taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E3E85C070FFFF9FE3AF193FBD9AA8D.taxon	description	http: // zoobank. org / CECBC 14 F- 3 AC 9 - 40 D 9 - A 606 - 2 B 489 F 0 A 992 F, accessed on 12 February 2025. Figures 2 A – G, 3 A – C and 4 A – C.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C070FFFF9FE3AF193FBD9AA8D.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality Cueva Covadura, municipal district of Sorbas, Almería, Spain. Type Material Holotype. Female, 16. x. 2001, slide labelled “ PBCO- 098 ”, Ruiz-Portero leg. Paratypes, all Ruiz-Portero leg. unless otherwise stated (sample, in tube with ethyl alcohol, on slide): Complejo GEP, PBGE- 064, 1, 1. Cueva Covadura, PBCO- 086, 1, 1; PBCO- 087, 0, 1; PBCO- 088, 0, 1; PBCO- 089, 0, 1; PBCO- 090, 1, 1; PBCO- 091, 0, 1; PBCO- 092, 5, 1; PBCO- 093, 16, 1; PBCO- 094, 3, 1; PBCO- 095, 68, 1; PBCO- 096, 1, 1; PBCO- 097, 0, 1; PBCO- 099, 7, 1; PBCO- 100, 0, 1; PBCO- 101, 0, 1; PBCO- 102, 0, 1; PBCO- 103, 1, 1; PBCO- 104, 1, 1; PBCO- 105, 59, 1; PBCO- 106, 0, 1; PBCO- 107, 9, 1; PBCO- 108, 13, 1; PBCO- 109, 14, 1; PBCO- 110, 1, 1. Cueva Apas (Ruiz-Portero and Fernández leg.), PBAP- 009, 6, 2; PBAP- 010, 0, 2 (Barranco and Amate leg.); PBAP- 011, 29, 2; PBAP- 012, 182, 2; PBAP- 013, 70, 2; PBCO- 118, 26, 1. Cueva del Agua, PBAG- 001, 0, 1; PBAG- 002, 8, 1; PBAG- 003, 1, 1. All deposited at the Museum of Zoology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (MZNA).	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C070FFFF9FE3AF193FBD9AA8D.taxon	etymology	Etymology The name refers to the total number of eyes on the head.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C070FFFF9FE3AF193FBD9AA8D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis With 3 + 3 ocelli. Antennae only slightly longer than head. Ant III sense organ with two rod-like and three additional sensilla. Not ringed area of dens 2 – 3 times the length of mucro. Claws elongated, with four internal teeth; tenent hair capitate. Reduced formula: R 0 R 1 R 2011 / 00 / 0201 + 2 / s, paBQ 1 q 2, M 1 M 2 rEL 1 L 2.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C070FFFF9FE3AF193FBD9AA8D.taxon	description	Description Body length up to 1.34 mm. Colour: white or light yellowish. Only eyes pigmented. Head with three eyes by side (ABG). Intraocular chaetae p, t, and s present. Only A 0, A 2, A 3, An 1, An 2, An 2 a-c, An 3 a, An 3, S 4 and Pa 5 as Mc (Figure 2 A). Ratio antenna / cephalic diagonal 1.06 – 1.40. Antennal segments I / II / III / IV ratios 1 / 1.5 – 2.0 / 1.2 – 1.6 / 2.3 – 3.4 (Figure 2 B). Ant IV: apical vesicle absent; in this segment, there are some tiny sensilla on the two distal thirds, smooth and cylindrical, clearly different from the normal chaetae. Ant III sense organ with the common configuration: two rod-like sensilla encased in its pit and more or less one above the other, two guard sensilla one each side, and the last one, the spiny guard sensilla at the other side of the segment (Figure 2 B’). Ant I with three small chaetae on its distal part. Antennae without scales. Prelabral chaetae (four) ciliated, labral rows a, m, and p all smooth. Labral papillae with a middle chaeta-like projection. Formula of the labial base M 1 M 2 rEL 1 L 2 (M 1 is very wide and with ciliation very evident; M 2, E, L 1, and L 2 apparently smooth, but have the ciliation weaker and appressed; some lack the r chaeta); the remaining chaetae of labium apparently smooth; post-labial area with ciliated chaeta, some with sort fringes, and 1 – 2 vestigial or “ x ” chaetae (Figure 2 C). Bifurcate maxillary palp with three smooth sublobal chaetae. Labial papilla (l. p.) E with finger-shaped process not reaching the base of apical appendage. Body. Legs without scales. Only two lateral Mc with big alveoli; other chaetae, probably longer than mic but with smaller alveoli. Trochanteral organ with ca 17 – 20 chaetae (Figure 2 D). Differentiated supra-empodial inner chaeta on hind tibiotarsus well differentiated and acuminate. Dorsal tibiotarsal tenent hair