identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D08783FF917E1A5D15848AFF7262F2.text	03D08783FF917E1A5D15848AFF7262F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crataegus (ser. Douglasianae) Rehder	<div><p>Crataegus ser. Douglasianae Rehder</p><p>TYPE: Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 21:t. 1810. 1835.</p><p>Description.— Shrubs or small trees up to 10 m tall. Shoots dimorphic, sympodial, vigorous branches (long shoots) often with indeterminate growth during a growing season (thus with both preformed and neoformed leaves) and internodes 2–5 (or more) cm, bearing axillary shoots of determinate growth (short shoots; preformed leaves only) with internodes short (less than 2 cm) or absent. Buds ovoid, reddish brown, shiny, (1–)2–3(–4) mm long. Short shoots frequently developing as thorns, by reduction or suppression of leaf development, sclerification of the axis, and formation of a sharp tip, 5–30(40) mm long, more or less straight, 1.5–4 mm in diameter at the base. Young shoots of the current year orange or brown, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, mature shoots of the previous year vary from reddish brown to red purple, older branches gray or copper-colored. Leaves of flowering and short shoots (microphylls–) notophylls, alternate, simple, blades varying from lanceolate and oblanceolate to more or less elliptic or rhombic-elliptic, 1.5 to 2.5 times as long as wide, up to 10 cm long, glabrous or pubescent at maturity, unlobed or sparsely lobed, sinuses shallow.Venation pinnate, with major secondary veins craspedodromous or semicraspedodromous (Dickinson &amp; Yan 2021). Short shoot leaves exhibit heteroblastic variation in shape from the shoot base to the tip (Dickinson &amp; Phipps 1984). Stipules usually caducous, but sometimes persistent on long shoots. Inflorescences terminal, overwintering in bud, almost always on short shoots, bracteate, usually comprising two or more axillary dichasial cymes (the lowermost axillated by a foliage leaf, upper ones by bracts) in addition to the terminal one, thus 10–20 flowered. Pedicels, peduncles and hypanthia glabrous or pubescent. Flowers perfect, regular, epigynous, calyx lobes 5, entire or sparsely toothed, 2.0– 3.5 mm long, petals 5 free, stamens 10–20 free, undehisced anthers pink or cream-colored ( C. douglasii) at anthesis, styles 4–5, and ovules 2 per locule, superposed. Fruits polypyrenous drupes, purple to black, ellipsoidal to suborbicular (diameters of dry fruits 6–10 mm). Pyrenes single-seeded, the same number as the styles and locules, their radial surfaces pitted or grooved.</p><p>Crataegus ser. Douglasianae is distinguished by its fruit color from the red-, orange-, and yellow-fruited members of C. sect. Sanguineae (C. ser. Sanguineae (Zabel ex C.K. Schneid.) Rehder and ser. Altaicae J. B. Phipps; not C. ser. Nigrae (Loudon) Russanov). It differs from black-fruited C. ser. Nigrae and C. sect. Salignae in thorn diameter, leaf shape, and geographic distribution.</p><p>Distribution.— Western North America (southernmost Alaska, British Columbia, Cypress Hills of Alberta and Saskatchewan, Washington, Idaho, western Montana, Oregon, western Wyoming, northern California), with disjunct occurrences ( C. douglasii) in the upper Great Lakes basin (Ontario, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan).</p><p>Remarks.— See Ufimov and Dickinson (2020) for notes on spelling of the section and series names, and a key to the sections in C. subg. Sanguineae . Other modern descriptions are given elsewhere (Phipps 2015; Phipps &amp; O’Kennon 2002). Microsatellite, plastome, and nuclear loci sequence data are available as noted here and elsewhere (Coughlan et al. 2017a; Coughlan 2012; Coughlan et al. 2017b; Liston et al. 2021; Liu et al. 2019; Lo 2008; Lo et al. 2009a; Lo et al. 2007; Lo et al. 2009b; Lo et al. 2010).</p><p>Ploidy level.— x = 17 (Gladkova 1968; Muniyamma &amp; Phipps 1979b), 2 n = 2 x, 3 x, 4 x, 5 x depending on species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D08783FF917E1A5D15848AFF7262F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dickinson, Timothy A.;Han, Shery	Dickinson, Timothy A., Han, Shery (2023): What Is Suksdorf’S Hawthorn? Revision Of The Western North American 20 - Stamen Black-Fruited Hawthorns (Crataegus Series Douglasianae, Rosaceae Subtribe Malinae). Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 151-189, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1292, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1292
