taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C887E6B50EFFC538E3FF7E63C3DA96.taxon	materials_examined	Biogeographical and distributional comments. After Escalantiana escalantei (Miller, 1976), Athis delecta and Athis inca orizabensis (Strand, 1913), is one of the Castniidae species with the northernmost distribution in the Americas, occurring in Cañón de la Peregrina, Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico (Niño-Maldonado et al. 2013). Athis delecta appears to have a broad distribution, with records from Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Costa Rica (Schaus 1911; González & Hernández-Baz 2012; Morales-Morales et al. 2015; iNaturalist 2025; González 2024; García-Díaz et al. 2024), while its presence remains unconfirmed in Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama, and South America. Based on the examined material, the species inhabits evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, as well as montane cloud forests, at elevations ranging from 0 to 2,300 m a. s. l., with most records occurring between 200 and 900 m a. s. l. Adults have been recorded from March to September. González & Hernández-Baz (2012) reported that the Arthropod Collection of the Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (UVGC) contained a right hindwing with a frenulum from a male Castniidae specimen collected in Izabal, Livingston, Biotopo Chocón Machacas (25 - III- 2001, 24 m a. s. l.), which they tentatively identified as Athis delecta, pending further revision. However, Jiichiro Yoshimoto (pers. comm., 2024) informed us that this wing is no longer present in the UVGC, preventing us from verifying that identification. Athis delecta has been recorded from the following localities: COSTA RICA: Esperanza del Guarco, San José, Turrialba; GUATEMALA: Livingston; HONDURAS: Lago de Yojoa, Santa Rosa de Copán; MEXICO: Campeche: Calakmul; Chiapas: El Aguacero, Emilio Rabasa; Guerrero: Acahuizotla, Tierra Colorada; Oaxaca: San José Chiltepec; Puebla: San Lorenzo, Santiago Yancuitlalpan, Telolotla; Tamaulipas: Balneario La Florida, Cañón La Peregrina, San José; Veracruz: Camarillo, Cerro El Vigía, Córdoba, Fortín de las Flores, Peñuela, Presidio, Tapalapan, Tuxpan (Fig. 5). According to the biogeographic provinces of the Neotropical region proposed by Morrone et al. (2022), these localities belong to the Chiapas Highlands, Sierra Madre Oriental and Sierra Madre del Sur provinces of the Mexican Transition Zone, and also to the Mosquito, Pacific Lowlands, Yucatan Peninsula and Veracruzan provinces of the Mesoamerican dominion, and to the Guatuso-Talamanca and Puntarenas-Chiriqui provinces of the Pacific dominion, both in the Brazilian subregion.	en	García-Díaz, José De Jesús, Ramírez-Ponce, Andrés, López-Godínez, Bernardo, Torres-Yañez, Elier (2025): Flying in the canopy: taxonomic and ecological analysis with geometric morphometrics and distributional notes on Athis delecta and Athis jaliscana (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Zootaxa 5666 (1): 74-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03C887E6B50EFFC538E3FF7E63C3DA96.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology and behavior. Depending on the locality, Athis delecta can be sympatric with Athis inca inca (Walker, 1854), Athis inca orizabensis, Divana diva diva (Butler, 1870), Telchin atymnius futilis (Walker, 1856), and / or Telchin evalthe viryi (Boisduval, [1875]) along the Gulf of Mexico slope and in Central America. However, there are four atypical records of this species from the Pacific slope of Mexico, specifically in Guerrero (see discussion below) (Fig. 5). According to the information collected by ETY in San Lorenzo, Xicotepec (Sierra Norte de Puebla) (Figs. 2 B, 2 C) since 2016, the emergence of Athis delecta adults is influenced by rainfall. The