identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03DC8798A54076333D796079FDBDFEE9.text	03DC8798A54076333D796079FDBDFEE9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemileuca maia subsp. maia Drury 1773	<div><p>Hemileuca maia maia Drury (1773)</p><p>Coastal Barrens Buckmoth</p><p>The nominotypical taxon (Figs. 1, 2 &amp; 3) was described from New York and determined to most likely originate in the Pitch Pine Barrens region of eastern Long Island. Common name Coastal Barrens Buckmoth (for Hemileuca maia ssp. 5) per New York Natural Heritage Program (2020) and NatureServe Explorer (2020) which reflects its limited distribution in coastal Pitch Pine Barrens habitat in southeastern New England and on Long Island, N.Y.</p><p>Type locality: Neotype male: Oct. 21, 2017, Long Island Avenue, north of Deer Park train station, Edgewood, Suffolk County, New York, leg. H. Pavulaan (Pavulaan, 2020). Neotype is deposited in the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera &amp; Biodiversity, Gainesville, FL . [5 additional male and 5 female specimens (Westhampton, Suffolk Co., N. Y.) analyzed in this study are deposited in the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera &amp; Biodiversity, Gainesville, FL.; additional specimens remain in the author s collection.]</p><p>Range: Confined to eastern Long Island, New York (Fig. 16). Most frequently observed in the Westhampton Dwarf Pine Plains Preserve and in the Edgewood Oak Brush Plains Preserve. Additional populations are in southeastern New England, Cape Cod, Martha s Vineyard and Nantucket, which are of the same phenotype, are often referred to as the same taxon.</p><p>Habitat: Primarily pitch pine barrens, scrub oak plains and maritime shrublands or sandplains where the hostplant Quercus ilicifolia abounds. Selfridge et al. (2007) state that H. maia is restricted to remnant Pinus rigida (Pitch Pine) / Quercus ilicifolia (Scrub Oak) habitat in the northeastern United States. This habitat is becoming more fragmented and threatened by multiple factors, thus bringing conservation attention to the nominotypical subspecies. Fire suppression in the fire-dependent habitat is a threat and requires considerable management considerations.</p><p>Flight period: NY (Long Island): Oct. 4 28. Southeastern New England: Sept. 27 Oct. 25.</p><p>Hosts: Quercus ilicifolia (Scrub Oak) on Long Island, N.Y., Plymouth County, MA. and Martha s Vineyard, MA. Also on Quercus prinoides (Dwarf Chinquapin Oak) . Haggerty (2006) reared larvae on Q. alba (White Oak) and Q. stellata (Post Oak) . Larvae are known to wander to additional, non- Quercus, hosts in the later instars, such as Salix (Willow sp.) and Populus (Aspen sp.) (NatureServe Explorer, 2020). In Edgewood, N.Y., I have found them frequently on Prunus serotina (Black Cherry) in July. In West Greenwich, R.I., I once found a clutch of first instar larvae on P. serotina but could not locate an egg ring to confirm oviposition on that host.</p><p>Description: Male FW length 21-28 mm., female FW length 28-30 mm. The smallest of all maia populations. Forewings slightly more rounded than other subspecies as described. Wings generally with a variable dark gray appearance, darker toward the outer margin, and highly translucent (thinly-scaled) [text can be read through the wings when placed against the wings]. Median bands primarily white with a bare hint of yellow tint in some specimens. The forewing band directly intersects the discal streak which usually breaks the band into two segments in most examined specimens. The posterior portion of the median band may be partially faded in many individuals. Females are more uniformly gray than males, and have a distinct black wing margin. The Long Island, N.Y. population has larvae characterized by having a distinct yellow lateral line.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC8798A54076333D796079FDBDFEE9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pavulaan, Harry	Pavulaan, Harry (2020): A phenotypic comparison of regional populations of Hemileuca maia (Drury, 1773) with designations of new subspecies (Bombycoidea, Saturniidae, Hemileucinae). The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 8 (5): 1-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16534980