03D08783FF9F7E145D1585A1FBE16100.text	03D08783FF9F7E145D1585A1FBE16100.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crataegus gaylussacia A. Heller, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci.	<div><p>Crataegus gaylussacia A. Heller, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2:69. 1903 (Fig. 8B). TYPE: U.S.A. CALIFORNIA. Sonoma Co.: Lagoon at Sebastopol, 20 Aug 1900, A. A. Heller 6052 (HOLOTYPE: NYBG00435881 (photo 00435881.jpg,http://sweetgum.nybg. org/science/vh/specimen-details/?irn=660541); ISOTYPES: HUH!, JEPS!, RM!, US!) .</p><p>Crataegus gaylussacia has the following heterotypic synonyms sensu J.B. Phipps (2013, 2015): Crataegus douglasii var. suksdorfii Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 44:65. 1907, C. punctata var. brevispina Douglas ex Hook., Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Hooker) 1(4):201. 1832, C. suksdorfii (Sarg.) Kruschke,Milwaukee Public Mus. Publ. Bot. 3:163 (1965).</p><p>Description.— Trees or shrubs to 7(–10) m, bark orange-brown on young twigs, becoming gray with age, smooth, but on trunks and large branches flaking irregularly. Thorns 9–14(–17) mm long, more or less straight, 3–4 mm in diameter at the base. Leaves microphylls, unlobed (occasionally pinnately lobed), singly to doubly serrate, 7–10 teeth per cm adjacent leaf apex, leaf base angles acute, bases cuneate or decurrent, apex angles acute, apices mostly convex or straight, surfaces pubescent, glabrescent, or glabrous, petioles 1–2(–5) mm long. Flowers with calyx lobes 1–2 mm long, not toothed, stamens 15–20, free, undehisced anthers pink at anthesis, 4–5 styles. Dried fruits 4–5 mm in diameter, purple-black at maturity, with persistent calyx lobes (often regardless of the number of pyrenes a fruit may contain only a single seed). For exemplars, see https://morphobank.org/permalink/?F1093.</p><p>Distribution.— Apparently restricted to Marin and Sonoma counties in California (Fig. 3; 20–130 m ASL; California interior chaparral and woodlands ecoregion, NA1202).</p><p>Remarks.— In contrast to the recent Jepson Manual and Flora North America treatments (Phipps 2013; Phipps 2015) the name Crataegus gaylussacia is here restricted to the California autotriploids because of their unique combination of cytotype, ecology (Coughlan 2012; Coughlan et al. 2017b), morphology (Fig. 1, 2), and macrosatellite genotype (Fig. 5). Heller (1903) observed that, prior to being recognized as a new species, the Sonoma County plants were referred to C. rivularis Nutt., a taxon now known to differ markedly from C. gaylussacia in leaf shape, thorn size, and stamen number per flower (Dickinson et al. 2008; Phipps 1999; Phipps 2015). Greene, in his Flora Franciscana (1891), followed Brewer and Watson (1880) in noting that C. gaylussacia (as his C. rivularis) occurred in Sierra and Plumas counties, between Modoc Co. and Alpine Co. Greene contrasted C.douglasii as having longer thorns than C.gaylussacia (as C. rivularis), and suggested that C. douglasii might not occur within the limits of his flora (“middle California ”).The stamen number data from an Alpine Co.specimen (D.W.Taylor5115, 9-Sep-1975 (UC1561066!headwaters of Forestdale Creek) suggests that more collecting in the Sierra Nevada, from Kern Co. north, with careful attention to variation in stamen numbers per flower, would repay the effort. Similarly, new collections from California north of the San Francisco Bay area and west of the Central Valley. Parallel collections of leaf tissue on desiccating silica gel could provide material for flow cytometric and molecular studies that could further illuminate the distributions of C. gaylussacia and C. douglasii, to say nothing of the correct application of these names in accounts of the California flora.