capitate, 0.75 times the length of inner margin of claw. Claw with four internal teeth: the basal paired at different position, approximately 30 and 40 % from base, respectively, an unpaired well developed, at 75 %, and another unpaired sometimes almost as a notch; lateral teeth and dorsal tooth at the level of paired. Empodium appendage acuminate, serrate externally on its distal half (Figure 2 E). Retinaculum with 4 + 4 teeth and one ciliated chaeta. Ventral tube without scales; lateral flap with 7 slightly ciliated chaetae (2 bigger than the rest), and 3 + 3 posterior chaetae. Manubrium and dens with scales only ventrally (anterior); two internal and three external chaetae related to two pseudopores of manubrial plate (Figure 2 F); not ringed area of dentes 1.5 – 2 times the length of mucro; mucro with distal tooth slightly longer than the anteapical; basal spine reaching and surpassing the tip of anteapical tooth (Figure 2 G). Macrochaetotaxy (Figures 3 A – C and 4 A – C). Th II and Th III without Mc. Abd II: chaetae p, a, and q 2 as ciliated mic, chaetae B and q 1 as broad ciliated Mc (q 1 shorter than B and with a smaller alveoli, and with delicate fringes); mi and ml chaetae over bothriotrichum (m 2) fan-shaped; lm and ll over bothriotrichum (a 5) fan-shaped mic. Abd III: mi and ml over bothriotrichum m 2, and li, lm, and ll over bothriotrichum a 5 fan-shaped; a 2 as slightly broadened ciliated mic; ‘ as’ in equidistant to a 3 and p 3, that are apparently smooth mic, the same as m 3 and m 4; im, em, and a 6 surrounding bothriotrichum a 5, and am 6 next bothriotrichum m 5 as slightly ciliated pointed mic; a 7 as mic m 5 bothriotrichum; pm 6 and p 6 as Mc without d 3 between them; ‘ ms’ (d 2) between p 5 and p 6; m 7, p 7, and p 8 as mic. Abd IV: accessory chaeta ‘ s’ in the anterior trichobothrial complex present (absent in one asymmetrical specimen). Medial chaeta B 5 below the level of the trichobothrium T 4. Pseudopore between B 5 and B 6. Reduced formula (from Gisin 1965, 1967 a, b) [29 – 31]: R 0 R 1 R 2011 / 00 / 0201 + 2 / s, paBQ 1 q 2, M 1 M 2 rEL 1 L 2; C 1, B 5 – 6; ratio between C 1 - B 5 / B 5 - B 6 near 1.00, n = 2; two lateral mac (E 2 and F 1); T 5 as mic; before T 2 bothriotrichum four ciliated mic (a, m, s, and D 1).	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C070FFFF9FE3AF193FBD9AA8D.taxon	discussion	Remarks There are 31 species described with 3 + 3 eyes, but only 12 have 2 anterior and 1 posterior on each side. Independently (among those with 3 + 3 eyes, regardless of their arrangement), only 12 lack Mc in Th II, and among them, only 4 have chaeta p present on Abd II (P. gutierrezae Simón-Benito & Palacios-Vargas, 2008, and P. torcuatoensis Simón-Benito & Palacios-Vargas, 2008, both from La Rioja, Spain [39]; P. ops Christiansen & Bellinger, 1998, from Virginia, USA [22]; and P. sexoculata Schött, 1902, from North USA [40] and P. sexoculata from Europe: Sweden, Finland, England, France, Austria, and Spain [41]), but only one of them coincides with the new species in the presence of Q 1 as Mc (P. sexoculata from USA, Mc smooth; P. sexoculata from Europe, Mc ciliate). It is distinguished from P. sexoculata (both American and European specimens, which probably belong to different species) by the chaetotaxy of the labium: M 2, E, L 1, and L 2 are completely smooth in P. sexoculata, whereas they are ciliated in the new species. The differences in many other characters between these species are presented in Table 2.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C0705FFFEFE3AF092FD7EAF38.taxon	description	Figures 5 A – G and 6.