identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D58787FFA3FFDBC2C1C3D3956F4D05.text	03D58787FFA3FFDBC2C1C3D3956F4D05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyllonastes Heyer 1977	<div><p>Phyllonastes Heyer, 1977</p><p>(Fig. 4)</p><p>Type species:  Euparkerella myrmecoides Lynch, 1976, by original designation.</p><p>Definition (Tables 2 and 3): (1) Adult female average SVL &lt;17.5 mm, adult male &lt;15.6 mm, Table 4; (2) head narrower than body, wide body; (3) tympanic annulus present; (4) cranial crest absent; (5) finger I &lt;finger II; (6) distal phalanges of fingers and toes narrowly T-shaped; (7) knees and heels without tubercles; (8) presence of inner tarsal tubercle; (9) toes bearing circumferential grooves; (10) toe V &lt;toe III; (11) foot phalangeal formula 2-2-3-4-3; (12) dark facial mask extending at least to the middle of the flanks, triangular cloacal blotch present; (13) frontoparietals longer than wide, narrower at the anterior end; (14) premaxillary and maxillary teeth present; (15) nasal bones small, separate from maxilla; (16) zygomatic branch of squamosal much shorter than otic branch; (17) vomers reduced, broadly separated from each other, vomerine teeth absent; (18) occipital condyles widely separated from each other; (19) medial ridges present at least on presacral vertebrae III–IV; (20) urostyle crest very prominent; (21) expanded to broadly expanded sacral diapophyses; and (22) small prepollex and prehallux present.</p><p>Content (15 species):  Phyllonastes cerrogolondrinas,  Phyllonastes coloma (Guayasamin &amp; Terán-Valdez, 2009) comb. nov.,  Phyllonastes ecuadoriensis,  Phyllonastes dicaprioi,  Phyllonastes heyeri Lynch, 1986,  Phyllonastes lynchi Duellman, 1991,  Phyllonastes lochites (Lynch, 1976),  Phyllonastes mindo (Reyes-Puig et al., 2021) comb. nov.,  Phyllonastes macuma,  Phyllonastes myrmecoides (Lynch, 1976);  Phyllonastes naturetrekii (Reyes-Puig et al., 2019) comb. nov.,  Phyllonastes personinus (Harvey et al., 2013) comb. nov.,  Phyllonastes plateadensis,  Phyllonastes sardinayacu, and  Phyllonastes worleyae (Reyes-Puig et al., 2020) comb. nov.</p><p>Distribution: Pacific foothills and western slopes of the Andes of Ecuador, in Western Foothill Forest and Western Montane Forest between 1100 and 2554 m a.s.l.; on the western Amazon Basin, eastern Andean slopes of Ecuador, in Eastern Montane Forest, Eastern Foothill Forest ≤ 2400 m.a.s.l. in Ecuador and Amazonian Tropical Rainforest from southeastern Colombia to northern and central Peru, and northwestern Brazil, ≥ 90 m a.s.l. (Fig. 3).</p><p>Remarks: The specific epithet  personina is replaced by the specific epithet  personinus to match the masculine gender of the genus  Phyllonastes . Thus,  Noblella personina becomes  Phyllonastes personinus . In the new specific epithet, the root person- is maintained, and the diminutive suffix -ina is replaced by the Latin suffix - us. We include  P. lynchi in the genus  Phyllonastes because it has the synapomorphies of the group: (1) absence of vomerine teeth; (2) subacuminate toe tips; (3) toes distally expanded; and (4) presence of circumferential grooves in toes (Duellman 1991). Additionally, it presents characteristics more frequently found within the northern clade: (1) presence of tympanic membrane; and (2) presence of inner tarsal tubercle. In addition, its distribution range is closer to the northern clade (Fig. 3). It is ~ 218 km in a straight line from the confirmed record of  P. lynchi to the nearest confirmed record of the northern clade ( P. heyeri) and ~ 490 km to the nearest record of the southern clade ( N. duellmani).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D58787FFA3FFDBC2C1C3D3956F4D05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ortega, Jhael A.;Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.;Camper, Jeffrey D.;Romero-Carvajal, Andrés;Negrete, Leonardo;Ron, Santiago R.	Ortega, Jhael A., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Camper, Jeffrey D., Romero-Carvajal, Andrés, Negrete, Leonardo, Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Systematics of minute strabomantid frogs allocated to the genus Noblella (Amphibia: Anura) with description of a new genus, seven new species, and insights into historical biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162
03D58787FFA1FFDEC1D4C04990904829.text	03D58787FFA1FFDEC1D4C04990904829.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyllonastes cerrogolondrinas Ortega & Cisneros-Heredia & Camper & Romero-Carvajal & Negrete & Ron 2025	<div><p>Phyllonastes cerrogolondrinas sp.nov.</p><p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2E34387F-A763-4337-87AF- BE7843D1DCEA</p><p>Holotype (Figs 10, 11): QCAZ 66090 (field no. SC-PUCE 48711) adult male from Ecuador, Carchi Province, Canton Espejo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.0923&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8224" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.0923/lat 0.8224)">El Goaltal Parish</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.0923&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8224" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.0923/lat 0.8224)">Bosque Protector Cerro Golondrinas</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.0923&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8224" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.0923/lat 0.8224)">trail to Santa Blanca</a> (0.8224°N, 78.0923°W), 2554 m. Collected by Diego Almeida, Kunam Nusirquia, Darwin Núñez, Fernando Ayala, David Mantilla, Santiago Recalde, Carlos Castro, Polibio Malte, and Josué Quintanchala on 14 December 2016.</p><p>Paratypes (N = 4; Fig. 10): Same locality and collectors as holotype, QCAZ 66086 –87 adult females;  QCAZ 66088 juvenile;  QCAZ 66089 adult male. Collected on 12 and 14 December 2016 .</p><p>Proposed standard English name: Golondrinas leaflitter frog.</p><p>Proposed standard Spanish name: Cutín de Hojarasca de Golondrinas.</p><p>Definition (Figs 10, 11; Tables 2 and 3): We assign the new species to the genus  Phyllonastes based on its phylogenetic relationships. The new species is characterized by: (1) dorsal skin smooth to finely shagreen, dorsolateral folds absent, ventral surfaces weakly areolate, flanks finely shagreen, discoidal fold present; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus defined, supratympanic fold and postrictal tubercle absent; (3) snout truncate in dorsal view, round in profile; (4) upper eyelid without tubercles, cranial crests absent; (5) vomerine teeth absent; (6) vocal slits present, nuptial pads absent; (7) fingers not expanded distally, with fingertips acuminate lacking papillae, finger I shorter than finger II, supernumerary tubercles present; (8) fingers bearing broad lateral fringes and ill-defined circumferential grooves; (9) distal phalanges blunt or T-shaped, phalangeal formula of hand 2-2- 3-2; (10) ulnar tubercles absent; (11) knees and heels without tubercles, outer edge of tarsus without tubercles, inner edge of tarsus bearing one rounded tubercle; (12) inner metatarsal tubercle elongate in ventral view and flat in lateral view, bigger than rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; (13) toes slightly expanded distally, with acuminate toe tips and lacking papillae, supernumerary tubercles well defined, toes with narrow lateral fringes, toe basal webbing present, all toes bearing ill-defined circumferential grooves, toe V shorter than toe III; (14) in life, dorsum light brown, with darker tubercles and a darker hourglass-shaped blotch, circular dark brown sacral lateral patches, facial mask dark brown extending from the tip of snout to the midflank, ventral surfaces bearing irregular white flecks, distal half of shanks and heels bearing yellowish brown spots; and (15) SVL in adult males 11.53 mm (N = 2) and SVL in adult females 13.65 mm (N = 2) (Table 4).</p><p>Diagnosis:  Phyllonastes cerrogolondrinas resembles the other  Phyllonastes species from the western foothills of Ecuadorian Andes:  P. coloma,  P. dicaprioi,  P. mindo, and  P. worleyae by having tympanic annulus, supernumerary palmar tubercles, fingers not expanded distally, and circumferential grooves on toes. It differs from all of them by having a dark brown belly with irregular white flecks, in life (belly bright orange in  P. coloma, brown with brown marks in  P. dicaprioi, yellowish cream in  P. mindo and yellowish cream with minute speckling in  P. worleyae), truncate snout in dorsal view (snout rounded in  P. coloma,  P. dicaprioi,  P. mindo, and  P. worleyae), and rounded tarsal tubercle (subconic tarsal tubercle in  P. coloma,  P. mindo, and  P. worleyae, and conical tarsal tubercle in  P. dicaprioi).  Phyllonastes cerrogolondrinas also differs from  P. coloma by the presence of supernumerary plantar tubercles (supernumerary plantar tubercles absent in  P. coloma) and circumferential grooves in fingers (fingers without circumferential grooves in  P. coloma).  Phyllonastes cerrogolondrinas can also be distinguished from  P. dicaprioi by the presence of vocal slits in males (males without vocal slits in  P. dicaprioi) and by the presence of supernumerary plantar tubercles (supernumerary plantar tubercles absent in  P. dicaprioi). It also differs from  P. mindo and  P. worleyae by having weakly areolate ventral surfaces (ventral surfaces smooth in  P. mindo and  P. worleyae), acuminate toe tips (toe tips rounded in  P. mindo), circumferential grooves in fingers (fingers lacking circumferential grooves in  P. mindo and  P. worleyae), and by the absence of a supratympanic fold and ulnar tubercles (both present in  P. mindo and  P. worleyae). For a comparison with other  Phyllonastes species that are more phylogenetically distant, see Tables 2 and 3.</p><p>Description of the holotype (Figs 10, 11): Adult male (QCAZ 66090). Measurements (in millimetres): SVL, 10.89; tibia length, 6.07; foot length, 5.91; head length, 3.36; head width, 3.64; eye diameter, 1.32; tympanum diameter, 0.48; interorbital distance, 1.93; upper eyelid width, 1.31; internarial distance, 1.38; eye–nostril distance, 0.76.</p><p>Body robust, head slightly wider than long, narrower than body; snout truncate in dorsal view, short and rounded in lateral profile, without rostral papilla; canthus rostralis straight in dorsal view; loreal region slightly concave; eyelids without tubercles; interorbital space flat, with no cranial crests; tympanic membrane and annulus distinct (more conspicuous in its anterior half), without supratympanic fold; postrictal tubercles absent; vomerine teeth absent, vocal slits present; and nuptial pads absent.</p><p>Skin on dorsum and flanks finely shagreen; dorsolateral folds absent; ventral surfaces weakly areolate; skin in cloacal region areolate; discoidal fold present. Ulnar tubercles absent, palmar tubercles low, outer palmar tubercle circular, larger than elongate thenar tubercle; subarticular tubercles well defined, round in ventral and lateral view; well-defined rounded supernumerary tubercles; broad dermal fringes on fingers, fingers not expanded distally, discs narrow, bearing round and inconspicuous pads, with an ill-defined circumferential groove; fingertips acuminate, without papillae; relative lengths of fingers is I &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III; phalangeal formula of hand is 2-2-3-2.</p><p>Hindlimbs robust; knee and heel without tubercles; tarsal folds (inner and outer) absent, outer tarsal tubercles absent; inner tarsal tubercle present, prominent and round; inner metatarsal tubercle present, elongate in ventral view and flat in lateral profile; well-defined, prominent and round outer metatarsal tubercle; plantar surface with several rounded and conspicuous supernumerary tubercles; round subarticular tubercles ill defined, more conspicuous at the base of toes; toes slightly expanded distally, toes with narrow lateral fringes; basal webbing between toes; discs on toes ill defined, narrow, with acuminated tip, without papilla; ill-defined circumferential grooves; relative lengths of toes I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV; toe III longer than toe V (toe III reaches the distal border of the second subarticular tubercle of toe IV; Toe V almost reaches half of the second tubercle of toe IV).</p><p>Colour of holotype in life (based on digital photographs) (Fig. 10): Dorsal surface light brown, with darker, scattered, and low tubercles and a darker hourglass-shaped blotch extending from the interorbital to the sacral region; circular dark brown sacral lateral patches well defined. Facial mask dark brown extending from the tip of snout to the midflank and delineated along its upper edge by a light brown line. Lips dark brown with irregular white flecks. Cloacal region dark brown surrounded by a paler stripe. Flanks light brown posteriorly and with the extension of the facial mask anteriorly. Upper arm dorsal surfaces yellowish brown, elbow and forearm light brown, becoming darker towards the hand. Dorsal surfaces of thighs and proximal half of shanks light brown; distal half of shanks and tarsus yellowish brown; dorsal surface of tarsus dark brown. Ventral surfaces of throat, chest, forearms, belly, and thighs dark brown (almost black) bearing irregular white flecks in greater quantity on the belly. Ventral surfaces of upper arms and distal half of shanks reddish brown. Distal half of shanks and heels bearing yellowish brown spots.</p><p>Colour of holotype in preservative (Fig. 10): Dorsal surface from the scapular region to the tip of snout dark brown, bearing cream blotches that become smaller and less abundant towards the snout. Dorsum cream from the scapular region to the vent. Dorsal surfaces of forearms, hands, thighs, and feet dark brown. Dorsal upper arms and shanks cream. Ventral surfaces dark brown; upper arms and shanks cream. Belly and ventral surfaces of thighs bearing cream irregular blotches. Cloacal region dark brown with a medial cream longitudinal stripe.