taxonID	type	description	language	source
03DE6051FFEE6D1D87ECFADB5481C7CD.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: — DENMARK. North Zealand, Risø, on lawn, at 56 ° 86 ′ N, 9 ° 85 ′ E, 03 Dec 2003, leg. David Boertmann DB 2003 / 004 (holotype C-F- 84720!), GenBank accession nos.: ITS-MK 770141, 28 S-OP 663309. Etymology: — similis (Latin) — similar, referring to the macroscopic similarity to Volvariella murinella. Description: — Pileus 20 – 55 mm diameter, at first conical to convex, becoming low convex with or without an umbo, non-striate margin, surface dry, non-hygrophanous, brown or brownish grey, darker at centre. Lamellae free, thin, crowded, ventricose, up to 3.0 mm broad, whitish to dirty pink, with concolorous margin. Stipe 30 – 80 × 4.0 – 7.0 mm, cylindrical, slightly broadened downward up to 9 mm, pubescent when young, surface grey, smooth. Volva small, up to 8 mm high, irregularly lobed, felt-membranous, brown. Context white. Smell and taste indistinct. Basidiospores [170 / 4 / 3] (6.0 –) 6.5 – 8.0 (– 10.0) × (3.9 –) 4.0 – 4.5 (– 5.1) µm, Lm × Wm = 7.5 × 4.4 µm, Q = (1.5 –) 1.6 – 1.9 (– 2.0), Qm = 1.7, ellipsoid to elongate, smooth, with or without a large central (oil) drop, non-amyloid, non-cyanophilic, hyaline, slightly thick-walled. Basidia 24 – 34 × 7.5 – 10.5 µm, narrowly to broadly clavate with often inflated in the middle, two to four-sterigmate, occasionally one-sterigmate, with cyanophilic content, thin-walled. Lamellar margin sterile. Pleurocystidia (37 –) 48 – 72 (– 86) × (5.0 –) 7.0 – 13 (– 20) µm, numerous, predominantly broadly lageniform to fusiform with a tortuose or curved apical appendage up to 27 µm long, near lamellar edges mostly filamentous-flexuous irregularly subcylindric to narrowly clavate, lageniform or fusiform, either obtuse, mucronate, and capitate, or with an elongate apical appendage, sometimes slightly narrow near base, hyaline, thin-walled. Cheilocystidia (35 –) 40 – 70 (– 100) × (10 –) 12 – 30 (– 40) µm, abundant, extremely variable in size and shape, clavate to broadly subutriform (with obtuse or subcapitate apex) to broadly fusiform, oblong ellipsoid or cylindrical, sometimes with finger-like appendage, hyaline, thin-walled. Pileipellis a cutis, with terminal elements 35 – 355 (– 370) × 6.5 – 27 µm, individual elements cylindrical, with gradually tapering towards apex, short- to long-celled parallel non-gelatinous hyphae, smooth, hyaline, thin-walled. Stipitipellis a cutis, composed of narrow cylindrical cells, 4 – 10 µm wide, hyaline, thin-walled. Caulocystidia absent. Clamp connections absent in all tissues examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — The Danish collections were growing solitary or a few together in grass and on lawns. They are from May, November and December perhaps avoiding the warmest months. Distribution: — So far only known from a few localities in Denmark. Additional collections examined: — DENMARK. North Zealand, Sorgenfri, on lawns, 03 Nov 2000, leg. Betty Klug-Andersen (C-F- 42306); ibid., North Jutland, Buderuplund-Buderupholm Dambrug, on soil in grassy path next to wet heathland, 23 May 2009, leg. Thomas Laessøe (TL- 13596) (C-F- 86457); ibid., North Jutland, Høstemark Skov S of Mou, on lawns, 12 Sep 1993, leg. Søren Hansen & Jan Vesterholt JV 93 - 852 (as V. pusilla var. taylorii) (C-F- 28631). Discussion: — Volvariella similis is characterized mainly by small basidiomata with a brownish pileus, a grey stipe without caulocystidia, pleurocystidia composed of two types of elements, clavate to broadly subutriform (with an obtuse or subcapitate apex) to broadly fusiform, oblong ellipsoid or cylindrical cheilocystidia, and pileipellis composed of cylindrical, gradually tapering, short- to long-celled parallel elements. Phylogenetic analyses based on nrITS / nrLSU rDNA (Fig. 1) show that V. similis is sister to V. paludosa and is clustered in a clade with V. dunensis, V. murinella, and V. taylorii. However, the percentage of similarity of nrDNA ITS sequences of V. similis to V. dunensis, V. murinella, V. paludosa, and V. taylorii is 94.8 %, 87.0 %, 96.5 %, and 86.5 %, respectively. Morphologically V. paludosa, originally described from Russia, differs from V. similis by its larger basidiomata (up to 70 mm in diameter) and stipe (up to 80 mm in length), white volva, slightly larger basidiospores (on average 8.7 × 5.6 µm) with a lower Q-value (Qm = 1.5), shorter cheilocystidia (up to 67 µm), utriform