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C0705FFFEFE3AF092FD7EAF38.taxon	materials_examined	Studied material. Spain (all Ruiz-Portero leg. unless otherwise stated): Cueva C- 3, PBC 3 - 005, 15, 2; PBC 3 - 007, 28, 1; PBC 3 - 008, 27, 1; PBC 3 - 009, 0, 1; PBC 3 - 010, 27, 2; PBC 3 - 011, 6, 2. PBC 3 - 012, 15, 2. Complejo GEP; PBGE- 039, 3, 1; PBGE- 040, 5, 2; PBGE- 041, 16, 2; PBGE- 042, 0, 1; PBGE- 043, 1, 2; PBGE- 044, 0, 1; PBGE- 045, 4, 1; PBGE- 046, 5, 1; PBGE- 047, 126, 2; PBGE- 048, 14, 2; PBGE- 049, 0, 2; PBGE- 050, 0, 1; PBGE- 051, 0, 1; PBGE- 052, 0, 3; PBGE- 053, 0, 1; PBGE- 054, 0, 3; PBGE- 055, 0, 1; PBGE- 056, 13, 2; PBGE- 057, 0, 1; PBGE- 058, 0, 1; PBGE- 059, 0, 1; PBGE- 060, 0, 1; PBGE- 061, 0, 1; PBGE- 062, 0, 1; PBGE- 063, 0, 1; PBGE- 065, 22, 2. Cueva Covadura, PBCO- 113, 2, 1; PBCO- 115, 2, 1; PBCO- 116, 3, 1; PBCO- 117, 0; PBCO- 119, 6, 1; PBCO- 120, 22, 1. Cueva Apas (Barranco and Amate leg.), PBAP- 007, 11, 2; PBAP- 008, 0, 1; PBAP- 006, 0, 1. Cueva del Tesoro, PBTE- 060, 0, 1; PBTE- 061, 5, 1; PBTE- 062, 0, 1; PBTE- 063, 1, 2; PBTE- 064, 1, 1; PBTE- 065, 0, 1; PBTE- 066, 20, 2; PBTE- 067, 11, 2; PBTE- 068, 208, 2; PBTE- 069, 1, 1; PBTE- 070, 0, 1; PBTE- 071, 2, 1; PBTE- 072, 2, 2; PBTE- 073, 18, 2; PBTE- 075, 0, 2; PBTE- 076, 202, 2; PBTE- 077, 4, 2; PBTE- 078, 148, 2; PBTE- 079, 3, 2; PBTE- 080, 3, 1; PBTE- 081, 0, 1. Sima del Camión, PBCA- 009, 7, 1; PBCA- 010, 14, 2; PBCA- 011, 2, 1; PBCA- 012, 0, 1; PBCA- 014, 0, 1.; PBCA- 013, 17, 1.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C0705FFFEFE3AF092FD7EAF38.taxon	description	Additional Data to Original Description This species was originally described from Cueva del Saliente and also found in Almería, which is 45 km from GKS. In the original description (Jordana & Baquero, 2017) [42], the maximum size mentioned was 0.82 mm; in the caves in the studied area (GKS), some specimens are bigger, up to 0.99 mm (head and body, excluding antennae). Furthermore, some specimens that could not be identified initially had 2 + 2 eyes, and so the species can be described with the current data as having 0 + 0 or 2 + 2 eyes. There is no correlation between the presence of eyed specimens and the caves in which they appear. The proportion of eyed specimens is low, estimated at 10 – 20 %, and given the large number of specimens studied (1140), it was indeed a stroke of luck to find that they existed (only a small proportion of them, around 10 %, were mounted). Some specimens of the Yesos’s caves lack the m chaeta above T 2 bothriotrichum on Abd IV, sometimes at both sides, and sometimes asymmetrically.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C0704FFFCFE3AF76BFD3CAA16.taxon	description	Figure 7 A – E.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C0704FFFCFE3AF76BFD3CAA16.taxon	materials_examined	Studied Material. Spain (all Ruiz-Portero leg. unless otherwise stated): Cueva C- 3, PBC 3 - 013, 0, 1; PBC 3 - 014, 28, 2; PBC 3 - 015, 34, 2; PBC 3 - 016, 0, 1; PBC 3 - 017, 0, 1; PBC 3 - 018, 7, 2; PBC 3 - 019, 20, 2; PBC 3 - 020, 18, 2; PBC 3 - 021, 30, 2; PBC 3 - 022, 0, 1; PBC 3 - 023, 18, 1; PBC 3 - 024, 0, 1; PBC 3 - 025, 0, 2 (Ruiz-Portero & Fernández leg.). Complejo GEP, PBGE- 066, 0, 1; PBGE- 067, 22, 2; PBGE- 068, 0, 1; PBGE- 069, 11, 2; PBGE- 070, 1, 1; PBGE- 071, 2, 2; PBGE- 072, 15, 1; PBGE- 073, 0, 2; PBGE- 074, 1, 2; PBGE- 075, 5, 1; PBGE- 076, 34, 2; PBGE- 077, 6, 1; PBGE- 078, 4, 1; PBGE- 079, 37, 2; PBGE- 080, 0, 1; PBGE- 081, 0, 2; PBGE- 082, 0, 1; PBGE- 083, 0, 2; PBGE- 084, 18, 2; PBGE- 085, 2, 2; PBGE- 086, 1, 2; PBGE- 087, 0, 1; PBGE- 088, 5, 2; PBGE- 089, 0, 1; PBGE- 090, 0, 1; PBGE- 091, 0, 1; PBGE- 092, 0, 1; PBGE- 093, 0, 1; PBGE- 094, 3, 1; PBGE- 095, 46, 2; PBGE- 096, 0, 1; PBGE- 097, 1, 1. Cueva Covadura, PBCO- 014, 0, 1; PBCO- 015, 1, 1; PBCO- 016, 6, 1; PBCO- 017, 2, 1; PBCO- 018, 0, 1; PBCO- 019, 13, 1; PBCO- 021, 0, 1; PBCO- 021, 0, 1; PBCO- 023, 2, 1; PBCO- 024, 0, 1; PBCO- 025, 1, 1; PBCO- 026, 4, 1; PBCO- 029, 0, 1; PBCO- 27, 2, 2; PBCO- 28, 9, 1. Cueva de los Apas, PBAP- 002, 0, 1 (Barranco y Amate leg.). Cueva del Agua, PBAG- 034, 0, 1; PBAG- 035, 2, 1; PBAG- 036, 0, 1; PBAG- 037, 2, 1; PBAG- 038, 10, 1; PBAG- 039, 3, 1; PBAG- 040, 0, 1; PBAG- 041, 2, 1; PBAG- 042, 1, 1; PBAG- 043, 3, 1. Cueva del Tesoro, PBTE- 001, 1, 1; PBTE- 002, 0, 1; PBTE- 003, 4, 1; PBTE- 004, 4, 1; PBTE- 005, 0, 1; PBTE- 006, 0, 1; PBTE- 007, 0, 1; PBTE- 008, 1, 1; PBTE- 009, 18, 1; PBTE- 010, 2, 1; PBTE- 011, 0, 1. Sima del Camión, PBCA- 015, 0, 1; PBCA- 016, 0, 1; PBCA- 017, 5, 1.