</p><p>Variation (Fig. 10): In this section, traits refer to preserved individuals unless otherwise mentioned. Tympanic annulus can be differentiated beneath skin only anteriorly (e.g. QCAZ 66087) or be inconspicuous (i.e. QCAZ 66088–89); dorsal skin might be smooth (e.g. QCAZ 66087) or finely shagreen (e.g. QCAZ 66086); outer palmar tubercle can be elongate (e.g. QCAZ 66087). Snout is subacuminate in the only subadult male (QCAZ 66088). Dorsum might be completely dark brown (e.g. QCAZ 66087), dark brown bearing some cream blotches (e.g. QCAZ 66086), or cream with a dark brown snout (QCAZ 66088). Colour variation is shown in Figure 10. Morphometric variation is detailed in Table 4.</p><p>Distribution, natural history, and conservation status (Fig. 3):  Phyllonastes cerrogolondrinas is known from the surroundings of Cerro Golondrinas Protective Forest from 2469 to 2554 m a.s.l. All individuals were collected in Eastern Montane Forest (1300–3600 m a.s.l.) at night, between 20:00 and 22:00 h. They were found on leaf litter near streams. Collections were made in secondary terra firme forest. Because of the lack of information on population size and geographical range, we suggest assigning  P. cerrogolondrinas to the Data Deficient Red List Category (based on IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2023); nevertheless, its presence in secondary forest suggests adaptability to anthropically modified environments.</p><p>Etymology: The specific epithet is a toponym in apposition, and it refers to the type locality. The Cerro Golondrinas Protective Forestis 1500 haandislocatedwithintheChocóBiogeographical Region in the province of Carchi, Ecuador. It is part of the Biological Corridor Chiles–Mataje. The Cerro Golondrinas Protective Forest is an important habitat for flora and fauna, with unique characteristics of richness and endemism. The forest is protected by the NGO Ecominga.  Phyllonastes cerrogolondrinas is also a posthumous tribute to Jaime Levi, a naturalist who promoted the creation of the Cerro Golondrinas Protective Forest. This species name was chosen with the inhabitants of the communities of La Plata, Morán, and Golondrinas (Carchi Province) in an outreach effort to empower local communities in favour of environmental education and conservation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D58787FFA1FFDEC1D4C04990904829	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ortega, Jhael A.;Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.;Camper, Jeffrey D.;Romero-Carvajal, Andrés;Negrete, Leonardo;Ron, Santiago R.	Ortega, Jhael A., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Camper, Jeffrey D., Romero-Carvajal, Andrés, Negrete, Leonardo, Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Systematics of minute strabomantid frogs allocated to the genus Noblella (Amphibia: Anura) with description of a new genus, seven new species, and insights into historical biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162
03D58787FFA4FFD3C2FEC52B96174DEC.text	03D58787FFA4FFD3C2FEC52B96174DEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyllonastes ecuadoriensis Ortega & Cisneros-Heredia & Camper & Romero-Carvajal & Negrete & Ron 2025	<div><p>Phyllonastes ecuadoriensis sp.nov.</p><p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2F984FAA-F04B-4623-9E30- 7E29E32D659D</p><p>Noblella lochites — Hedges et al. (2008).</p><p>Noblella lochites — Padial et al. (2014).</p><p>Noblella lochites — Catenazzi and Ttito (2016).</p><p>Noblella lochites — Reyes-Puig et al. (2019).</p><p>Noblella lochites — Santa-Cruz et al. (2019).</p><p>Noblella lochites — Condori et al. (2020).</p><p>Noblella lochites — Reyes-Puig et al. (2020).</p><p>Noblella lochites — Catenazzi et al. (2020).</p><p>Noblella lochites — Motta et al. (2021).</p><p>Noblella lochites — Reyes-Puig et al. (2021).</p><p>Noblella lochites — Portik et al. (2023).</p><p>Holotype (Figs 12, 13, 14A, 15A): QCAZ 57064 (field no. SC-PUCE 45767) adult female collected in Republic of Ecuador, province of Napo, Archidona canton, Pacto Sumaco parish, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.6002&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.6847" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.6002/lat -0.6847)">Wildsumaco Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.6002&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.6847" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.6002/lat -0.6847)">Las Cascadas trail</a> (0.6847°S, 77.6002°W), 1417 m a.s.l., by Fernando Ayala, Paloma Lima, Nadia Páez, Javier Pinto, and Santiago R. Ron on 3 April 2014.</p><p>Paratypes (N = 4; Fig. 12): All collected in Ecuador. Province of Napo: QCAZ 48916 subadult female, province of Napo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.60133&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.67744" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.60133/lat -0.67744)">Wildsumaco Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.60133&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.67744" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.60133/lat -0.67744)">Benavides trail</a> (0.67744°S, 77.60133°W), 1465 m a.s.l., Jeffrey Camper and D. J. Zart, 15 July 2010 ;  ZSFQ 346–347, adult females,  ZSFQ 348, adult male, Archidona canton, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.74&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.682" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.74/lat -0.682)">Reserva Narupa</a> (0.682°S, 77,74°W), 1150– 1170 m a.s.l., David Brito-Zapata, Jose Vieira, Malki Bustos, 21 June 2018  .</p><p>Proposed standard English name: Ecuadorian leaflitter frog.</p><p>Proposed standard Spanish name: Cutín de Hojarasca ecuatoriano.</p><p>Definition (Figs 12, 13, 14A, 15A; Tables 2 and 3): We assign the new species to the genus  Phyllonastes based on its phylogenetic relationships. The new species is characterized by: (1) skin on dorsum and flanks shagreen, dorsolateral folds absent, ventral surfaces smooth, discoidal fold present; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus distinct, supratympanic fold present, postrictal tubercles present or absent; (3) snout truncate in dorsal view and rounded in lateral view; (4) upper eyelid without tubercles, cranial crests absent; (5) vomerine teeth absent; (6) vocal slits present, nuptial pads absent; (7) fingers slightly expanded distally, with fingertips acuminate, bearing papillae, finger I shorter than finger II, supernumerary tubercles absent; (8) fingers without lateral fringes or circumferential grooves; (9) distal phalanges blunt or T-shaped, phalangeal formula of hand 2-2-3-2; (10) ulnar tubercles absent; (11) knees and heels without tubercles, outer edge of tarsus without tubercles, inner edge of tarsus bearing one subconical tubercle; (12) inner metatarsal tubercle large, elongate in ventral view and rounded in lateral view, bigger than knob of outer metatarsal tubercle; (13) toes expanded distally, with acuminate toe tips and bearing papillae, supernumerary tubercles present, toes bearing narrow lateral fringes, toe basal webbing absent, all toes bearing ill-defined pads and circumferential grooves, toe V shorter than toe III; (14) in life, dorsum brown, with faint dark marks and chevrons in some specimens, throat brown, contrasting with paler belly, dark mask extending onto flanks; and (15) SVL in adult males 14.0 mm (N = 1) and SVL in adult females 16.76 mm (N = 3) (Table 4).</p><p>Diagnosis:  Phyllonastes ecuadoriensis resembles the closely related  P. coloma and  P. personinus by the presence of a tympanic membrane and supratympanic fold, acuminate fingertips and toe tips, and dark brown mask. It differs from them by having only two phalanges in finger IV ( P. coloma and  P. personinus bear three phalanges in finger IV), truncate snout in dorsal view (round in  P. coloma and  P. personinus), fingers slightly expanded distally (fingers not expanded in  P. coloma nor  P. personinus), and toes expanded distally (toes slightly expanded in  P. coloma nor  P. personinus); by the absence of supernumerary palmar tubercles (present in  P. coloma and  P. personinus) and by the presence of supernumerary plantar tubercles (absent in  P. coloma and  P. personinus).  Phyllonastes ecuadoriensis also differs from  P. coloma by the presence of papillae on fingertips and toe tips (both absent in  P. coloma), and from  P. personinus by having dorsum and flanks shagreen (dorsum smooth with few low pustules and flanks smooth in  P. personinus). For a comparison with other  Phyllonastes species that are more phylogenetically distant, see Tables 2 and 3.</p><p>Description of holotype (Figs 12, 13): Adult female (QCAZ 57064). Measurements (in millimetres): SVL, 18.1; tibia length, 9.3; foot length, 8.1; head length, 5.8; head width, 6.2; eye diameter, 2.2; tympanum diameter, 1.3; interorbital distance, 2.7; upper eyelid width, 1.5; internarial distance, 2.09; eye–nostril distance, 1.6.</p><p>Body robust, head is not distinct from body, head slightly wider than long. Snout truncate in dorsal view and rounded in lateral view, without rostral papilla; canthus rostralis slightly concave; interorbital space flat, with no cranial crests; tympanic membrane distinct, tympanic annulus prominent on anterior and ventral borders, and a broad and low supratympanic fold resembling a bulge is present dorsally; postrictal tubercles absent; vomerine teeth absent; tongue large, lanceolate, and with a straight posterior border; vocal slits and nuptial pads absent; lips are not flared; nostrils are elongate and slightly protuberant.</p><p>Skin of dorsum and flanks shagreen, top of the head and upper eyelid smooth; dorsolateral folds absent; ventral surfaces smooth; skin in cloacal region areolate; discoidal fold present. Ulnar tubercles absent, palmar tubercles distinct, low; outer palmar tubercle elongate, proximally wider and about twice the size of the elongate thenar tubercle; subarticular tubercles ill-defined, elongate, and low; supernumerary tubercles absent; dermal fringes on fingers absent; discs narrow, bearing round and inconspicuous pads without circumferential grooves. Phalangeal formula is 2-2-3-2 and relative length of fingers is I &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III. Fingers are slightly expanded distally, with acuminate tips that are dorsoventrally flattened, papilla present, and antebrachial ornamentation absent.</p><p>Hindlimbs robust; knee and heel without tubercles; tarsal folds (inner and outer) absent. Outer tarsal tubercles absent; inner tarsal tubercle present, prominent, round in ventral view and subconical in lateral view, and about half the size of the outer metatarsal tubercle and in line with the inner metatarsal tubercle. Inner metatarsal tubercle elongate, ~1.5 × length of outer metatarsal tubercle. The latter is knob like and protrudes posteriorly. Subarticular tubercles low and rounded, supernumerary tubercles minute and ill defined. Toes with narrow lateral dermal fringes; basal webbing between toes absent; discs on toes ill defined, toes expanded distally bearing papilla; ill-defined circumferential grooves; relative lengths of toes I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV; toe III longer than toe V (toe III reaches the distal border of the second subarticular tubercle of toe IV; toe V almost reaches the half of the second tubercle of toe IV).</p><p>Colour of holotype in life (based on digital photographs) (Fig. 12): Dorsum is light greyish orange, becoming more orange towards the cloacal region, bearing dark brown blotches fading posteriorly and a pair of dark sacral lateral patches that do not touch medially. Facial mask dark brown, almost black; the mask extends posteriorly on the flanks halfway to the hindlimb insertion; the dark facial pigment extends dorsally to the eyelid; posterior to the mask extension, flanks are medium brown with light flecking. Lips dark brown, with few irregular white flecks. Forearms are brown, with two pale bands on the left and 1.5 on the right. Dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs orange–brown, with dark brown transversal bars bordered by lighter colour. Throat uniformly dark brown, with an orange flecking anteriorly. Ventral surfaces of upper arms, thighs, and belly bright orange, with scattered dark brown flecks. Ventral surfaces of forearms and shanks dark brown, with small bright orange blotches. Cloacal region dark brown.</p><p>Colour of holotype in preservative (Fig. 12): Dorsal surfaces dark brown; dorsum bearing a pair of darker sacral lateral patches; limbs with darker transversal bars. Throat, ventral surfaces of forearms, shanks, and feet dark brown, bearing cream flecks densely grouped on the posterior half of shanks. Chest, belly, and ventral surfaces of upper arms and thighs cream, with faint dark brown flecks. Posterior surfaces of thighs dark brown. Cloacal region dark brown, almost black.</p><p>Variation (Fig. 12): In this section, traits refer to preserved individuals unless otherwise mentioned. Tympanic annulus can be completely differentiated as in QCAZ 48916. The same specimen also presents an inconspicuous supratympanic fold (might be a preservation effect), dorsal surfaces dark brown, with white big irregular blotches in the lower back (might be only an effect of preservation of the individual), limbs without differentiated transversal bars, ventral surfaces of forearms, shanks, and posterior surfaces of thighs cream, bearing dark brown flecks densely grouped. Three specimens have a row of postrictal tubercles (ZSFQ 346–48). One male (ZSFQ 348) has a much paler throat, similar in colour to the venter. Three specimens have the suprainguinal spots elongated (ZSFQ 346–48), two of them merging into an hourglass-shaped large mark on dorsum (ZSFQ 347–48). One specimen (ZSFQ 347) has short papillae on most fingers, except for fingers III and IV on the left hand, which show long papillae. Two specimens (ZSFQ 346 and 348) have short papillae in all their fingers, sometimes ill defined. The male (ZSFQ 348) has vocal slits. Morphometric variation is detailed in Table 4.</p><p>Distribution, natural history, and conservation status (Fig. 3):  Phyllonastes ecuadoriensis is known from three localities on the eastern slopes of the Andes, in the provinces of Napo and Pastaza, between 1150 and 1465 m a.s.l. in Eastern Foothill Forest. Individuals were collected at night (20:00–00:45 h) on leaf litter in terra firme forest. We propose assigning  P. ecuadoriensis to the Data Deficient IUCN Red List Category owing to the lack of information about its population size and geographical range.</p><p>Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the country where the species is distributed,  ecuadoriensis, meaning from Ecuador, and is masculine in gender.</p><p>Remarks: The identification of  P. lochites in our study is based on the redescription provided by Harvey et al. (2013). Our phylogeny includes specimens from that publication (QCAZ51766/ MEPN14255 and QCAZ51767/MEPN14253). According to Harvey’s work and our phylogenetic results, the specimen KU177356, previously identified as  P. lochites (e.g. Hedges et al. 2008, Catenazzi and Ttito 2016, Reyes-Puig et al. 2019, 2020, 2021, Santa-Cruz et al. 2019, Catenazzi et al. 2020, Condori et al. 2020, Portik et al. 2023), is, in fact,  P. ecuadoriensis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D58787FFA4FFD3C2FEC52B96174DEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ortega, Jhael A.;Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.;Camper, Jeffrey D.;Romero-Carvajal, Andrés;Negrete, Leonardo;Ron, Santiago R.	Ortega, Jhael A., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Camper, Jeffrey D., Romero-Carvajal, Andrés, Negrete, Leonardo, Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Systematics of minute strabomantid frogs allocated to the genus Noblella (Amphibia: Anura) with description of a new genus, seven new species, and insights into historical biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162
