taxonID	type	description	language	source
03D487FBFFA1422AFE92FDE5366EF9C8.taxon	description	(Figs 1 – 13) LSID: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 7 D 8988 EC-C 6 DD- 4462 - AEE 4 - C 130773 E 9 CE 5.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFA1422AFE92FDE5366EF9C8.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The name prolifica refers to the great abundance of this species, as attested by tens of thousands of galls at specific sites, hundreds of galls on individual plants, and multiple generations over several months.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFA1422AFE92FDE5366EF9C8.taxon	description	Description: Gall and biology: This species induces simple galls in apical and axillary buds. Galls are 1 – 2 cm long and 1 – 1.5 cm wide, and are composed of distorted leaves that are much thicker and wider than normal leaves (Figs 1, 2). The larvae feed gregariously among the deformed leaves, and each gall contained 3 – 30 larvae, which can be seen easily if the leaves are separated. The inside of a young gall is moist, and the tiny first instars can be seen close to the leaf bases. Mature galls contain fewer larvae (usually 3 – 12), suggesting that intra-specific competition limits the number of larvae that complete their development within a gall. Third-instar larvae spin white silky sheets that divide the space inside the gall into compartments in which they pupate. In the laboratory, many larvae leave the galls at this stage and pupate in the soil or on the bottom of the rearing cages, but the extent of this phenomenon in nature is unknown. The entire life cycle, from egg to adult, may take only three weeks and the species completes at least four generations between December and April, depending on the amount of rainfall. Galls appear on the plants soon after the first rains and the population peaks in February – March, when single S. fruticosa shrubs can support thousands of galls (Fig. 3). Galls are much less common and conspicuous on S. asphaltica, and their abundance on that plant depends on the amount of rainfall in a particular year. In relatively wet years, S. asphaltica plants in some localities may support hundreds of galls, whereas in dry years it is difficult to find any galls in the very same localities. Larvae of the last generation (in March – April), and possibly a certain proportion of larvae from other generations, do not pupate inside the galls but leave them and dig into the soil, where they diapause until December. These larvae pupate and emerge as adults beginning from December – January. Based on laboratory and greenhouse observations, males live less than one day whereas females may live for 2 – 3 days at most. A newly emerged female exerts and waves her ovipositor, probably emitting pheromones to which the males are attracted. Mating, in a side-to side position, typically takes 10 – 30 seconds, after which the female retracts her ovipositor and usually does not mate again. Eggs are laid on leaves surrounding an apical bud and the larvae hatch and start feeding within 1 – 3 days. Galls become evident after about a week, and take about 20 days to reach their final size. Greenhouse experiments showed that a single female can easily spread her eggs among 15 – 20 buds, in which her offspring will develop successfully. Females are monogenous, hence each gall produces single-sex adults. Galls that produce adults of both sexes result from oviposition by more than one female. This species has been the subject of extensive studies in recent years on the mechanism of speciation through a host shift between S. asphaltica and S. fruticosa (Danon et al. 2017). It has been found that the gall midges on these plants constitute genetically and ecologically distinct populations that are in early stages of separation, and that the original host plant was apparently S. asphaltica from which the gall midges shifted to S. fruticosa. In rare occasions we found single galls on S. aegyptiaca, which grows in the same habitats with S. fruticosa. The genetic profile of the midges reared from these galls was similar to that of midges from S. fruticosa rather than midges from S. asphaltica (Danon et al. 2017). Adult. General color brownish orange, female abdomen pinkish red (Fig. 4). Head: Eye facets round; gap between eyes on vertex 1.5 – 2.5 facets wide. Antennal flagellomeres 11 – 13 in female, 13 – 16 in male; number sometimes differs between antennae of same individual. Male flagellomeres each, except last, composed of node and neck (Fig. 5), necks 0.76 – 1.17 as long as nodes (n = 40), first two flagellomeres partially fused; nodes entirely setulose, girdled by 1 – 2 loops of closely appressed, anastomosing circumfila and numerous strong setae originating from prominent sockets; necks bare. Apical flagellomere without neck, node smaller than nodes of preceding flagellomeres, tapering, vestiture as on nodes of preceding flagellomeres; sometimes fused with node of preceding flagellomere to form a single long node. Female flagellomeres cylindrical, without necks, about twice as long as wide, two basal flagellomeres partially fused, apical flagellomeres sometimes fused in one or both antennae to form a single unit 2 – 3 times as long as preceding flagellomeres; vestiture as in male. Frontoclypeal membrane with group of 8 – 10 very long, thin setae on each side. Palpus 3 – 4 - segmented (Fig. 9), rarely 2 - segmented. First and second segments 1 – 2 times as long as wide, third (and fourth if present) 2 – 3 times as long as preceding; when 2 or 3 - segmented, last segment often appears composed of two merged segments. First segment often rudimentary, resembling palpiger. Segment number occasionally differs between palpi of same individual. Thorax: Wing transparent, sparsely covered by fine microtrichia. R 1 reaching C shortly before wing mid-length, R 4 + 5 straight, reaching C shortly before wing apex, M 4 and CuA weak, forming a fork. Wing length 1.27 – 2.08 mm in female (n = 130), 1.48 – 2.25 mm in male (n = 104). Legs densely covered by scales; claws evenly curved, with long and thin tooth; empodia considerably longer than bend in claw (Fig. 10). Female abdomen: Tergites 1 – 6 with anterior pair of trichoid setae and posterior row of long setae; tergite 7 (Fig. 11) about twice as long as wide, divided anteriorly into two lobes, each with trichoid seta, widest posteriorly, with several rows of strong setae; tergite 8 (Fig. 11) divided into two enlongate sclerites, each with anterior trichoid seta as the only vestiture, with diffusing pigmentation toward wider posterior section. Sternites 2 – 7 anteriorly with closely situated pair of trichoid setae, transverse patch of weak pigmentation proximal to 1 – 2 posterior rows of long setae, and numerous long setae medially. Ovipositor 3 – 7 times as long as tergite 8 (n = 40). Fused cerci evenly setulose, with several long and thick setae (Fig. 6). Hypoproct evenly setulose with a couple of long apical setae. Male abdomen: Sclerites only slightly differentiated from surrounding tissue. Tergites 1 – 7 with anterior pair of trichoid setae, posterior row of long setae and few long setae medially, more numerous on posterior tergites; tergite 8 much smaller than