taxonID	type	description	language	source
03EE7658FFE5FFE1FF39F073B563F7F6.taxon	description	A – F & 3.	en	Sousa, Danilo J. L., Siqueira, Gabriela B., Giulietti, Ana Maria (2020): Two new species of Pontederia L. (Pontederiaceae Kunth) to South America. Phytotaxa 432 (3): 252-262, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.432.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.432.3.2
03EE7658FFE5FFE1FF39F073B563F7F6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: — Pontederia gigantea resembles P. sagittata in its sagittate leaf blades, but differs in its blue flowers, perianth tube and lobes glabrous or with few dispersed trichomes toward the apical region, and glabrous inflorescence rachis and style, versus whitish to pinkish flowers, perianth tube, lobes and inflorescence rachis densely pilose, and puberulous style in P. sagittata. Erect herb, 0,5 – 2,5 m tall. Stem whitish to vinaceous, glabrous, internodes short. Emerged leaves alternate, distichous, petiolate; petiole 17 – 130 × 0.9 – 2.5 cm, green, glabrous; leaf blade widely elliptic to ovate, 27 – 35 × 19 – 22 cm, green, campylodromous venation, glabrous, apex acute, base sagittate; ligule fibrous to membranaceous, 3 – 10.5 cm long, greenish, apex truncate; submerged leaves not seen. Reproductive branch 30 – 165 cm long, green, glabrous. Inflorescence in thyrses of cincinni, 300 – 360 flowers, 4 – 5 flowers per cincinnus unit; peduncle 10 – 15 cm long., green, glabrous; spathe lanceolate, cymbiform, fused, revolute and erect at the apex, 5 – 7 cm long, green, glabrous, apex acute, aristate, arista 2 – 3 mm long; rachis 11 – 15 cm long, green, glabrous. Flowers blue, sessile, mid-styled, tubular, homochlamydeous; perianth tube 6 – 7 mm long, bluish and greenish toward the base, outer surface glabrous, sometimes with few dispersed trichomes toward the apical region, trichomes 2 – 2.5 mm long, without a black cell; perianth lobes 6, disposed 3 + 3; outer lobes 4 – 5 mm long, 1 lower elliptic, 2 lateral upper elliptic; inner lobes 4 – 4.6 mm long, 1 upper middle ovate, blue with a yellow nectar guide at the base, 2 lower lateral ovate; stamens 6, 3 longer, filaments 10 – 12 mm long (mid-styled), bluish, puberulous, short trichomes without a big black subapical cell; 3 shorter, filaments 6 – 8.5 mm long (mid-styled), bluish, puberulous; anthers sagittate to oblong, basifixed, 1 – 1.4 mm long, bluish; gynoecium 3 - carpellate, a single functional carpel; ovary 2 – 3 mm long., greenish, glabrous, 3 - loculate, a single ovule in the single functional locule; style 5 – 6.5 mm long (mid-styled), bluish, glabrous; stigma punctiform, white. Fruit utricle 7 – 8.6 mm long with anthocarp green, with 6 longitudinal fleshy ribs, the 3 lower bigger than the 3 upper, rib margin entire or slightly irregular. Seed 1, ovoid, 4 – 4.5 mm long, whitish, smooth.	en	Sousa, Danilo J. L., Siqueira, Gabriela B., Giulietti, Ana Maria (2020): Two new species of Pontederia L. (Pontederiaceae Kunth) to South America. Phytotaxa 432 (3): 252-262, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.432.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.432.3.2