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C0704FFFCFE3AF76BFD3CAA16.taxon	discussion	Remarks The species was originally described by Delamare-Debouteville [46] from some caves in Portugal (Algar do Pinheiro, Algarve do Cabeço Redondo, and Gruta das Alcobertas). Later, it was recorded from two caves in Tenerife (Canary Islands) — Cueva del Yeso o de las Goteras and Cueva Grande de Chío [47] — and two caves in Almería — Cueva de la Corraliza and Cueva Simarrón II [48]. Regarding posterior references, some of them without official publication (including some of the specimens studied here) have been registered in a data paper [49]. The principal features of the species, shared with the studied specimens, are as follows: antennae shorter than body length; Ant IV without apical bulb; no eyes; labral papillae as rounded projections; lateral process of labial papilla E just exceeding (or slightly) the apex of papilla; basal labial row with chaeta r vestigial, and l 2 smooth; tenent hairs clavate; unguis with four teeth: I – III basal teeth unequal; medial tooth not surpassing the unguis apex; unguiculus pe lamella serrated (in the original description is drawing smooth); dens with 12 – 16 inner spines in one row; and mucro in total with 5 – 6 teeth (2 – 3 basal and three distal). Only two species have enough similarity to be compared with them: T. canis Christiansen, 1957, from Lebanon (with a smaller mucro, 5 – 6 basal and 2 distal teeth on mucro), and T. laticlavatus Stach, 1960, from Afghanistan (with only three teeth on inner unguis, tenent hair pointed, two distal teeth on mucro, and unguiculus not serrated and with one tooth). Some characters observed in the specimens from the caves of Almería studied are presented in Figure 7: dentes (Figure 7 A), ventral tube (Figure 7 B), mucro (Figure 7 C), and unguis (Figure 7 D, E).	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C0706FFE7FE3AF462FC29AEDE.taxon	description	http: // zoobank. org / B 317147 C-F 6 D 5 - 4 FA 1 - A 0 AF-BD 600 FC 23248, accessed on 12 February 2025. Figures 8 A – E, 9 A, B, 10 A – C, 11 A – D, 12 A – F and 13 A – C.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C0706FFE7FE3AF462FC29AEDE.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality Cueva del Tesoro, municipal district of Sorbas, Almería, Spain. Type Material Holotype: female, 28. xii. 2001, slide labelled “ PBTE- 047 ”, Ruiz Portero leg. Paratypes, all Ruiz Portero leg. unless otherwise stated: Complejo GEP, PBGE- 099, 11, 2; PBGE- 102, 74, 2; PBGE- 104, 0, 1; PBGE- 105, 50, 2; PBGE- 113, 0, 1; PBGE- 114, 11, 2; PBGE- 115, 45, 2; PBGE- 116, 0, 1; PBGE- 117, 62, 2; PBGE- 118, 2, 2; PBGE- 119, 0, 1; PBGE- 120, 52, 2; PBGE- 121, 8, 2; PBGE- 122, 3, 1; PBGE- 123, 10, 2; PBGE- 124, 25, 2; PBGE- 125, 22, 2; PBGE- 126, 153, 2; PBGE- 127, 2, 2; PBGE- 128, 21, 2; PBGE- 129, 5, 2; PBGE- 130, 96, 2; PBGE- 131, 9, 2; PBGE- 132, 11, 2; PBGE- 133, 1, 1; PBGE- 134, 132, 2; PBGE- 135, 195, 2; PBGE- 136, 30, 2; PBGE- 137, 188, 2; PBGE- 138, 43, 2; PBGE- 139, 274, 2; PBGE- 140, 144, 2; PBGE- 141, 35, 2; PBGE- 142, 1, 2; PBGE- 143, 77, 2; PBGE- 144, 0, 2; PBGE- 145, 0, 2; PBGE- 146, 0, 1; PBGE- 147, 0, 1; PBGE- 148, 0, 2; PBGE- 149, 0, 1; PBGE- 150, 0, 1; PBGE- 153, 14, 1; PBGE- 157, 0, 1; PBGE- 158, 27, 1; PBGE- 169, 38, 1. Cueva Covadura, PBCO- 005, 0, 1; PBCO- 011, 1, 2; PBCO- 012, 0, 1; PBCO- 013, 22, 1; PBCO- 032, 0, 1; PBCO- 033, 0, 1; PBCO- 034, 19, 2; PBCO- 035, 0, 1; PBCO- 036, 3, 2; PBCO- 037, 3, 1; PBCO- 038, 3, 1; PBCO- 039, 0, 1; PBCO- 040, 2, 1; PBCO- 041, 13, 2; PBCO- 042, 183, 2; PBCO- 043, 0, 1; PBCO- 044, 13, 2; PBCO- 045, 0, 1; PBCO- 046, 0, 1; PBCO- 047, 0, 1; PBCO- 048, 25, 2; PBCO- 049, 0, 1; PBCO- 050, 0, 1; PBCO- 051, 1, 1; PBCO- 052, 43, 2; PBCO- 053, 27, 2; PBCO- 054, 6, 2; PBCO- 055, 43, 2; PBCO- 056, 7, 2; PBCO- 057, 22, 2; PBCO- 058, 16, 2; PBCO- 059, 7, 2; PBCO- 060, 10, 1; PBCO- 061, 0, 1; PBCO- 062, 140, 2; PBCO- 063, 134, 