preceding, with anterior pair of trichoid setae as the only vestiture. Sternites each with closely situated pair of trichoid setae anteriorly, and scattered long setae medially and posteriorly. Terminalia (Fig. 12): Gonocoxite cylindrical, dorsally with numerous strong setae, anterior part of mediobasal lobes globose, densely setose, posterior part rectangular, not tapered distally, strongly ragged and setose, clearly shorter than aedeagus; gonostylus approximately same width throughout length, evenly and thoroughly setulose with numerous strong setae and medium-sized apical tooth. Cerci ragged, separated almost to base, rounded apically, densely setose and setulose, each with two very long setae apically and numerous long setae elsewhere; hypoproct relatively narrow, same width throughout length, apically bilobed, strongly ragged and setose, with numerous strong setae apically on each lobe; aedeagus truncate apically. Larva (third instar) (Fig. 13). Light orange; length: 1.38 – 2.57 mm (n = 11). Integument rugose. Posterolateral apodemes longer than head capsule. Spatula longshafted, with trapezoid anterior lobe; on each side with two sets of three tiny lateral papillae. Terminal papillae with very short setae. Pupa (Figs 7, 8). Light orange. Antennal bases developed into short, tapered ‘ horns’. Face smooth, without papillae. Cephalic seta long and fine. Prothoracic spiracle very long and tapered. Abdominal segments evenly covered by tiny spicules.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFA1422AFE92FDE5366EF9C8.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: ♀, Israel: Givat Gorni [31 ° 19 ' 07.59 " N 35 ° 19 ' 54.41 " E], 2. ii. 2014, N. Dorchin & G. Danon, ex bud gall on Suaeda asphaltica. On permanent microscope slide in Euparal (SMNHTAU). Paratypes: Israel: From Suaeda asphaltica: 2 ♀, same data as holotype; 3 ♀, 1 ♂, Mizpe Yeriho, 1 km E, Rt. 1 (sea level sign), 9. ii. 2012, N. Dorchin; 4 ♀, Nabi Musa, 9. ii. 2012, G. Danon; 1 ♀ 14 ♂, Nabi Musa, 6. xii. 2012, G. Danon; 1 ♀ 2 ♂, Mizpe Yeriho, 1 km E, Rt. 1, 13. ii. 2013, G. Danon & M. Baharal; 4 ♂, Nahal Havarim, En Ovdat Nature Reserve, 3. iii. 2013, G. Danon; 2 ♀ 3 ♂, Har Yishay, 10. iii. 2013, G. Danon; 3 ♀ 3 ♂, Arad, 10 km E, Rt. 31, 200 ASL sign, 12. iii. 2013, G. Danon. From Suaeda fruticosa: 2 ♀ 1 ♂, Lido junction, 1 km W, Rt. 1, 31. i. 1995, N. Dorchin; 4 ♀ 3 ♂, En Gedi Nature Reserve, 13. ii. 1996, N. Dorchin; 2 ♀ 3 ♂, Zohar junction, 12. iii. 2001, N. Dorchin; 2 ♀ 2 ♂, Lido junction, 1 km W, Rt. 1, 20. i. 2013, G. Danon; 2 ♂, Enot Zuqim Nature Reserve, 9. ii. 2013, N. Dorchin & G. Danon; 3 ♀ 2 ♂, Nahal Mor, Rt. 90, 10. iii. 2013, G. Danon. Other material examined: Israel: 11 larvae (on four slides), Nabi Musa, 29. xi. 2012, G. Danon, ex Suaeda asphaltica; 5 larvae (on two slides), Nabi Musa, 6. xii. 2012, G. Danon, ex Suaeda asphaltica; 4 larvae, En Gedi Nature reserves, 13. ii. 1996, N. Dorchin, ex Suaeda fruticosa; 6 larvae (on two slides), Lido junction, 1 km W, Rt. 1, 20. i. 2013, G. Danon, ex Suaeda fruticosa. Spain: 5 ♀ 6 ♂, Almeiria Province, Aguadulce, 19. iii. 1982, E. SylvÉn (NHRS-GULI 000013507 - 17); 8 ♀ Fuerteventura, Jandia, Punta del Matorral, 5 – 7, 17. xii. 1986, E. Sylvén (NHRS-GULI 000015383 - 90); 3 gall samples, Aguadulce, 19. iii. 1982, E. Sylvén (host plant incorrectly identified as Suaeda maritima / S. vera), deposited in NHRS (gall samples: NHRS-GULI 000011390,1,2).	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFA1422AFE92FDE5366EF9C8.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Probably circum-Mediterranean, as the species was reared from similar galls on S. fruticosa in Israel and Spain (incl. Canary Islands). Known in Israel from the northern Dead Sea area (on S. fruticosa) and the Judaean Desert (on S. asphaltica), and in southern Spain from Aguadulce, near Almeria and Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFA1422AFE92FDE5366EF9C8.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants: Suaeda fruticosa and S. asphaltica (rarely S. aegyptiaca).	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFA1422AFE92FDE5366EF9C8.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Dasyneuriola species are morphologically similar and, in the lack of molecular data, the best attributes for distinguishing among them are those of the galls and host associations. The structure of D. prolifica galls and their great abundance resemble those described for D. suaedae Marikovskij from Suaeda microphylla in Kazakhstan (Marikovskij 1961), although D. suaedae was reported to have a single generation a year, whereas D. prolifica is multivoltine. The host plants belong to the same section within the genus Suaeda (sect. Salsina; Schütze et al. 2003) but it seems unlikely that the gall midges on them belong to the same species given the vast geographic distance and the different habitats where the plants grow (Central Asia vs. Mediterranean; Dehghani & Akhani 2009). Dasyneuriola salicorniae Fedotova from Suaeda altissima and D. suaedigemmae Fedotova from S. acuminata in Kazakhstan form bud galls that are similar to those of D. suaedae and were distinguished from D. suaedae based on morphological attributes that appear superficial (Fedotova 1995). The rarer and smaller galls of D. suaedigemmae and its pupation in the soil could be attributed to the association with that particular host plant. D. suaediramea Fedotova develops in multi-chambered stem galls on S. physophora, which are strikingly different from the galls of all other Dasyneuriola species on Suaeda, and the host plant belongs to a very different section within Suaeda (sect. Suaeda; Schütze et al. 2003). In summary, three of the Central Asian species of Dasyneuriola (D. suaedae, D. salicorniae and D. suaedigammae) appear similar to each other and a molecular study may show that they are conspecific. Despite the general morphological similarity of these species to D. prolifica, we describe the latter as new to science based on its geographical distribution, habitat and host range, a decision that could be tested by molecular data once available.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFAB4234FE71FC2036ABFDB4.taxon	description	(Figs 14 – 23, 44, 45) LSID: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: D 3 AD 7 F 22 - F 0 C 3 - 4 C 21 - B 7 CE- 76 D 4 A 62 F 202 C.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFAB4234FE71FC2036ABFDB4.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The species is named after its typical habitats: arid slopes of the Judean Mountains and along the Dead Sea valley.