03D58787FFA9FFD6C033C0EF96A54EBD.text	03D58787FFA9FFD6C033C0EF96A54EBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyllonastes dicaprioi Ortega & Cisneros-Heredia & Camper & Romero-Carvajal & Negrete & Ron 2025	<div><p>Phyllonastes dicaprioi sp.nov.</p><p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6BB7F9AC-DD71-4FA4-8251- 0184D8991FCE</p><p>Noblella heyeri — Garzón-Santomaro et al. (2019).</p><p>Holotype (Figs 16, 17): DHMECN 13729 (field no. SRJ 2017- 364), adult male from República del Ecuador, province of El Oro, El Retiro (3.206528°S, 79.67977°W, 1705 m a.s.l.), collected by Filemón Benítez and Miguel Urgilés on 3 July 2017.</p><p>Paratypes (N = 9; Fig. 16): All from Ecuador, El Oro Province: El Retiro, DHMECN 13723, DHMECN 13730 adult females;  DHMECN 13724–26, DHMECN 13728 adult males; collected with the holotype. Sinsao, DHMECN 12524– 25 adult males; DHMECN 12527 female (3.61847°S, 79.58072°W) 1330 m a.s.l.</p><p>Proposed standard English name: DiCaprio’s leaflitter frog.</p><p>Proposed standard Spanish name: Cutín de Hojarasca de DiCaprio.</p><p>Definition (Figs 16, 17; Tables 2 and 3): We assign the new species to the genus  Phyllonastes based on its phylogenetic relationships. The new species is characterized by: (1) skin on head, dorsum and flanks shagreen, dorsolateral folds absent, dorsal limb skin smooth with dispersed low warts, ventral skin and posterior surface of legs areolate, discoidal fold present; (2) tympanic membrane undifferentiated, tympanic annulus present but weakly defined, small supratympanic fold present, row of postrictal tubercles present; (3) snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views; (4) upper eyelid without tubercles, cranial crests absent; (5) vomerine teeth absent; (6) vocal slits and nuptial pads absent; (7) fingers not expanded distally, finger tips acuminate without papillae, finger I shorter than finger II, supernumerary tubercles present; (8) fingers bearing narrow lateral fringes, well-defined pads without circumferential grooves; (9) distal phalanges blunt or T-shaped, phalangeal formula of hand 2-2-3-3; (10) ulnar tubercles usually present; (11) knees and heels without tubercles, outer edge of tarsus without tubercles, inner edge of tarsus bearing one conical tubercle; (12) inner metatarsal tubercle large, elongate in ventral view and rounded in lateral view, bigger than conical outer metatarsal tubercle; (13) toes expanded distally, with acuminate toe tips and lacking papillae; supernumerary tubercles, lateral fringes, and toe basal webbing absent; all toes bearing ill-defined circumferential grooves, toe V shorter than toe III; (14) in life, dorsum brown, with two suprainguinal spots, dark or light middorsal stripe and dark marks and chevrons in some specimens; dark mask (but faint in some specimens), extending onto darker flanks; arms brown, with dark marks usually forming bands; ventral surfaces of body and legs light brown, with small cream flecks and dots; and (15) SVL in adult males 12.62 mm (N = 7) and SVL in adult females 12.93 mm (N = 3) (Table 4).</p><p>Diagnosis:  Phyllonastes dicaprioi resembles the other  Phyllonastes from the western foothills of Ecuadorian Andes,  P. cerrogolondrinas,  P. coloma,  P. mindo, and  P. worleyae, by having a tympanic annulus, supernumerary palmar tubercles, fingers not expanded distally, and circumferential grooves on toes. It differs from all of them by lacking vocal slits. Besides,  P. dicaprioi differs from  P. cerrogolondrinas by having a round snout in dorsal view (snout truncate in dorsal view in  P. cerrogolondrinas), by having a supratympanic fold (absent in  P. cerrogolondrinas) and three phalanges in finger IV (finger IV with two phalanges in  P. cerrogolondrinas), and by the absence of circumferential grooves in fingers and supernumerary plantar tubercles (both present in  P. cerrogolondrinas).  Pristimantis dicaprioi also differs from  P. coloma by having toes distally expanded (slightly expanded in  P. coloma); from  P. mindo by having acuminate toe tips (rounded in  P. mindo), and from  P. worleyae by the absence supernumerary plantar tubercles (present in  P. worleyae) and by the mask extending to the groins (mask extending to flank half in  P.worleyae). For a comparison with other  Phyllonastes species that are more phylogenetically distant, see Tables 2 and 3.</p><p>Description of holotype (Figs 16, 17): Adult male (DHMECN 13729). Measurements (in millimetres): SVL, 12.9; tibia length, 5.5; foot length, 4.9; head length, 3.0; head width, 3.5; eye diameter, 1.5; tympanum diameter, 0.5; interorbital distance, 1.3; upper eyelid width, 0.8; internarial distance, 1.3; eye–nostril distance 0.8.</p><p>Head wider than long, head slightly narrower than body; canthus rostralis weakly defined; loreal region slightly concave in dorsal view; cranial crests absent; upper eyelid bearing no tubercles. Tympanic annulus weakly defined, differentiated in its anterior and inferior portions; tympanic membrane undifferentiated from the surrounding skin; small supratympanic fold present; postrictal tubercles present. Snout round in dorsal and lateral views, without rostral papilla. Vomerine teeth absent; vocal slits and nuptial pads absent.</p><p>Skin on head, dorsum, and flanks shagreen, limbs smooth dorsally, with dispersed low warts; skin on posterior surfaces of legs and venter areolate; dorsolateral folds absent; discoidal fold present. Ulnar tubercle small and low; palmar tubercles prominent, outer palmar tubercle slightly elongate, thenar tubercle large and elongate, both rounded in lateral view; subarticular tubercles well defined, round in ventral and lateral views; distal subarticular tubercles not visible; supernumerary tubercles visible; thin lateral dermal fringes present, discs bearing well-defined pads without circumferential grooves, fingers not expanded distally, tip of fingers acuminate, without papillae; relative length of fingers I &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III; phalangeal formula of 2-2-3-3.</p><p>Hindlimbs robust; heel and knee without tubercles; tarsal folds (inner and outer) absent, outer tarsal tubercles absent; inner tarsal tubercle present, prominent, and conical; inner metatarsal tubercle large, elongate in ventral view, rounded in lateral view; outer metatarsal tubercle small, well defined, prominent, rounded in ventral view, conical in lateral view; supernumerary plantar tubercles absent; subarticular tubercles well defined, round and prominent in dorsal view, toes without lateral fringes; basal webbing absent; discs rounded and bearing well-defined rounded pads; circumferential grooves present, ill defined; toes expanded distally, tip of toes acuminate without papillae; relative length of toes is I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV; toe III longer than toe V (toe III surpasses the distal border of the second subarticular tubercle of toe IV; toe V reaches the proximal border of the second tubercle of toe IV).</p><p>Colour of holotype in life: Dorsum brown, with darker, scattered marks and chevrons, two suprainguinal spots and a middorsal cream stripe extending to the vent. Cloacal region dark brown, with a cream stripe extending towards each hindlimb along the posterior surface of the thigh, ventral surface of shank, and posterior surface of pes, ending at the inner metatarsal tubercle. Faint dark mask present, extending from the tip of the snout to the groins, bordering dorsally dark flanks.Lips with dark vertical bars. Arms and legs brown, with dark marks usually forming bands. Ventral surfaces of body and legs light brown, with small cream flecks and dots. A mid-ventral pale stripe extends from the throat to the vent; a pale stripe extends ventrally along each hindlimb, joining the midventral pale stripe to form a cross on the chest.</p><p>Colour of holotype in preservative: Similar to coloration in life but paler.</p><p>Variation (Fig. 16): Four specimens have an almost unnoticeable tympanic membrane and annulus, on one or both sides (DHMECN 12524–5 and 13724–25). Ulnar tubercles absent in all paratypes. Three specimens have the dorsum paler than the holotype, without dark marks except for suprainguinal spots (DHMECN 13723, 13726, and 12524). One individual is similar to the holotype in having a pale mid-dorsal stripe but lacks dark marks, except for suprainguinal spots. Two specimens have a darker brown dorsum than the holotype and a faint dark mid-dorsal stripe and inverted-V chevrons (DHMECN 12527 and 13720). One specimen has a dark hourglass-shaped large mark on the dorsum DHMECN 13725. One specimen has a faint midventral pale stripe, but no stripes on ventral surfaces of the arms (DHMECN 13728). Two specimens have faint pale stripes along hindlegs (DHMECN 13724 and 13728). Midventral and hindleg stripes are absent in all paratypes. Morphometric variation is detailed in Table 4.</p><p>Distribution, natural history, and conservation status (Fig. 3):  Phyllonastes dicaprioi is known from the Western Montane Forest of the province El Oro, Ecuador, between 1330 and 1705 m a.s.l. Individuals were collected at night on the ground, buried in leaf litter. Because of the lack of information on population size and geographical range, we suggest assigning  P. dicaprioi to the Data Deficient IUCN Red List Category (based on IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2023).</p><p>Etymology: The specific name  dicaprioi is a patronym honouring Leonardo DiCaprio, actor, film producer, and conservationist. He has voiced his support for several conservation initiatives in Ecuador; and in 2021, he pledged funds for the conservation and ecosystem restoration of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D58787FFA9FFD6C033C0EF96A54EBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ortega, Jhael A.;Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.;Camper, Jeffrey D.;Romero-Carvajal, Andrés;Negrete, Leonardo;Ron, Santiago R.	Ortega, Jhael A., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Camper, Jeffrey D., Romero-Carvajal, Andrés, Negrete, Leonardo, Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Systematics of minute strabomantid frogs allocated to the genus Noblella (Amphibia: Anura) with description of a new genus, seven new species, and insights into historical biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162