03DC8798A54176303EEE6313FD5AFD02.text	03DC8798A54176303EEE6313FD5AFD02.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemileuca maia subsp. sandra Pavulaan 2020	<div><p>Hemileuca maia sandra Pavulaan, 2020 New Subspecies</p><p>Eastern Buckmoth</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:1sid:zoobank.org:act: 9EDBE62F-2415-4EC0-BE24-6E2C4BB20712</p><p>This taxon (Figs. 3, 4 &amp; 12) represents interior continental (inland) populations. Insufficient published or available collected material makes it difficult to ascertain the full extent of its distribution. Common name Eastern Buckmoth per NatureServe Explorer (2020) reflects distribution throughout the interior eastern United States. The New York Natural Heritage Program (2020) refers to this as Inland Barrens Buckmoth and considers this the nominal subspecies because adults are determined to fall within the range of variation of southern populations. The subspecies is named in honor of my older daughter, who provides invaluable field assistance in all my lepidoptera studies.</p><p>Type locality: Holotype (male): Oct. 15, 2019, ex-larva, Chatsworth, Woodland Township, Burlington Co., New Jersey, leg. I. Osipov. 24 paratypes (20 males, 3 females) from same location . Holotype, allotype (female) and 8 paratype specimens (6 males, 2 females, from TL) are deposited in the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera &amp; Biodiversity, Gainesville, FL.; the remainder in the author s collection. A series of 32 southern Indiana specimens (males) were analyzed for morphological comparison and matched the range of variation in the New Jersey series [10 specimens from Mishawaka and West Lafayette, IN. are deposited in the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera &amp; Biodiversity, Gainesville, FL.; the remainder in the author s collection.]</p><p>Range: Known to be common in parts of the southern New Jersey Pine Barrens region. N.J. phenotype matches specimens from Virginia, Georgia, southeastern Ohio, southern Indiana, northern Alabama and northern Mississippi. This subspecies likely ranges west to Oklahoma (Fig. 16). It is likely that inland populations in New York, from the Shawangunk Mountains to Albany are represented by this taxon.</p><p>Habitat: In New Jersey and inland New York, primarily Pitch Pine/Scrub Oak barrens but also in dry, mixed forest dominated by Quercus . In northern Virginia, mixed deciduous forest with presence of different species of Quercus, but apparently Q. ilicifolia is absent. Reportedly associated with pine barrens and sand barrens in other northern states: NY (inland sites), GA, OH, PA, VA, WV. In the Appalachian Mountains, the habitat is mixed, dry Quercus -dominated woodland and granite balds. In the southeastern coastal plain, the habitat is described as sandhills. Fragmentation and fire suppression of Pitch Pine/Scrub Oak habitat in northern portions of the species range are a threat to the habitat.</p><p>Flight period: Southern IN: Sep. 27 Nov. 2. NY (populations around Albany, believed to be this subspecies): Sept. 25 Oct. 5. NJ: Sep. 27 Nov. 1. PA: Sept. 25 Nov. 1. MD: Oct. 25 - Nov. 12. VA: Oct. 17 - Nov. 12. WV: Oct. 8 Oct. 19. NC: Nov. 4 Dec. 26. SC: Jan. 1. Southeastern OH: Oct. 18 Nov. 4. KY: Oct. 3 Nov. 14. TN: Nov. 14 Nov. 30. GA: Nov. 4 - Dec. 2. Northern AL: Nov. 7 Dec. 3. Northern MS: Dec. 7.</p><p>Hosts: Quercus alba (White Oak), Q. bicolor (Swamp White Oak), Q. falcata (Southern Red Oak), Q. hemisphaerica (Darlington Oak), Q. ilicifolia (Scrub Oak), Q. laevis (Turkey Oak), Q. marilandica (Blackjack Oak), Q. montana (Chestnut Oak), Q. muehlenbergii (Chinquapin Oak), Q. prinoides (Dwarf Chinquapin Oak), Q. rubra (Red Oak), Q. stellata (Post Oak) and Q. velutina (Black Oak) . Larvae are known to wander to additional, non- Quercus, hosts in the later instars, such as Prunus cerasus (Sour Cherry). In Clifton, VA found on Rosa multiflora (Multiflora Rose) in July; in KY and MD, found on cultivated Fragaria (Strawberry sp.). In laboratory experiments, Smith (1974) successfully reared larvae from eggs collected on Q. ilicifolia in Colonie, N.Y. on alternate hosts Q. chrysolepis (Canyon Live Oak) and Salix hindsiana (Sandbar Willow) . Leeuw (1974) reported rearing them on Salix babylonica (Weeping Willow) . Many other hosts are listed in Tietz (1952, 1972) and Heppner (2003), but they do not specify what states or regions these records are from.