height 9.0 – 9.8 mm, width 6.6 – 7.5 mm.	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF9CE05D3192FCEFE3A7FF62.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology Petraeomastus neumayri is only known from Mangkang County on the right bank of the Jinshajiang River (Figure 1 (A )). This known distribution refers to the area where live animals, empty shells, or shell fragments have been observed or collected. However, due to the steep terrain of the mountain, it is challenging to collect all observed living animals or specimens. Consequently, the examined specimens referred to in this study were collected from a relatively gently sloped area. The distribution of this species is limited to the lower part of the valley in an area of a few hundred square metres and does not extend to the alpine meadows in the upper part. It inhabits steep rock cliffs together with the land snail Holcauchen markamensis Chen and Zhang, 2000 (Figure 4 (A – C )), and living snails are almost never seen on the ground. Juveniles are covered in mud.	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF9CE05D3192FCEFE3A7FF62.taxon	discussion	Remarks The number of whorls in this species varies greatly, resulting in a significant change in the height of the shell. Hilber (1883) mentioned that the shell of this species is brown, which distinguishes it from all congeners in the region. The type locality of this species was recorded as Batang County. However, Batang was used more generally for the region in the past. This species lives along the right bank of the Jinshajiang River, which is nowadays in Mangkang County.	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF99E053318AFEE1E604FAC8.taxon	description	(Figures 1, 2 (D – E), 4 (D), 5)	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF99E053318AFEE1E604FAC8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined n = 1, syntype, NMW 1955.158.24105, Batang, west China, collected by C. M. F Ancey; n = 9, 24 _ NCU _ XPWU _ AN 012 – 20, Langdaquka [朗达曲卡], Batang County [巴塘县], Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture [甘孜藏族自治州], Sichuan Province [四川省], China, 99.041 ° E, 29.871 ° N, collected by Zhong-Guang Chen, Meng-Hua Li and Jin-Sheng Mou, 16 August 2023; n = 2, 24 _ NCU _ XPWU _ AN 021 – 22, Chaxue Village [茶雪村], Batang County [巴塘县], Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture [甘孜藏族自治州], Sichuan Province [四川省], China, 99.075 ° E, 29.956 ° N, collected by Zhong-Guang Chen, Meng-Hua Li and Jin-Sheng Mou, 16 August 2023; n = 13, 24 _ NCU _ XPWU _ AN 23 – 35, southern Batang County [巴塘县城南], Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture [甘孜藏族自治州], Sichuan Province [四川省], China, 99.063 ° E, 29.939 ° N, collected by Zhong-Guang Chen, Meng-Hua Li and Jin-Sheng Mou, 16 August 2023.	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF99E053318AFEE1E604FAC8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Shell sinistral, width> 12 mm, reddish brown at apex but gradually transitioning to pale greyish on last whorl; umbilicus narrowly open. Penial caecum present, subglobular. Bursa copulatrix tubular, with stalk, poorly defined. Habitat is exposed rock walls.	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF99E053318AFEE1E604FAC8.taxon	description	Redescription Shell. (Figure 2 (D – E )) n = 24. Shell cylindrical-conic with apex abruptly pointed; shell most swollen at body whorl or penultimate whorl, sinistral, large, broad (width> 12 mm), thick, solid, opaque, sub-glossy, not speckled, not spirally grooved; 7.0 – 8.0 whorls. Whorls rather flattened, not shouldered. Protoconch smooth, polished. Post-nuclear teleoconch smooth. Growth lines distinct. Suture shallow, without narrow band beneath it. Body whorl gradually ascending towards aperture, rounded at periphery. Aperture in a plane, truncate-ovate, oblique, without tooth, with shallow slightly protruding angular tubercle, completely adnate to body whorl. Peristome connected, with a shallow channel at upper insertion; white, thickened, expanded, slightly reflexed. Parietal callus distinct. Columellar margin reflexed. Umbilicus narrowly open. Shell apex region reddish brown, gradually transitioning to greyish white downwards. Genitalia. (Figure 5) n = 5. Vas deferens relative short, slightly swollen distally; entering epiphallus apically with distinct demarcation. Epiphallus long; cylindrical; forming numerous loops; externally smooth. Epiphallic caecum present; blunt apically; located near vas deferens entrance. Flagellum short; tubular; proximally normal; with tip pointed. Penis with terminal