03D58787FFACFFE8C01CC3BF90C44ECA.text	03D58787FFACFFE8C01CC3BF90C44ECA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyllonastes macuma Ortega & Cisneros-Heredia & Camper & Romero-Carvajal & Negrete & Ron 2025	<div><p>Phyllonastes macuma sp.nov.</p><p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B8D4C8B8-DED1-4475-8400- 482B0FBCB719</p><p>Holotype (Figs 14C, 15C, 18, 19): QCAZ 40180 (field no. SC-PUCE 24877) adult male from Ecuador, Morona Santiago Province, Canton Macas, Macuma Parish, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.7661&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.0901" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.7661/lat -2.0901)">Cordillera del Kutuku</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.7661&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.0901" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.7661/lat -2.0901)">Wisiu</a> (2.0901°S, 77.7661°W), 1361 m a.s.l. Collected by <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.7661&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.0901" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.7661/lat -2.0901)">Octavio Jiménez Robles</a> on 30 December 2008.</p><p>Paratypes (N = 2; Fig. 18): All from Ecuador, Morona Santiago Province, Canton Macas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.7627&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.1066" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.7627/lat -2.1066)">Macuma Parish</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.7627&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.1066" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.7627/lat -2.1066)">Cordillera del Kutuku</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.7627&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.1066" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.7627/lat -2.1066)">Wisiu</a>: QCAZ 40181 subadult female (2.1066°S, 77.7627°W) 955 m a.s.l., collected by Octavio Jiménez Robles on 18 December 2008 ;  QCAZ 46352 adult female (2.1111°S, 77.7391°W) 650 m a.s.l., collected by Ignacio de la Riva and Octavio Jiménez on 7 December 2009 .</p><p>Proposed standard English name: Macuma leaflitter frog.</p><p>Proposed standard Spanish name: Cutín de Hojarasca de Macuma.</p><p>Definition (Figs 14C, 15C, 18, 19; Tables 2 and 3): We assign the new species to the genus  Phyllonastes based on its phylogenetic relationships. The new species is characterized by: (1) skin on dorsum smooth to finely shagreen, dorsolateral folds absent, ventral surfaces smooth to weakly areolate, discoidal fold present, skin on flanks finely shagreen; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus present, supratympanic fold absent, postrictal tubercle ill defined; (3) snout broadly rounded in dorsal view and rounded in lateral view; (4) upper eyelid without tubercles, cranial crests absent; (5) vomerine teeth absent; (6) vocal slits present, nuptial pads absent; (7) fingers not expanded distally, finger tips acuminate, without papillae, finger I shorter than finger II, supernumerary tubercles present; (8) fingers bearing narrow lateral fringes, ill-defined pads lacking circumferential grooves; (9) distal phalanges blunt to T-shaped, phalangeal formula of hand 2-2-3-3; (10) ulnar tubercles absent; (11) knees and heels without tubercles, outer edge of tarsus without tubercles, inner edge of tarsus bearing one rounded tubercle; (12) inner metatarsal tubercle elongate in ventral view and rounded in lateral view, bigger than rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; (13) toes expanded distally, with acuminate toe tips and bearing papillae, supernumerary tubercles ill defined, narrow lateral fringes on toes, toe basal webbing present between toes I and II, all toes bearing well-defined circumferential grooves, toe V shorter than toe III; (14) in preserved specimens, dorsum cream bearing dark brown flecks, back with two ill-defined chevrons of anterior vertex, dark brown blotches at the level of the sacrum, facial mask dark brown extending from the tip of snout up to halfway down the flanks, cream ventral surfaces; (15) SVL in adult males 11.92 mm (N = 1) and in adult females 14.49 mm (N = 1) (Table 4).</p><p>Diagnosis:  Phyllonastes macuma resembles its closest species,  P. lochites,  P. myrmecoides, and  P. sardinayacu, by having a tympanic annulus, tympanic membrane, fingers not expanded, and acuminate toe tips. It differs from all of them by having broadly rounded snout in dorsal view (rounded in  P. lochites, truncate in  P. myrmecoides) and rounded inner tarsal tubercle (conical in  P. lochites and  P. myrmecoides, and subconical in  P. sardinayacu). It also differs from  P. sardinayacu by having papillae on toe tips (absent in  P.sardinayacu). It differs from  P.lochites and  P.myrmecoides by having three phalanges in finger IV (only two phalanges on finger IV in  P. lochites and  P. myrmecoides), vocal slits (absent in  P. lochites and  P. myrmecoides), supernumerary plantar tubercles (absent in  P. myrmecoides), and by the absence of papillae on fingertips (present in  P. myrmecoides). For a comparison with other  Phyllonastes species that are more phylogenetically distant, see Tables 2 and 3.</p><p>Description of the holotype (Figs 18, 19): Adult male (QCAZ 40180). Measurements (in millimetres): SVL, 11.92; tibia length, 6.09; foot length, 5.08; head length, 3.64; head width, 4.20; eye diameter, 1.43; tympanum diameter, 0.73; interorbital distance, 1.67; upper eyelid width, 1.04; internarial distance, 1.59; eye–nostril distance, 0.89.</p><p>Head wider than long, head wider than body; canthus rostralis slightly convex in lateral view; loreal region straight in dorsal view; cranial crests absent; upper eyelid bearing no tubercles. Tympanic annulus visible; tympanic membrane present; supratympanic fold absent; postrictal tubercle ill defined on right side (probably lost on left side as a preservation effect). Snout broadly rounded in dorsal view and rounded in lateral view, without rostral papilla. Vomerine teeth absent, vocal slits present, and nuptial pads absent.</p><p>Skin on dorsum smooth and finely shagreen on flanks; dorsolateral folds absent; throat areolate, belly and ventral surface of limbs smooth; skin on cloacal region areolate; discoidal fold not differentiated, probably as a preservation artefact. Ulnar tubercles absent, palmar tubercles prominent, outer palmar tubercle almost twice the size of the thenar tubercle, drop-shaped, with the tip pointing towards the palm and the base towards the wrist; thenar tubercle rounded; subarticular tubercles round in ventral and lateral views, visible only at the base of fingers; supernumerary tubercles present, narrow lateral dermal fringes on fingers, discs not expanded, bearing round and inconspicuous pads (conspicuous only on fingers III), circumferential groove not visible; acuminate fingertips, especially on the third finger, without papilla; relative length of fingers is I &lt;IV &lt;II &lt;III; phalangeal formula of hand is 2-2-3-3.</p><p>Hindlimbs not robust; heel and knee without tubercles; tarsal folds (inner and outer) absent, outer tarsal tubercles absent; inner tarsal tubercle present, small, prominent, and round; inner metatarsal tubercle prominent, elongated in ventral view and rounded in lateral view; outer metatarsal tubercle well defined and round, more prominent than the inner one; plantar surface bearing rounded, small, and ill-defined supernumerary tubercles; round subarticular tubercles well defined and rounded; toes with narrow lateral dermal fringes; basal webbing only between toes I and II; discs on toes well defined, expanded with acuminate tip, papilla on tip visible on toes III–V; well-defined circumferential grooves; relative lengths of toes I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV; toe III longer than toe V (toe III reaches the distal border of the second subarticular tubercle of toe IV; toe V almost reaches the proximal border of the second tubercle of toe IV).</p><p>Colour of holotype in life: Unknown.</p><p>Colour of holotype in preservative (Fig. 18): Dorsum cream, darkening anteriorly, and bearing dark brown flecks. Back with two chevrons of anterior vertex, poorly defined and dark brown. Dark brown irregular blotches at the level of the sacrum. Dorsal surfaces of limbs cream coloured, with some dark brown spots. The spots are condensed on the elbows and knees. Dark, poorly defined transverse bars on the dorsal surfaces of the limbs. Facial mask dark brown, extending from the tip of snout up to halfway down the flanks. Cream-coloured flanks with brown flecks. Cream ventral surfaces with small dark brown dots that condense towards the throat, making it appear uniformly dark brown. Ventral surfaces of the extremities cream coloured. Thighs and legs with small dark brown dots condensed towards the knees. Dark brown knees and heels. Cloacal region dark brown, much darker dorsally.</p><p>Variation (Fig. 18): In this section, traits refer to preserved individuals. Adult female (QCAZ 46352) is much larger (SVL = 14.49 mm). This specimen differs from the holotype by having a tympanic annulus much more defined, in addition to the postrictal tubercles, dorsum finely shagreen, ventral surfaces weakly areolate, discoidal fold present and well defined, hindlimbs robust, basal webbing absent, paler throat, better-defined transverse bars on the extremities. Dorsal coloration in the subadult female (QCAZ 40181) is generally darker. Morphometric variation is detailed in Table 4.</p><p>Distribution, natural history, and conservation status (Fig. 3):  Phyllonastes macuma is known only from the surroundings of Macuma, Wisiu from 650 to 1361 m a.s.l., at the base of Cordillera de Kutuku. It was collected in Eastern Foothill Forest and Eastern Montane Forest. Owing to the lack of ecological and demographic information and uncertainty on its geographical range size, we assign  P. macuma to the Data Deficient IUCN Red List Category (based on IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2023).</p><p>Etymology: The specific name  macuma is a toponym used in apposition, and it refers to the locality where the species is found. The word ‘macuma’ belongs to the Shuar native American language and refers to a Shuar woman.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D58787FFACFFE8C01CC3BF90C44ECA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ortega, Jhael A.;Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.;Camper, Jeffrey D.;Romero-Carvajal, Andrés;Negrete, Leonardo;Ron, Santiago R.	Ortega, Jhael A., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Camper, Jeffrey D., Romero-Carvajal, Andrés, Negrete, Leonardo, Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Systematics of minute strabomantid frogs allocated to the genus Noblella (Amphibia: Anura) with description of a new genus, seven new species, and insights into historical biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162
03D58787FF92FFEBC2F4C011965B4CF8.text	03D58787FF92FFEBC2F4C011965B4CF8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyllonastes plateadensis Ortega & Cisneros-Heredia & Camper & Romero-Carvajal & Negrete & Ron 2025	<div><p>Phyllonastes plateadensis sp.nov.</p><p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 73A895D9-46FE-4DA0-AF85- 18FF11503A30</p><p>Holotype (Figs 20, 21, 22B, 23A): QCAZ 65015 (field no. SC-PUCE56489) adultfemalefromEcuador, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.831&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.6027" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.831/lat -4.6027)">ZamoraChinchipe Province</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.831&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.6027" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.831/lat -4.6027)">Canton Palanda</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.831&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.6027" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.831/lat -4.6027)">La Canela Parish</a>, Cerro Plateado Biological Reserve, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.831&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.6027" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.831/lat -4.6027)">surroundings of Camp 3</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.831&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.6027" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.831/lat -4.6027)">trail from Mirador to Camp 3</a> (4.6027°S, 78.8310°W), 2055 m a.s.l. Collected by Diego Almeida, Kunam Nusirquia, Fernando Ayala, Javier Pinto, Alex Áchig, and Malki Bustos on 23 September 2016.</p><p>Paratypes (N = 1; Fig. 20): QCAZ 65016 juvenile from Ecuador, Zamora Chinchipe Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.5993" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.835/lat -4.5993)">Canton Palanda</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.5993" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.835/lat -4.5993)">La Canela Parish</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.5993" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.835/lat -4.5993)">Biological Reserve Cerro Plateado</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.5993" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.835/lat -4.5993)">surroundings of Camp 3</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.5993" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.835/lat -4.5993)">trail of the upper section of Río Negro</a> (4.5993°S, 78.8350°W) 1980 m a.s.l. Collected by Diego Almeida, Kunam Nusirquia, Fernando Ayala, Javier Pinto, Alex Áchig and Malki Bustos on 26 September 2016  .</p><p>Proposed standard English name: Cerro Plateado leaflitter frog.</p><p>Proposed standard Spanish name: Cutín de Hojarasca de Cerro Plateado.</p><p>Definition (Figs 20, 21, 22B, 23A; Tables 2 and 3): We assign the new species to the genus  Phyllonastes based on its phylogenetic relationships. The new species is characterized by: (1) skin on dorsum and flanks finely shagreen, dorsolateral folds absent, ventral surfaces weakly areolate, discoidal fold present; (2) tympanic membrane not differentiated, tympanic annulus present but inconspicuous, supratympanic fold and postrictal tubercles absent; (3) snout broadly rounded in dorsal view and rounded and lateral view; (4) upper eyelid without tubercles, cranial crests absent; (5) vomerine teeth absent; (6) vocal slits and nuptial pads unknown; (7) fingers not expanded distally, finger tips subacuminate, without papillae, finger I shorter than finger II, supernumerary tubercles present; (8) fingers bearing narrow lateral fringes, ill-defined pads and circumferential grooves; (9) distal phalanges blunt or T-shaped, phalangeal formula of hand 2-2-3-3; (10) ulnar tubercles absent; (11) knees and heels without tubercles, outer edge of tarsus without tubercles, inner edge of tarsus bearing one rounded tubercle; (12) inner metatarsal tubercle small, rounded in ventral view and very low in lateral view, smaller than rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; (13) toes slightly expanded distally, with acuminate toe tips and lacking papillae, supernumerary tubercles ill defined, narrow lateral fringes on toes, toe basal webbing absent, all toes bearing ill-defined circumferential grooves, toe V shorter than Toe III; (14) in life, dorsal surfaces light brown with scattered white dots; circular dark brown sacral lateral marks delineated by a paler line, cloacal region cream surrounded by a dark brown stripe, facial mask dark brown extending from tip of snout to groins, flanks brown, ventral surfaces brown with white spots; and (15) SVL in adult males unknown, adult female 19.35 mm (N = 1) (Table 4).