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFAB4234FE71FC2036ABFDB4.taxon	description	Description: Gall and biology: This species develops without gall formation in leaves of Suaeda asphaltica and S. aegyptiaca. At most, a slight swelling can be seen in close examination of S. aegyptiaca leaves, but the presence of the gall midge usually becomes evident only once the adults emerge and the empty exuviae are found stuck in the leaf. One individual develops per leaf. Although the annual or biennial S. aegyptiaca is available for galling almost throughout the year, we reared the gall midges from this plant only in April, June and November but not during most of the summer (July – September). The second host plant, Suaeda asphaltica, is a subshrub whose above-ground parts are completely dry between May and December, and gall midges were reared from it only between February and April. These data suggest that B. arida completes several generations between November and June, and first-instar 14 larvae probably spend the summer in diapause inside viable parts of the host plants. The species can be abundant in some sites but usually emerges in smaller numbers compared to those of other species on the same host plants. Adult. General color of female pinkish, of male greyish to light orange. Face, occiput, thorax and ventral and lateral parts of abdomen covered by white scales. Legs densely covered by white scales ventrally, black scales dorsally. Dorsal part of abdomen with black-and-white scale pattern created by three black triangles on white background on each segment. Head: Eye facets round; gap between eyes on vertex 1 – 2 facets wide. Antenna: Scape wide trapezoid, pedicel spherical, both covered by white scales; number of flagellomeres 10 – 13 in female (n = 36), 10 – 11 in male (n = 32), number occasionally differs between antennae of same individual; flagellomeres (Fig. 14) cylindrical to barrel-shaped in male, shorter to almost quadrate in female; each flagellomere with two whorls of appressed circumfila with longitudinal connection, one whorl of strong setae originating from prominent sockets between two circumfila whorls, one whorl of smaller setae proximal to circumfila, and otherwise evenly covered by microtrichia; apical flagellomere almost always composed of 2 – 3 entirely or partially fused units, apically rounded, with 4 – 8 circumfila and several whorls of long setae (Fig. 15). Frontoclypeal membrane with long setae and scales. Palpus strongly reduced, 1 - segmented, about 2 – 3 times as long as wide, with few long setae and otherwise evenly setulose (Fig. 16). Labella about as long as wide, setulose, with several long setae. Thorax: Greyish, covered by white scales and setae. Wing transparent, with sparse hair-like setae on entire surface and long hair-like setae along posterior margin; wing length 1.39 – 2.76 mm in females (n = 37), 1.54 – 2.64 mm in males (n = 33); C broken distal to junction with R 4 + 5; R 4 + 5 joining C around mid-length of wing; C and R 4 + 5 densely covered by mixed black and white scales to meeting point; M 4 absent, M 1 + 2 straight, CuA curved at proximal third. Stem of halter light orange, without scales; knob covered by black and white scales. Legs: Tarsal claws (Fig. 18) moderately and evenly arched, with small tooth, slightly to strongly curved close to base; empodia clearly shorter than bend in claw; pulvilli distinct, about 0.3 as long as claw. Female abdomen (Fig. 17): Tergites 1 – 7 with anterior pair of trichoid setae, 1 – 2 posterior rows of strong setae, and evenly distributed scales; tergite 8 shorter than 7, extending farther ventrally, with anterior pair of trichoid sensilla and few small setae, without posterior row of strong setae. Sternites 2 – 7 without anterior trichoid setae, with posterior row of setae, several setae at proximal half, and evenly distributed scales; sternite 8 undifferentiated from surrounding membrane. Ovipositor (Fig. 19): segment 8 with large lateral group of hyaline, curved setae on prominent sockets; segment 9 with pigmented patches basally, pigmented rod-like sclerite along segment, and several long and strong setae apicoventrally. Cercal segment in obtuse position relative to segment 9, strongly sclerotized lateral plate sheathing almost entire base of apical lamella, with thick, basal spine extending to half-length of aculeus, and about 20 straight, paired setae laterally; aculeus thick, evenly curved ventrally, with two rows of 5 – 6 strongly hooked setae on distal half. Apical lamella ovoid, setose and setulose. Male abdomen: Tergites 1 – 8 as in female. Sternites 2 – 7 as in female, except setation stronger on posterior sternites. Sternite 8 smaller but more setose than preceding. Terminalia (Fig. 20): Gonocoxite elongate, cylindrical, about same width throughout length, with numerous strong setae laterally; mediobasal lobe without typical bulge dorsally, ventral part elongate, narrows posteriorly, sheathing aedeagus almost to apex, longitudinally divided by deep grooves into two lobes on each side, densely setose. Gonostylus strongly arched, widest at mid-length, narrowed abruptly from mid-length toward apex, with wide apical tooth, numerous setae more closely situated at base of tooth, setulose along distal half dorsally and ventrally, striate elsewhere. Aedeagus only slightly longer than mediobasal lobes, rounded apically. Hypoproct entire, narrow, rounded apically, setose and setulose. Cerci separated by rounded notch on distal third, rounded apically, setose and setulose. Larva (third instar) (Figs 21). Light to bright orange. Elongate. Integument completely covered by tapered verrucae. Antennae about 3 times as long as wide. Posterolateral apodemes about as long as head capsule. Spatula (Fig. 22) prominent, tridentate, long shafted, shaft very wide immediately posterior to teeth, mid tooth distinctly shorter than lateral teeth. On each side of spatula 1 asetose sternal papilla, 3 asetose lateral papillae, 2 of which on separate elevated bumps, the third without such bump, and 1 asetose ventral papilla. Pleural and dorsal papillae with long setae. Terminal abdominal segment (Fig. 23) with 2 papillae bearing long setae on each side. Pupa (Figs 44, 45). Light to dark orange. Antennal bases forming wide, tapered horns, pointed ventrally. Vertex with short cephalic seta on prominent bulge. Prothoracic spiracle tapered, narrowed abruptly at distal third, where trachea opens. Face with prominent, straight anterior horn and shorter, slightly curved and wide-based posterior horn; without apparent facial papillae. Abdominal segments entirely covered by tiny, tapered spicules.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFAB4234FE71FC2036ABFDB4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: ♀, Israel: Lido junction, 1 km S, Rt. 90 [31 ° 46 ' 12.8 " N 35 ° 29 ' 56.0 " E], 7. ii. 1996, N. Dorchin, reared from leaf of Suaeda aegyptiaca. On permanent microscope slide in Euparal (SMNHTAU). Paratypes: Israel: From Suaeda aegyptiaca: 1 ♀, same data as holotype; 1 ♀ 5 ♂, Lido junction, 1 km S, Rt. 90, 19. ii. 1996, N. Dorchin; 10 ♀ 10 ♂, 9 larvae (on 2 microscope slides), 28 pupal exuviae (on 5 microscope slides), Enot Qane, 1. vi. 2014, A. Freidberg. From Suaeda asphaltica: 7 ♀ 2 ♂, Mizpe Yeriho, 1 km E, Rt 1, sea level, 13. ii. 2013, G. Danon; 10 ♀ 6 ♂, Mizpe Yeriho, 1 km E, Rt 1, sea level, 7. iv. 2013, G. Danon (1 ♀ 1 ♂, USNM, 1 ♀ ZFMK, others SMNHTAU); 2 ♀ 6 ♂, Mizpe Yeriho, 1 km E, Rt 1, sea level, 16. ii. 2014, G. Danon; 3 ♀ 1 ♂, Nabi Musa, 7. iv. 2013, G. Danon; 1 ♂, 1 exuviae, Mizpe Yeriho, 1 km E, Rt 1, sea level, 1. ii. 2017, N. Keidar; 2 exuviae (on same microscope slide), Mizpe Yeriho, 1 km E, Rt. 1, sea level, 14. ii. 2017, N. Bonda; 2 exuviae (on same microscope slide), 1 ♀ 1 ♂, Nabi Musa, 14. ii. 2017, N. Keidar. Other material examined: Israel: 1 ♀ 1 ♂, Mizpe Yeriho, 1 km E, Rt 1, sea level, 13. ii. 2013, G. Danon, ex Suaeda asphaltica.