identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D987F1B23DFF9F76BBFA02FE2EEDB6.text	03D987F1B23DFF9F76BBFA02FE2EEDB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carbula , Stal 1864	<div><p>2.1 Genus  Carbula Stal</p><p>Carbula, Stål (1864) [2] Hem. Afr., 1: 140</p><p>2.1. 1 Type species -  Carbula decorata Signoret, an African species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987F1B23DFF9F76BBFA02FE2EEDB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kaur, R.;Singh, D.;Kaur, H.	Kaur, R., Singh, D., Kaur, H. (2013): Taxonomic significance of external genitalia in differentiating four species of genus Carbula Stål (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) from North India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 1 (3), No. 3: 33-42
03D987F1B23DFF9C76BBF951FB2BEA61.text	03D987F1B23DFF9C76BBF951FB2BEA61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carbula scutellata Distant 1887	<div><p>2.2  Carbula scutellata Distant</p><p>Carbula scutellata: Distant (1887) [3] Tr. E. S., p. 347.</p><p>2.2.1 Body length: J- 7.5 mm, ♀ - 8 mm (Fig. 1 A)</p><p>2.2. 2 Male Genitalia: Pygophore (Fig. 1 B) distinctly longer, uniformly broad throughout its length, lateral margins slightly sinuate; dorsolateral lobes angulated at apex; dorsomedian surface almost straight; dorsal opening small and inverted V-shaped; ventroposterior margin with a small median concavity, laterally slightly sinuate; paramere (Fig. 1 C) bilobed, inner lobe small, narrowed at base, broadly sinuate at apex with outer margin concave; outer lobe of paramere broad, acute at apex, its outer margin convex, inner margin slightly convex, and obtuse at apex; aedeagus (Fig. 1 D) with sclerotized broad theca; bilobed, bag like dorsolateral membranous conjunctival appendages, fused basally; a pair of small sclerotized medial penial lobes, placed moderately apart distally that are not fused basally; vesica very short, enclosed in theca; ejaculatory reservoir elongate.</p><p>2.3 Female Genitalia: 1 st gonocoxae triangular, medially wide apart with posterior margins sinuately convex and acute apices; 2 nd gonocoxae fused medially, with posterior margin sinuately convex; 8 th paratergites moderately broad, triangular with posterior margins convex; 9 th paratergites elongated, lobulate, outer margins concave, passing beyond fused posterior margins of 8 th paratergites (Fig. 1 E); spermatheca (Fig. 1 F) with distinct proximal and distal flanges; pump region moderately long, sclerotized, tube like and shorter than distal spermathecal duct; bulb rounded; medial dilation broad, somewhat pumpkin shaped with small proximal dilation, directed posteriad; proximal spermathecal duct distinctly longer than distal.</p><p>2.4 Material Examined:</p><p>2.4.1 Himachal Pradesh:  Paonta Sahib, 3-26. x. 2009 - 9♀♀, 11JJ</p><p>2.4.2 Distribution: Myanmar; Pakistan; India (Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya).</p><p>2.4.3 Remarks: The species closely resembles  Carbula socia in having humeral angles of pronotum prominent, with long acute or subacute spines; scutellum yellowish-green, slightly punctured with black, basal angles with yellowish-green spots and apex impunctate; head somewhat subtriangular; pygophore longer than broad; theca vase like and paramere with lateral process narrow at base, broad and bifurcated at apex. However, it can be easily separated from the same in having humeral angles of pronotum with long acute spines; 9 th paratergites elongate, distinctly passing beyond 8 th paratergites and inner margin of blade of paramere slightly convex and obtuse at apex.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987F1B23DFF9C76BBF951FB2BEA61	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kaur, R.;Singh, D.;Kaur, H.	Kaur, R., Singh, D., Kaur, H. (2013): Taxonomic significance of external genitalia in differentiating four species of genus Carbula Stål (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) from North India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 1 (3), No. 3: 33-42