entrance of epiphallus; clavate; distally tapering. Penial caecum present, subglobular. Penial appendix long; branched off from penis at some distance from atrium; divided into sections including A- 1 + A- 2, A- 3 and A- 4 + A- 5. A- 1 and A- 2 fused. A- 2 and A- 3 not fused. Boundary between A- 4 and A- 5 indistinct. A- 5 long; convoluted. Appendicular retractor and penial retractor long; biramous; attaching to penis middle part and to A- 2 of penial appendix; with penial retractor arms arising from diaphragm closed to each other. Additional retractor other than penial or appendicular absent. Muscular band connecting vagina and epiphallus absent. Atrium short; without retractor. Free oviduct almost equal in length to vagina. Vagina long; not swollen; straight; unpigmented. Bursa copulatrix duct long; proximally straight. Bursa copulatrix tubular, with stalk; without apical ligament; normal in size; with short neck; poorly defined. Diverticle normally present; longer than bursa copulatrix; unexpanded. Bursa copulatrix and diverticle distinguishable; forked more distally from their base. Measurements n = 24. Shell height 25.3 – 30.0 mm, width 12.2 – 13.3 mm; aperture height 10.3 – 11.5 mm, width 7.7 – 8.5 mm.	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF99E053318AFEE1E604FAC8.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology Petraeomastus desgodinsi is distributed in Batang County on the left bank of the Jinshajiang River (Figure 1 (B )). It inhabits steep rock cliffs (Figure 4 (A, B, D )), and almost never descends to the ground. Juveniles are covered in mud.	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF99E053318AFEE1E604FAC8.taxon	discussion	Remarks Wu (2018) provided the photo of specimen numbered NHMUK 1912.6.27.22 – 25 (reproduced here as Figure 2 (G )) and identified it as P. desgodinsi. However, upon examination of the type specimen (Figure 2 (D), NMW 1955.158.24105), it was found that P. desgodinsi has a broad and short shell, which is consistent with the new specimens collected from the left bank of the Jinshajiang River. The specimens numbered NHMUK 1912.6.27.22 – 25 actually correspond to Ena markamensis Chen and Zhang, 2001 (Figure 2 (F )). Petraeomastus desgodinsi can be easily distinguished from E. markamensis by its broader shell, a narrowly opened umbilicus (vs slit-shaped), tubular bursa copulatrix (vs ovoid) and the longer penis. The two species also differ in their habitats, with P. desgodinsi inhabiting only exposed rock walls and E. markamensis inhabiting the mossy ground (see below).	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF97E05630FDFA99E348FD78.taxon	description	(Figures 1, 2 (F – H), 4 (E, F), 6)	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF97E05630FDFA99E348FD78.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined n = 1. NHMUK 1912.6.27.22 – 25, Batang, west China, identified by T. C. Yen; n = 10, 24 _ NCU _ XPWU _ AN 036 – 75, 1 km west of Jinshajiang River Bridge [金沙江大桥以西 1 km], Mangkang County [芒康县], Changdu City [昌都市], Xizang Autonomous Region [西藏自 治区], China, 99.000 ° E, 29.761 ° N, collected by Zhong-Guang Chen, Meng-Hua Li and Jin-Sheng Mou, 16 August 2023; n = 45, 24 _ NCU _ XPWU _ AN 76 – 120, Langdaquka [朗达曲卡], Batang County [巴塘县], Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture [甘孜藏族自治州], Sichuan Province [四川省], China, 99.041 ° E, 29.871 ° N, collected by Zhong-Guang Chen, Meng-Hua Li and Jin-Sheng Mou, 17 August 2023.	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF97E05630FDFA99E348FD78.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Shell sinistral, width <12 mm, multicoloured, with multiple indistinct small and white spots on teleoconch, apex region reddish brown, gradually transitioning to pinkish white downwards; umbilicus slit-shaped. Penial caecum present, subglobular. Bursa copulatrix ovoid, with stalk, well defined. Habitat is mossy ground.	