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFAB4234FE71FC2036ABFDB4.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Currently known only from the northern Dead Sea area (on S. aegyptiaca) and the Judean Desert (on S. asphaltica) in Israel. Probably also occurs in Jordan on the same host plants.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFAB4234FE71FC2036ABFDB4.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This species belongs to a morphologically uniform group within Baldratia, in which the female ovipositor has a strong spike at the base of the cercal segment in addition to the aculeus and paired spines on the lateral plate. It differs from other members of this group in Israel (B. salicorniae Kieffer and B. suaedae Möhn) by pupal and larval characters. The pupa of A. arida has anterior and posterior facial horns and no facial papillae, whereas in B. salicorniae it does not have a posterior facial horn but bears facial papillae, and in B. suaedae the pupa has a minute posterior facial horn and clearly setose facial papillae, and its adults are much smaller than those of B. arida and B. salicorniae. The arrangement of lateral papillae in the larva is similar in B. arida and B. salicorniae but differs between them and S. suaedae. Other species from Suaeda in this region include Baldratia occulta Dorchin from S. monoica in Israel (Dorchin 2001) and Baldratia karamae Elsayed from S. acuminata in Egypt (Elsayed et al. 2015). Baldratia occulta differs from B. arida in that its pupa does not have a posterior facial horn and the female ovipositor lacks an additional spine at the base of the aculeus. Baldratia karamae is much smaller than B. arida based on its published description, and is found almost throughout the year (Elsayed et al. 2015), whereas B. arida was reared only in spring. Molecular data (Dorchin & Dor, unpubl.) confirm that B. arida is distinct from B. suaedae, B. occulta and B. salicorniae. The remaining Baldratia species currently known from Suaeda are B. aelleni Möhn from Suaeda microphylla in Iran, known only from larvae (Möhn 1969), and B. suaedifolia Fedotova and B. terteriani Mamaev & Mirumian from Central Asia.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFB44232FE69FDAC36B1FCA0.taxon	description	(Figs 24, 25) Description: Similar to B. arida except for the following. Gall and biology. This species develops in leaves of Suaeda vera without gall formation (our observations; Fig. 24) or by causing a slight swelling of the leaf (Möhn 1969). The fusiform, orange eggs are stuck individually in the leaves, perpendicular to the leaf surface, such that the larva hatches directly into the leaf. Möhn (1969) described the species from material collected in Israel, Algeria and the Canary Islands, stating that it has two generations a year. However, over the years we reared adults in Israel from February to September, practically whenever the host plant was sampled, suggesting that the species is multivoltine. In Israel, B. suaedae is found wherever its host plant grows along the coastal plain – from Caesaria National Park in the north, where isolated plants grow near and on the walls of the historical city of Caesarea, to Tel Dor Nature Reserve and Ashkelon National Park in the south, where small populations of the plant grow on cliffs overlooking the sea. Suaeda vera is a rare species in Israel and its population in Jaffa, from which the species was originally described, apparently no longer exists. Apart from its sporadic occurrence along the coastal plain in Israel, this plant is locally abundant also in the central Negev Desert, in En Ovdat Nature Reserve. Interestingly, repeated sampling of that desert population on multiple occasions never yielded any gall midges, therefore it appears that B. suaedae is restricted to the Mediterranean coast. Adult (Fig. 25). General color of female pinkish, male brownish to light orange, dorsal part of thorax and abdominal tergites dark. Face, occiput, thorax and ventral and lateral parts of abdomen covered by white scales. Legs covered by white scales ventrally, black scales dorsally. Abdominal tergites each with three triangular patches of black scales on white background, forming three black lines along abdomen. Head: Flagellomeres barrel-shaped to almost quadrate in both sexes; two flagellomeres sometimes partially fused in mid antenna, two or three apical flagellomeres almost always fused, slightly tapering apically. Thorax: Wing length 1.33 – 1.89 mm in females (n = 36), 1.23 – 1.73 mm in males (n = 36); C and R 4 + 5 densely covered by black scales almost to meeting point, with patch of white scales at meeting point. Tarsal claws with thin tooth, strongly curved at base. Larva (third instar). Light orange. Integument rugose. On each side of spatula three asetose lateral papillae, evenly distributed. Pupa. Light orange. Antennal bases forming wide and short tapered horns, pointed ventrally. Face with small, straight anterior horn and small, wide-based posterior horn, with two clearly setose papillae half way between anterior and posterior horns.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFB44232FE69FDAC36B1FCA0.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Larva, Israel: Jaffa, 12. vii. 1912, E. Möhn, ex leaf of Suaeda vera (Möhn collection number 9710). Remounted on a permanent microscope slide in Euparal and labeled as the holotype by N. Dorchin (deposited in SMNS). Other material from the Möhn collection did not survive (Möhn slide numbers 9710, 9492 / 10, 9492 / 11, listed in Möhn 1969). Material examined (all from Suaeda vera): Israel: 4 ♀ 2 ♂, Qaesaria National Park, 23. iv. 1998, A. Freidberg; 16 ♀ 16 ♂, 1 larva, 15 pupal exuviae (on 3 microscope slides), Qaesaria National Park, 8. ix. 2014, N. Dorchin & A. Freidberg (1 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 pupal exuviae USNM, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ SMNS, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ZFMK); 7 ♀ 7 ♂, Qaesaria National Park, 27. vii. 2016, N. Dorchin; 6 ♀ 2 ♂, Tel Dor Nature Reserve, 31. viii. 2016, N. Dorchin. Portugal: 5 ♀ 4 ♂, Tejo Estuary, 15. ix. 2016, D. Simon.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFB44232FE69FDAC36B1FCA0.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Recorded from Israel, Algeria, Portugal and the Canary Islands; apparently circum-Mediterranean.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFB44232FE69FDAC36B1FCA0.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This species was known to date only from its larvae and this is the first description of its adults and pupa. Adults do not differ morphologically from those of B. arida and B. karamae, except for the bigger size of B. ardia. The pupa and larva differ from those of B. arida, B. salicorniae and B. occulta (other species occurring in Israel) as discussed above under B. arida.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFB2423FFE5FFABC37BCFE72.taxon	description	(Figs 26 – 28, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36) LSID: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: E 77 EA 295 - FF 6 E- 4 CF 2 - BD 87 - 48 D 5 CAE 0 BD 41.