03D987F1B238FF9B76BBF910FD5CEC6D.text	03D987F1B238FF9B76BBF910FD5CEC6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carbula socia (Walker)	<div><p>2.5  Carbula socia (Walker)</p><p>Mormidea socia, Walker (1867) [4] Cat. Het., 2: p. 262.</p><p>Carbula socia: Distant (1902) [5] Faun. Brit. Ind. Rh., 1: p. 172.</p><p>2.5.1 Body length: J- 7.75 mm, ♀ - 8.25 mm (Fig. 2 A)</p><p>2.5. 2 Male Genitalia: Pygophore (Fig. 2 B) distinctly longer than broad, lateral margins slightly sinuate; dorsolateral lobes angulated at apex; dorsomedian surface almost straight; dorsal opening small, inverted V- shaped; ventroposterior margin with a small median concavity, laterally slightly sinuate; paramere (Fig. 2 C) bilobed, inner lobe small, narrowed at base, broad and sinuate apically, outer margin concave; outer lobe of paramere broad, acute at apex, its outer margin convex and inner margin strongly convex and subacute at apex; aedeagus (Fig. 2 D) with sclerotized, somewhat inverted Vase-shaped theca; bilobed and rounded bag like dorsolateral membranous conjunctival appendages that are fused basally and free apically; a pair of moderately long leaf like sclerotized medial penial lobes, fused basally; vesica very thin and short, not reaching margins of dorsal membranous appendages.</p><p>2.6 Female Genitalia: 1 st gonocoxae triangular with posterior margins sinuately convex, medially wide apart, apices acute; 2 nd gonocoxae fused medially with posterior margin sinuate; 8 th paratergites broad, triangular with posterior margins convex; 9 th paratergites distinctly broad, lobulate, rounded at posterior margin with outer margins concave, reaching fused posterior margins of 8 th paratergites (Fig. 2 E); spermatheca (Fig. 2 F) with distinct proximal and distal flanges; pump region moderately sclerotized, tube like, slightly shorter than distal spermathecal duct; bulb rounded; medial dilation broad with small proximal dilation, directed posteriad; proximal spermathecal duct distinctly longer than distal.</p><p>2.7 Material Examined:</p><p>2.7.1 Himachal Pradesh: Paonta Sahib, 3-25. x. 2009 - 3♀♀, 3JJ</p><p>2.7.2 Uttarakhand:  Dehradun, 25. vii. 2009 - 1♀, 2JJ ;  25. vi. 2010 - 2♀♀, 1J</p><p>2.7.3 Distribution: Sri Lanka; Pakistan; India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Maharashtra).</p><p>2.7.4 Remarks: The species closely resembles  Carbula scutellata and can be easily separated from the same as given in the key. It has been reported for the first time from North India.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987F1B238FF9B76BBF910FD5CEC6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kaur, R.;Singh, D.;Kaur, H.	Kaur, R., Singh, D., Kaur, H. (2013): Taxonomic significance of external genitalia in differentiating four species of genus Carbula Stål (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) from North India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 1 (3), No. 3: 33-42
03D987F1B239FF98755AFF0DFE84EFE0.text	03D987F1B239FF98755AFF0DFE84EFE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carbula biguttata (Fabricius)	<div><p>2.8  Carbula biguttata (Fabricius)</p><p>Coreus biguttata, Fabricius (1794) [6] Ent. Syst., 4: p. 129.</p><p>Cimex binotatus, Fabricius (1803) [7] Syst. Rhync., p. 165.</p><p>Pentatoma obscura, Westwood (1837) [8] in Hope Cat., 1: p. 35.</p><p>Carbula biguttata: Distant (1900) [9] Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 812.</p><p>2.8.1 Body length: J- 7.5 mm, ♀ - 8.5 mm (Fig. 3 A)</p><p>2.8. 2 Male Genitalia: Pygophore (Fig. 3 B) about as long as broad, lateral margins obliquely straight; dorsolateral lobes subprominent, rounded posteriorly; dorsomedian surface sinuately concave; dorsal opening broadly concave, small; ventroposterior margin medially broadly concave; paramere (Fig. 3 C) bilobed, inner lobe elongated, spoon like, narrowed at apex, outer margin concave; outer lobe of paramere slightly broad, bilobed apically, outer margin convex with a distinct medial hump; aedeagus (Fig. 3 D) with distally broad sclerotized theca; dorsolateral membranous conjunctival appendages bilobed that are fused basally; a pair of small leaf like semisclerotized medial penial lobes, placed widely apart distally and fused medially; vesica very short, neither reaching reaching middle of penial lobes nor posterior margins of dorsal membranous appendages.