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF97E05630FDFA99E348FD78.taxon	description	Description Shell. (Figure 2 (F – H )) n = 55. Shell cylindrical-conic with apex abruptly pointed; shell most swollen (broadest) at body whorl, sinistral, large, medium width (width <12 mm), thick, solid, opaque, sub-glossy, speckled, not spirally grooved; 7.75 – 9.0 whorls. Whorls rather flattened, not shouldered. Protoconch smooth, polished. Post-nuclear teleoconch smooth. Growth lines distinct. Suture shallow, without narrow band beneath it. Body whorl gradually ascending towards aperture, rounded at periphery. Aperture in a plane, truncate-ovate, oblique, without tooth, without angular tubercle, completely adnate to body whorl. Peristome connected, with a shallow channel at upper insertion; white, thickened, expanded, slightly reflexed. Parietal callus distinct. Columellar margin reflexed. Umbilicus slit-shaped. Shell multicoloured, with multiple indistinct small and white spots on teleoconch, apex region reddish brown, gradually transitioning to pinkish white downwards. Genitalia. (Figure 6) n = 5. Vas deferens long, slightly tapering distally; entering epiphallus apically with distinct demarcation. Epiphallus long; cylindrical; straight; externally smooth. Epiphallic caecum present; blunt apically; located near vas deferens entrance. Flagellum long; tubular; proximally normal; with tip pointed. Penis with terminal entrance of epiphallus; clavate; distally enlarged. Penial caecum present, subglobular. Penial appendix long; branched off from penis at some distance from atrium; divided into sections including A- 1 + A- 2, A- 3 and A- 4 + A- 5. A- 1 and A- 2 fused. A- 2 and A- 3 not fused. Boundary between A- 4 and A- 5 indistinct. A- 5 long; convoluted. Appendicular retractor and penial retractor long; biramous; attaching to penis proximally and to A- 2 of penial appendix; with penial retractor arms arising from diaphragm close to each other. Additional retractor other than penial or appendicular absent. Muscular band connecting vagina and epiphallus absent. Atrium short; without retractor. Free oviduct longer than vagina. Vagina short; not swollen; straight; unpigmented. Bursa copulatrix duct long; proximally straight. Bursa copulatrix ovoid, with stalk; without apical ligament; normal in size; with long neck; well defined. Diverticle normally present; longer than bursa copulatrix; unexpanded. Bursa copulatrix and diverticle distinguishable; forked more distally from their base. Measurements n = 55. Shell height 25.5 – 33.0 mm, width 9.5 – 10.8 mm; aperture height 9.3 – 10.5 mm, width 7.3 – 8.0 mm.	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF97E05630FDFA99E348FD78.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology Petraeomastus markamensis is distributed in Mangkang County and Batang County on both banks of the Jinshajiang River (Figure 1 (C )). It inhabits mossy ground but hibernates at the base of shrubs (Figure 4 (E, F )). Juveniles are covered in mud.	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF97E05630FDFA99E348FD78.taxon	discussion	Remarks For comparison to other Petraeomastus, see remarks of P. desgodinsi. Chen and Zhang (2001) described Ena markamensis from Mangkang, Xizang. However, the genus Ena Turton, 1831 is restricted to Europe and should not be distributed in China (Schileyko 1998; Wu 2018). Based on morphology (eg the shell is cylindrical-conic), E. markamensis is reclassified here as Petraeomastus markamensis comb. n. This species is widely distributed on both banks of the Jinshajiang River; the specimens from the left bank are usually a bit larger and thicker than those from the right bank.	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF92E055313FFCF3E01BF99C.taxon	description	ZooBank identifier urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 2 E 719 AB 5 - 2 A 75 - 4 B 46 - BE 00 - 45 F 0 F 1372 CE 4 (Figures 4 (F), 7 (A), 8)	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF92E055313FFCF3E01BF99C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype. ZMNH 2409001, Langdaquka [朗达曲卡], Batang County [巴塘县], Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture [甘孜藏族自治州], Sichuan Province [四川省], China, 99.041 ° E, 29.871 ° N, collected by Zhong-Guang Chen, Meng-Hua Li and Jin-Sheng Mou, 17 August 2023. Paratypes. n = 2, NCUMB 2409001 – 02, other information same as holotype; n = 10, ZMNH 2409002 – 11, 1 km west of Jinshajiang River Bridge [金沙江大桥以西 1 km], Mangkang County [芒康县], Changdu City [昌都市], Xizang Autonomous Region [西藏 自治区], China, 99.000 ° E, 29.761 ° NN, collected by Zhong-Guang Chen, Meng-Hua Li and Jin-Sheng Mou, 16 August 2023.	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF92E055313FFCF3E01BF99C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Shell large, height 30.1 – 40.3 mm, dextral, width 11.8 – 13.0 mm. Post-nuclear teleoconch reddish brown with irregular white stripes; apex region reddish brown; umbilicus slit-like. Penial caecum present, subglobular. Bursa copulatrix ovoid, with stalk, well defined. Penial and appendicular retractor short. Habitat on shrubs.	