03EE7658FFE5FFE1FF39F073B563F7F6.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Pontederia gigantea is endemic to Brazil, and occurs in rivers, streams and flooded riverbanks in the east coast in the Atlantic Rainforest from Bahia to Santa Catarina, forming small and dense populations with individuals reaching more than 2 m tall (Figure 3). Conservation status: — Only four or five populations are known, dispersed in the Brazilian east coast, from southern Bahia (Northeastern Brazil) to Santa Catarina (Southern Brazil) (Figure 3), making it a relatively rare species. In Bahia, it is known from a single population in a flooded area near the Rio Almada. Because of the small population size and their association to specific aquatic situation, we based its conservation status in the area of occupancy (1.500 km 2 – assessed using GeoCAT, Bachman et al. 2011) using cell width of 0.5 km 2. Following the IUCN criteria (2016), we stated that P. gigantea is a Vulnerable species (VU B 2 ab (iii); D 2). Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting all year round.	en	Sousa, Danilo J. L., Siqueira, Gabriela B., Giulietti, Ana Maria (2020): Two new species of Pontederia L. (Pontederiaceae Kunth) to South America. Phytotaxa 432 (3): 252-262, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.432.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.432.3.2
03EE7658FFE5FFE1FF39F073B563F7F6.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The specific epithet was chosen because of the remarkable height attained by specimens, that reach more than 2 meters tall. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — BRAZIL. Bahia, Itajuípe, União Queimada, 03 Dec 2017, (fl. fr.), D. J. L. Sousa 650 (HUEFS); Espírito Santo, no locality, no date, (fl. fr.), A. Saint-Hilaire B 2 274 (P 00635567, P 00635568, P 00635569); Rio de Janeiro, Campos, alagado próximo à lagoa de cima, 19 Sept 2008, (fl.), D. Araújo 2204 (EAC); Santa Catarina, São Bento do Sul, Serra Alta, linha férrea próximo à Estrada Saraiva, 13 Feb 2016, (fl.), P. Schwirkowski 1591 (FPS, FURB); São Paulo, Iguape, Peropava, fazenda Boa Vista, 17 Aug 1985, (fl.), C. B. J. Jaramillo 342 (UEC). Notes: — Some specimens that occur in small rivers and streams in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest (from Bahia to Santa Catarina states), were identified as P. sagittata Presl (1827: 116) based mainly on the presence of sagittate leaf blades (Castellanos 1959, Faria & Amaral 2005, Amaral et al. 2008, Sousa & Giulietti 2014, Guimarães et al. 2017, Sousa 2019). However, molecular phylogenetic studies (Sousa 2018) provided initial evidence that specimens identified as P. sagittata comprise at least two distinct taxa. A more detailed morphological analysis P. sagittata specimens from Brazil and Mexico demonstrated morphological differences between them, supporting their delimitation as two different entities. Pontederia sagittata was described by Presl (1827) based on a specimen from Mexico (Karwinski von Karwin s. n. M 0242236!). This leads us to propose a new species based on the Brazil specimens. To ensure no other name was available, we exhaustively examined the literature and botanical collections available. A herbarium sheet collected by Sellow 278 (B 10 0242078!) in Espírito Santo-Brazil has two different determinations (Heteranthera sagittata and Pontederia glabra). However, neither of these names were effectively published and, supported by the International Code (Turland et al. 2018), we choose a new specific epithet for this previously undescribed taxon. Most species of the genus Pontederia are tristylous, presenting the three floral morphs — long-, mid- and short-styled — (Barrett & Graham 1997), except P. parviflora Alexander (1937: 59), described as the only homostylous species of the genus. For P. gigantea, we found only one floral morph type, the mid-styled. The absence of long- and short-styled flowers can be related to a disruption of the population structure, as all of them are relatively small and distant from each other, and they could be maintained by clonal propagation. Indeed, Barrett (1988) had shown the influence of clonal propagation in tristyly breakdown of Eichhornia Kunth (1843: 129) species, also showing predomination of a mid-styled morph.	en	Sousa, Danilo J. L., Siqueira, Gabriela B., Giulietti, Ana Maria (2020): Two new species of Pontederia L. (Pontederiaceae Kunth) to South America. Phytotaxa 432 (3): 252-262, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.432.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.432.3.2
03EE7658FFE1FFEDFF39F2F9B24DFC5A.taxon	description	EAC!, HURB!, K!, NY!, RB!). Figures 3; 4 A – J; 5 A – F.	en	Sousa, Danilo J. L., Siqueira, Gabriela B., Giulietti, Ana Maria (2020): Two new species of Pontederia L. (Pontederiaceae Kunth) to South America. Phytotaxa 432 (3): 252-262, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.432.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.432.3.2
03EE7658FFE1FFEDFF39F2F9B24DFC5A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: — Pontederia reflexa resembles P. parviflora and P. ovalis as all have white flowers with long-sized trichomes over the perianth and inflorescence rachis, but P. reflexa can be differentiated from both by the reflexed and revolute spathe versus erect and not revolute. P. reflexa can also be differentiated from both species by leaves and floral characters. Erect herb, 0,4 – 0,9 m tall. Stem greenish to vinaceous, glabrous, internodes short. Emerged leaves alternate, distichous, petiolate; petiole 25 – 40 × 0.2 – 0.3 cm, green, vinaceous at the base, glabrous; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to widely ovate, 6 – 15 × 2 – 8 cm, green, acrodromous venation, glabrous, apex acute, base acute to obtuse; ligule membranaceus, 2 – 4 cm long, greenish to vinaceous, apex truncate; submerged leaves not seen. Reproductive branch 19 – 70 cm long., green, often vinaceous at the base, glabrous. Inflorescence in thyrses of cincinni, 50 – 180 flowers, 2 – 6 flowers per cincinnus unit; peduncle 12 – 27 cm long, green, glabrous; spathe widely lanceolate to obovate, cymbiform, not fused, revolute and reflexed at the apex, 2.5 – 5 cm long., green, glabrous, apex acute, mucronate, mucron 0.8 – 1 mm long; rachis 3.4 – 7 cm long, greenish, villous, trichomes 6 – 7 mm long, without a black cell. Flowers white, sessile, trystylous, tubular, homochlamydeous; perianth tube 4 – 8 mm long, white, outer surface villous, trichomes 6 – 7 mm long, without a black cell; perianth lobes 6, disposed 3 + 3; outer lobes 4.4 – 6 mm long, 1 lower lanceolate, 2 lateral upper lanceolate; inner lobes 4 – 6.5 mm long., 1 upper middle ovate, white with a yellow nectar guide at the base, 2 lower lateral elliptic; stamens 6, 3 longest, filaments 6 – 10.8 mm long. (short-styled flowers), 7.1 – 11 mm long (mid-styled flowers), 5 – 7.3 mm long. (long-styled flowers), white, puberulous, short trichomes with a big black subapical cell; 3 shortest, filaments 3.8 – 7 mm long (short-styled flowers), 2.5 – 4.5 mm long (mid-styled flowers), 3 – 5 mm long (long-styled