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFB2423FFE5FFABC37BCFE72.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The species name is from the Latin latita for hidden or lurking, with reference to the lack of any external signs of the gall midge presence in the leaves.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFB2423FFE5FFABC37BCFE72.taxon	description	Description: Gall and biology. This species develops without apparent external signs in leaves or young stems of Suaeda aegyptiaca and S. fruticosa. Its presence in the plant becomes apparent only after adult emergence, when empty pupal exuviae are found stuck in it (Figs 26, 27). The species appears to be equally abundant on its two host plants, which share the same habitats along the rift valley. Apparently it alternates between them according to season, having been reared from S. aegyptiaca from April to October and from S. fruticosa from November to February. Adult. General color of female pinkish, of male brownish orange, mostly covered by white scales (Fig. 28); dorsal part of abdomen with three longitudinal lines of black scales formed by three triangular patches on each tergite. Head: Eye facets circular, gap between eyes on vertex 0 – 0.5 facets wide. Antenna: Scape trapezoid, pedicel spherical, flagellomeres barrel-shaped, about 1.3 – 2.0 times as long as wide, each with two whorls of appressed circumfila around mid-length with longitudinal connections, proximal whorl of thin setae, distal whorl of thicker, longer setae on large sockets, and otherwise setulose; apical flagellomere rounder or slightly tapered. Adjacent flagellomeres occasionally fused to form one larger unit. Frontoclypeal membrane with about 10 setae and numerous scales. Palpus (Fig. 30) vestigial, barely visible, with two very long setae. Labella absent. Thorax: Wing transparent, with sparse hair-like setae on entire surface and long delicate hair-like setae along posterior edge; wing length 1.34 – 1.96 mm in female (n = 38), 1.20 – 1.72 mm in male (n = 17); R 4 + 5 reaching C proximal to mid-length of wing; C broken beyond junction with R 4 + 5, both densely covered by black and white scales to junction point; M 4 absent, M 1 + 2 straight, CuA curved at mid-length. Legs (Fig. 31): Tarsal claws toothed on all legs, evenly curved, tooth curved basally, empodia longer than bend in claw, pulvilli about as long as bend. Female abdomen (Fig. 32): Tergites 1 – 7 without anterior trichoid seate, with posterior row of strong setae and evenly distributed scales; pigmented section of tergite 8 very small, without vestiture. Sternites 2 – 7 without anterior trichoid setae, with posterior row and median group or setae, more numerous on sternites 6 – 7; sternite 7 often weakly sclerotized; sternite 8 undifferentiated from surrounding membrane. Ovipositor (Fig. 33): Segment 8 laterally with relatively small group of about 20 long, curved, occasionally almost S-shaped setae on prominent sockets. Segment 9 with sclerotized patches basally and wide rod-like sclerite joining setose laterobasal plate of cercal segment. Cercal segment with strongly sclerotized lateral plate sheathing entire base of segment, with small dorsal saddle-shaped projection and 30 – 35 straight setae on prominent sockets. Aculeus conspicuously thick, slightly curved ventrally, about same width throughout length, with row of ventrally pointed, long, fine setae to apex. Apical lamella ovoid, widest at base, about as long as aculeus. Male abdomen: General color brownish orange; scale pattern as in female. Tergites 1 – 7 rectangular, without anterior trichoid setae, with posterior row of setae and evenly distributed scales; tergite 8 almost entirely undifferentiated from surrounding membrane, without vestiture. Sternites 2 – 6 without anterior trichoid 36 37 setae, with irregular posterior row of setae and several setae medially; sternite 8 similar but pigmented area much smaller. Terminalia (Fig. 35): Gonocoxite short and wide, same width throughout length, with several strong setae denser around articulation with gonostylus; mediobasal lobes widest around mid-length, divided apically into two lobes, one of which with short, distinct seta, otherwise covered by strong, curved setae almost to apex, clearly shorter than edeagus. Gonostylus short and compact, almost same width throughout length, evenly setulose dorsally and ventrally, with several strong setae more numerous around small apical tooth. Cerci separated by triangular depression to mid-length, wider than mediobasal lobes, evenly setose and setulose. Hypoproct very short and wide, rounded apically. Aedeagus rounded apically. Larva. Unknown. Pupa (Figs 36, 37). Light orange. Antennal bases well developed into short, curved and tapered horns. Cephalic seta short and fine, on conspicuous socket. Frons with short, straight and tapered horn, without associated papillae. Prothoracic spiracle 2 – 3 times as long as wide, trachea opens close to apex. Dorsal part of abdominal tergites with transverse field of tiny spicules medially.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFB2423FFE5FFABC37BCFE72.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: ♀, Israel: Enot Qane Nature Reserve, Rt. 90 [31 ° 37 ' 19.8 " N 35 ° 24 ' 34.3 " E], 1. vi. 2014, A. Freidberg, reared from Suaeda aegyptica leaf. Mounted on permanent microscope slide in Euparal (SMNHTAU). Paratypes: Israel: From Suaeda aegyptiaca: 1 ♀, same data as holotype; 2 ♀, Yafit, Rt. 90, 17. iv. 1996, N. Dorchin; 1 ♀, Pazael, Rt. 90, 17. iv. 1996, N. Dorchin; 1 ♀, Lido junction, 1 km S, Rt. 90, 7. iv. 2013, G. Danon; 1 ♀, Lido junction, 1 km S, Rt. 90, 27. iv. 2014, N. Dorchin; 2 ♀ 1 ♂, Lido junction, 5. x. 2014, N. Dorchin; 4 ♀ 4 ♂, Enot Zuqim Nature Reserve, Rt. 90, 5. x. 2014, N. Dorchin. From Suaeda fruticosa: 1 ♀, Lido junction. 1 km W, Rt. 1, 31. i. 1995, N. Dorchin; 3 ♀ 1 ♂, Lido junction 1 km W, Rt. 1, 7. xi. 1996, N. Dorchin; 1 ♀, Lido junction, 1 km W, Rt. 1, 2. i. 2013, G. Danon; 1 ♂, Enot Zuqim Nature Reserve, 13. ii. 2013, G. Danon; 7 ♀ 2 ♂, Nahal Zruya, Rt. 90, 16. ii. 2014, G. Danon; 1 ♂, Nahal Mor, Rt. 90, 16. ii. 2014, G. Danon; 1 ♂, Enot Zuqim Nature Rreserve, 23. xii. 2014, N. Dorchin; 4 ♀ 1 ♂, Nahal Hatrurim, Rt. 90, 1. iii. 2016, N. Keidar; 2 exuviae, 1 ♀, Enot Zuqim Nature Reserve, 29. xii. 2016, N. Bonda; 1 ♀, Enot Zuqim Nature Reserve, 12. i. 2016, N. Keidar; 2 exuviae, 2 ♀ 1 ♂, Enot Zuqim Nature Reserve, 3. i. 2017, N. Bonda; 4 exuviae, 1 ♀ 2 ♂, Enot Zuquim Nature Reserve, 17. i. 2017, N. Keidar & N. Bonda; 4 exuviae, Nahal Hatrurim, Rt. 90, 1. ii. 2017, N. Keidar; 3 exuviae, 1 ♀, Enot Zuqim Nature Reserve, 1. ii. 2017, N. Keidar & N. Bonda; 1 exuviae, Lido junction 1 km W, Rt. 1, 14. ii. 2017, N. Keidar.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFB2423FFE5FFABC37BCFE72.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Currently known only from the central rift valley in Israel. Most probably occurs in Jordan on the same host plants.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFB2423FFE5FFABC37BCFE72.