</p><p>2.8. 3 Female Genitalia: 1 st gonocoxae placed medially wide apart, broadly triangular with posterior margins sinuate and convex; 2 nd gonocoxae fused medially with posterior margin sinuately convex; 8 th paratergites broad, triangular with posterior margins sinuately convex; 9 th paratergites distinctly lobulate, broadly rounded at posterior margins, placed close to each other with concave outer margins, reaching fused posterior margins of 8 th paratergites (Fig. 3 E); spermatheca (Fig. 3 F) with distinct proximal and distal flanges; pump region sclerotized, tube like, shorter than distal spermathecal duct; bulb oblong; medial dilation broad with elongate proximal dilation directed posteriad; proximal spermathecal duct distinctly longer than distal spermathecal duct.</p><p>2.9 Material Examined:</p><p>2.9.1 Punjab:  Patiala, 12. viii. 2009 - 1♀ ;   Hoshiarpur, 19. viii. 2009 - 1♀ ;   Talwara, 20. viii. 2009 - 1♀ ;   Ropar 6-7. ix. 2010 - 6♀♀, 6JJ</p><p>2.9.2 Himachal Pradesh:  Solan, 18-19. viii. 2010 - 9♀♀, 5JJ</p><p>2.9.3 Distribution: Pakistan; India (Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal) 2.9.4 Remarks: The species closely resembles  Carbula insocia in having humeral angles of pronotum subprominent, either with short acute or without spines; scutellum yellowish-brown with dark brown punctation, basal angles with impunctate brownish yellow spots, apex concolorous and punctate; head somewhat subsquarish; pygophore as long as broad; theca elongate and paramere with lateral process elongate, subacute at apex without bifurfaction. However, it can easily be separated from the same in having humeral angles of pronotum with short subacute spines, slightly directed backwards; 9 th paratergites broad, subequal to 8 th paratergites, not passing beyond the latter; vesica short, not reaching middle of penial lobes and outer margin of paramere with a distinct medial hump. It has been recorded as a pest of sesamum in India recently and is a new report from North India.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987F1B239FF98755AFF0DFE84EFE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kaur, R.;Singh, D.;Kaur, H.	Kaur, R., Singh, D., Kaur, H. (2013): Taxonomic significance of external genitalia in differentiating four species of genus Carbula Stål (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) from North India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 1 (3), No. 3: 33-42
03D987F1B23AFF9876BBFAFFFB0DEDD9.text	03D987F1B23AFF9876BBFAFFFB0DEDD9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carbula insocia (Walker)	<div><p>2.10  Carbula insocia (Walker)</p><p>Pentatoma bimaculata, Westwood (1837) [8] in Hope Cat., 1: p. 35.</p><p>Eysarcoris insocia, Walker (1868) [10] Cat. Het., 3: p. 556.</p><p>Carbula insocia: Distant (1901) [9] Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 812.</p><p>2.10.1 Body length: J- 7.5 mm, ♀ - 8.25 mm (Fig. 4 A)</p><p>2.10. 2 Male Genitalia: Pygophore (Fig. 4 B) about as long as broad, lateral margins concavely sinuate; dosrolateral lobes subprominent, rounded posteriorly; dorsomedian surface sinuately concave; dorsal opening small; ventroposterior margin medially concave; paramere (Fig. 4 C) bilobed, inner lobe elongated, spoon like, narrowed at apex, outer margin concave; outer lobe slightly broad, bilobed apically, outer margin convex without a medial hump; aedeagus (Fig. 4 D) with distally broad sclerotized theca; dorsolateral membranous conjunctival appendages bilobed that are fused basally, free at apex; a pair of elongated leaf like semisclerotized medial penial lobes, not fused basally; vesica slightly longer, reaching middle of leaf-like penial lobes but not reaching margin of dorsal membranous appendages.</p><p>2.10. 