flowers), puberulous at the apex; anthers sagittate, rarely oblong, subbasifixed, 0.8 – 1 mm long, brownish; gynoecium 3 - carpellate, a single functional carpel; ovary 1.6 – 2.2 mm long., greenish, glabrous, 3 - loculate, a single ovule in the single functional locule; style 0.7 – 1.8 mm long (short-styled flowers), 3.4 – 4.8 mm long (mid-styled flowers), 8 – 12 mm long (long-styled flowers), white, few trichomes at the apex, short trichomes without a black cell; stigma punctiform to trilobed, white. Fruit utricle 7.7 – 10.5 mm long, anthocarp not fleshy, greenish, with 6 longitudinal flattened ribs, rib margin dentate. Seed 1, ovoid, 4.2 – 6.5 mm long., whitish, smooth.	en	Sousa, Danilo J. L., Siqueira, Gabriela B., Giulietti, Ana Maria (2020): Two new species of Pontederia L. (Pontederiaceae Kunth) to South America. Phytotaxa 432 (3): 252-262, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.432.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.432.3.2
03EE7658FFE1FFEDFF39F2F9B24DFC5A.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Pontederia reflexa is endemic to South America and occurs mainly in temporary ponds and lakes. It has a disjunct distribution between the Caatinga, in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil, and the western Brazilian Pantanal, reaching also Bolivia and Paraguay (Figure 3). Conservation status: — Following the IUCN criteria (2016), we used GeoCAT to calculate an area of occupance of 256.000 km 2 (Bachman et al. 2011). The abundancy of collections around the Pantanal and Northeastern Brazil support the category of Least Concern (LC) for Pontederia reflexa. Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting year round.	en	Sousa, Danilo J. L., Siqueira, Gabriela B., Giulietti, Ana Maria (2020): Two new species of Pontederia L. (Pontederiaceae Kunth) to South America. Phytotaxa 432 (3): 252-262, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.432.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.432.3.2
03EE7658FFE1FFEDFF39F2F9B24DFC5A.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The specific epithet refers to its reflexed spathe. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Ñuflo de Chávez, Est. Alta Vista, 15 Nov 1984, (fl.), T. J. Killeen 560 (NY). BRAZIL. Ceará, Caucaia, Catuana — Lagoa Pedro Lopes, 26 Sep 2001, (fl. fr.), A. S. F. Castro 1082 (EAC); Crateús, Xavier, Baixada da Serra das Almas, 24 Jun 2003, (fl.), L. Q. Matias 450 (EAC); Iguatu, B 02 - CE 060, 13 Mai 2010, (fl.), L. R. O. Normando 38 (EAC); Independência, Br- 226, 12 May 2011, (fl. fr.), L. Q. Matias 617 (EAC); São Gonçalo do Amarante, Pecém, Lagoa do Gereraú, 10 Nov 2007, (fl.), M. F. Moro 283 (EAC); Maranhão, Carolina, Lagoa Ilha dos Botes, 12 Sep 2009, (fl.) E. R. Santos 1987 (HUTO); Palmeirândia, 06 Oct 2006, (fl.), C. M. Vieira 44 (MAR); Mato Grosso, Cáceres, Porto Limão, 20 Aug 2005, (fl.), M. A. Carniello 852 (HPAN); Poconé, 01 May 1999, (fl.), A. L. Sanches 109 (CPAP); 01 May 1999, (fl.), A. L. Sanches 110 (CPAP); 15 Jul 2006, (fl.), V. C. Souza 32414 (ESA); 03 Apr 1982, (fl. fr.), G. Neto 635 (MAC); 17 Apr 1993, (fl. fr.), J. M. F. Penha 1 (CPAP); SESC Pantanal, 15 Jul 2006, (fl. fr.), V. C. Souza 32444 (HUEFS, UFMT); Fazenda Ipiranga, porto das Araras, 27 Apr 1992, (fl.), A. L. Prado 2781 (UEC); Parque Nacional do Pantanal, 23 Mar 2001, (fl.), V. J. Pott 4330 (CGMS, CPAP); Rod. Transpantaneira, km 55 — direção