first individuals are consistently observed during the last two weeks of June, following two or three rainy days. The species is closely associated with woody trees such as Spanish cedar (Cedrela odorata L.: Meliaceae), pink cedar (Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Arn.: Fabaceae), kapok tree (Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.: Malvaceae), and gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.: Burseraceae). Females only oviposit on individuals of their host plants, Tillandsia polystachia (L.) L. and Tillandsia schiedeana Steud. (Bromeliaceae) (Figs. 2 E, 2 F), which grow on these trees. Unlike most Mexican Castniidae, Athis delecta inhabits a distinct vertical stratum: males fly between 4 and 10 m above the ground, with an average height of 5 m, while females fly between 4 and 15 m, with an average height of 7 m above the ground. Both males and females fly on sunny or partly cloudy days; they do not fly on cloudy, rainy, or drizzly days. Males exhibit fast, straight flight, but when the temperature drops and the day is partly cloudy, they fly in an erratic zigzag pattern, moving up and down. Their activity begins around midday when the temperature exceeds 32 ° C, reaching up to 37 ° C. They perch on dry branches of Spanish cedar, pink cedar, kapok tree, or gumbo-limbo at a height of 6 to 8 m above the ground, resembling a dry leaf (Fig. 2 D). Like other Mexican Athis, when perched, they cover a large portion (or the entirety) of their hindwings in a stegopterous position (Miller 1986; Ríos & González 2011; Vinciguerra et al. 2011; García-Díaz et al. 2020; González et al. 2021; García-Díaz 2022 a, 2022 b, 2023; García-Díaz & Turrent-Carriles 2022). Their flight territory spans approximately 8 m ², and they are observed more frequently than females, with an average of three males and one female seen per day (females are often not observed). Males begin to fly when another male invades their territory or when an orange butterfly of the Nymphalidae family, such as Marpesia petreus (Cramer, 1776) or Temenis laothoe (Cramer, 1777), enters their territory. When this happens, males of Athis delecta approach these butterflies to determine if they are a female. However, once the identification becomes evident, they move away from the butterflies without chasing or fighting. They then perform one or two patrol laps within their flight zone before returning to the same branch (or a nearby one) where they were originally perched, landing 20 to 30 cm from the tip. Afterward, they slowly walk toward the tip, with their middle pair of legs moving rapidly while their wings slowly flap up and down, resembling a dry leaf shaken by the wind. Once they reach the tip and are not disturbed, they stop moving their wings and legs, remaining perched for a while. When one male invades another’s territory, both engage in confrontations, ascending in circles up to 20 meters above the ground. They repeat this behavior several times until one male succeeds in expelling the other from the area. On average, three to four similar confrontations are observed per hour. Males of Athis delecta have not been observed engaging in territorial fights with butterflies of any family. Males can remain perched in their roosting zone for up to an hour if no Marpesia petreus, Temenis laothoe, or other male invades their territory, as they do not take flight if another butterfly species approaches their perch. On very rare occasions, males fly up to 2 to 3 m. Male activity ceases around 14: 30 when the temperature ranges between 34 and 37 ° C. Females begin flying at midday, usually around 13: 30, when the temperature exceeds 33 ° C. Their flight is slow, heavy, and erratic, moving up and down. Females have never been observed perching, as they are continuously searching for suitable Tillandsia