2; PBCO- 064, 2, 2; PBCO- 065, 6, 2; PBCO- 066, 6, 2; PBCO- 067, 4, 2; PBCO- 068, 0, 1; PBCO- 069, 0, 1; PBCO- 070, 12, 2; PBCO- 071, 1, 1; PBCO- 072, 1, 1; PBCO- 073, 31, 2; PBCO- 074, 3, 2; PBCO- 075, 8, 2; PBCO- 076, 0, 1; PBCO- 077, 67, 2; PBCO- 078, 5, 2; PBCO- 079, 22, 2; PBCO- 080, 19, 2; PBCO- 081, 8, 2. Cueva de los Apas, PBAP- 014, 0, 1. Cueva del Agua, PBAG- 008, 122, 2; PBAG- 009, 213, 2; PBAG- 010, 15, 2; PBAG- 011, 34, 2; PBAG- 012, 258, 2; PBAG- 013, 0, 1; PBAG- 014, 0, 1; PBAG- 015, 0, 1; PBAG- 016, 2, 1; PBAG- 017, 0, 2 (Ruiz-Portero & Fernández leg.); PBAG- 018, 9, 2; PBAG- 019, 43, 2. Cueva del Tesoro, PBTE- 027, 3, 2; PBTE- 028, 0, 2; PBTE- 029, 35, 1; PBTE- 030, 0, 2; PBTE- 031, 8, 2; PBTE- 032, 2, 2; PBTE- 033, 93, 2; PBTE- 034, 27, 2; PBTE- 035, 5, 2; PBTE- 036, 1, 1; PBTE- 037, 30, 2; PBTE- 038, 0, 2; PBTE- 039, 0, 1; PBTE- 040, 7, 1; PBTE- 042, 0, 1; PBTE- 043, 4, 1; PBTE- 044, 4, 1; PBTE- 045, 23, 1; PBTE- 047, 5, 2; PBTE- 048, 5, 1; PBTE- 049, 43, 1; PBTE- 051, 0, 1; PBTE- 052, 0, 1; PBTE- 057, 2, 1. Sima del Camión, PBCA- 001, 0, 1; PBCA- 002, 37, 1; PBCA- 003, 38, 2; PBCA- 004, 1, 1; PBCA- 005, 1, 2; PBCA- 006, 17, 2; PBCA- 007, 16, 2.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C0706FFE7FE3AF462FC29AEDE.taxon	etymology	Etymology The name refers to Carmen Ruiz Portero, one of the researchers who carried out the survey sampling of the cave fauna at GKS.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C0706FFE7FE3AF462FC29AEDE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Species with 1 + 1 eyes, head without spines, Ant IV with five subsegments, only one thickened spine-shaped chaeta in the dens (external: Ie), anal appendage massive and straight, with few apical denticles, and with very long dorsal chaetae (about six times longer than anterior dorsal chaetae) on the posterior half of the great abdomen.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C0706FFE7FE3AF462FC29AEDE.taxon	description	Description Body length: head, 0.3 mm; body, 0.7 mm (0.6 – 0.8 mm, n = 5). Head. Eyes 1 + 1, unpigmented. Clypeal area, row a: 4 + 4 and without axial chaeta; row b: 6 + 6; row c: 5 + 5; row d: 7 + 7; row e: 5 + 5; row f: 7 + 7 (there are one to three additional chaetae between rows d and e). Inter-antennal area, row: 2 + 2; row: 1 + 1 and an axial chaeta; rows A and C: 2 + 2 and an axial chaeta; row B: 1 + 1 and an axial chaeta; row D: 2 + 2 chaeta. Lateral chaetae of rows C and D not spine-like (Figure 8 A, A’). Labrum: pre-labral / labral chaetotaxy: 6 / 554 (Figure 8 B), all chaetae smooth; a-row central chaeta longer; a-row lateral chaeta shorter and wider than central one. Labium and posterior area in Figure 8 C, D; 2 + 2 chaetae near the ventral groove. Maxilla: apical chaeta of the maxillary outer lobe with a short and thin subparallel branch at the base; sublobal plate with three sublobal hairs (Figure 8 E). Antenna (Figure 9 A, B): I / II / III / IV, 1 / 2.25 / 4.00 / 11.25; shorter than the body and ratio Ant / head as 1.75 (n = 5); basal subsegment of Ant IV longer than Ant III; mean of the real measurements of Ant IV subsegments 157 / 48 / 46 / 42 / 112 micrometres (n = 12). Ant I with seven chaetae, a distal one, smaller and another one, skinny. Ant II with 15 chaetae, two interior ones longer than others. Ant III without a conspicuous papilla (only some specimens with the segment slightly broadened), 14 chaetae, the two usual sensory rods, and two shorter thin setae and small blunt curved sensilla; Ant IV with five distinct subsegments, with four evident whorls: one at the end of first and three on the second to fourth subsegments. Apical subsegment with knobbed subapical organite; one of the chaetae on this area is hooked and has a narrowing from terminal half. Legs (Figures 10 A – C and 12 A – C): Foreleg precoxae 1, 2, and coxa with 1, 0, 1 chaetae, respectively. Trochanter with three anterior and one posterior chaetae. Femur with 13 chaetae; a 4 turned perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the segment. Tibiotarsus