or broadly clavate pleurocystidia without elongate apical appendage, and its habitat in a rich fen (Crous et al. 2020). V. dunensis, described from Spain, differs from V. similis by a larger basidiomata (up to 100 mm in diameter), grey to grey brown pileus, shorter basidiospores (on av. 7.3 × 5.2 µm) with a lower Q-value (Qm = 1.4), longer cheilo- and pleurocystidia (up to 120 and 112 µm, respectively) without apical appendages, and a habitat usually in dunes (Ludwig 2007, Justo & Castro 2010, Crous et al. 2020). V. murinella has larger basidiomata (up to 70 mm in diameter) with a more greyish pileus, a longer stipe (up to 80 mm in length), usually a grey volva, much shorter basidiospores (on av. 7.3 × 4.7 µm) with a lower Q-value (Qm = 1.5), and pleurocystidia without apical appendage (Orton 1960, 1974). V. taylorii differs by the subviscid pileus, glabrous volva, even, not striate pileus margin, broader basidiospores (5.5 – 8.7 × 4.0 – 6.0 µm), and fusoid-ventricose, clavate, or ovoid pleurocystidia (Bresadola 1929, Orton 1974, Boekhout 1990, Crous et al. 2017).	en	Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning (2024): Taxonomic and phylogenetic evidence reveal two new Volvariella species (Agaricales, Volvariellaceae) from Denmark. Phytotaxa 669 (2): 87-104, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.669.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.669.2.2
03DE6051FFE16D1987ECFE9D56BBC0E5.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: — DENMARK. Central Jutland, Skanderborg, Skanderborg Stadion, on soil in man-made habitats, 09 Sep 2002, leg. Jens Mårbjerg JM 02 - 31 (holotype C-F- 100386!, isotype in ISUF). GenBank accession nos.: ITS-PQ 058320, 28 S-OP 663316. Etymology: — sulcata (Latin), refers to the sulcate pileus margin. Description: — Pileus 7.0 – 14.0 mm diameter, at first convex, becoming broadly convex to broadly campanulate with maturity, without umbo, surface dry, white to dirty whitish, non-hygrophanous, glabrous, striate when young, later becoming plicate-striate from the margin to near the centre. Lamellae free, thin, distant, ventricose, up to 2.5 mm broad, whitish to dirty pink, with concolorous, minutely fimbriate edge. Stipe 8.0 – 12.0 × 1.0 – 1.8 mm, cylindrical, slightly broadened downward, surface pure white, smooth. Volva fragile, saccate, 3.0 × 5.0 mm high, pure white, irregularly lobed. Context white. Smell and taste indistinct. Basidiospores [172 / 4 / 3] (5.8 –) 6.0 – 8.0 (– 9.8) × (4.4 –) 4.5 – 5.5 (– 6.4) µm, Lm × Wm = 7.1 × 4.9 µm, Q = (1.3 –) 1.4 – 1.5 (– 1.6), Qm = 1.4, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, smooth, thick-walled, with or without a large central (oil) drop, non-amyloid, non-cyanophilic. Basidia 22 – 40 × 9.0 – 11.5 µm, narrowly to broadly clavate with inflated in the middle, two to four-sterigmate, occasionally one-sterigmate, with homogeneous or granular contents, thin-walled. Lamellar margin sterile. Pleurocystidia (45 –) 50 – 81 (– 90) × (9.0 –) 12.0 – 17.0 (– 21) µm, moderately abundant, predominantly narrowly lageniform to lageniform, often with long cylindrical neck, and subcapitate to obtuse apex, sometimes with up to 30 µm long pedicel, rarely utriform, near lamellar edges mostly narrowly to broadly fusiform or flexuose, sometimes with sinuous or geniculate neck and bulbous apex, thin-walled, hyaline. Cheilocystidia (27 –) 40 – 75 (– 80) × (8.5 –) 10 – 21 (– 25) µm, abundant, variously shaped, narrowly utriform to utriform, and fusiform to broadly fusiform to lageniform, with 5.0 – 12.0 µm wide or obtuse to subcapitate apex, short to long pedicellate, rarely clavate, thin-walled, hyaline. Pileipellis a cutis, consists of elongate narrowly cylindrical to cylindrical, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid or even subglobose and utriform elements of (20 –) 30 – 90 (– 115) × (5.5 –) 10 – 30 (– 45) µm, mostly in chains, hyaline, non-gelatinous hyphae, with thin, smooth walls. Stipitipellis a cutis, consists of elongate cylindrical elements of 5.0 – 12.0 µm wide, thin-walled, hyaline. Caulocystidia consists of cylindrical hyphae, 70 – 150 × 6.0 – 8.0 µm, thin-walled, hyaline. Clamp connections absent in all tissues examined. Habit, habitat, and phenology: — In groups on soil in man-made habitats, incl. here a running course on a stadium, and two collections in hothouses. Most likely previously confused with the similar V. pusilla (Pers.) Singer. We are convinced that