polystachia and T. schiedeana plants for oviposition. They can descend as low as 2 m or ascend up to 15 m above the ground if a potential host plant is present. When a female selects a Tillandsia, she hovers around the plant for approximately 15 seconds to determine the optimal oviposition site, usually at the base of the bromeliad. Upon landing, the female turns around and walks backward before laying a single egg per Tillandsia. After oviposition, she walks to the tip of the leaf and takes flight in search of another bromeliad. Female activity ceases around 15: 30. There are no confirmed predators of Athis delecta, however, some bird species, such as the Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus (Linnaeus, 1766): Tyrannidae) and the Social Flycatcher (Myiozetetes similis (Spix, 1825): Tyrannidae), might be potential predators as they are known to attack other lepidopterans. There are no records of males or females of this species feeding on nectar, mud or fermented fruit. On one occasion, ETY observed a male A. delecta perching on a flower at a height of 2 m, but it was not possible to determine whether it was feeding. No courtship or copulation behaviors have been documented for this species.	en	García-Díaz, José De Jesús, Ramírez-Ponce, Andrés, López-Godínez, Bernardo, Torres-Yañez, Elier (2025): Flying in the canopy: taxonomic and ecological analysis with geometric morphometrics and distributional notes on Athis delecta and Athis jaliscana (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Zootaxa 5666 (1): 74-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03C887E6B50EFFC538E3FF7E63C3DA96.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. COSTA RICA: Cartago: 1 ♂, Syntype, Esperanza, May, Type No. 12166 U. S. N. M., Catalog Number USNMENT- 1244444 (NMNH); MEXICO: Veracruz: 1 ♀, Syntype, Castnia delecta Type ♀ Schaus, Cordoba Mex., May, Collection W m Schaus, USNMENT 01244445 (NMNH). Additional material examined. Data from 39 specimens (16 ♂♂, 23 ♀♀) were recorded: COSTA RICA: Cartago: 1 ♂, Costa Rica, Cartago, Turrialba, 24 - V- 1972 H. L. King, Castnia delecta ♂, UF FLMNH MGCL 1138228 (MGCL); San José: 1 ♂, San José, Museo Nacional de C. R., 4 de mayo 2001, Joaquín Sanchez, MNCR-E 55746, MNCR-A 5055746 (MNCR); 1 ♀, San José, Museo Nacional de C. R., 8 de mayo 2001, Ernesto Carman, MNCR-E 55745, MNCR-A 5055745 (MNCR); MEXICO: 1 ♀, FSCA / Florida State Collection / of Arthropods, PROJECT PHOTO / J. B. Heppner / 5997, MGCL / FLMNH / specimen no. / 48605 (MGCL); 1 ♀, Mexico, no data (MB); Campeche: 1 ♀, Calakmul, Camino a Calakmul, 24 / III / 1997, LN- 00344 (ECO-CH-LN); Chiapas: 1 ♂, Ocozocoautla, El Aguacero, 20 - VI- 1992, leg. M. G. López Vásquez (UNACH); 1 ♀, Emilio Rabasa, El Ocote, 02 - VI- 2021, leg. J. de la Maza E. (CDM); Guerrero: 1 ♂, Acahuizotla Gro., 15 - V- 1975, leg. A. Ibarra, CNIN LEP (México) 6460 (CNIN); 1 ♂, MEXICO: GUERRERO / nr. Acahuizotla / viii. 1983 / T. Escalante, MGCL / FLMNH / specimen no. / 43342 (MGCL); 1 ♂, MEXICO: GUERRERO / Tierra Colorado / viii. 1983 / T. Escalante, Allyn Museum Photo / No. 850 827 - 11 / 12, MGCL / FLMNH / specimen no. / 43339 (MGCL); 1 ♀, MEXICO: GUERRERO / Tierra Colorado / ix. 1983 / T. Escalante, Allyn Museum / Acc. 1984 - 2, MGCL / FLMNH / specimen no. / 43341 (MGCL); Oaxaca: 1 ♀, Chiltepec Oax., VII- 1970, leg. A. Díaz F., Ex-Colección Saldaña, CNIN LEP (México) 6463 (CNIN); 1 ♀, Chiltepec Oax., VII- 1970, leg. A. Díaz F., Ex-Colección Saldaña, CNIN LEP (México) 6466 (CNIN); 1 ♀, Chiltepec Oax., VIII- 1978, leg. A. Díaz F., Ex-Colección Saldaña, CNIN LEP (México) 6464 (CNIN); 1 ♀, Sierra de Juárez OAX, 600 m, V- 2003, Coll. Thierry Porion (DC); Puebla: 1 ♂, Zihuateutla, Telolotla, El Cajón, 23 - VII- 2022, leg. E. Yañez, José de Jesús García-Díaz genitalia dissection No. JJGD 0006 (JJGD); 1 ♂, Xicotepec, San