with 47 chaetae: whorl I with nine chaetae, II – V with 8, 8, 7, and 7 chaetae, respectively; region F with three primary FP chaetae (e, ae, and pe) and some secondary chaetae. Pretarsus with one anterior and one posterior chaetae. Foot complex: claw thin, without tunica, with inner tooth, two pairs of lateral teeth, not evident in all specimens (25 and 60 % from claw basis) and dorsal tooth; empodium thin, with basal inner tooth, and long apical filament surpassing the tip of the claw. Midleg coxa with two chaetae and an ms. Trochanter with three chaetae and the typical trochanteral organ. Femur with 11 chaetae, p 1 and p 3 very small. Tibiotarsus with 45 chaetae: whorl I with 10 chaetae, whorls II – V with 8, 8, 8, and 7 chaetae, respectively; region F with 3 FP chaetae and FSa chaeta. Foot complex: claw wider than foreleg claw, with tunica not evident, inner tooth, two pairs of small lateral teeth (25 and 75 % from claw basis), and a dorsal tooth (75 %); empodium with corner tooth and a long apical filament surpassing the tip of the claw. Hind leg coxa with three chaetae and an ms. Trochanter with four chaetae and a trochanteral organ. Femur with 11 chaetae, p 1 and p 3 as microchaetae. Tibiotarsus with 43: whorl I with 9 chaetae, whorls II – IV with 8, 8, 7, and 7 chaetae, respectively; region F with 3 FP chaetae and FSa chaeta. Foot complex: claw wider than fore- and midleg claw, with tunica not evident, inner tooth, two pairs of small lateral teeth and dorsal tooth; empodium with or without tooth, and without apical filament. Hundreds of specimens were observed, and some lacked the internal tooth of the claw or the empodium, especially in the claw of the hind leg, as reflected in the figure. Great abdomen (Figure 11 A): Th II with a special sensillum in row a, and four chaetae in row m (m 1 thickened). Th III with a sensillum in row a and three chaetae in row m. Abd I row a with five chaetae, row m with four, and three p chaetae, above bothriotrichal complex. Bothriotrichal complex: ABC almost linear; bothriotrichum A with one posterior accessory short chaeta; bothriotrichum B with one posterior accessory short chaeta; bothriotrichum C with associated c 1 and c 2 chaetae. Posterior lateral complex with 2 + 4 chaetae. Posterior dorsal complex with three rows with 6 (7), 8, and 8 (9) long chaetae each (mean mucro / chaeta ratio, 0.60; 0.58 – 0.62; posterior / anterior chaetae 5 – 6; n = 6). Some of the chaetae under small abdominal are expanded. Sixth abdominal segment (Figure 11 B, C): A 0 not bifurcated, and some of the other circumanal chaetae are broadened, winged, or serrated, some of them lamellate and some bearing single tooth; anal appendage simple, straight with small teeth on its final third (Figure 11 D). Tenaculum with two apical chaetae on the corpus, three teeth, and a basal process on each ramus. Furca (Figure 13 A – C): manubrium with 7 + 7 posterior chaetae; dens (23 chaetae or spine-like chaetae): anterior side with 3, 2, 1, 0, 1 chaetae; externally Ie as massive spine, and IIpe as a big spine-like chaeta; internally Ii, IIIp, and IVp moderately spinous, but always with alveoli. Mucro: both lamellae serrated forming a channel between both; tip of mucro pointed (or narrowed). Dens about 1.5 – 1.7 × as long as mucro.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C0706FFE7FE3AF462FC29AEDE.taxon	discussion	Remarks There are four previously described species that share the presence of only one eye, the absence of spine-like chaetae on the posterior head, the absence of a papilla on Ant III, and a similar shape of the anal appendage (gutter-like with an apex with 3 – 4 teeth): P. cantavetulae Jordana, Fadrique and Baquero, 2012 [54]; P. crepidinis Baquero and Jordana 2017 [42]; P. pygmaeus (Wankel, 1860) [55] sensu Bretfeld 1999 [20]; and P. maestrazgoensis Jordana, Fadrique and Baquero, 2012 [54]. The first three have different numbers and positions of spines / spine-like on dens: 203 for external / anterior / internal (the new species has 100). P. maestrazgoensis has the dorsal chaetae of great abdominal short, and the chaeta Ie on distal dens provided a long filament.