3 Female Genitalia: 1 st gonocoxae somewhat triangular with posterior margins sinuate and convex, placed medially wide apart, outer margins moderately convex, inner margins straight, apices acute; 2 nd gonocoxae fused medially with posterior margin convex; 8 th paratergites triangular with posterior margins convex; 9 th paratergites lobulate, broadly rounded at posterior margin, placed wide apart, outer margins straight, passing fused posterior margins of 8 th paratergites (Fig. 4 E); spermatheca (Fig. 4 F) with distinct proximal and distal flanges; pump region sclerotized, tube like, subequal to distal spermathecal duct; bulb rounded; medial dilation long with elongate proximal dilation, directed posteriad; proximal spermathecal duct distinctly longer than distal spermathecal duct.</p><p>2.11 Material Examined:</p><p>2.11.1 Punjab: Ropar, 7. viii. 2010 - 3♀♀, 1J;  Patiala, 6. ix. 2010 - 1♀</p><p>2.11.2 Himachal Pradesh:  Bilaspur, 21. vii. 2010 - 1♀ ;  Solan, 18-19. viii. 2010 - 6♀♀, 2JJ</p><p>2.11.3 Distribution: Pakistan; India (Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka)</p><p>2.11.4 Remarks:  Carbula insocia closely resembles  Carbula bigutatta as given in the key and descriptions. It has been recorded as a pest of  Medicago sativa Linnaeus (alfalfa). It is a new report from North India.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987F1B23AFF9876BBFAFFFB0DEDD9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kaur, R.;Singh, D.;Kaur, H.	Kaur, R., Singh, D., Kaur, H. (2013): Taxonomic significance of external genitalia in differentiating four species of genus Carbula Stål (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) from North India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 1 (3), No. 3: 33-42
03D987F1B234FF967404FF0DFAA5EDAB.text	03D987F1B234FF967404FF0DFAA5EDAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carbula , Stal 1864	<div><p>Key to the studied species of genus  Carbula Stål</p><p>1 Humeral angles of pronotum prominent, with long acute or subscute spines; scutellum yellowish-green, slightly punctured with black, basal angles with yellowish-green spots and apex impunctate; head somewhat subtriangular; pygophore longer than broad; theca vase-like; paramere with lateral process narrow at base, broad and bifurcated at apex…………………….. 2 - Humeral angles of pronotum subprominent, either with short acute or without spines; scutellum yellowish-brown with dark brown punctation, basal angles with impunctate brownish yellow spots, apex concolorous and puncatae; head somewhat subsqaurish; pygophore as long as broad; theca elongate; paramere with lateral process elongate, subacute at apex without bifurfaction; 3</p><p>2. Humeral angles of pronotum with long acute spines; 9 th paratergites elongate, distinctly passing beyond 8 th paratergites; inner margin of blade of paramere slightly convex, obtuse at apex………………………………….  scutellata Distant - Humeral angles of pronotum with obtuse spines; 9 th paratergites broad, just reaching posterior margin of 8 th paratergites; inner margin of blade of paramere strongly convex, subacute at apex…………...  socia (Walker)</p><p>3. Humeral angles of pronotum with short subacute spines, slightly directed backwards; 9 th paratergites broad, subequal to 8 th paratergites, not passing beyond latter; vesica short, not reaching middle of penial lobes; outer margin of paramere with a distinct medial hump……………………………………………  biguttata (Fabricius) - Humeral angles of pronotum roundish or squarish without spines; 9 th paratergites narrowed at base, lobe-like at apex, passing beyond posterior margin of 8 th paratergites; vesica longer, reaching middle of leaf-like penial lobes; outer margin of paramere without a medial hump……………  insocia (Walker)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987F1B234FF967404FF0DFAA5EDAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kaur, R.;Singh, D.;Kaur, H.	Kaur, R., Singh, D., Kaur, H. (2013): Taxonomic significance of external genitalia in differentiating four species of genus Carbula Stål (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) from North India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 1 (3), No. 3: 33-42