Lorenzo, 21 - VII- 2023, leg. E. Yañez (JJGD); 1 ♂, Xicotepec, San Lorenzo, 10 - VII- 2023, leg. E. Yañez (CFT); 1 ♂, Xicotepec, San Lorenzo, 19 - VI- 2023, leg. E. Yañez (RW); 1 ♀, Cuetzalan del Progreso, Santiago Yancuitlalpan, 02 - V- 2001, leg. F. Mora (CFV); 1 ♀, Athis ahala, Mexico-Puebla, Villa de Juarez, Escalantongo (MS); Tamaulipas: 1 ♀, “ La Florida ”, Gómez Farías, Tamaulipas, abril de 2003, Colector: Jesús García Jiménez (RW); 1 ♀, “ San José ”, Gómez Farías, Tamaulipas, 22 de Agosto de 2009 (RW); Veracruz: 1 ♀, Fortín de las Flores, Puente de Metlac, 05 - VI- 1968, leg. R. F. de la Maza R. (JJGD); 1 ♀, Fortín de las Flores, Puente de Metlac, 22 - VII- 1967, leg. R. F. de la Maza R. (CDM); 1 ♀, Fortín de las Flores, Puente de Metlac, 24 - V- 1996, leg. F. G. Haghenbeck F. (CFH); 1 ♂, Santiago Tuxtla, El Vigía, 03 - VI- 2002, leg. F. G. Haghenbeck F. (CFH); 1 ♀, Santiago Tuxtla, El Vigía, 15 - IX- 1998, leg. F. G. Haghenbeck F. (CFH); 1 ♂, Mexico, Veracruz, Camarillo, 24 km SW Conejos, VII- 13 16 - [19] 74, leg. J. A. Chemsak & J. Powell, UC Berkeley EMEC 1330794 (EMEC); 1 ♂, Tapalapa [n] Ver., VIII- 1974, leg. A. Díaz F., Ex-Colección Saldaña, CNIN LEP (México) 6461 (CNIN); 1 ♂, Tapalapa [n] Ver., VIII- 1975, leg. A. Díaz F., Ex-Colección Saldaña, CNIN LEP (México) 6459 (CNIN); 1 ♀, Peñuela Ver., VII- 1964, leg. A. Díaz F., Ex-Colección Saldaña, CNIN LEP (México) 6462 (CNIN); 1 ♀, Sierra Santa Martha, Los Tuxtlas Ver., 20 - VI- 1982, leg. A. Díaz F., CNIN LEP (México) 6455 (CNIN); 1 ♀, Santiago Tuxtla, El Vigía, 06 - VI- 2022 (BLG); 1 ♂, T. Escalante / PRESIDIO / VER. / V- 42, A. C. Allyn / Acc. 1973 - 48, Slide No. M- 2716 / ♂ Castnia delecta Schaus / Jacqueline Y. Miller, MGCL / FLMNH / specimen no. / 43337 (MGCL); 1 ♀, Castnia ahala [sic], T. Escalante / Presidio / Ver. / V- 51, A. C. Allyn / Acc. 1973 - 48, Slide No. M- 2717 / ♀ Castnia / Jacqueline Y. Miller, MGCL / FLMNH / specimen no. / 43340 (MGCL); 1 ♀, COL. PEREZ H. / Santiago Tuxtla / Ver. 9 - 52, A. C. Allyn / Acc. 1973 - 48, Slide No. M- 6887 / legs, Ant / Jacqueline Y. Miller, MGCL / FLMNH / specimen no. / 43359 (MGCL); 1 ♂, Veracruz, Presidio, Sept. 1949, Ex: Escalante (MS).	en	García-Díaz, José De Jesús, Ramírez-Ponce, Andrés, López-Godínez, Bernardo, Torres-Yañez, Elier (2025): Flying in the canopy: taxonomic and ecological analysis with geometric morphometrics and distributional notes on Athis delecta and Athis jaliscana (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Zootaxa 5666 (1): 74-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03C887E6B50EFFC538E3FF7E63C3DA96.taxon	description	Male genitalia. One specimen dissected (Fig. 6 A). Tegumen broad, subtriangular in lateral view and subtrapezoidal in dorsal view, slightly narrower in its posterior portion. Uncus simple, short, fused into a pointed apex, and curved ventrally. Gnathos excavate posteriorly and fused anteriorly, with the ventral arms short and more sclerotized than the dorsal arms. Valva broad, oval, rounded, strongly sclerotized, and elongated anterodistally; costal margin straight, ventral margin straight in the basal portion, apex rounded and slightly curved inward. Sacculus well-developed, arising from the inner surface of the valva. Saccus well-developed, narrow, and curved anteriorly. Aedeagus strongly sclerotized, elongated, and recurved anteroventrally, with the distal portion narrower than the basal portion; distal lateral carina forming a flap without spines; coecum highly developed, swollen, and longer than the wider diameter of the ejaculatory bulb foramen. Variability and sexual dimorphism. This species exhibits minimal variation in both dorsal and ventral views for both sexes. In the forewings, the shape and size of the discal spot, which includes the accessory radial cell, are variable (circular or oval), as is