</p><p>Description: Male FW length 24-31 mm., female FW length 29-36 mm. Larger than ssp. maia . Wings black, opaque [text cannot be read through the wings when placed against the wings]. Median bands white but with slightly more yellow tint than in ssp. maia . Forewing median band intersects the discal streak which breaks the band into two segments in less than half of individuals, but in most specimens the median band is located exterior to the discal streak, thus maintaining a continuous band. Indiana and Virginia specimens tend to have the continuous median band (inner edge of the median band intersects the discal streak) and the bands are clearly cream-colored. Specimens from northern Alabama and northern Mississippi are deep black, matching northeastern populations, and do not possess the brownish-black color of the nearby Gulf Coast population.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC8798A54176303EEE6313FD5AFD02	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pavulaan, Harry	Pavulaan, Harry (2020): A phenotypic comparison of regional populations of Hemileuca maia (Drury, 1773) with designations of new subspecies (Bombycoidea, Saturniidae, Hemileucinae). The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 8 (5): 1-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16534980
03DC8798A54276313EE56086FE87FEC5.text	03DC8798A54276313EE56086FE87FEC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemileuca maia subsp. warreni Pavulaan 2020	<div><p>Hemileuca maia warreni Pavulaan, 2020 New Subspecies</p><p>Florida Buckmoth</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:1sid:zoobank.org:act: 281A5C71-A821-47B4-BDA6-CFDBF4A5E251</p><p>This taxon (Figs. 5, 6 &amp; 13) represents peninsular Florida populations and was only recently thought to be a distinct subspecies. The subspecies is named in honor of Dr. Andrew D. Warren, Senior Collections Manager, McGuire Center for Lepidoptera &amp; Biodiversity, who provided considerable information regarding Florida populations.</p><p>Type locality: Holotype (male): Jan. 24, 1984. Deltona, Volusia Co., Florida, leg. L. C. Dow. 50 paratypes from Alachua (Archer, Gainesville), Clay (Camp Blanding), Duval (Jacksonville), Putnam (Katherine B. Ordway Preserve), Seminole, Taylor (Steinhatchee) and Volusia (Deltona, Cassadaga) Counties. [Holotype, allotype (female) and all paratype specimens deposited in the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera &amp; Biodiversity, Gainesville, FL.]</p><p>Range: Primarily peninsular Florida (Fig. 16): Duval to Palm Beach counties along the east coast, west to Taylor County.</p><p>Habitat: Pine-Oak scrub.</p><p>Flight period: Dec. 25 - Feb. 4 (peak flight in Jan.).</p><p>Hosts: Quercus laevis (Turkey Oak) reported from northern parts of Florida (e.g. western Marion, Alachua, Clay counties), Quercus myrtifolia (Myrtle Oak) reported from southeastern portions (e.g. Marion Co. (Ocala National Forest), Palm Beach Co.).</p><p>Description: Male FW length 23-28 mm., female FW length 27-35 mm. [Holotype (male) FW length is 23.7 mm.] Smaller than the other subspecies except ssp. maia . Forewings have a slightly more elongated appearance than other subspecies. In many individuals, the forewings are decidedly more pointed than other subspecies. Wings black to dark brownish-black, solid opaque. Median bands cream-white with a tendency for the forewing bands to be quite narrow in most specimens. Some individuals have the posterior portion of the forewing median band faded or reduced to small white patches. In some, the posterior portion of the band is absent and the anterior portion reduced to a small white triangle adjacent to the discal streak, leaving the forewing almost all black. The forewing median band is positioned exterior to the discal streak in most specimens, thus maintaining a continuous band (inner edge of the median band intersects the discal streak). The discal streak is enlarged in most specimens, more so than in other subspecies.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC8798A54276313EE56086FE87FEC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pavulaan, Harry	Pavulaan, Harry (2020): A phenotypic comparison of regional populations of Hemileuca maia (Drury, 1773) with designations of new subspecies (Bombycoidea, Saturniidae, Hemileucinae). The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 8 (5): 1-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16534980