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Females of C. latita differ from those of C. lanceocercis in the ovoid rather than fusiform apical lamella of the ovipositor (Fig. 33 vs. Fig. 34), and so can be separated from them when reared from their common host plant, S. fruticosa. Careopalpis latita does not differ morphologically from C. akko Dorchin & Freidberg and C. yotvata that occur in Israel on other Suaeda species, and is also similar to the four Central Asian species from Suaeda (C. kenderlensis Fedotova, C. suaedae Fedotova, C. suaedicola Fedotova and C. suaediphila Fedotova (Fedotova 1983, 1985, 1992, 1998). The type material of C. kenderlensis was unavailable for comparison, and that of the remaining species had not been cleared properly before having been mounted on slides or contain only males, which are not diagnostic. Even if proper material had been available to us for examination, we doubt that we would have found morphological differences among the species given the general morphological uniformity of this genus. Our molecular results (Fig. 48; details below) suggest that morphologically indistinguishable populations of Careopalpis from different host plants even in the same small country constitute distinct species, hence we assume with a high level of confidence that the Central Asian species are not conspecific with the Israeli ones. Furthermore, three of the Central Asian species are found on host-plant species from very different sections within Suaeda, and all but C. suaediphila cause conspicuous leaf galls, whereas all Israeli species develop in leaves or young stems without apparent gall formation. As for C. suaediphila, its original description states that it develops without gall formation in leaves of three Suaeda species in Kazakhstan (Fedotova 1992), each belongs in a different section within Suaeda. Not only do we argue that this species must differ from the Careopalpis species in Israel, but we also suspect that if C. suaediphila populations from those three host plants are subjected to molecular study they may prove to represent separate species.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFBF423CFEB9FE6B37FFFE12.taxon	description	(Figs 32, 34, 37) LSID: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: A 1 D 85 CA 9 - 33 EC- 4 E 24 - 978 C- 138016 F 7401 B.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFBF423CFEB9FE6B37FFFE12.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The name lacneocercis refers to the typical lanceolate shape of the apical lamella of the female ovipositor.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFBF423CFEB9FE6B37FFFE12.taxon	description	Description: Similar to C. latita except the following. Gall and biology. This species develops without any external signs in leaves or young stems of Suaeda asphaltica and occasionally S. fruticosa. Its presence in the plant becomes apparent only after adult emergence, when empty pupal exuviae are found stuck in the plant. Adults were reared from the two host plants during winter and early spring (December – March), representing the activity season of these plants. In other times of the year S. asphaltica is unavailable for the midges because its above-ground parts are completely dry, and S. fruticosa is apparently not suitable as a host given that the other cecidomyiids associated with it in Israel (Dasyneuriola prolifica and Suaediola quotidiana) also use it only in winter. C. lanceocercis must complete several generations during winter, and larvae of the last generation probably spend the summer diapausing in or on the plant until the next winter. Adult. Thorax: Wing length 1.10 – 1.73 mm in female (n = 25), 1.09 – 1.83 mm in male (n = 26). Female abdomen (Figs 32, 34): Ovipositor: Apical lamella fusiform, relatively slender, widest past proximal third or at mid-length.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFBF423CFEB9FE6B37FFFE12.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: ♀, Israel: Mizpe Yeriho, 1 km E, Rt. 1, sea level [31 ° 48 ' 00.47 " N 35 ° 24 ' 11.08 " E], 2. ii. 2014, N. Dorchin & G. Danon, reared from Suaeda asphaltica leaf. Mounted on permanent microscope slide in Euparal (SMNHTAU). Paratypes (all from Suaeda asphaltica): Israel: 4 ♀ 11 ♂, 2 exuviae (on one slide), same data as holotype; 2 ♀, Nabi Musa, 15. i. 1997, N. Dorchin; 2 ♀, Mizpe Yeriho, 1 km E, Rt. 1, sea level, 9. ii. 2012, N. Dorchin; 3 ♀, 1 ♂, Nabi Musa, 16. ii. 2014, G. Danon; 1 ♀, Mizpe Yeriho, 1 km E, Rt. 1, sea level, 2. iii. 2014, G. Danon; 2 ♀ 3 ♂, Nabi Musa, 16. iii. 2014, G. Danon; 3 ♀ 3 ♂, Nahal Havarim, En Ovdat Nature Reserve, 25. xii. 2015, N. Dorchin; 1 exuviae, 1 ♂, Mizpe Yeriho, 29. xii. 2016, N. Bonda; 3 exuviae (on two slides), 3 ♀ 2 ♂, Mizpe Yeriho, 3. i. 2017, N. Bonda; 1 exuviae, 1 ♂, Nabi Musa, 17. i. 2017, N. Bonda; 2 exuviae, 1 ♀ 1 ♂, Mizpe Yeriho, 1. ii. 2017, N. Keidar.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFBF423CFEB9FE6B37FFFE12.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Israel: Judean Desert (on S. asphaltica) and central Rift Valley (on S. fruticosa). Probably also occurs in Jordan on the same host plants.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFBF423CFEB9FE6B37FFFE12.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Careopalpis lanceocercis differs from the other three Careopalpis species in Israel (all from Suaeda spp.) by the fusiform, more slender shape of the apical lamella of the female ovipositor. For comparison with non-Israeli species see the remarks section under C. latita. Although C. latita and C. lanceocercis are found in similar habitats along the central rift valley, our data suggest that adults of C. latita are found year-round, whereas those of C. lanceocercis are active only in winter. This disparate phenology is probably dictated by the phenology of the respective host plants, namely the suitable conditions for the development of C. latita in summer on S. aegyptiaca but their lack thereof for C. lanceocercis on S. asphaltica and S. fruticosa. This ecological factor may account for the sympatric existence of distinct species even when sharing a common host plant.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFBC423DFE52FDCF3634FE92.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The species is named after Yotvata salt marsh — the site in which it was first discovered — where a small population of its rare host plant is found. The name is a noun in apposition.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFBC423DFE52FDCF3634FE92.taxon	description	Description: Similar to C. latita except for the following. Gall and biology. This species develops without apparent gall formation in leaves of Suaeda vermiculata. Its presence in the leaves becomes apparent only after adult emergence, when empty pupal exuviae are found stuck in the leaves. It was reared only in winter and early spring (February – March) but it is possible that adults are present in other winter months in which the host plant has not been sampled. It is unlikely that C. yotvata is active in summer and fall given its extremely harsh habitat, characterized by very high temperatures and exceedingly limited precipitation. Adult. Thorax: Wing length 1.23 – 1.63 mm in female (n = 22), 1.10 – 1.60 mm in male (n = 15). Larva. Unknown. Pupa. Unknown.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFBC423DFE52FDCF3634FE92.