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C071CFFEAFE3AF51FFD62AFC3.taxon	description	http: // zoobank. org / A 7 BA 9 A 5 D-A 76 F- 4 FE 9 - B 54 B- 6 F 40 C 53 AD 445, accessed on 12 February 2025. Figures 14 A – C, 15 A – C, 16 and 17 A – C.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C071CFFEAFE3AF51FFD62AFC3.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality Cueva Covadura, municipal district of Sorbas, Almería, Spain. Type Material Holotype: female, 30. iii. 2000, slide labelled “ PBTE- 052 ”, Ruiz Portero leg. Paratypes, all Ruiz Portero leg. unless otherwise stated: Cueva Covadura, PBCO- 002, 11, 2; PBCO- 003, 17, 1; PBCO- 006, 42, 1; PBCO- 007, 0, 1; PBCO- 008, 4, 2; PBCO- 009, 0, 1; Cueva del Tesoro, PBTE- 050, 0, 1; PBTE- 053, 11, 2; PBTE- 054, 10, 2; PBTE- 055, 3, 2; PBTE- 057, 0, 1; PBTE- 058, 0, 1; Sima del Camión, PBCA- 008, 0, 1. Many of the specimens, having been collected in traps that were left there for a long time (the specimens remain on the surface of the liquid and spoil), were not in good condition, and many lacked antennae and legs; therefore, the description was based on the observation of many different specimens.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C071CFFEAFE3AF51FFD62AFC3.taxon	etymology	Etymology The name refers to Angel Torres Palenzuela, speleologist and co-founder of the Espeleo Club Almeria, who has been prospecting the GKS for more than 45 years.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C071CFFEAFE3AF51FFD62AFC3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Species with only one eye, head without spines, Ant IV with five subsegments, three thickened spine-shaped chaetae in the dens (two external: Ie and IIIpe, and one internal: Ii), anal appendage massive, straight, and almost without denticles, and with long dorsal chaetae of the posterior half of the great abdomen.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C071CFFEAFE3AF51FFD62AFC3.taxon	description	Description Body length (holotype): head, 0.35 mm; body, 0.7 mm. Head (Figure 14 A). Eyes 1 + 1, unpigmented. Clypeal area, row a: 4 + 4 and an axial chaeta; row b: 3 + 3 and an axial chaeta; row c: 5 + 5; row d: 6 + 6; row e: 5 + 5; row f: 6 + 6, and there is an additional chaeta between rows e and f. Inter-antennal area, row: 2 + 2; row: 1 + 1 and an axial chaeta; rows A and C: 2 + 2 and an axial chaeta; row B: 1 + 1 and an axial chaeta; row D: 2 + 2 chaeta. Lateral chaetae of rows C and D not spine-like. Labrum: pre-labral / labral chaetotaxy: 6 / 554; all chaetae smooth; 2 + 2 chaetae near the ventral groove. Maxilla: apical chaeta of the maxillary outer lobe with a short and thin subparallel branch at the base; sublobal plate with three sublobal hairs. Antenna (Figure 14 B, C): I / II / III / IV, 0.040 / 0.08 / 0.125 / 0.150 - 0.045 - 0.42 - 0.040 - 0.102; shorter than the body (ratio 0.6) and ratio Ant / head as 1.78; Ant IV with five subsegments; basal subsegment of Ant IV longer than Ant III. Ant I with seven chaetae, distal one smaller and another one skinny. Ant II with 15 chaetae. Ant III without papilla, 14 chaetae (three on the distal area, next to the sensory organ), the two usual sensory rods, and two shorter thin setae and small blunt curved sensilla. Apical subsegment with knobbed subapical organite; one of the chaetae on this area has a narrowing since terminal half. Legs (Figure 15 A – C): Foreleg precoxae 1, 2, and coxa with 1, 0, 1 chaetae, respectively. Trochanter with three anterior and one posterior chaetae. Femur with 11 chaetae, a 4 turned perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the segment. Tibiotarsus with 44 chaetae: whorl I with 9 chaetae, II – V with 8, 8, 8, and 7 chaetae, respectively; region F with three primary FP (e, ae, pe) and FSa chaetae. Pretarsus with one anterior and one posterior chaetae. Foot complex: claw narrower than in the middle and hind