</p><p>Ploidy level.— Autotriploids, 2n = 51, based on flow cytometric determinations of nuclear DNA content (N. Talent unpubl. data; Coughlan et al. 2014) and analyses of ITS2 ribotype diversity (Zarrei et al. 2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D08783FF9F7E145D1585A1FBE16100	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dickinson, Timothy A.;Han, Shery	Dickinson, Timothy A., Han, Shery (2023): What Is Suksdorf’S Hawthorn? Revision Of The Western North American 20 - Stamen Black-Fruited Hawthorns (Crataegus Series Douglasianae, Rosaceae Subtribe Malinae). Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 151-189, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1292, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1292
03D08783FF9C7E135D3D84F1FD4E62ED.text	03D08783FF9C7E135D3D84F1FD4E62ED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crataegus rhodamae-loveae T. A. Dickinson 2023	<div><p>Crataegus rhodamae-loveae T.A. Dickinson, sp. nov. (Figs. 8C, 10, 11, 12). TYPE: U.S.A. OREGON. Jackson Co.: N side of Lampman Road above Rogue River, ca. 80 m NE of the junction with Highway 99, Aug 2011, J. C. Coughlan, H. Moothoo, &amp; C. Shaw JC 039 (HOLOTYPE: TRT00020284!) .</p><p>= Crataegus suksdorfii (Sarg.) Kruschke sensu lato in part; = C.gaylussacia sensu J.B. Phipps (2013, 2015) in part.</p><p>= Crataegus brevispina Douglas ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot. (Steudel),ed.2,1:432.1840, nom. inval.</p><p>= Crataegus punctata var. brevispina Douglas ex Hook., Fl.Bor.-Amer.(Hooker) 1(4):201 (1832).(Fig. 10).</p><p>Diagnosis.— Differing from the two other members of Crataegus ser. Douglasianae with approximately 20 stamens per flower, C. gaylussacia A. Heller and C. × suksdorfii (Sarg.) Kruschke, in being predominantly a sexual, pollen-fertile diploid (2 n = 34) rather than an apomictic polyploid; thorns shorter and narrower, 7–12 mm long, 1.5–2.5 mm wide at base; leaf marginal teeth coarser, 6–9 per 1.0 cm adjacent leaf apex, than those of C. × suksdorfii; leaves variable in shape, but overall long-elliptic, often longer below the widest point (obovate;0.7–1.0 × width) than in the other species discussed here.Found west of the Cascades in Oregon and adjacent California and Washington, mostly at lower elevations (10–1,000 m ASL) than C. × suksdorfii, allopatric with the other species discussed here; also autopolyploids (2 n = 51, 68) on the western slopes of the Cascades in Oregon (1,200 –1,350 m ASL).</p><p>Description.— Trees or shrubs to 7 (–12) m, bark orange-brown on young twigs, becoming gray with age, smooth, but on trunks and large branches flaking irregularly. Thorns 7–12 mm long, straight, 1.5–2.5 mm in diameter at the base. Leaves (microphylls–) notophylls, unlobed (occasionally pinnately lobed), singly to doubly serrate, 6–9 teeth per cm adjacent leaf apexsurfaces pubescent, glabrescent, or glabrous, petioles 11–14 mm long. Flowers with calyx lobes 1–2 mm long, not toothed, stamens 15–20, free, undehisced anthers pink at anthesis, 4–5 styles. Dried fruits 4–7 mm in diameter, purple-black at maturity, with persistent calyx lobes. For images of the type material see https://morphobank.org/permalink/?F1092.</p><p>Distribution.— Populations of diploid Crataegus rhodamae-loveae are found west of the Cascades summit (Fig. 3; Fig. 1 and 9 in Dickinson et al. 2021), at elevations less than 100 m ASL, apart from ones in Rogue River drainage in Jackson and Josephine Counties, Oregon (300 - 400 m ASL), and those in northwestern California (to 1,000 m ASL). Autopolyploids are found in Oregon at elevations 1,000 –1,250 m ASL. These locations correspond to the following ecoregions (Anonymous 2010; Griffith et al. 2016; Thorson et al. 2003): Willamette Valley (Oregon, Washington), Cascades (California, Oregon, Washington), Eastern Cascades Slopes and Foothills (California), and Klamath Mountains (California, Oregon).</p><p>Remarks.