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: ♀, Israel: Avrona salt marsh Nature Reserve [29 ° 49 ' 35.8 " N 35 ° 02 ' 34.7 " E], 7. iii. 2017, N. Dorchin, reared from Suaeda vermiculata leaf. Mounted on permanent microscope slide in Euparal (SMNHTAU). Paratypes (all from Suaeda vermiculata): 11 ♀ 6 ♂, same data as holotype; 8 ♀ 7 ♂, Yotvata salt marsh Nature Reserve, 17. ii. 2015, N. Dorchin.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFBC423DFE52FDCF3634FE92.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Israel: Yotvata and Avrona salt marshes. No doubt the species also occurs in Jordan on the same host plant.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFBC423DFE52FDCF3634FE92.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Careopalpis yotvata does not differ morphologically from C. latita and C. akko that are found on other Suaeda spp. in Israel. It differs from C. lanceocercis by the ovoid rather than fusiform shape of the apical lamella of the female ovipositor. For comparison with non-Israeli species see remarks section under C. latita. Suaeda vermiculata, the host plant of C. yotvata, is a rare plant in Israel, and is virtually limited to the localities where we sampled it. While Suaeda aegyptiaca co-occurs in the same habitats, sampling that plant south of the Dead Sea area never yielded gall midges, whereas in the northern parts of its distribution range it hosts C. latita. It is therefore possible that C. yotvata became separated from C. latita and established as a distinct species on S. vermiculata in areas where S. aegyptiaca is not suitable as a host plant. This hypothesis is supported by our molecular data (Fig. 48), which suggest that C. yotvata and C. latita are more closely related to each other than to any other Careopalpis species in Israel.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFBD4238FE0AFE4D3742FD82.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Suaediola combines Suaeda, the host of all known species in this genus, with the diminutive suffix ‘ ola’, with reference to the generally small size of the midges.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFBD4238FE0AFE4D3742FD82.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Suaediola quotidiana Dorchin, n. sp.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFBD4238FE0AFE4D3742FD82.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: This genus belongs to the subtribe Baldratiina within the tribe Lasiopterini based on the characteristic morphology of adults and the association with Chenopodiaceae host-plants. Suaediiola resembles Careopalpis and Stefaniola in its small size, lack of spatula in the third-instar larva, and the overall chubby appearance of adults. Baldratia, by contrast, is usually larger and more slender in all developmental stages, and its third-instar larvae have a well-developed spatula. Suaediola resembles Careopalpis also in the invariable number of ten antennal flagellomeres (their number often irregular in Baldratia and Stefaniola) but is easily distinguished from it by the dorsally rather than ventrally curved aculeus of the female ovipositor. It differs from Izeniola Fedotova and Stefaniola in the presence of a dorsal saddle-like projection at the base of the lateral plate of the female cercal segment, and the aculeus that is narrowed abruptly past its mid-length to form a dorsally curved sickle. By contrast, Izeniola and Stefaniola have a uniformly curved or straight aculeus and the ovipositor in Izeniola is strikingly longer. A molecular study currently underway (Dorchin & Dor, in prep.) suggests that the genera most closely related to Suaediola are Izeniola and Careopalpis, whereas Stefaniola is more distantly related to it.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFBD4238FE0AFE4D3742FD82.taxon	description	Description: Adult. Head (Fig. 38): Eye facets round; gap between eyes on vertex 0 – 2 facets wide. Antenna: 10 flagellomeres in both sexes, occasionally two adjacent flagellomeres partially fused; flagellomeres barrel-shaped to almost quadrate in both sexes, without necks, each with 1 – 2 whorls of appressed, interconnected circumfila, 1 whorl of strong setae on prominent sockets between two circumfila whorls, 1 whorl of thinner, shorter setae proximal to circumfila, evenly setulose elsewhere. Frontoclypeal membrane with long setae and scales. Palpus 1 - segmented, strongly reduced, 1 – 2 times as long as wide, setulose, with few long setae. Labella strongly reduced to completely absent. Thorax: Wing transparent, with sparse delicate hair-like setae on entire surface; C broken beyond junction with R 4 + 5; R 4 + 5 reaching C proximal to mid-length of wing; C and R 4 + 5 very thick and densely covered by scales to meeting point; M 4 absent, M 1 + 2 straight, CuA curved posteriorly past mid length. Legs (Fig. 39): Tarsal claws toothed on all legs, moderately and evenly arched, tooth curved close to base; empodia longer than bend in claw; pulvilli 0.3 – 0.5 times as long as claw. Female abdomen (Fig. 40): Densely covered by scales forming black-and-white pattern along dorsum. Tergites 1 – 6 rectangular, with no anterior pair of trichoid setae, posterior row of strong setae, and evenly distributed scales; tergite 7 same vestiture but somewhat longer than preceding; tergite 8 shorter and smaller than 7, pigmentation considerably reduced, without any vestitutre. Sternites 2 – 7 rectangular, without anterior trichoid setae, with few setae forming posterior row along pigmented section and several setae medially; sternite 8 with small patch of pigmented area or undifferentiated from surrounding membrane, more setose than preceding. Ovipositor (Figs 41, 42): Segment 8 with large lateral group of straight to slightly curved setae on prominent sockets; segment 9 with pigmented patches basally, pigmented rod-like sclerite along segment, and few long setae apicoventrally. Cercal segment in straight or almost straight position relative to segment 9, with distinct proximal plate sheathing base of segment, ventral shallow depression with field of closely packed short setae, sclerotized lateral plate with proximal saddle-like projection dorsally and about 20 straight to slightly curved setae on prominent sockets laterally; aculeus formed proximally of elongation of lateral plate, abruptly narrowed past mid-length, tapering into sickle-shaped spine distally; proximal section with several long, hooked setae; distal sickle-shaped section without setae. Apical lamella variably shaped, as long as or slightly longer than aculeus, setose and setulose. Male abdomen: Tergites 1 – 7 rectangular, vestiture as in female; pigmented part of tergite 8 greatly reduced or tergite completely undifferentiated from surrounding tissue. Sternites 2 – 7 without proximal trichoid setae, with 1 – 2 posterior rows of very long setae and several long setae medially; sternite 8 considerably shorter and much less pigmented than preceding, with several setae. Terminalia (Fig. 43): Compact and stout. Gonocoxite cylindrical, almost same width throughout length, with numerous long and strong setae ventrally, more numerous next to articulation with gonostylus; dorsal part of mediobasal lobe undeveloped, ventral section wide at base, tapered distally, divided apically into several short lobes, sheathing aedeagus almost to apex, densely setose. Gonostylus widest at mid length, tapering gradually toward small to medium tooth; evenly setulose dorsally and ventrally, with several setae more closely situated close to tooth. Aedeagus truncate or with small notch apically. Hypoproct entire, rounded apically or with very shallow depression, setulose. Cerci widely separated at least to mid-length, rounded apically, setose and setulose. Larva (third instar). Light orange. Cylindrical. Integument covered by tapered verrucae. Spatula absent. Vestiture greatly reduced, hardly discernible. Otherwise not studied or unknown. Pupa (Figs 46, 47). Light orange. Antennal bases well developed into tapered horns, pointed ventrally. Vertex with short cephalic seta on prominent bulge. Prothoracic spiracle about 3 times as long as wide. Face with prominent, straight anterior horn and prominent, slightly curved and wide-based posterior horn; no facial papillae present. Dorsum of abdominal segments with tiny, tapered spicules.