identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D987B4E809160CFF1383E2B8BFB8FB.text	03D987B4E809160CFF1383E2B8BFB8FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sericinus montela Gray 1852	<div><p>Results</p><p>General larval morphology</p><p>The final-instar larvae of Sericinus montela are of typical eruciform. The cylindrical trunk bears three pairs of thoracic legs, four pairs of abdominal prolegs and a pair of anal prolegs (Figure 1). The head is orthognathus, with the mouthparts directed ventrally. The larval trunk is furnished with a pair of prominent filaments (PF) and a Y-shaped eversible osmeterium (Os) on the prothorax, and three rows of verrucae (Vr) arranged on the dorsal, lateral and subventral surface, respectively (Figure 1 (b)).</p><p>Head</p><p>The head capsule is sclerotised, bearing a pair of antennae, six pairs of stemmata and a group of chewing mouthparts directed ventrally. The head capsule is black and hirsute (Figure 1 (b)). The number and position of cranial secondary setae vary greatly among specimens and may even be asymmetrical between sides on a single individual (Figure 2 (a,b)).The frontoclypeus is approximately triangular, bearing numerous secondary setae. The anteclypeus is subtrapezoidal and membranous, and bears six pairs of asymmetrical setae.</p><p>The larvae have six pairs of stemmata (Figure 2 (c)), which are generally equal in size. Stemmata 1–4 and 6 are protuberant and arranged in a semicircle. Stemma 5 is widely separated from the semicircle and located anteriorly near the antennal base.</p><p>Each antenna is located between stemma 5 and the mandible (Figure 2 (d)). The antenna is cylindrical and three-segmented, with the second segment being the longest (Figure 3 (a)). The second segment bears distally two sensilla chaetica (SC1 and SC2) and two sensilla basiconica (SB1 and SB2). The sensilla chaetica varied significantly in length, with SC1 being much longer than SC2. The third segment of the antenna is very short, bearing a sensillum basiconicum distally (SB3).</p><p>Larval mouthparts</p><p>The mouthparts are mandibulate, comprising a labrum, a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae and labia, and a tubular spinneret.</p><p>The labrum is trapezoidal profiling a V-shape notch, and equipped with 10 pairs of setae (Figure 2 (d)). The epipharynx has a pair of flattened sensilla digitiformia located on the lateral side, three pairs of sensilla chaetica at the anterior margin, and two pairs of sensilla campaniformia on the central area. In addition, the epipharynx is furnished with inconspicuous microtrichia on the proximal region (Figure 3 (b)).</p><p>The mandible is flattened and heavily sclerotised, forming 15 cusps (distal teeth) on the apical margin (Figure 3 (c,d)). The cusps are more prominent in the middle and gradually diminish to each side. The mandible bears two setae on the external surface (Figures 2 (d) and 3(d)).</p><p>The maxilla possesses two sensilla styloconica and three sensilla chaetica on the mesal lobe (Figure 3 (e)). The maxillary palp is two-segmented, and furnished with a sensillum digitiformium, two sensilla campaniformia (inset of Figure 3 (e)), and 10 sensilla basiconica surrounding a styloconic sensilla basiconica at the apex (Figure 3 (e)).</p><p>The labium has a pair of labial palps and an elongated tubular spinneret (Figure 3 (f)). Each labial palp is furnished with a campaniform sensillum (SCf) basally, and a sensillum basiconicum (SB) and a sensillum styloconicum (SS) distally. The spinneret is tubular and protrudes ventrally.</p><p>Thoracic legs</p><p>The thoracic legs are five-segmented: each consists of a coxa, a femur, a tibia, a tarsus and a single claw on the apex (Figure 4 (a)). The coxa is furnished with plentiful microtrichia on the lateral and mesal surfaces. The femur, tibia and tarsus are sclerotised and bear dense setae on the mesal surface and sparse setae laterally. The claw is heavily sclerotised, with a sharp apex (Figure 4 (b)).</p><p>Abdominal and anal prolegs</p><p>The unsegmented proleg consists of a proximal base and a distal planta where the crochets arise (Figure 4 (c)). The proximal base bears abundant setae on the lateral and mesal surface. The planta is furnished with numerous microtrichia mesally (Figure 4 (c)). The crochets of the abdominal prolegs are triordinal mesopenellipse arranged in an incomplete circle (Figure 4 (d)). The crochets of the anal prolegs are remarkable for possessing combined mesal triordinal penellipse and lateral uniordinal series (Figure 4 (e)).</p><p>Osmeterium</p><p>The osmeterium is normally contracted into the prothorax (Figure 1 (a)), and stretches out as a yellowish Y-shaped gland if the larva is disturbed (Figures 1 (b) and 5(a)). When fully stretched, the osmeterium can be further subdivided into a glabrous basal stem and paired distal arms (Figure 5 (a)). The tubular arms of the osmeterium are hirsute distally (Figure 5 (b)), and furnished with numerous minor openings surrounded by clusters of microtrichia (Figure 5 (c)).</p><p>Epidermal derivates on the trunk</p><p>The paired protuberant filaments arise from the prothorax (Figure 1 (b)), and are externally wrinkled and black (Figures 1 (a) and 6(a)). The filaments are equipped with numerous spinous setae (Figure 6 (a)), which are internally hollow and furnished with acanthae on the surface (Figure 6 (b)).</p><p>The verrucae are arranged on the dorsal, lateral and subventral surfaces of the larval trunk (Figure 1 (b)). The verrucae are generally yellow, except for those on the dorsum of the metathorax (Figure 1 (b)), which are blackish terminally and yellowish proximally (Figure 1 (a)). The verrucae on dorsal and lateral surfaces are comparatively more prominent (Figure 6 (c)) than those on the subventral surface (Figure 6 (d)). All the verrucae are covered with luxuriant secondary setae (Figure 6 (c,d)), which are also furnished with numerous acanthae.</p><p>Spiracles</p><p>The respiratory system is of the peripneustic type; the larvae bear a pair of prothoracic spiracles and eight pairs of spiracles on the first eight abdominal segments (Figure 1 (b)). The spiracles are elliptical and generally similar in size (Figure 6 (e)). The spiracle is equipped with longer branched trichomes covering the whole orifice and shorter microtrichia arranged on the exterior ring (Figure 6e).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B4E809160CFF1383E2B8BFB8FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wang, Zi-Hao;Jiang, Lu	Wang, Zi-Hao, Jiang, Lu (2023): Ultramorphology of the mature larvae of Sericinus montela Grey (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), with descriptions of osmeterium using a novel method of larval preservation. Journal of Natural History 57 (1 - 4): 38-53, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2167620, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2167620