— Both Crataegus rhodamae-loveae and C.douglasii were collected by David Douglas on his first trip to the Pacific Northwest, 1825–1827, as is shown by his three sheets of specimens at Kew. In writing up Douglas’ collections in the Flora boreali-americana, W.J. Hooker (1832) observed, “Two varieties are in Mr. Douglas’s collection from the North-West coast; both, indeed, with short thorns; one is glabrous in every part, the other has the peduncles, calyces, and under-side of the leaves downy.” The type of C. douglasii (K000442061) is from a tree grown from at the Horticultural Society of London from seeds collected by Douglas in 1826, near the confluence of the Spokane and Columbia rivers (Douglas 1914). Flowers and pedicels on this specimen are glabrous. Maceration of three anthers in Alexander’s stain showed virtually all pollen grains to be doubly stained, hence fertile (compare Fig. 6). A second sheet has one specimen (K000442063) labelled “Columbia [John] Scouler,” and four more attributed to David Douglas. There are two labels, Crataegus punctata, and Crataegus punctata var. brevispina, corresponding to the entry in W.J. Hooker’s Flora boreali-americana Volume 1, Part 4 (Hooker 1832). The first label is associated with three specimens (K000442064, K000442065, K000442066) that have flowers with approximately 10 stamens per flower. The Crataegus punctata var. brevispina label is next to the fourth specimen (K000442062) and both it and the Scouler specimen have about 20 stamens per flower. This fourth specimen has pubescent pedicels and pollen grains from anthers macerated in Alexander’s stain were also almost entirely double stained. The third sheet (K000370425) bears four leafy inflorescences collected by Douglas in 1825 “near the confluence of the Columbia” and is labelled as Crataegus sanguinea var. douglasii Torr. &amp; A. Gray. All four have flowers with pubescent pedicels and hypanthia, and (15–)20 stamens per flower. Twenty-five pollen grains from anthers of one specimen (Fig. 10) were all doubly stained, with no sign of any empty grains. The pubescent pedicels were an early indication that specimens collected in Columbia County, Oregon, and Clark County, Washington, by Peter Zika in 2003 with around 20 stamens per flower were different from other C. suksdorfii sensu lato material studied up until then. These and other specimens from the same and nearby sites were the first C. suksdorfii sensu lato individuals shown to be diploids (Talent &amp; Dickinson 2005). Subsequent collections from elsewhere in the diploid range showed that the correlation between diploidy and pubescence was not constant. However, this does suggest that the pollen-fertile 20-stamen C. suksdorfii sensu lato specimens collected by David Douglas probably came from forays he made in the vicinity of Fort Vancouver after his arrival there in early April 1825, and so are likely to represent the first specimens of Crataegus rhodamae-loveae .</p><p>Etymology.— Diploid C. suksdorfii sensu lato is named as a new species in honor of Oregon botanist and historian of Pacific Northwest botany, Rhoda M. Love (1932–2022; pp. 19–20 in Meyers et al. 2015). Rhoda Love was the first to study North American hawthorn reproductive biology by means of pollination experiments, introduced the first author to the Oregon flora, and became a valued mentor and colleague. In naming this species we explicitly disagree with Guedes et al. (2023) that eponyms should be avoided. Rather, eponyms can reflect the involvement of the honoree with the plant being named. Such names are an important way for taxonomists to recognize the contributions of others to their work and to the study and preservation of plants and their habitats. This represents an important social dimension of taxonomy that should weigh against possible adverse cultural and political uses of eponyms.</p><p>Ploidy level.— Diploids, 2n = 34; also autopolyploids, 2n = 51 and 68, based on chromosome counts (Dickinson et al. 1996) and flow cytometric determinations of nuclear DNA content (N. Talent unpubl. data; Coughlan et al. 2014; Lo et al. 2013; Talent &amp; Dickinson 2005), and analyses of nuclear and plastome DNA sequences (Lo et al. 2009b; Lo et al. 2010; Zarrei et al. 2014).