the pictures in Cetto (1984) from Italy and in Uzelac (2009) from Serbia are good representations of this small, characteristic species. The few collections point to a thermophilic species, possibly introduced in Denmark. Distribution: — Only known from a few places in Denmark. Additional collections examined: — DENMARK. North Zealand region, Nybo S of Kvistgård, on soil in man-made habitats, 11 August 1983, leg. D. Kreilgård s. n. (as V. pusilla, det. H. F. Gøtzsche) (C-F- 108932); ibid., Southwestern Zealand, Flakkebjerg, Toftø Forsøgsgartneri, in hothouses, 07 July 1984, leg. S. Klug-Andersen s. n. (as V. pusilla) (C-F- 108933). Discussion: — Volvariella sulcata is characterized by its smaller basidiomata often with a short stipe, sulcate-striate pileus margin, the number of lamellae being 35 – 45, ellipsoid basidiospores, lageniform pleurocystidia with a long neck and pedicel, highly variable cheilocystidia, a pileipellis including very short and broad elements, and a preference for man-made habitats. The phylogenetic analyses inferred from the combined ITS / 28 S data set (Fig. 1) reveal that Volvariella sulcata forms an autonomous lineage within the genus Volvariella. Morphologically, the species most closely resembling V. sulcata is V. pusilla (Pers.) Singer (1951: 401). Described by Persoon in 1799, V. pusilla is recognized as the classical small Volvariella species in Europe, characterized as small and white basidiomata with a plicate margin (Persoon 1799). Studies by Shaffer (1957) and Boekhout (1986, 1990) reported basidiospores measuring 6.3 – 7.8 × 4.0 – 5.4 µm, which are nearly identical to those of V. sulcata. The basidiomata of V. pusilla are slightly larger, with a pileus up to 30 mm in diameter and a generally longer (up to 50 mm in length) and broader (up to 5 mm in width) stipe. V. sulcata is generally more slender, and the number of lamellae, excluding lamellulae, is notably lower (35 – 45) in V. sulcata compared to approximately 60 in V. pusilla, as described by Kriglsteiner (2003). The pileipellis in V. sulcata includes inflated terminal cells (Fig. 7), which are absent in V. pusilla. Additionally, habitat preferences differ: V. sulcata has been found exclusively in thermophilic, man-made habitats on rich soil, whereas V. pusilla occurs in both man-made environments and natural habitats such as forests and calcareous meadows. The most critical factor distinguishing these species is the significant genetic divergence in their sequences, as evidenced by GenBank data. Consequently, we confidently describe V. sulcata as a new species, previously misidentified as V. pusilla. Several species are morphologically related to Volvariella sulcata, including V. hypopithys (Fr.) Shaffer (1957: 572), V. pellucida Shaffer (1963: 570), V. reidii Heinem. (1978: 239), V. striatula Peck (1895: 487), and V. turcica O. Kaygusuz & H. Knudsen (Kaygusuz et al. 2020: 580). V. hypopithys differs from V. sulcata with its larger basidiomata (up to 50 mm in diameter), fibrillose to squamulose pileus with not striate margin, longer stipe (20 – 80 mm in long) with densely pubescent to villose surface, and significantly longer cheilocystidia (up to 124 µm) (Shaffer 1957, Boekhout 1990). The North American V. pellucida differs by its diaphanous pileus, vinaceous buff to avellaneous volva that stains grey, and fusoid-ventricose or lageniform cheilo- and pleurocystidia (Shaffer 1963). V. reidii is characterized by a pileus usually with a distinct central umbo, a stipe with brown tinges, much shorter basidiospores (on av. 4.8 × 3.7 µm), and longer cheilocystidia (up to 112 µm) (Reid et al. 1977). The other species, V. striatula (as Volvaria striatula), originally described from Indiana (USA), also similar in having small white basidiomata with striate pileus margin, but differs by its membranous volva and larger subglobose basidiospores (Peck 1895). V. turcica is distinguished by its white pileus with a pale ochre centre, an ochre-discolouring volva, notably shorter basidiospores (on av. 5.2 × 3.2 µm), and balloon-shaped to clavate cheilocystidia (Kaygusuz et al. 2020).	en	Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Knudsen, Henning (2024): Taxonomic and phylogenetic evidence reveal two new Volvariella species (Agaricales, Volvariellaceae) from Denmark. Phytotaxa 669 (2): 87-104, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.669.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.669.2.2