</p><p>Diagnosis:  Phyllonastes plateadensis resembles its closest species,  P. dicaprioi and  P. heyeri, by having the snout rounded in lateral view, a tympanic annulus, supernumerary palmar tubercles, three phalanges in finger IV, and by the absence of papillae in fingers and toes. It differs from both by lacking a supratympanic fold (present in  P. dicaprioi and  P. heyeri) and by having a broadly rounded snout in dorsal view (snout rounded in  P. dicaprioi and subacuminate in  P. heyeri), rounded inner tarsal tubercle (inner tarsal tubercle conical in  P. dicaprioi and  P. heyeri), and circumferential grooves of fingers (fingers without circumferential grooves in  P. dicaprioi and  P. heyeri). For a comparison with other  Phyllonastes species that are more phylogenetically distant, see Tables 2 and 3.</p><p>Description of the holotype (Figs 20, 21, 22B, 23A): Adult female (QCAZ 65015). Measurements (in millimetres): SVL, 19.35; tibia length, 7.79; foot length, 8.66; head length, 5.74; head width, 7.05; eye diameter, 2.14; tympanum diameter, 1.18; interorbital distance, 1.93; upper eyelid width, 1.31; internarial distance, 1.79; eye–nostril distance, 1.51.</p><p>Head wider than long, head wider than body; canthus rostralis straight in lateral view; loreal region slightly concave in dorsal view; cranial crests absent; upper eyelid lacking tubercles. Tympanic annulus inconspicuous but visible beneath skin; tympanic membrane not differentiated; supratympanic fold and postrictal tubercles absent. Vomerine teeth absent, vocal slits and nuptial pads absent. Snout broadly rounded in dorsal view and rounded in lateral view, without rostral papilla.</p><p>Skin on dorsum and flanks finely shagreen; dorsolateral folds absent; ventral surfaces weakly areolate; skin in cloacal region areolate; discoidal fold present. Ulnar tubercles absent; palmar tubercles low, outer palmar tubercle circular, larger than elongate thenar tubercle; subarticular tubercles ill defined, more conspicuous at the base of fingers, round in ventral and lateral view; three supernumerary tubercles present at the base of fingers; narrow lateral dermal fringes on fingers, fingers not expanded distally; discs narrow, bearing round and inconspicuous pads with an ill-defined circumferential groove; fingertips subacuminate lacking papillae; relative length of fingers is I &lt;IV &lt;II &lt;III; phalangeal formula of hand is 2-2-3-3.</p><p>Hindlimbs robust; knees and heels without tubercles; tarsal folds (inner and outer) absent, outer tarsal tubercle absent; inner tarsal tubercle present, small and round; inner metatarsal tubercle small (ill defined in preservative), rounded in ventral and lateral views; well-defined and round outer metatarsal tubercle, bigger than the inner one; plantar surface with ill-defined supernumerary tubercles; round subarticular tubercles ill defined; toes with narrow dermal lateral fringes; webbing between toes absent; toes slightly expanded distally, discs on toes ill defined (ill defined in preservative), narrow with acuminated tip, papilla on tip not visible; ill-defined circumferential grooves; relative lengths of toes I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV; toe III longer than toe V (toe III reaches the distal border of the second subarticular tubercle of toe IV; toe V almost reaches the proximal border of the second tubercle of toe IV).</p><p>Colour of holotype in life (based on digital photographs) (Fig. 20): Dorsal surfaces light brown, with some scattered white dots; circular dark brown sacral lateral patches well defined, delineated by a paler line. Cloacal region cream, surrounded by a dark brown stripe. Facial mask dark brown extending from tip of snout to groins and delineated along its dorsal edge by a light orange line, more conspicuous rostrally. Flanks light brown, bearing the dark brown mask extension. Lips bearing small and white spots. Forearms with two dark brown blotches delineated by a paler line; the proximal blotch is bigger than the distal one. Heels bearing a dark brown blotch with a paler border; tarsus bearing dark brown blotches surrounded by a paler border dorsally. Ventral surfaces brown with white spots that become bigger towards the cloacal region.</p><p>Colour of holotype in preservative (Fig. 20): Dorsal surfaces light brown, with dark brown sacral lateral circular blotches surrounded by a cream edge. Facial mask dark brown extending from tip of snout to near groins, limited on its upper side by a thin cream-coloured line. Ventral surfaces light brown, bearing ill-defined white spots that become bigger posteriorly. Posterior surfaces of thighs light brown. Cloacal region white, surrounded by a dark brown stripe, and bearing small and dispersed dark brown flecks. Forearms dorsally with two dark brown blotches delineated by a paler line; the proximal blotch is bigger and better defined than the distal one.</p><p>Variation (Fig. 20): This section refers to living individuals unless otherwise mentioned. Juvenile QCAZ 65016 has more and better-defined dark brown circular marks on the tarsus. Facial mask can be ill defined and weakly contrasting, as in QCAZ 65016. Juvenile ventral coloration is darker than in adult, with a darker throat and white spots restricted to belly and thighs, as in QCAZ 65016. Tip of toes may be subacuminate, as in QCAZ 65016. Juvenile presents more inconspicuous palmar and plantar tubercles, round and lower than those in adults in lateral view. Morphometric variation is detailed in Table 4.</p><p>Distribution, natural history, and conservation status (Fig. 3):  Phyllonastes plateadensis is known from the surroundings of the Biological Reserve Cerro Plateado from 1980 to 2093 m a.s.l. Cerro Plateado is in Cordillera del Cóndor, a sub-Andean cordillera separate from the main Andean chain. Individuals were collected in primary Eastern Montane Forest, at night (22:00– 23:00 h), on mossy soils and on leaf litter, at the edge of creeks next to water pools. Cerro Plateado is a sandstone formation. Forests in sandstone at Cordillera del Cóndor are characterized by dwarf trees with a canopy of ~ 5 m (Schulenberg and Awbrey 1997). Because of the lack of information related to population size and geographical range, we assign  P. plateadensis to the Data Deficient IUCN Red List Category (based on IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2023).</p><p>Etymology: The specific epithet  plateadensis is a toponym noun in apposition and it refers to the type locality.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D58787FF92FFEBC2F4C011965B4CF8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ortega, Jhael A.;Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.;Camper, Jeffrey D.;Romero-Carvajal, Andrés;Negrete, Leonardo;Ron, Santiago R.	Ortega, Jhael A., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Camper, Jeffrey D., Romero-Carvajal, Andrés, Negrete, Leonardo, Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Systematics of minute strabomantid frogs allocated to the genus Noblella (Amphibia: Anura) with description of a new genus, seven new species, and insights into historical biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162
03D58787FF91FFEFC2E5C2B890BB4C97.text	03D58787FF91FFEFC2E5C2B890BB4C97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyllonastes sardinayacu Ortega & Cisneros-Heredia & Camper & Romero-Carvajal & Negrete & Ron 2025	<div><p>Phyllonastes sardinayacu sp.nov.</p><p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B12C9470-F32C-4CEA-9A1B- E2DE6D0CDBA3</p><p>Holotype (Figs 22C, 23B, 24, 25): QCAZ 58822 (field no. SC-PUCE 49151) adult female from Ecuador, Morona Santiago Province, Canton Morona, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.2196&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.2196/lat -2.05)">Sinaí Parish</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.2196&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.2196/lat -2.05)">Sangay National Park</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.2196&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.2196/lat -2.05)">Sardinayacu</a>, trail to El Enmascarado Lagoon from refuge 3 (2.0500°S, 78.2196°W), 1798 m a.s.l. Collected by Javier Pinto, David Velalcázar, and Darwin Núñez on 23 January 2015.</p><p>Paratype (N = 1; Fig. 24): Same locality, collectors, and date as holotype, QCAZ 58821 adult female .</p><p>Proposed standard English name: Sardinayacu leaflitter frog.</p><p>Proposed standard Spanish name: Cutín de Hojarasca de Sardinayacu.</p><p>Definition (Figs 22C, 23B, 24, 25; Tables 2 and 3): We assign the new species to the genus  Phyllonastes based on its phylogenetic relationships. The new species is characterized by: (1) skin on dorsum and flanks finely shagreen, dorsolateral folds absent, ventral surfaces smooth, discoidal fold present; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus present, supratympanic fold absent, postrictal tubercle absent; (3) snout rounded to truncate in dorsal view and rounded in lateral view; (4) upper eyelid without tubercles, cranial crests absent; (5) vomerine teeth absent; (6) vocal slits and nuptial pads unknown; (7) fingers not expanded distally, finger tips subacuminate without papillae, finger I shorter than finger II, supernumerary tubercles present; (8) fingers bearing narrow lateral fringes, ill-defined pads lacking circumferential grooves; (9) distal phalanges blunt to T-shaped, phalangeal formula of hand 2-2-3-3; (10) ulnar tubercles absent; (11) knees and heels without tubercles, outer edge of tarsus without tubercles, inner edge of tarsus bearing one subconical tubercle; (12) inner metatarsal tubercle elongated in ventral view and rounded in lateral view, bigger than rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; (13) toes slightly expanded distally, with acuminate toe tips and lacking papillae, supernumerary tubercles present, narrow lateral fringes on toes, toe webbing absent, all toes bearing ill-defined pads and circumferential grooves, toe V shorter than toe III; (14) in life, brown dorsum, with two dark brown sacral lateral patches with light brown border, triangular cloacal blotch dark brown with light brown border, ventral surfaces dark brown with scattered small white spots, facial mask dark brown extending from tip of snout to groins, groins orange– brown; and (15) SVL in adult males unknown, SVL in adult females 14.21 mm (N = 2) (Table 4).</p><p>Diagnosis:  Phyllonastes sardinayacu resembles its closest related species,  P. macuma,  P. lochites, and  P. myrmecoides, by having a tympanic annulus, tympanic membrane, fingers not expanded distally, and acuminate toe tips. It differs from  P. macuma by having subconical inner tarsal tubercle (rounded in  P. macuma) and a mask extending to groins (mask extending to anterior half of flank in  P. macuma), and by the absence of papillae in toe tips (present in  P. macuma).  Phyllonastes sardinayacu also differs from  P. lochites and  P. myrmecoides by having three phalanges in finger IV (two phalanges in finger IV in  P. lochites and  P. myrmecoides). It differs further from  P. lochites by having a rounded snout in lateral view (subtruncate in  P. lochites) and from  P. myrmecoides by the absence of papillae in fingertips and toe tips (both present in  P. myrmecoides) and by the presence of supernumerary plantar tubercles (absent in  P. myrmecoides). For a comparison with other  Phyllonastes species that are more phylogenetically distant, see Tables 2 and 3.</p><p>Description of the holotype (Figs 24, 25): Adult female (QCAZ 58822). Measurements (in millimetres): SVL, 14.10; tibia length, 6.53; foot length, 6.39; head length, 3.77; head width, 4.33; eye diameter, 1.66; tympanum diameter, 0.78; interorbital distance, 1.87; upper eyelid width, 1.26; internarial distance, 1.68; eye–nostril distance, 0.92.</p><p>Head wider than long, head wider than body; canthus rostralis slightly convex in lateral view; loreal region straight in dorsal view; cranial crests absent; upper eyelid lacking tubercles. Tympanic annulus beneath skin; tympanic membrane present; supratympanic fold and postrictal tubercles absent. Vomerine teeth absent, vocal slits and nuptial pads absent. Snout short and round in dorsal and lateral views, without rostral papilla.</p><p>Skin on dorsum and flanks finely shagreen; dorsolateral folds absent; ventral surfaces smooth; skin on cloacal region areolate; discoidal fold present. Ulnar tubercles absent, palmar tubercles low, outer palmar tubercle rounded, with a small extension pointing towards the centre of the palm, larger than elongate thenar tubercle; subarticular tubercles visible only at base of fingers, round in ventral and lateral view; supernumerary tubercles present; narrow lateral dermal fringes on fingers; discs narrow, bearing round and inconspicuous pads; fingers not expanded distally, tip of fingers subacuminate; circumferential grooves not visible; relative length of fingers is I &lt;IV &lt;II &lt;III; phalangeal formula of hand is 2-2-3-3.</p><p>Hindlimbs robust; heels and knees without tubercles; tarsal folds (inner and outer) absent, outer tarsal tubercles absent; inner tarsal tubercle present, small, subconical, and prominent; inner metatarsal tubercle small (ill defined in preservative), elongated in ventral view and rounded in lateral view; round outer metatarsal tubercle well defined and prominent; plantar surface with supernumerary tubercles; round subarticular tubercles, ill defined, visible only at base of toes; toes with narrow lateral dermal fringes; webbing between toes absent; discs on toes ill defined (ill defined in preservative), slightly expanded, with acuminate tip (specially on toe III), papilla on tip absent; ill-defined pads and circumferential grooves; relative lengths of toes I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV; toe III longer than toe V.</p><p>Colour of holotype in life (based on digital photographs) (Fig. 24): Brown dorsum, slightly darker anteriorly, with two lateral, dark brown circular spots with a light brown border at sacrum level. Triangular cloacal blotch dark brown with light brown border. Ventral surfaces dark brown with scattered small white spots. Ventral surfaces of thighs and lower abdomen with irregular orange–brown blotches. Facial mask dark brown extending from tip of snout to groins and delineated dorsally by a light line. Flanks brown, with dark brown band along anterior half, connecting anteriorly with dark brown face mask. Groins brownish orange. Lips bearing small and white spots. Forearms, elbows, and knees with dark brown blotches delineated by a paler line.