a Poconé, 25 Apr 1994, (fl.), A. L. Prado 2517 (UEC); Rio Alegre, 24 Mar 2001, (fl.), V. J. Pott 4396 (CGMS); Mato Grosso do Sul, Aquidauana, IPPAN — Base de Pesquisa da UNIDERP, 10 Nov 2001, (fl.), L. C. Costa 90 (CGMS); Alojamento Betânia, 11 Dec 2014, (fl. fr.), M. G. Pereira 61 (CGMS); Fazenda Rolândia, 15 Dec 2012, (fl. fr.), M. L. Z. Colado 10 (CGMS); Fazenda Barranco Branco, 16 Aug 2005, (fl.), V. J. Pott 7909 (CGMS); Fazenda Santana, 05 Feb 2006, (fl.), V. J. Pott 8631 (CGMS); Bonito, Rio Sucuri — Fazenda São Geraldo, 25 Apr 1995, (fl.), E. Scremin-Dias 184 (CGMS); Terras, 02 Dec 1998, (fl.), V. J. Pott 3806 (CPAP); Chapadão do Sul, Pequena Central Hidroelétrica, 18 Aug 2009, (fl.), V. J. Pott 10591 (CGMS); Corguinho, margem da MS- 419, 03 Oct 2013, (fl.), D. Gris 101 (CGMS); Salto do Taboco, rio Taboco, 08 Feb 2006, (fl. fr.) V. J. Pott 8727 (CGMS); Corumbá, Embrapa, 30 Nov 2009, (fl.), E. L. M. Assis 96 (COR); MS 228, Porto da Manga, 30 Nov 2002, (fl.), A. L. F. Avellar 6 (COR); Fazenda São Bento, 12 Nov 2011, (fl.), F. Bao 157 (CGMS); Fazenda São João, 15 Dec 2014, (fl.), G. Catian 62 (CGMS); Beira da Estrada parque, 28 Jul 2006, (fl.), J. S. Garcia 30 (CGMS); Fazenda Alegria, 07 May 2009, (fl.), L. S. Rodrigues 6 (CGMS); Lagoa do Jacadigo, 20 Apr 2011, (fl.), M. Rocha 165 (CGMS); Região do Paraguai Mirim, 03 Jun 2009, (fl.), R. B. Rodrigues 66 (CGMS); Baía 08, fazenda Nhumirim, 29 Nov 2008, (fl.), R. B. Rodrigues 93 (CGMS); Estrada para Forte Coimbra, 20 May 1999, (fl. fr.), A. L. Sanches 103 (UPCB); 1 km do Mirante das Baias, 19 May 1999, (fl.), A. L. Sanches 96 (UPCB); Em frente a fazenda Boa Sorte, 26 Jun 2003, (fl.), V. J. Pott 6389 (CGMS); Costa Rica, Fazenda Pouso Frio, 26 Oct 2004, (fl.), A. S. Penha 69 (CGMS); Inocência, fazenda Lagoinha, 19 Nov 2004, (fl.), V. J. Pott 7387 (CGMS); Jateí, Parque Estadual das Várzeas do Rio Ivinhema, 13 Nov 2015, (fl.), L. M. Bergamo 5 (CGMS); Miranda, Nhecolândia, 05 Aug 2012, (fl.), G. Catian 7 (CGMS); Nioaque, Córrego Formiga, Br- 419, 24 Sep 2008, (fl.), V. J. Pott 10364 (CGMS); Paranaíba, Estrada Parque, 25 Jun 2008, F. M. Leme 80 (CGMS); Rio Verde de Mato Grosso, Estrada da Serra da Alegria, 02 Nov 2012, (fl.), F. M. Leme 20 (CGMS); Rochedo, Córrego a 7 km da cidade, 28 Aug 1998, (fl.), G. A. Damasceno Júnio 1530 (COR); Piauí, Parnaiba, Cipual, 15 Sep 2011, (fl. fr.), M. C. E. Nascimento 130 (HDELTA); Delta, 22 May 2002, (fl.), L. Q. Matias 359 (EAC). Notes: — Pontederia reflexa has been traditionally misidentified in South American botanical collections and floristic studies as P. parviflora or P. ovalis Martius (1830: 1140) (e. g., Castellanos 1959, Pott & Pott 2000, Nascimento et al. 2013). Indeed, the whitish colored flowers, characteristic of this group of species, can make their distinction difficult. However, a detailed morphological analysis has shown that the reflexed spathe, and also the long-sized trichomes (6 – 7 mm) without a differentiated dark storage cell are distinctive. In general, Pontederia species present a relatively continuous geographic distribution, fragmented only by the nature of the aquatic environment.	en	Sousa, Danilo J. L., Siqueira, Gabriela B., Giulietti, Ana Maria (2020): Two new species of Pontederia L. (Pontederiaceae Kunth) to South America. Phytotaxa 432 (3): 252-262, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.432.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.432.3.2