the thickness of the diagonal band extending from the subapical region to the anal margin. In the hindwings, the size of the postdiscal spots is variable, as is the length of the marginal extensions toward the postdiscal band (Fig. 1). Females are characterized by having forewings slightly more rounded than males, with a distinctly curved apical region. In the hindwings, the anal margin is also rounded in females. Regarding the wing pattern, dorsally, males generally have a darker base coloration in both the forewings and hindwings. The discal spot on the forewings is more elongated and oval in females. In the hindwings, the spots forming the postdiscal band are approximately twice the size in females compared to males. Additionally, both the inner margin and the extensions toward the postdiscal band are black in females and orange in males. Most of these differences are also noticeable in the ventral view (Fig. 1). Overall, females are larger than males.	en	García-Díaz, José De Jesús, Ramírez-Ponce, Andrés, López-Godínez, Bernardo, Torres-Yañez, Elier (2025): Flying in the canopy: taxonomic and ecological analysis with geometric morphometrics and distributional notes on Athis delecta and Athis jaliscana (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Zootaxa 5666 (1): 74-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03C887E6B502FFC138E3FA1E65EBDC9B.taxon	distribution	Biogeographical and distributional comments. As Athis miastagma (Dyar, 1925), A. flavimaculata (Miller, 1972), Escalantiana escalantei and Mexicastnia estherae (Miller, 1976), this species is restricted to the Pacific slope of Mexico in localities with the presence of tropical deciduous forest, between 0 and 1265 m a. s. l. It has been recorded in Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco and Michoacán (García-Díaz et al. 2019), between April and August. To date, the northernmost locality for the species is Tuxcacuesco, Jalisco. The following is a list of localities where Athis jaliscana has been sighted and collected: Colima: Comala, Tamala; Guerrero: San Roque; Jalisco: Chamela, Tolimán, Tuxcacuesco; Michoacán: Playa Azul (García-Díaz et al. 2019) (Fig. 5). These localities belong to the Sierra Madre del Sur province of the Mexican Transition Zone, and to the Pacific Lowlands province of the Mesoamerican dominion in the Brazilian subregion (Morrone et al. 2022).	en	García-Díaz, José De Jesús, Ramírez-Ponce, Andrés, López-Godínez, Bernardo, Torres-Yañez, Elier (2025): Flying in the canopy: taxonomic and ecological analysis with geometric morphometrics and distributional notes on Athis delecta and Athis jaliscana (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Zootaxa 5666 (1): 74-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03C887E6B502FFC138E3FA1E65EBDC9B.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology and behavior. This species is sympatric mainly with A. flavimaculata and infrequently with A. miastagma gonzalezi López-Godínez, García-Díaz & Turrent-Carriles, 2022 or E. escalantei in places with an abundance of Tillandsia spp. (Bromeliaceae). Its usual flight period extends from mid-June to early August; however, there is an April 18 record from Comala, Colima. The adults’ activity is closely linked to the rainy season as the first individuals eclose 4 - 7 days after a week of rains. Males eclose some 5 - 8 days before females. In Jalisco, the first two weeks of July is when the greatest number of individuals could be observed per day (between 2 - 4 males, and 1 female at most). The habits of A. jaliscana and A. delecta are unique and differ greatly from those exhibited by species of the inca and hechtiae groups, as they fly in the forest canopy. This could explain their scant representation in collections. Athis jaliscana often flies on warm sunny days; it is not active on