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF92E055313FFCF3E01BF99C.taxon	description	Description Shell. (Figure 7 (A )) n = 13. Shell cylindrical-conic to conic, with apex abruptly pointed; shell most swollen at body whorl, dextral, large, thick, solid, opaque, sub-glossy, speckled, not spirally grooved; 7.5 – 8.5 whorls. Whorls rather flattened, not shouldered. Protoconch smooth, polished. Post-nuclear teleoconch smooth. Growth lines distinct. Suture shallow, without narrow band beneath it. Body whorl gradually ascending towards aperture, rounded at periphery. Aperture wavy, truncate-ovate, oblique, without tooth, with angular tubercle, completely adnate to body whorl. Peristome nearly connected, with a wide channel at middle insertion; white, thickened, expanded, not reflexed. Parietal callus distinct. Columellar margin reflexed. Umbilicus slit-shaped. Shell multicoloured, post-nuclear teleoconch with reddish brown background and irregular white stripes; apex region reddish brown. Genitalia. (Figure 8) n = 5. Vas deferens short, slightly tapering distally; entering epiphallus apically with distinct demarcation. Epiphallus long; cylindrical; straight; externally smooth. Epiphallic caecum present; blunt apically; located near vas deferens entrance. Flagellum short; triangular; proximally expanded; with tip pointed. Penis with terminal entrance of epiphallus; clavate; distally tapering. Penial caecum present, subglobular. Penial appendix long; branched off from penis at some distance from atrium; divided into sections including A- 1 + A- 2, A- 3 and A- 4 + A- 5. A- 1 and A- 2 fused. A- 2 and A- 3 not fused. Boundary between A- 4 and A- 5 indistinct. A- 5 long; convoluted. Appendicular retractor and penial retractor short; biramous; attaching to penis proximally and to A- 1 + A- 2 of penial appendix; with penial retractor arms arising from diaphragm closed to each other. Additional retractor other than penial or appendicular absent. Muscular band connecting vagina and epiphallus absent. Atrium short; without retractor. Free oviduct longer than vagina. Vagina short; swollen; curved; unpigmented. Bursa copulatrix duct long; proximally straight. Bursa copulatrix ovoid, with stalk; without apical ligament; normal in size; with long neck; well defined. Diverticle normally present; longer than bursa copulatrix; unexpanded. Bursa copulatrix and diverticle distinguishable; forked more distally from their base. Measurements Holotype: shell height 40.3 mm, width 13.0 mm; aperture height 13.5 mm, width 9.9 mm. Paratypes: n = 12. shell height 30.1 – 39.4 mm, width 11.8 – 13.0 mm; aperture height 12.7 – 13.2 mm, width 8.7 – 9.4 mm.	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF92E055313FFCF3E01BF99C.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is the Latin ‘ gigas ’ for giant, alluding to the large size of this species compared to its congeners. It is a Latin noun in apposition.	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF92E055313FFCF3E01BF99C.taxon	vernacular_names	Vernacular name 巨鸟唇螺 (Pinyin: jù niǎo chún luó).	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF92E055313FFCF3E01BF99C.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology Petraeomastus gigas sp. n. is distributed in Mangkang County and Batang County on both banks of the Jinshajiang River (Figure 1 (D )). It inhabits shrubs and hibernates at the base of the shrub (Figure 4 (F )). Juveniles are not covered in mud.	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
03CCBD10FF92E055313FFCF3E01BF99C.taxon	discussion	Remarks Currently, the generic diagnostic characters of Chinese Enidae are mainly based on shell morphology (Wu 2018). Although some studies have indicated that there may be slight differences in the genitalia between genera (Wu 2018), it is challenging to summarise these differences as a universal diagnostic character for a genus. The placement of this new species within Petraeomastus is supported by its shell morphology – shell cylindrical-conic to conic – which is very similar to that of P. heudeanus (Figure 7 (B )), the type species of the genus. It is the largest enid species in China (height 30.1 – 40.3 mm vs <33.0 mm), and can be easily distinguished from all congeners by its shell size, teleoconch with reddish brown background, irregular white stripes, and slit-shaped umbilicus.	en	Chen, Zhong-Guang, Zhou, Yi, Dai, Yu-Ting, Wu, Xiao-Ping, Ouyang, Shan (2024): A review of three taxonomically confused species of Petraeomastus Möllendorff, 1901 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Enidae) from the Jinshajiang River Valley, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 11-28, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2435550