legs, without tunica, with inner tooth, two pairs of lateral teeth, not evident in all specimens (25 and 60 % from claw basis) and dorsal tooth; empodium thin, with basal inner tooth, and long apical filament surpassing the tip of the claw. Midleg trochanter with three chaetae and the typical trochanteral organ. Femur with 13 chaetae, p 1 and p 3 similar in length to the other chaetae, but thinner. Tibiotarsus with 44 chaetae: whorl I with 9 chaetae, whorls II – V with 8, 8, 8, and 7 chaetae, respectively; region F with 3 FP chaetae and FSa chaeta. Foot complex: claw wider than foreleg claw, with tunica not evident, inner tooth, two pairs of small lateral teeth (25 and 75 % from claw basis), and a dorsal tooth; empodium with corner tooth and a long apical filament surpassing the tip of the claw. Hind leg trochanter with four chaetae and a trochanteral organ. Femur with 12 chaetae, p 1 and p 3 not as microchaetae. Tibiotarsus with 44: whorl I with 9 chaetae, whorls II – V with 8, 8, 8, and 7 chaetae, respectively; region F with 3 FP chaetae and FSa chaeta. Foot complex: claw with tunica not evident, inner tooth, two pairs of small lateral teeth and dorsal tooth; empodium with / without tooth (sometimes more distal), and with a short apical filament but not surpassing the tip of the claw. Great abdomen (Figure 16): Th II with a sensillum in row a, and two chaetae in row m. Th III with a sensillum in row a and three chaetae in row m. Abd I row a with five chaetae, row m with four, and three p chaetae, above bothriotrichal complex. Bothriotrichal complex: ABC almost linear; bothriotrichum A with one posterior accessory short chaeta; bothriotrichum B with one posterior accessory short chaeta; bothriotrichum C with associated c 1 and c 2 chaeta. Posterior lateral complex with 3 + 3 some expanded chaetae. Posterior dorsal complex with three rows with 6, 8, and 8 long chaetae each (mean ratio mucro / chaeta 0.36; 0.28 – 0.41, n = 16). Some of the chaetae under small abdominal are expanded. Sixth abdominal segment: A 0 not bifurcate, and some of the other circumanal chaetae broadened, winged, or serrated; anal appendage simple, straight with small teeth on its final third. Tenaculum with two apical chaetae on the corpus, three teeth, and a basal process on each ramus. Furca (Figure 17 A, C): manubrium with 7 + 7 posterior chaetae; dens (23 chaetae or spine-like chaetae): anterior side with 3, 2, 1, 0, 1 chaetae; Ie, IIIpe (external) and Ii (internal) as massive spines; IIpi and IIIpi as big spine-like chaetae; IIpe moderately spinous. Mucro: both lamellae serrated forming a channel at the end; a little beyond the middle, it undergoes a narrowing, and the lateral denticles become softer, even disappearing, in that area. Dens about 1.3 – 1.5 × as long as mucro.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
03E3E85C071CFFEAFE3AF51FFD62AFC3.taxon	discussion	Remarks It shares many of the characters of the species described above, including the characteristic shape of the anal appendage, and for this reason, descriptions of the common characters have been omitted. There are four previously described species that share the presence of only one eye, the absence of spine-like chaetae on the posterior head, the absence of papilla on Ant III, and a similar shape of the anal appendage (gutter-like with an apex with 3 – 4 teeth): P. cantavetulae, P. crepidinis, P. pygmaeus, and P. maestrazgoensis. The first three have different numbers and positions of spines / spine-like on dens: 203 for external / anterior / internal (the new species has 201). P. maestrazgoensis has the dorsal chaetae of great abdominal shorter than the new species, and the chaeta Ie on distal dens provided a long filament.	en	Baquero, Enrique, Barranco, Pablo, Jordana, Rafael (2025): Collembola from the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas (Almería, Spain), with Descriptions of Three New Species. Insects 16 (3): 1-29, DOI: 10.3390/insects16030309, URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030309