cloudy, windy or cold days, nor in rain or drizzle. On a few occasions it has been seen flying on cloudy days; however, on those days the clouds were high, and conditions were warm and with high luminosity. Like A. flavimaculata, it flies in undisturbed places, mainly along trails and dirt roads on flat terrain with high Tillandsia grossispicata Espejo, López-Ferrari & W. Till, 2008 (Bromeliaceae) density, which is its host plant in Jalisco and possibly in Colima (Fig. 4 D). The taxon´s host plant in the other states where it has also been recorded is unknown. Without doubt, males of A. jaliscana are among the fastest flying castniids in Mexico. Their flight is straight and not erratic, since they do not exhibit zigzagging behavior. Males begin to fly around 11: 30, when the temperature fluctuates between 26 – 28 ° C; they rarely fly before 11: 00. They usually fly at a height ranging from 5 – 8 m above the ground (average flight at 6 m above the ground). During the first 30 – 40 minutes of flight activity, they are slightly slower and calmer. Beginning at 12: 00, when the day is warmer, they become more active and fly in a manner similar to or faster than the local skippers. Normally, they can be found on the highest leafless branches of trees of the species Guaiacum coulteri A. Gray, 1855 (Zygophyllaceae) measuring between 6 – 8 m in height, and rarely on trees shorter than 4 – 5 m (Fig. 4 F). They perch in a stegopterous position, like the other Athis species known from Mexico (Miller 1986; Ríos & González 2011; Vinciguerra et al. 2011; García-Díaz et al. 2020; García-Díaz 2022 a, 2022 b); unlike them, however, they join their antennae together in front of their head, thus resembling the tip of a twig, while their wings look like dry leaves, resulting in perfect crypsis (Figs. 4 A, 4 B, 4 C). No predators have been recorded attacking them yet. This is possibly due to their small size, fast flying speed, and their camouflage when perching. Males are highly territorial; they generally choose one or two different perching sites 4 to 6 m apart in their zone. They are usually found waiting for a female and frequently patrol their territory (400 m ²). On average, for every three minutes of flight they perch for one minute, so it is a very active species. When one or more males enter the territory of another, the resident male will pursue them for several minutes in a circular trajectory with the purpose of driving them away; generally, the intruders lose and withdraw from the disputed zone. These pursuing flights occur several times a day. Likewise, male A. jaliscana often chase and drive away skippers that fly close to them. However, when the intruder is a medium to large orange Nymphalidae butterfly species (such as Dione incarnata incarnata, Dryas alcionea moderata, Marpesia petreus, Euptoieta hegesia meridiania or Euptoieta claudia claudia, which often fly 5 m off the ground), the male A. jaliscana will fly close to it to investigate whether it is a female to be courted. But when the identification is evident, the male returns to its perch without bothering, chasing or fighting with it. When a male´s perching zone is situated near a wide dirt road, it will fly up to 50 m alongside it to investigate if a female is present and then return to its initial perching site. If the zone is in a dense and narrow trail, the males´ patrol flights are shorter (up to 20 m). Males cease flying around 13: 30, when temperature reaches 35 – 38 ° C. Females, on the other hand, begin to fly around 12: 20, staying about 6 m off the ground or higher only, among branches of the tree species Guaiacum coulteri, searching for bromeliads on which to oviposit; consequently, they remain most of the time in the shade. Curiously, in Jalisco, it has been observed that they oviposit only on T. grossispicata that live on