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFBD4238FE0AFE4D3742FD82.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The genus currently includes four species, all from leaf or stem galls on Suaeda species in Israel, Egypt (Sinai), Jordan, Arabia, and possibly Northeast Africa. Three of these species, Suaediola defoliata (Dorchin, 2001) n. comb., Suaediola rufa (Dorchin, 2001) n. comb. and Suaediola siliqua (Dorchin, 2001) n. comb., were originally described under Stefaniola (Dorchin 2001) and are transferred here to the new genus based on morphology of the female ovipositor and on molecular evidence (Dorchin & Dor, unpubl. data). It is possible that additional species within the large and morphologically diverse Stefaniola will prove to belong in Suaediola, when subjected to a more careful morphological study and in particular when molecular data become available for them.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFB84206FE44FD7936BBFDB8.taxon	description	(Figs 29, 38 – 41, 43, 46, 47) LSID: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: DE 397272 - 6 C 71 - 4 AB 6 - B 71 D-E 4325606 E 4 ED.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFB84206FE44FD7936BBFDB8.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The name quotidiana is a Latin adjective for ' ordinary' or ' common', with reference to the great abundance of this species throughout winter and spring, especially on S. fruticosa.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFB84206FE44FD7936BBFDB8.taxon	description	Description: Gall and biology. This species develops without evident gall formation in leaves of Suaeda fruticosa and S. aegyptiaca. The presence of a gall midge in the leaf becomes obvious only when the adults emerge, as the empty pupal exuviae are left stuck in the leaf. Usually only one but occasionally two individuals develop per leaf. The area of the leaf around a larva is somewhat more rigid than the normal, soft tissues of the leaf. Adults were reared in great numbers from December to April, suggesting that the species completes several generations during winter and early spring. Larvae of the last generation (in spring) probably enter a resting period and spend the summer months in hidden parts of the plant until the next rainy season. Adult (Fig. 29). General color of female pinkish, of male brownish orange; Face, occiput, thorax, legs and ventral part of abdomen covered by white scales, much denser in female than in male; dorsal part of female abdomen with three black patches on each segment, forming three lines along dorsum; dorsal part of abdomen in male brownish, with sparse cover of white scales. Head (Fig. 38): Gap between eyes on vertex 0 – 1 facets wide. Flagellomeres about as long as wide, with 1 whorl of circumfila. Palpus minute, about as long as wide; labella absent. Thorax: Wing length 0.98 – 1.39 mm in females (n = 52), 0.78 – 1.58 mm in males (n = 60). Female abdomen (Figs 40, 41): Sternite 8 with small patch of pigmented area. Cercal segment in slight obtuse angle relative to segment 9; lateral plate relatively short. Aculeus long and narrow, with 3 – 4 long, erect, apically hooked setae immediately proximal to sickle-shaped section. Apical lamella ovoid to triangular, slightly longer than aculeus, clearly extending beyond aculeus dorsally. Male abdomen: Pigmented part of tergite 8 greatly reduced or pigmentation very weak. Aedeagus truncate, without apical notch (Fig. 43). Larva. Unknown. Pupa (Figs 46, 47). As in genus description.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFB84206FE44FD7936BBFDB8.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: ♀, Israel: Enot Zuqim Nature Reserve [31 ° 42 ' 53.85 " N 35 ° 27 ' 6.45 " E], 2. ii. 2014, N. Dorchin & G. Danon, reared from Suaeda fruticosa leaf. Mounted on permanent microscope slide in Euparal (SMNHTAU). Paratypes: Israel: From Suaeda fruticosa: 4 ♀ 5 ♂, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, Lido junction, 1.4 km W, Rt. 1, 31. i. 1995, N. Dorchin; 2 ♀ 4 ♂, En Gedi, Rt. 90, 13. ii. 1996, N. Dorchin; 5 ♀ 1 ♂, Lido junction, 1.4 km W, Rt. 1, 11. iii. 1996, N. Dorchin; 1 ♀ 1 ♂, Lido junction, 1.4 km W, Rt. 1, 7. xi. 1996, N. Dorchin; 4 ♀ 4 ♂, Lido junction, 1.4 km W, Rt. 1, 2. i. 2013, G. Danon; 6 ♀ 8 ♂, Lido junction, 1.4 km W, Rt. 1, 13. ii. 2013, G. Danon; 2 ♂, Lido junction, 1.4 km W, Rt. 1, 20. i. 2014, G. Danon; 3 ♀ 5 ♂, En Gedi reservoir, Rt. 90, 2. ii. 2014, N. Dorchin & G. Danon; 1 ♀, Zohar junction, 2. ii. 2014, G. Danon; 3 ♀ 3 ♂, Nahal Zruya, Rt. 90, 16. ii. 2014, G. Danon; 5 ♀ 5 ♂, Nahal Mor, Rt. 90, 16. ii. 2014, G. Danon; 3 ♀ 3 ♂, Zohar junction, 2. iii. 2014, G. Danon. From Suaeda aegyptiaca: 3 ♀ 4 ♂, Yafit, Rt. 90, 17. iv. 1996, N. Dorchin; 4 ♀ 1 ♂, Pazael, Rt. 90, 17. iv. 1996, N. Dorchin; 1 ♂, Enot Zuqim Nature Reserve, 7. iv. 2013, G. Danon. Other material examined: Jordan: 1 ♀, Wadi Assal, 6. vi. 2014, G. Danon, ex Suaeda aegyptiaca (GenBank accession no. MN 207638).	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFB84206FE44FD7936BBFDB8.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Israel and Jordan, along the central rift valley.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
03D487FBFFB84206FE44FD7936BBFDB8.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Females of S. quotidiana are easily distinguishable from those of its three congeners (all unique to Suaeda monoica) by its more slender aculeus and the cylindrical to triangular apical lamella of the cercal segment. By contrast, the aculeus in all three species from S. monoica is thicker and shorter, and their apical lamella is near rectangular (compare Figs 41 and 42). Furthermore, S. quotidiana is generally smaller and more delicate than the species from S. monoica and its males have a much sparser and duller scale pattern on the abdomen compared to the distinct black-and-white pattern of its congeners.	en	Dorchin, Netta, Danon, Gilad, Dor, Roi (2019): Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Israel and the Mediterranean Basin. Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 99-134, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3366130, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366130