</p><p>Colour of holotype in preservative (Fig. 24): Dorsal surfaces brown. Head slightly darker than dorsum. Sacral lateral patches dark brown, with slightly lighter border. Cloacal triangle, spots on knees, and elbows dark brown with lighter margins. Ventral surfaces brown, becoming darker towards the throat. Scattered cream spots on ventral surfaces, more marked posteriorly and on hindlimbs.</p><p>Variation (Fig. 24): This section refers to preserved individuals, unless otherwise mentioned. The only paratype, QCAZ 58821 (adult female), differs from the holotype in having a truncate snout in dorsal view and darker coloration. Morphometric variation is detailed in Table 4.</p><p>Distribution, natural history, and conservation status (Fig. 3):  Phyllonastes sardinayacu is known from a single locality in Sangay National Park, near Sardinayacu, 1700 m a.s.l. Individuals were collected in Eastern Montane Forest at night (22:00–23:00 h) on leaf litter in primary and terra firme forest. Because of the lack of information on population size and geographical range, we suggest assigning  P. sardinayacu to the Data Deficient IUCN Red List Category (based on IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2023).</p><p>Etymology: The specific name  sardinayacu is a toponym used in apposition and it refers to a river at the species type locality. Sardinayacu is a compound word of Kichua origin, ‘sardina’ meaning sardine and ‘yaku’ meaning water.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D58787FF91FFEFC2E5C2B890BB4C97	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ortega, Jhael A.;Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.;Camper, Jeffrey D.;Romero-Carvajal, Andrés;Negrete, Leonardo;Ron, Santiago R.	Ortega, Jhael A., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Camper, Jeffrey D., Romero-Carvajal, Andrés, Negrete, Leonardo, Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Systematics of minute strabomantid frogs allocated to the genus Noblella (Amphibia: Anura) with description of a new genus, seven new species, and insights into historical biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162
03D58787FF9AFFE0C1CCC69091364965.text	03D58787FF9AFFE0C1CCC69091364965.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyllonastes personinus Harvey, Almendariz, Brito & Batallas 2013	<div><p>Phyllonastes personinus Harvey, Almendáriz, Brito &amp; Batallas, 2013</p><p>(Figs 26, 27)</p><p>Notes about external morphology (Fig. 26): Comparing the original description of  P. personinus with the Kutuku and Sumaco populations, we found a wider morphological variation than previously documented: in the type series, the dorsal skin was described as smooth with pustules, whereas in the Kutuku and Sumaco populations the dorsal skin is finely shagreened. Ventral skin was described as smooth, but in Kutuku it is areolate, and in Sumaco it is weakly areolate.The snout was described as rounded in dorsal view and subtruncate in lateral view; in Kutuku and Sumaco the snout is acuminate in both views. The inner tarsal tubercle is round in lateral view in the original description; however, it is conical in Kutuku and Sumaco. According to the original description,  P. personinus lacks supernumerary plantar tubercles, but the Sumaco population does have them. Finally, the characteristic dark mask of  P. personinus was described as short and extending only to the anterior third of the flank; in Kutuku, the mask extends to the groins. These morphological differences could indicate the existence of more than one species within  P. personinus (see ‘ Remarks ’ section).</p><p>Distribution and natural history (Fig. 3):  Phyllonastes personinus was known only from the type locality region (Ecuador, Morona Santiago Province, Canton Morona, Sinaí Parish, Sardinayacu Lake Complex) between 1647 and 1916 m a.s.l. (Harvey et al. 2013), the Sangay-Llanganates Ecological Corridor (Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad 2023), and the Cordillera del Cóndor mountain range (Valencia et al. 2023). The species had been reported only in primary rainforest in swampy, densely vegetated areas along the edge of lakes. In this study, we report four more Ecuadorian populations. First, Morona Santiago Province, Canton Santiago de Méndez, San Francisco de Chinimbimi Parish, Kutuku mountain range and Contrafuerte de Tzunatza between 1355 and 1407 m a.s.l. (Fig. 26B; for the specimen list, see Table S1). Most of these individuals were collected at night between 20:00 and 00:30 h in primary terra firme forest. They were found on the ground, on moss, or under logs or dry or wet leaf litter, and on bromeliads 15 cm above the ground, often near creeks with small streams (1 or 2 m wide) of clear water. Individuals QCAZ 71452 and QCAZ 71453 were found amplexed on leaf litter on the ground. Three individuals (QCAZ 71454–56) were collected in secondary forest near grasslands on the ground on leaf litter and near small streams. One individual (QCAZ 71455) was collected in the afternoon ~15:40 h and was found on wet leaf litter on a creek slope. Second, Napo Province, Pacto Sumaco, surroundings of Sumaco National Park, 1500 m a.s.l. (Fig. 26C; for the specimen list, see Supporting Information, Table S1). Third, Morona Santiago Province, Canton Morona, Sinai Parish, between 1345 and 1874 m a.s.l. (for the specimen list, see Supporting Information, Table S1). Specimens were collected in leaf litter or perching on leaves 5 cm above the ground, at night between 19:00 and 23:40 h; one specimen (QCAZ 58820) was collected at 14:30 h. The collection localities were in primary forest, and some were near the Jurumbuno River, Volcan River, and Cormoran Lagoon. Fourth, Pastaza Province, Canton Mera, Mera Parish, Llanganates National Park, Zarentza Community, between 1331 and 1419 m a.s.l. (for the specimen list, see Supporting Information, Table S1). Specimens were collected at night between 21:00 and 01:15 h, in leaf litter or perching on leaves 15–100 cm above the ground in primary dryland forest near streams and small creeks.</p><p>Remarks: We report notable morphological differences between populations that could indicate the existence of one or two unnamed species within ‘  P. personinus ’. One species would be in the Kutuku mountain range, Morona Santiago Province, and the other in the Sumaco National Park, Napo Province. This hypothesis is supported by relatively high uncorrected p-genetic distances for 16S (≤3.6%; Supporting Information, Table S7) and 12S (≤2.0%; Supporting Information, Table S9).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D58787FF9AFFE0C1CCC69091364965	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ortega, Jhael A.;Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.;Camper, Jeffrey D.;Romero-Carvajal, Andrés;Negrete, Leonardo;Ron, Santiago R.	Ortega, Jhael A., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Camper, Jeffrey D., Romero-Carvajal, Andrés, Negrete, Leonardo, Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Systematics of minute strabomantid frogs allocated to the genus Noblella (Amphibia: Anura) with description of a new genus, seven new species, and insights into historical biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162
03D58787FF9AFFE2C52FC49990A44C84.text	03D58787FF9AFFE2C52FC49990A44C84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Urkuphryne Ortega & Cisneros-Heredia & Camper & Romero-Carvajal & Negrete & Ron 2025	<div><p>Urkuphryne gen. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 4)</p><p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 95EC41FF-368A-4DAC-82D7- BB4F3462B89F</p><p>Order:  Anura Oppel, 1811 .</p><p>Superfamily: Brachycephaloidea Günther, 1858.</p><p>Family:  Strabomantidae Hedges et al., 2008 .</p><p>Subfamily:  Holoadeninae Hedges et al., 2008 .</p><p>Genus:  Urkuphryne gen. nov.</p><p>Type species:  Urkuphryne merinoi sp. nov. (described below).</p><p>Definition (Tables 2 and 3): (1) Larger than its sister genus,  Phyllonastes (average adult female SVL = 19.7 mm, adult male = 17.2 mm, Table 4); (2) head wider than long, narrower than body, body robust; (3) columella, tympanic annulus and tympanic membrane present; (4) cranial crest absent; (5) finger I &lt;finger II; (6) distal phalanges of fingers and toes rounded; (7) knees and heels without tubercles; (8) presence of inner tarsal fold; (9) fingers and toes lacking circumferential grooves and lateral dermal fringes; (10) toe V &lt;toe III; (11) hand phalangeal formula 2-2- 3-3; foot phalangeal formula 2-2-3-4-3; (12) dark facial mask extending to the groins, triangular cloacal blotch present; (13) thin frontoparietals, longer than wide, big orbital fossae; (14) very prominent premaxillary and maxillary teeth present; (15) large nasal bones, almost in contact with maxilla; (16) zygomatic branch of squamosal shorter than otic branch; (17) large vomers with protruding vomerine teeth; (18) occipital condyles widely separated from each other; (19) prominent medial ridges present in all presacral and sacral vertebrae; (20) urostyle crest very prominent; (21) broadly expanded sacral diapophyses; (22) very large prepollex and prehallux present.</p><p>Remarks: Autapomorphies for this genus are the reduction of the distal expansion of the phalanges of fingers and toes (Figs 7D, 8), the absence of supernumerary plantar tubercles (Supporting Information, Fig. S20), and protruding vomerine teeth (see ‘ Diagnosis ’).</p><p>Diagnosis:  Urkuphryne can be distinguished easily from its sister clade, the genus  Phyllonastes by (characteristics of  Phyllonastes shown in parentheses): (1) tips of fingers and toes subacuminate and rounded (tips pointed); (2) vomerine teeth present (vomerine teeth absent), and (3) larger size (Table 4). Osteologically,  Urkuphryne differs from  Phyllonastes by having a shorter skull and a slightly broader maxilla, with a broader space between angulosplenials, thinner frontoparietals and larger orbital fossae (broader frontoparietals with smaller orbital fossae), bigger and more conspicuous premaxillary and maxillary teeth (premaxillary and maxillary teeth present but smaller), broader nasal bones almost in contact with the maxilla (nasal bones small, broadly separate from maxilla), vomers large and prominent, bearing protruding teeth (vomers reduced, broadly separated from each other, vomerine teeth absent), prominent medial ridges present on all presacral and sacral vertebrae (low medial ridges present only on presacral vertebrae), very prominent prepollex and prehallux (small prepollex and prehallux), and terminal phalanges rounded in fingers and toes (terminal phalanges expanded in fingers and toes).</p><p>Urkuphryne differs from  Barycholos by the absence of dorsolateral folds (dorsolateral folds present), by the reduction of the distal expansion of the phalanges of fingers and toes, and by the arrangement of the vomerine teeth (small, oblique, broadly separated, and posteromedial to choanae in  Urkuphryne; and in two long arcuate series extending beyond the choana in  Barycholos).  Urkuphryne can be distinguished from  Bahius by the absence of circumferential grooves of fingers and toes (both present in  Bahius) and by the presence of an inconspicuous and thin inner tarsal fold (conspicuous, short, tubercle-like inner tarsal fold present in  Bahius). The presence of a tympanic membrane, tympanic annulus, and inner tarsal tubercle differentiates  Urkuphryne from  Euparkerella and  Holoaden (tympanic membrane, tympanic annulus, and tarsal tubercle absent), two genera sequentially sister to  Urkuphryne +  Phyllonastes + Baryc holos +  Bahius .</p><p>Content: One species,  Urkuphryne merinoi sp. nov.</p><p>Etymology: The name refers to the type locality of the type species, ‘Cerro Golondrinas protective forest’ (Golondrinas hill).  Urkuphryne is a compound word: Urku means ‘hill’ in the Native American Quichua language, and phryne means ‘frog’.</p><p>Distribution: Pacific Basin of Northern Ecuador, western Andean slopes at elevations 2500–2800 m a.s.l.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D58787FF9AFFE2C52FC49990A44C84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ortega, Jhael A.;Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.;Camper, Jeffrey D.;Romero-Carvajal, Andrés;Negrete, Leonardo;Ron, Santiago R.	Ortega, Jhael A., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Camper, Jeffrey D., Romero-Carvajal, Andrés, Negrete, Leonardo, Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Systematics of minute strabomantid frogs allocated to the genus Noblella (Amphibia: Anura) with description of a new genus, seven new species, and insights into historical biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162