G. coulteri. They have never been seen perching on tree branches or leaves, suggesting that they are always active and flying. Their flight is slow, heavy and very calm, similar to that of E. hegesia meridiania and D. incarnata incarnata. When a female chooses a plant for oviposition, it will whirl around it to select the optimal site on which to leave an egg (in most cases they choose the base of the bromeliad). It then lands on the plant and slowly walks toward the center (the most protected part). Once on the middle of the leaf, it turns around, walks backwards and deposits an egg (only one per Tillandsia). When it is done, it flies off in search of another plant for oviposition. No copulations were recorded; they are likely similar to those described by García-Díaz et al. (2020) and García-Díaz (2022 b), but at a minimum height of 6 m. The eggs, larvae and pupae of this species are unknown. Athis jaliscana adults have never been observed feeding on flowers, mud or decomposing fruit.	en	García-Díaz, José De Jesús, Ramírez-Ponce, Andrés, López-Godínez, Bernardo, Torres-Yañez, Elier (2025): Flying in the canopy: taxonomic and ecological analysis with geometric morphometrics and distributional notes on Athis delecta and Athis jaliscana (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Zootaxa 5666 (1): 74-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03C887E6B502FFC138E3FA1E65EBDC9B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Jalisco: 1 ♂, Holotype, Tolimán, 20 - VII- 2011, leg. B. López G. (CNIN); 1 ♂, Paratype, Tolimán, 20 - VII- 2011, leg. B. López G. (BLG); 1 ♂, Paratype, Tolimán, 20 - VII- 2011, leg. B. López G. (RW). Additional material examined. Data from 35 specimens (30 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀) were recorded: Colima: 1 ♂, Aquiles Serdán (Tamala), VI- 1973, leg. A. Díaz F., Ex-Colección Saldaña (CNIN); 1 ♂, Comala, 640 m, 18 - IV- 1967, leg. R. G. Wind, YPM ENT 901368 (YPM); Guerrero: 1 ♂, Guerrero, mayo, Col. R. Müller, No. 3517 (MHNCM) [We think this specimen was possibly collected in Acahuizotla or in the vicinity of Chilpancingo de los Bravo]; Jalisco: 1 ♂, La Huerta, Chamela, Estación de Biología Chamela, 2 - V- 1976, leg. C. Beutelspacher B., (CNIN); 1 ♂, Tolimán 2 - VII- 2015, leg. B. López G. (BLG); 1 ♂, Tolimán 28 - VI- 2016, leg. B. López G. (BLG); 1 ♂, Tolimán 8 - VII- 2017, leg. B. López G. (BLG); 1 ♂, Tuxcacuesco, Tuxcacuesco, 01 - VII- 2017, leg. B. López G. (CFT); 1 ♂, Tuxcacuesco, Tuxcacuesco, 18 - VIII- 2021, leg. B. López G. (CFT); 1 ♂, Tuxcacuesco, Tuxcacuesco, 16 - VII- 2018, leg. B. López G., José de Jesús García-Díaz genitalia dissection No. JJGD 0007 (JJGD); 1 ♀, Tuxcacuesco, Tuxcacuesco, 20 - VI- 2015, leg. B. López G. (BLG); 1 ♀, Tuxcacuesco, Tuxcacuesco, 19 - VII- 2020, leg. B. López G. (JJGD); 1 ♀, Tuxcacuesco, Tuxcacuesco, 13 - VII- 2021, leg. B. López G. (JJGD); 1 ♀, Tuxcacuesco, Tuxcacuesco, 01 - VIII- 2021, leg. B. López G. (BLG); 2 ♂♂, Tuxcacuesco, Tuxcacuesco, 22 - VI- 2019, leg. B. López G. (JJGD); 2 ♂♂, Tuxcacuesco, Tuxcacuesco, 11 - VII- 2020, leg. B. López G. (JJGD); 2 ♂♂, Tuxcacuesco, Tuxcacuesco, 20 - VII- 2021, leg. B. López G. (JJGD); 1 ♂, Jalisco, Mexico, 700 m, 5 / Jul / 2017, leg. B. Lopez (RW); 2 ♂♂, Jalisco, Mexico, 700 m, 6 / Jun / 2018, leg. B. Lopez (RW); 1 ♂, Tuxcacuesco, Jalisco prov. Mexico, 29 - VI- 2018, leg. B. López G. (DC); 1 ♂, Tuxcacuesco, Jalisco, Mexico, 06 - VII- 2017, leg. B. López G. (DC); 1 ♂, Tuxcacuesco, Tuxcacuesco, 03 - VII- 2022, leg. B. López G. (BLG); 1 ♂, Tuxcacuesco, Tuxcacuesco, 03 - VII- 2022, leg. B. López G. (BLG), José de Jesús García-Díaz genitalia dissection No. JJGD 0008 (JJGD); 1 ♂, Tuxcacuesco, Tuxcacuesco, 03 - VII- 2022, leg. B. López G. (BLG), José de Jesús García-Díaz genitalia dissection No. JJGD 0009 (JJGD); 1 ♂, Tuxcacuesco, Tuxcacuesco, 11 - VII- 2022, leg. B. López G. (BLG); 3 ♂♂, Tuxcacuesco, Tuxcacuesco, 10 - VII- 2022, leg. B. López G. (BLG); 1 ♂, Tuxcacuesco, Tuxcacuesco, 07 - VII- 2023, leg. B. López G. (BLG); 1 ♂, Jalisco-Tuxcacuesco, 8 July 1972 [sic] (MS); Michoacán: 1 ♀, Lázaro Cárdenas, Playa Azul, Arenal, V- 1974, leg. A. Díaz F., Ex-Colección Saldaña (CNIN).	