03DC8798A54376313EE3633FFC59F905.text	03DC8798A54376313EE3633FFC59F905.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemileuca maia subsp. orleans Pavulaan 2020	<div><p>Hemileuca maia orleans Pavulaan, 2020 New Subspecies</p><p>Gulf Coast Buckmoth</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:1sid:zoobank.org:act: EB65773F-B937-45F5-A58D-9C30478A8281</p><p>This taxon (Figs. 7, 8 &amp; 13) represents Louisiana populations, mainly around New Orleans and the Mississippi River delta. This is a unique phenotype with a variable brownish-black ground color.</p><p>Type locality: Holotype (male): Dec. 11, 2003. 4.2 mi. NE of Abita Springs, sec. 24.T6.SR12E, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, leg. V. Brou . 45 paratypes (males) from St. Tammany Parish, 1 paratype (female) from Ascension Parish . [Holotype, allotype (female) and 16 male paratype specimens deposited in the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera &amp; Biodiversity, Gainesville, FL., the remainder in the author s collection.]</p><p>Range: Primarily southern portions of Louisiana around New Orleans and adjacent portions of Mississippi (Fig. 16). Range into eastern Texas requires morphological examination of specimens, but all viewed images of eastern Texas maia are black. Some Texas records may be confused with H. peigleri but adult morphology is very different.</p><p>Habitat: Known to be an urban pest on host trees in New Orleans and Baton Rouge, experiencing heavy infestations, leading to mass defoliation of city trees (Martinat et al., 1997).</p><p>Flight period: LA (New Orleans region): Nov. 15 Jan. 9. Eastern TX records are: Dec. 4 17 but may not be ssp. orleans .</p><p>Hosts: Quercus virginiana (Live Oak) . Martinat et al. (1997) conducted host suitability studies to determine alternate host suitability. They report that late-instar larvae have been found on almost any type of foliage but it was unknown whether they can complete development on non- Quercus species. In their study, 1 st through 4 th instar larvae were raised on Quercus nigra (Water Oak), then switched to various alternate hosts in the 5 th instar, while others were successfully reared to pupation on Q. nigra . Suitable alternate hosts included: Q. velutina (Black Oak), and Prunus serotina (Black Cherry) . Lower survival rates occurred on Lagerstroemia indica (Crape Myrtle), Liquidambar styraciflua (Sweetgum), and Salix nigra (Black Willow) .</p><p>Description: Male FW length 25-32 mm., female FW length 35 mm. The largest of all maia populations. Wings decidedly brownish-black, solid opaque. The brownish tint is variable. While some individuals are black, a small percentage are clearly brown. Median bands are cream-colored. The forewing median band is located exterior to the discal streak in most specimens, thus maintaining a continuous band (inner edge of the median band intersects the discal streak). Some individuals have the posterior portion of the forewing median band faded or reduced to small white patches</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC8798A54376313EE3633FFC59F905	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pavulaan, Harry	Pavulaan, Harry (2020): A phenotypic comparison of regional populations of Hemileuca maia (Drury, 1773) with designations of new subspecies (Bombycoidea, Saturniidae, Hemileucinae). The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 8 (5): 1-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16534980