03D58787FF99FFFCC039C24D95CA4865.text	03D58787FF99FFFCC039C24D95CA4865.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Urkuphryne merinoi Ortega & Cisneros-Heredia & Camper & Romero-Carvajal & Negrete & Ron 2025	<div><p>Urkuphryne merinoi sp. nov.</p><p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: FD715F02-0CB4-4A5F-93C2- BFD649C05240</p><p>Holotype (Figs 28, 29): QCAZ 66078 (field no.SC-PUCE 48592) adult female from Ecuador, Carchi Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.0944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8204" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.0944/lat 0.8204)">Canton Espejo</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.0944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8204" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.0944/lat 0.8204)">El Goaltal Parish</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.0944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8204" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.0944/lat 0.8204)">protective forest Cerro Golondrinas</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.0944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8204" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.0944/lat 0.8204)">trail from the Heliconia Cabin to the Cortadera</a> (0.8204°N, 78.0944°W), 2600 m a.s.l. Collected by Diego Almeida, Kunam Nusirquia, Darwin Núñez, Fernando Ayala, David Mantilla, Santiago Recalde, Carlos Castro, and Polibio Malte on 12 October 2016.</p><p>Paratypes (N = 8; Fig. 30): All collected in Ecuador, Carchi Province. QCAZ 66080 juvenile, QCAZ 66081– 82 adult males, QCAZ 66079, QCAZ 66083, and QCAZ 66091 adult females, same locality as holotype;  QCAZ 66085 adult male from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.0951&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8217" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.0951/lat 0.8217)">protective forest Cerro Golondrinas</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.0951&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8217" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.0951/lat 0.8217)">Waterfall trail to Las Juntas</a> (0.8217°N, 78.0951°W), 2544 m a.s.l.; collected by Diego Almeida, Kunam Nusirquia, Darwin Núñez, Fernando Ayala, David Mantilla, Santiago Recalde, Carlos Castro, and Polibio Malte on 12 October 2016  .   QCAZ 41813 adult female from Ecuador, Carchi Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.0232&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8233" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.0232/lat 0.8233)">La Comadre waterfall</a> (0.8233°N, 78.0232°W), 2740 m a.s.l. Collected by Juan Fernando Dueñas and Ítalo Tapia on 18 September 2008  .</p><p>Proposed standard English name: Merino leaflitter frog.</p><p>Proposed standard Spanish name: Cutín de hojarasca de Merino.</p><p>Definition (Figs 28–33; Tables 2 and 3): We assign the new species to the genus  Urkuphryne based on its phylogenetic relationships. The new species is characterized by: (1) skin on dorsum smooth to finely shagreen, dorsolateral folds absent, dorsal surfaces of thighs smooth, finely shagreen or shagreen, skin on throat, chest and belly smooth, discoidal fold present, ventral surfaces of thighs finely shagreen, skin on flanks shagreen to weakly areolate; (2) tympanic membrane, tympanic annulus, supratympanic fold, and postrictal tubercle present; (3) snout rounded to broadly rounded in dorsal and lateral views; (4) upper eyelid without tubercles, cranial crests absent; (5) vomerine teeth present; (6) vocal slits present, nuptial pads absent; (7) fingers not expanded distally, finger tips rounded to subacuminate, lacking papillae, finger I shorter than finger II, supernumerary tubercles present; (8) fingers lacking lateral fringes, pads present, lacking circumferential grooves; (9) distal phalanges of all toes and fingers narrower distally, with the tip pointed; phalangeal formula of hand 2-2- 3-3; (10) ulnar tubercles absent; (11) knees and heels without tubercles, outer edge of tarsus without tubercles, inner edge of tarsus bearing an inconspicuous fold; (12) inner metatarsal tubercle elongate in ventral view and rounded in lateral view, bigger than rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; (13) toes not expanded distally, with rounded to subacuminate toe tips, lacking papillae, supernumerary tubercles absent, lateral fringes on toes absent, toe basal webbing present, all toes bearing well-defined pads lacking circumferential grooves, toe V shorter than toe III; (14) in life, dorsal surfaces dark brown, bearing darker circular sacral lateral patches delineated by an orange line; dark brown facial mask from the tip of snout to near the groins, bordered dorsally by an orange line; throat dark brown or cream in females and almost black in males; ventral surfaces light brown or brown, bearing white spots; and (15) SVL in adult males 17.22 mm (N = 3) and SVL in adult females 19.69 mm (N = 5) (Table 4).</p><p>Diagnosis (Tables 2 and 3):  Urkuphryne merinoi resembles species of the genus  Phyllonastes but can be distinguished from them by the presence of vomerine teeth (absence of vomerine teeth is a synapomorphy of  Phyllonastes) and by the absence of circumferential grooves on toes (present in all  Phyllonastes species).  Urkuphryne merinoi can be differentiated easily from  Barycholos pulcher (Boulenger, 1898) by the presence of vomerine teeth in two small rows, oblique, broadly separated, and posteromedial to choanae (vomerine teeth in two long transverse rows posterior to the level of choana, narrowly separated in  Barycholos pulcher).</p><p>Description of the holotype (Figs 28 and 29): Adult female (QCAZ 66078). Measurements (in millimetres): SVL, 19.53; tibia length, 7.79; foot length, 8.66; head length, 5.74; head width, 7.05; eye diameter, 2.14; tympanum diameter, 1.18; interorbital distance, 1.93; upper eyelid width, 1.31; internarial distance, 1.79; eye–nostril distance, 1.51.</p><p>Head wider than long, head wider than body; canthus rostralis slightly convex in lateral view; loreal region slightly concave in dorsal view; cranial crests absent; upper eyelids bearing no tubercles. Tympanic annulus weakly defined, differentiated only at its lower half; tympanic membrane present; small supratympanic fold present; postrictal tubercle present. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views, without rostral papilla. Vomerine teeth present, small, oblique, broadly separated, posteromedial to choanae; each vomer bearing small teeth; vocal slits and nuptial pads absent, 30 teeth visible in the upper maxilla.</p><p>Skin on dorsum smooth, skin on flanks shagreen; dorsolateral folds present; skin on throat, chest, and belly smooth; ventral surfaces of thighs finely shagreen; discoidal fold absent; skin in ventral cloacal region areolate. Ulnar tubercles absent; palmar tubercles prominent, outer palmar tubercle circular on right hand and slightly elongate on left hand, thenar tubercle large and elongate; proximal subarticular tubercles well defined, round in ventral and lateral view; distal subarticular tubercles not visible; minute and round supernumerary tubercles all over palmar surface; lateral dermal fringes absent; discs narrow, rounded, and bearing well-defined rounded pads without circumferential grooves; fingers not expanded distally, tip of fingers rounded without papillae; phalangeal formula of 2-2-3-3; relative length of fingers is I &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III.</p><p>Hindlimbs robust; dorsal surface of hindlimbs smooth; posterior and ventral surfaces of thighs shagreen; heel and knee without tubercles; outer tarsal folds absent; inner tarsal fold present, inconspicuous and thin; outer tarsal tubercles absent; inner tarsal tubercle absent; inner metatarsal tubercle small (1.08 mm), prominent, elongate in ventral view and rounded in lateral view, 1.86 × longer than rounded; outer metatarsal tubercle small (0.75 mm), well defined, rounded, and prominent; plantar surface without supernumerary tubercles; basal subarticular tubercles well defined, round in dorsal view; distal subarticular tubercles not visible; toes without lateral dermal fringes; basal webbing between toes present; discs narrow, rounded and bearing well-defined rounded pads without circumferential grooves; toes not expanded distally, tip of toes rounded without papillae; relative length of toes is I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV; toe III longer than toe V (toe III surpasses the distal border of the second subarticular tubercle of toe IV; toe V reaches the proximal border of the second tubercle of toe IV).</p><p>Colour of holotype in life (based on digital photographs) (Fig. 28): The dorsal surface is dark brown, with a few scattered white and low tubercles, and covered by small orange dots that group in two conspicuous lateral lines (one on each side) from the arm insertion to the tip of the snout through the upper eyelids. Posteriorly, the dorsum bears two dark brown circular sacral lateral patches, with a few orange flecks and delineated by an orange line formed by the aggregation of the same orange dots, more densely grouped medially at the level of the sacrum. The dorsal surface of limbs is dark brown, covered with white and orange flecks; it bears a few irregular dark brown blotches delineated by aligned orange dots. Dorsal feet surface dark brown, covered by orange and yellowish brown flecks and with irregular dark brown blotches with yellowish brown borders formed by the alignment of the flecks. Laterally, a dark brown facial mask extends as a dark band from the tip of snout to near the groins. The facial mask bears irregular white marks and orange and yellowish brown flecks more conspicuous rostrally. The flecks form ill-defined bars in the upper lip, with white marks. Along its path, the mask is bordered dorsally by orange spots, longitudinally aligned. Groins are dark brown, uniformly covered by small orange dots and with some scattered white marks. Throat uniformly dark brown, darker than belly and limb ventral surfaces, with white scattered marks. Belly and limb ventral surfaces with dark brown flecks densely aggregated in many irregular patches alternated with yellowish brown irregular blotches, with fewer dark brown flecks. Posterior surfaces of thighs dark brown with orange flecks; flecks form an orange stripe in the upper cloacal region that extends over the thighs.</p><p>Colour of holotype in preservative (Fig. 28): Dorsal surfaces dark brown, with darker sacral lateral circular patches surrounded by a poorly defined cream edge. Facial mask dark brown (darker than dorsal surface) to black extending from the tip of snout to near the groins, delimited dorsally by a thin cream line. Throat dark brown, belly and ventral surfaces of limbs with a mosaic of cream and dark brown blotches bearing dark brown flecks. Posterior surfaces of thighs dark brown, with a darker triangular blotch in the cloacal region limited on its upper side by a thin cream line. Variation (Fig. 30): Vocal slits are present in adult males (e.g. QCAZ 66085); dorsum skin might be finely shagreened (e.g. QCAZ 66079 and QCAZ 66083) and on flanks (e.g. QCAZ 41813); the latter can also be weakly areolate (QCAZ 66083). Snout might be broadly rounded (QCAZ 66083). Supernumerary palmar tubercles might be inconspicuous (e.g. QCAZ 66091); tip of fingers might be subacuminate (e.g. QCAZ 66081). Dorsal surfaces of limbs might be weakly shagreened (e.g. QCAZ 66085 and QCAZ 66091) or shagreen (e.g. QCAZ 41813); toe III might be subacuminate (QCAZ 66082). Live individuals might have dark brown, almost black (e.g. 66082), or cream (e.g. QCAZ 66091) throat and chest; the round sacral lateral patch might expand anteriorly to the iliac region (e.g. QCAZ 66085) or be inconspicuous (QCAZ 66083); belly and dorsal surfaces might be light brown (e.g. QCAZ 66085); the entire coloration can be lighter (e.g. QCAZ 66083 and QCAZ 66091). Morphometric variation is detailed in Table 4.</p><p>Osteology</p><p>The osteological description is based on micro-CT images of the holotype (adult female QCAZ 66078) and paratypes (adult females QCAZ 41813 and QCAZ 66091).</p><p>Skull (Fig. 31): The skull is slightly wider than long; the widest section is at the quadratojugal–maxillary joint. The longest part of the skull, measured from the anterior face of the premaxilla to posterior border of the exoccipital, is 92.5% of its widest section. The rostrum is short, with a distance from the anterior edge of the frontoparietals to the anterior face of the premaxilla of ~32.2% of the skull length (measured from the anterior face of the premaxilla to posterior face of the exoccipital). At the level of the anterior edge of orbits, skull is ~62.2% of the maximum skull width and reaches ~88.5% of the maximum skull width at the level of midorbit. The posterior edge of orbits reaches 99.2% of the maximum skull width and is located posterior to it.</p><p>The braincase contains well-ossified elements. The frontoparietals are well-developed bones, markedly longer than wide and slightly narrower anteriorly than posteriorly; frontoparietals are ossified and sutured along their entire length, but they leave a thin, short, unossified fontanel at their anterior end. At their posterior end, the frontoparietals are completely suturedwiththeotoccipitals, togetherformingprominentridgeson each side and a completely closed braincase. The ridges formed have very small unossified patches. The otoccipitals are formed by well-fused prootic and exoccipital, with small unossified patches in the crests they formed when fused. Ridges formed between frontoparietals + otoccipitals and prootic + exoccipitals form a continuous V-shaped ridge, with the anterior ramus (fro ntoparietals + otoccipitals) more prolonged (posterior ramus is 61.96% of the anterior ramus). The apex between rami is medial and angled at slightly&gt;90°. At their anterior and lateral end, the frontoparietals fuse with the sphenethmoids. The latter have complete ossification and are fused ventrally with the anterior portion of the cultriform process of the parasphenoid. Ventrally and posteriorly, the sphenethmoids surpass the midpoint of the orbits.</p><p>The cultriform process of the parasphenoid is complete and well ossified, with a biconvex shape, with anterior and posterior ends pointed and thinner than its medial segment; at its base (at the anterior border of the alar processes of the parasphenoid) is ~8.21% of the maximum skull width and reaches its maximum thickness at its midpoint (24.09% of the maximum skull width). It is important to mention that the alar processes do not emerge from the posterior end of the cultriform process, but a few millimetres anteriorly, hence the posterior tip of the cultriform process protrudes posteriorly. Fenestra vestibule (parasphenoid alar processes + otoccipitals) is poorly ossified, and their shape cannot be detailed.