en	García-Díaz, José De Jesús, Ramírez-Ponce, Andrés, López-Godínez, Bernardo, Torres-Yañez, Elier (2025): Flying in the canopy: taxonomic and ecological analysis with geometric morphometrics and distributional notes on Athis delecta and Athis jaliscana (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Zootaxa 5666 (1): 74-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03C887E6B502FFC138E3FA1E65EBDC9B.taxon	description	Male genitalia. Three specimens dissected (Figs. 6 B, 6 C, 6 D). Tegumen subtriangular in lateral view and subtrapezoidal in dorsal view, slightly narrower in its posterior portion, with two small subtriangular lateral extensions in its distal portion. Uncus simple, short, fused into a pointed apex, and curved ventrally. Gnathos excavate posteriorly and fused anteriorly, with the ventral arms short and more sclerotized and sharper than the dorsal arms. Valva broad and almost rectangular; costal margin straight, ventral margin straight in the basal portion. Sacculus well-developed, arising from the inner surface of the valva. Saccus well-developed, narrow, and slightly curved anteriorly. Aedeagus strongly sclerotized, elongated, and recurved anteroventrally, with the distal portion narrower than the basal portion; distal lateral carina forming a flap without spines; coecum highly developed, swollen, and longer than the wider diameter of the ejaculatory bulb foramen. Variability and sexual dimorphism. This species, like A. delecta, shows low variability on both surfaces in both males and females. In the forewings, in some specimens, the discal spot that covers the accessory radial cell merges with the diagonal band. The size of the spots in the apical region is variable, and the spot within the diagonal band rarely disappears. The diagonal band, running from the apex to the anal margin, can be wider in some specimens. The size of the dark maculation between the outer margin and the diagonal band, between Cu 1 b - 1 A, is variable. In the hindwings, the spots forming the postdiscal band may be larger and more noticeable in some specimens. Additionally, the thickness of the margin and the length of its extensions toward the postdiscal band vary between specimens (Fig. 3). Regarding the wing pattern, Athis jaliscana exhibits little sexual dimorphism. Like most Athis species, females are larger than males, with forewings that have a more rounded external margin and a greater curvature in the apical region. In terms of the wing pattern, the diagonal band is wider in females, and the discal spot is also larger and more elongated. Additionally, the basal and postbasal regions are darker in females. In the hindwings, the postdiscal band is wider in females and, unlike in males, is not separated by the orange coloration of the veins. The margin is darker and more blackish in females, and the margin extensions can merge with the postdiscal band, which rarely occurs in males. Most of the previously mentioned differences between sexes are also visible on the ventral side, with the postbasal band on the hindwings typically being wider and more prominent in females (Fig. 3).	en	García-Díaz, José De Jesús, Ramírez-Ponce, Andrés, López-Godínez, Bernardo, Torres-Yañez, Elier (2025): Flying in the canopy: taxonomic and ecological analysis with geometric morphometrics and distributional notes on Athis delecta and Athis jaliscana (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Zootaxa 5666 (1): 74-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