</p><p>Hybrid.— Crataegus × cogswellii K.I.Chr. &amp; T.A. Dickinson (= ♀ Crataegus rhodamae-loveae (diploid C. suksdorfii) × ♂ C. monogyna) PhytoKeys 36:19 (2014). Individuals with pinnately lobed leaves may represent monogyna introgression. For exemplars, see https://morphobank.org/permalink/?F1097.</p><p>Conservation Status.— Introgression from sympatric C. monogyna could erode the genetic integrity of Crataegus rhodamae-loveae .</p><p>Paratypes: U.S.A. CALIFORNIA. Siskiyou Co.: T41 N R9 W S3 N side of Fay Lane, 28 Jul 2006, T. A . Dickinson &amp; E. Y. Y . Lo 2006-19 (TRT00001569); Fay Lane, 28 Jul 2006, T. A . Dickinson &amp; E. Y. Y . Lo 2006-20 (TRT00020296); T41 N R9 W S3 N side of Fay Lane, 28 Jul 2006, T. A . Dickinson &amp; E. Y. Y . Lo 2006-22 (TRT00001563) . OREGON. Columbia Co.: Sauvie I , just N of Columbia-Multnomah county line, 20 Aug 2011, J . Coughlan, H . Moothoo,&amp; C . Shaw,JC 119 (TRT00020235); Sauvie I , just N of Columbia-Multnomah county line, 18 May 2011, J . Coughlan, M. Zarrei, &amp; C . Shaw JC 114 (TRT00020171); Diblee Pt., 20 May 2011, J . Coughlan, M. Zarrei, &amp; C . Shaw JC 136 (TRT00020242); Sauvie I , just N of Columbia-Multnomah county line, 2 May 2010, J . Shiller, J . Tusha, T. A . Dickinson, &amp; M . Heckel 2010-13 (TRT00002011); T7 N R2 W S6 , Diblee Pt., 18 Sep 2003, P. F . Zika 19064 (TRT00001689) . Douglas Co.: Upper Elk Meadow, 26 May 1987, R. M . Love 8766 (TRT00001668); Upper Elk Meadow, 29 Jun 2003, R. M . Love C-2003-39 (TRT00001669) . Hood River Co.: Cascade Locks, 20 Aug 2011, J . Coughlan, H . Moothoo,&amp; C . Shaw JC092 (TRT00020154) . Josephine Co.: Deer Creek Centre, Deer Creek, at confluence of Squaw Creek, 12 May 2011, J . Coughlan M. Zarrei, &amp; C . Shaw JC045 (TRT00020323) . Lane Co.: Patterson Mt. Prairie, 9 Jun 2004, E. Y. Y . Lo, T. A . Dickinson, S . Nguyen, &amp; R. M . Love EL 65 (TRT00001760); Patterson Mt. Prairie, 9 Jun 2004, E. Y. Y . Lo, T. A . Dickinson, S . Nguyen, &amp; R. M . Love EL52 (TRT00001656) . Linn Co.: Corvallis,KOA Campground, Aug 2011, J . Coughlan, H . Moothoo, &amp; C . Shaw JC060 (TRT00020147); Cogswell- Foster Reserve, 10 Jun 2004, E. Y. Y . Lo, T. A . Dickinson, &amp; S . Nguyen EL68 (TRT00001724) . Multnomah Co.: 1.5 km NE of Troutdale, 20 Aug 2011, J . Coughlan, H . Moothoo, &amp; C . Shaw JC098 (TRT00020160); 1.5 km NE of Troutdale, 20 Aug 2011, J . Coughlan, H . Moothoo, &amp; C . Shaw JC099 (TRT00020162); 1.5 km NE of Troutdale, 20 Aug 2011, J . Coughlan, H . Moothoo, &amp; C . Shaw JC102 (TRT00020164); 1.5 km NE of Troutdale, 20 Aug 2011, J . Coughlan, H . Moothoo, &amp; C . Shaw JC103 (TRT00020166); 1.5 km NE of Troutdale, 20 Aug 2011, J . Coughlan, H . Moothoo, &amp; C . Shaw JC 104 (TRT00020372). OREGON or WASHINGTON: near the confluence of the Columbia, 30 Apr 1825, D. Douglas, s.n. (K000370425); near Ft. Vancouver, 30 Apr 1825, D. Douglas s.n. (K000442062); near Ft. Vancouver, 30 Apr 1825, D. Douglas s.n. (K000442064) . WASHINGTON. Clark Co.: T4 N R1 W S13, ca. 1.5 air mi NNW of Ridgefield, 15 Jun 2003, P . Zika 18485 (TRT00001805); T4 N R1 E S5, 4 air mi NE of Ridgefield, 15 Jun 2003, P . Zika 18486 (TRT00001808) .</p><p>Appendix 1. Vouchers for morphometric data.</p><p>Appendix 2. Vouchers for microsatellite data.</p><p>Appendix 3. Vouchers for data on the density of leaf marginal teeth were collected.</p><p>Appendix 4. Vouchers for pollen stainability data.</p><p>These appendices will be made available as part of MorphoBank Project P832.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D08783FF9C7E135D3D84F1FD4E62ED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dickinson, Timothy A.;Han, Shery	Dickinson, Timothy A., Han, Shery (2023): What Is Suksdorf’S Hawthorn? Revision Of The Western North American 20 - Stamen Black-Fruited Hawthorns (Crataegus Series Douglasianae, Rosaceae Subtribe Malinae). Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 151-189, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1292, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1292