</p><p>The neopalatines are thin and separated from one another. They articulate with the ventral face of the sphenethmoid by their upper tip and with the internal face of the maxilla in its anterior third, by their lower end forming the anteroventral corner of the orbit. The septomaxilla is small and horseshoe shaped, with a medial and slightly posterior opening; both ends are pointed, and the centre is widened and flattened laterally; both ends are free and do not articulate with any bone. The prevomers are large, located medial, superior, and posterior to the septomaxilla; they are broadly separated from one another medially; the separation is greater rostrally. The dentigerous processes are conspicuous, more visible ventrally, in the left prevomer. The columella (or stapes) is large and well ossified. The nasals are thin and posterolaterally expanded. They are ossified only in their posterior portion, hence they are completely distant from the alar processes of the premaxilla. Posteroventrally they are fused with the sphenethmoids and posteriorly with the anterior border of the frontoparietals; their posterolateral expansion is close but not fused to the neopalatine + maxillary joint.</p><p>The maxillary arch bears many small and moderately sized teeth on the maxillae and on the transversal section of the premaxillae. The premaxillae are partly separated medially, and their rostral alary processes rise divergent from the midline. Alary processes of the premaxillae are prominent and widened in the opposite direction to their base, rising perpendicular to the cross-section of the premaxillae. They are separated ventrally from each other. The short premaxilla and maxilla are in lateral contact by juxtaposed articulation. The maxilla becomes narrow posteriorly, reaching an acuminate caudal end, which is in contact, on its inner side, with the quadratojugals. The triradiate pterygoid bears a long, curved rostral ramus oriented anterolaterally that fuses with the internal face of the maxilla near its midpoint; this ramus is the longest of the three, it is flattened laterally, and its anterior end is thinner than the posterior one. The caudal ramus is shorter than the rostral one and as wide as the latter in its initial portion, and likewise, it sharpens towards the tip (posterior end), which merges with the posterior tip of the angulosplenial; this ramus is also flattened laterally. The medial ramus has the same length as the caudal, is widened in its terminal portion and flattened anteroposteriorly; on its posterior face it articulates with the anterolateral surface of the otoccipital.</p><p>The quadratojugal is well ossified; it articulates by its dorsoposterior face with the ventral ramus of the T-shaped squamosal. The squamosal has three rami; the posteroventral ramus widens towards its free (posterior) end as it moves away from its base; this ramus is flattened anterodorsally, it is slightly shorter than the posterodorsal ramus and longer than the zygomatic or anterior ramus. The posterodorsal ramus is flattened dorsoventrally, and its root is very close to the columella; the small zygomatic ramus is flattened laterally. Both branches (posterodorsal and anterior) become pointed towards their free ends and do not articulate with any bony structure.</p><p>The mandible is slim and completely edentate. The mentomeckelians are small, medially separated from each other, in the shape of a cylinder widened towards their ends; they are in contact posteriorly with the dentaries, which are short, acuminate towards the posterior end, and flattened anterodorsally. From the middle of its posterior border and with its posterior end, the dentary bones articulate with the anterior face of the angulosplenial.The angulosplenial is long, arcuate, and expanded at its posterior end; it articulates broadly by its anterolateral face with the posteromedial face of the slim and relatively small dentaries. The only ossified portions of the hyoid apparatus are the two posteromedial processes, which are moderately expanded anteriorly and posteriorly. Both posteromedial processes present a steep anteroventral inclination and are moderately separated from one another at the anterior ends; the separation between them increases posteriorly.</p><p>Postcranium (Fig. 32): There are eight non-imbricate presacral vertebrae. The first presacral vertebra (cervical vertebra) is wider than posterior vertebrae and has no diapophyses. The cervical vertebra has a type I cotylar arrangement. The cervical cotyles receive the occipital condyles of the cranium, which are widely separated from each other, leaving a foramen magnum of 21.69% of the maximum skull width.</p><p>Presacral vertebrae II–VIII bear well-developed diapophyses. The transverse processes of the presacrals increase in length as they move away from the skull, with the transverse processes of presacral II being the shortest. The transverse processes of presacral II are horizontal and have a dorsoventral flattening and slightly widened lateral free ends. The transverse processes of presacral III are slightly rotated forwards and present an anteroposterior flattening; in addition, their lateral free ends are evidently wider. From presacral IV to VII, the transverse processes are rotated 90° and are also flattened anteroposteriorly; these processes are not completely ossified toward their ends. In width, the processes of presacral III are followed by those of presacral II, the second widest slightly expanded distally, and those of presacral IV, the third widest, with their edges parallel along its entire length. Transverse processes of presacrals V–VIII are the smallest and similar in size (length and width) between them. This vertebrae of this species are characterized by having a holochordal centrum.</p><p>The sacrum bears moderately expanded diapophyses. Transverse processes are oriented laterally and slightly dorsally, with an angle of dorsal opening of ~140°, and articulate distally with the ilia, a few millimetres anterior to its front end. The sacrum is articulated caudally with the coccyx or urostyle by a bicondylar articulation. The long and thin urostyle is slightly longer than the presacral portion of the vertebral column (the presacral portion of the vertebral column is 91.85% of the urostyle) and bears a well-developed longitudinal ridge, which is largest anteriorly (at the point of its articulation with the sacrum) and gradually decreases in height posteriorly. The urostyle does not have complete transverse processes nor remnants and is not fully ossified at its posterior end. The sacrum–ilia articulation is not visible in the micro-CT scan. The ilia articulate posteromedially with each other and posteriorly with the ischia and present a long shaft.</p><p>In the pectoral girdle, the clavicles are long and slim, oriented anteromedially, curved with an anterior opening concavity, with the medial tips articulated between them. The coracoids are stout, with the anterior edge curved, with a pronounced anterior opening concavity, and with a straight posterior edge; their medial tips are separate from each other, and their sternal and glenoidal ends are widened, the sternal ones more than the glenoidal ones. The scapula is long, with the anterior edge slightly oriented anteromedially. Epicoracoids are visible. The sternum has no well-ossified elements. The omosternum is absent.</p><p>Manus and pes (Fig. 33): All phalanges are well ossified, with a phalangeal formula for the fingers and toes of 2-2-3-3 and 2-2-3-4-3, respectively. The increasing order of finger length is I &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III, and that of toes is I &lt;II &lt;III &lt;V &lt;IV. Distal phalanges of all toes and fingers are narrower distally, with the tip pointed. Bones of the carpus and metacarpus are completely ossified.</p><p>Distribution, natural history, and conservation status (Fig. 3):  Urkuphryne merinoi is known from the surroundings of Protective Forest Cerro Golondrinas from 2500 to 2800 m a.s.l. in Western Montane Forest. Surrounding the protective forest, in both highlands and lowlands, there are deforested areas, some in regeneration, near human settlements and artificial open areas for agriculture and cattle raising. Individuals were collected in secondary forest, in the afternoon (between 12:30 and 13:30 h) on mossy rock walls with high humidity or buried in leaf litter, the adult male QCAZ 66091 was found vocalizing at 12:30 h buried in soil; and at night (19:00–22:30 h) on very damp rock walls ~ 150 cm from the ground, on leaf litter and mossy soils near creeks, or buried ~ 3 cm deep in soil. All females found were next to clutches with 8– 12 eggs. One female (QCAZ 41813) was collected between 9:00 and 10:30 h on the roadside in a mossy habitat with herbaceous plants, buried under moss next to a clutch of white eggs.</p><p>Because of the lack of information on population size and geographical range, we assign  U. merinoi to the Data Deficient IUCN Red List Category (based on IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2023).</p><p>Etymology: The specific name  merinoi is a noun in the genitive case and is a patronym for Andrés Merino-Viteri, an Ecuadorian herpetologist, professor at Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE). During his career, Andrés Merino has contributed significantly to the study of chytridiomycosis and possible consequences of climate change in anurans. At PUCE, he is director of The Threatened Amphibian Conservation Initiative of Ecuador ‘Balsa de los Sapos’, one of Ecuador’s largest and long-lasting ex situ amphibian conservation projects in the world.</p><p>Embryic development in  U. merinoi and  P. personinus</p><p>The  U. merinoi clutch (Fig. 34A) was collected in the daytime, among moss with a lot of humidity on a rock wall. It was next to an adult female, presumably its mother. We were unable to observe behaviours related to mating or fertilization. It had 12 eggs, with relatively transparent jelly coats. Out of 12 eggs, 9 had developing embryos and 3 were unfertilized. Unfertilized eggs had a diameter of 4.03 ± 0.02 mm (SD). The embryos were at two stages: TS5 and TS11. Five embryos were at stage TS5 and had a length (from snout to tail tip) of 4.63 ± 0.01 mm. All these embryos failed to develop. The remaining four embryos were at stage TS11 and had a total length of 10.40 ± 0.33 mm. Development of these four embryos was followed until TS13+, when the last embryo died.</p><p>The  P. personinus couple was found and collected in amplexus and transported to the laboratory. The clutch was laid during transport; thus, we were not able to observe mating or fertilization behaviours. The nest was deposited in a terrarium in the laboratory with leaf litter (Fig. 34B). It had two embryos and three unfertilized eggs. Unfertilized eggs had a diameter of 2.15 ± 0.01 mm. The remaining two embryos were at TS5 and had a total length of 2.97 ± 0.05 mm. Only one of these embryos hatched as a froglet.</p><p>For both species, embryos at TS5 have the shape and structures of most direct-developing embryos, with distinctive limb and tail buds and with a head with visible eyes. In both species, branchial arches and external gills were not apparent, and posterior limb buds were larger than the anterior ones. TS5 embryos in both species apparently lack oocyte-derived pigment, because both have clear unpigmented yolk and white embryonic integument. In  P. personinus, melanocytes (neural crest-derived melanophores) are spread on the integument from the most dorsal part of the body but have not yet covered the yolk or the limb buds. Also, no retinal pigmentation was observed at this stage. Stages TS6–TS9 were recorded only in  P. personinus . In TS6, pigmentation has advanced to the head and limb buds. At this stage, endolymphatic calcium deposits are rounded structures that protrude prominently from the posterior dorsal region of the head. During TS7 the eye develops retinal pigmentation distinct from the unpigmented lens vesicle (pupil), and melanocytes cover the whole dorsal body. By TS9, melanocytes and the body wall have covered one-third of the yolk surface and the endolymphatic calcium deposits, which now have a triangular shape. Compared with anterior limbs, at TS7, posterior limbs show more growth and differentiation, with distinctive paddles and knee joint constrictions. Forelimbs seem to develop joint constrictions later (TS9). At TS10, we detected hindlimb movement, and autopod paddles showed finger differentiation (not shown). Between TS6 and TS7, translucent membranous fins with vascularization were first apparent in the tail.</p><p>Urkuphryne merinoi TS 11 embryos are paler and seem to have less melanocytes that are spread across the whole body except for the ventral midline. In this species, endolymphatic calcium deposits were still visible and covered the dorsal surface of the hindbrain bilaterally, with projections towards the eyes.</p><p>In both species, the egg tooth is visible as an unpigmented monocuspid structure. Between TS12 and TS13, the egg tooth becomes keratinized and darkly pigmented. This was more evident in  U. merinoi .</p><p>The tail develops to its maximum length by TS 11 in  P. personinus and by TS 13 in  U. merinoi . The tail of  U. merinoi seems to be thinner and larger than that of  P. personinus; however, both have symmetrical fins over the dorsoventral axis. The progress between TS13 and TS14 implies the reduction of yolk mass and the reabsorption of the tail, which remained as a translucent vestige in the  P. personinus froglet. The progress from TS11 to TS 13 in  U. merinoi lasted 10 days. The progress from TS5 to hatching in  P. personinus lasted 32 days.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D58787FF99FFFCC039C24D95CA4865	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ortega, Jhael A.;Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.;Camper, Jeffrey D.;Romero-Carvajal, Andrés;Negrete, Leonardo;Ron, Santiago R.	Ortega, Jhael A., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Camper, Jeffrey D., Romero-Carvajal, Andrés, Negrete, Leonardo, Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Systematics of minute strabomantid frogs allocated to the genus Noblella (Amphibia: Anura) with description of a new genus, seven new species, and insights into historical biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162