03DC8798A54C763F3E29621CFA47F929.text	03DC8798A54C763F3E29621CFA47F929.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemileuca maia subsp. menyanthevora Pavulaan 2020	<div><p>Hemileuca maia menyanthevora Pavulaan, 2020 New Subspecies</p><p>Bogbean Buckmoth</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:1sid:zoobank.org:act: B7D0030D-1C45-4733-A1CE-79B6515AC4E1</p><p>This taxon (Figs. 9, 10 &amp; 15) represents a small grouping of wetland-associated populations in northern New York State, around Ottawa, Ontario and in southeastern Wisconsin. Rubinoff &amp; Sperling (2004) found no marked genetic divergence from H. maia populations nearby in New York State, lending to its status as a recent postglacial taxon. Long considered to be a unique ecological form of H. maia, adapted to use of a particular hostplant ( Menyanthes trifoliata), but the lack of an adequate description and naming hinders conservation efforts. In the absence of formal description, and to further conservation efforts in New York and Ontario, the Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU) concept was employed. Fraser &amp; Bernatchez (2001) define the ESU concept as: Segments of species whose divergence can be measured or evaluated by putting differential emphasis on the role of evolutionary forces at varied temporal scales [within a species].</p><p>The present paper resolves at least one issue, that of formal description and naming. One of the most difficult hindrances to the study of this taxon is locating any specimens able to serve as types. Only the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity had institutional specimens, which serve as the holotype and paratypes. Ross Layberry provided information on specimens collected in Ontario in 1984 (pre-act). Additional analysis of New York, Wisconsin, and Ontario phenotypes came from many internet resources and published works (Handfield, 2011). It is not clear whether the New York, Wisconsin and Ontario populations all represent the same exact taxon. COSEWIC (2009) states that genetic exchange between U.S. and Canadian populations does not occur due to distance between population groupings. Further research is warranted. This may actually represent a full species. The Bogbean Buckmoth was granted state protection as threatened in 1999 in New York State, though it has not been formally described or named. It is also protected as endangered in Canada as of 2009, and also in Ontario under the Endangered Species Act, 2007.</p><p>Common name Bogbean Buckmoth ( Hemileuca sp. 1) per New York Natural Heritage Program (2020) and NatureServe Explorer (2020).</p><p>Type locality: Holotype (male): Sep. 22, 1985. Brennan Beach Camp, Pulaski, Oswego Co., N.Y. Leg. P. Savage . Allotype (female), 9 male paratypes and 4 female paratypes, same data as holotype . All specimens deposited in the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera &amp; Biodiversity, Gainesville, FL.</p><p>Range: Confined to six known fens in Oswego County, N.Y. and in four fens near Ottawa, Ontario (Fig. 16). Kruse (1998) provides detailed information on two sites in Marquette and Ozaukee Counties in Wisconsin.</p><p>Habitat: Described as minerotropic [stream or spring-fed] fens at the east edge of Lake Ontario and open graminoid fens (New York Natural Heritage Program, 2020); open, low-shrub fens (Government of Canada Species Profile, 2020), and open, calcareous, graminoid and low shrub fens in Ontario (COSEWIC, 2009). COSEWIC (2009) gives the habitat description of the two groupings of New York as: (1) a complex of several discrete, rich, shrub-dominated fen openings behind barrier dunes on Lake Ontario at one site, and (2) an inland complex of edge-dominated floating peat mats on lake edges. This subspecies (or species) is extremely vulnerable to extirpation in New York, because its habitat is rapidly degrading and is significantly threatened (New York Natural Heritage Program, 2020). Habitat threats include succession by invasive Typha angustifolia (Narrowleaf Cattail), Phragmites australis (Common Reed), Lythrum salicaria (Purple Loosestrife), and Frangula alnus (Glossy Buckthorn); hydrologic alteration resulting in lowering of the Lake Ontario water level; nutrient pollution run-off from surrounding areas; surface flooding at two fen sites; and parasitoid wasps and other predators. Pesticide application in the habitat could be disastrous. In Ontario, there are nearly identical threats to the habitat (COSEWIC, 2009).</p><p>Flight period: Sept. 9 to Oct. 12.</p><p>Hosts: A rather complicated series of choices (COSEWIC, 2009; Government of Canada Species Profile, 2020) across a broad range of suitable hostplants. In Ontario, females were observed depositing egg rings mostly on Myrica gale (Sweet Gale), Betula pumila (Bog Birch), but also other low shrubs such as Spiraea alba (Narrow-leaved Meadowsweet), Salix petiolaris (Slender Willow), Salix bebbiana (Bebb s Willow) and odd choices such as Phragmites australis (Common Reed), Muhlenbergia glomerata (Marsh Muhly), Solidago (Goldenrod sp.), Aster ( Aster sp.), and Scirpus (Rush sp.) [The primary host Menyanthes trifoliata has already dried by the time females are looking to oviposit]. Many of these plants are unsuitable for larval development. Newly-hatched larvae in the following year seek out Vaccinium macrocarpon (Bog Cranberry), later switching to M. trifoliata as it leafs out. Late instars disperse widely, being found on B. pumila, S. petiolaris, S. bebbiana, Salix pedicellaris (Bog Willow), and Spiraea alba (Narrow-leaved Meadowsweet).</p><p>In a New York study (Pryor, 1998), similar observations were obtained of ovipositions on M. gale, Acer rubrum (Red Maple), Woodwardia (= Anchistea) virginica (Virginia Chain Fern), Alnus incana rugosa (Speckled Alder), Carex (Sedge sp.), Chamaedaphne calyculata (Leatherleaf), Salix pedicellaris (Bog Willow), S. alba, and Cornus sericea (= stolonifera) (Red Osier Dogwood). Likewise, many of these plants are unsuitable for larval development. Larvae have been observed leaving unsuitable plants and seeking out V. macrocarpon and later switching to M. trifoliata as it leafs out. Larvae were further found throughout summer feeding on: A. incana rugosa, Aronia melanocarpa (Black Chokeberry), Carex (Sedge sp.), C. calyculata, Ilex verticillata (Common Winterberry), M. trifoliata, Quercus (Oak sp.), S. pedicellaris, S. alba, and V. macrocarpon . [The name Buckbean Buckmoth might thus be a misnomer.]</p><p>Description: FW length: males 22-32 mm; females 26-36 mm. [Holotype (male) FW length is 27.6 mm.] Despite published claims, this subspecies is very distinct and nearly identical to H. lucina . Larger than ssp. maia . Wings light gray and highly translucent, with the cream-tinted median bands nearly transparent [text can easily be read through the wings when placed against the wings]. The median bands on both sets of wings are much wider than in all other maia subspecies, generally completely enclosing the forewing median discal streak and covering about 1/3 of the interior of the wings. The basal third of the forewings are darker than the outer third. Female wings are not as broad as the other maia subspecies, the wings are more rounded and posess a dark gray wing margin on both sets of wings. The median band pattern in females is remarkably similar to H. nevadensis females.</p><p>This subspecies is the most unique of all the maia -complex populations and likely represents a different species-level taxon. It appears to be nearly identical in morphology to H. lucina . Handfield (2011) describes it as Hemileuca sp. near lucina due to great similarity to H. lucina . Legge et al. (1996) suggest this taxon is an evolutionarily significant unit, possibly a separate species. Crandall et al. (2000) consider this an evolutionarily significant unit (ESU), based on ecological and genetic data, and further suggest that these are more relevant for conservation efforts. They consider the evolutionary heritage of ESU s based on ecology will better foster conservation management. Buckner et al. (2014) state that Bog Buckmoth populations are not consistently distinguishable from other H. maia populations on the basis of any diagnostic set of color or other morphological characters. This paper presents a different conclusion.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC8798A54C763F3E29621CFA47F929	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pavulaan, Harry	Pavulaan, Harry (2020): A phenotypic comparison of regional populations of Hemileuca maia (Drury, 1773) with designations of new subspecies (Bombycoidea, Saturniidae, Hemileucinae). The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 8 (5): 1-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16534980
