identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03EFE354B42BFFEED164FCE9FD27F99A.text	03EFE354B42BFFEED164FCE9FD27F99A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Archosauromorpha Huene 1946	<div><p>Archosauromorpha Huene, 1946, sensu Benton, 1985</p><p>Gen. et sp. indet.</p><p>Referred specimens. TTU-P 11254c, partial braincase; TTU-P 11254d, cervical vertebrae; TTU-P 11254e, left scapula.</p><p>Description and remarks. The braincase is poorly preserved, and the intimately fused bones complicate the demarcation of each element. The foramen magnum is obliterated under the collapsed roof of the braincase; the only putative feature visible at this area is a damaged foramen which might be related to a segment of the occipital vein (Figure 7A). The occipital condyle is round in posterior view and the basioccipital probably forms most of the occipital condyle with limited contribution of exoccipitals as in most saurians (Figure 7A). The condylar neck is ventrally constricted at the base, a condition that is also very apparent in lateral view, and then the basioccipital flares again to form a pair of medially wellseparated and anteroposteriorly long basal tubera (Figures 7 B-C). Each basal tuber displays slight excavations on the lateral side (Figures 7 C-D). The sphenoidal contribution to the basal tubera, if any present, cannot be detected.</p><p>The left lateral side comprise a large secondary tympanic opening (i.e., fenestra pseudorotunda) encapsulated by the fused exoccipital-opisthotic complex (oto-occipital or otoccipital), which is dorsolaterally pierced by a foramen that possibly transmitted a segment of the occipital vein, similar to what is identified on the opposite side of the braincase (Figures 7 C-D). The bony frame around the fenestra pseudorotunda is a distinguishing character of extant archosaurs, and TTU-P11254c represents few of the fossil examples in which this gracile structure is preserved (Gower and Weber, 1998). The floor of the fenestra pseudorotunda maintains a direct connection between the cranial cavity and the vagus foramen at the occipital side, from where the vagus (X) and accessory (XI) cranial nerves are carried along with the posterior jugular vein (Figures 7 C-D). In anterior view, the otic capsule possesses a distinct crescentic groove on its anteromedial border (Figure 7E).</p><p>Although the fused exoccipital-opisthotic complex of TTU-P11254c is described in many archosauriforms (e.g., Gower and Sennikov, 1996; Currie, 1997; Gower and Weber, 1998; Gower, 2002), a posterior diversion of the vagus foramen evolved independently in crocodilians by the emergence of a secondary lamina (Klembara, 2005), in neotheropods by the projection of the metotic strut (e.g., Currie, 1995; Sampson and Witmer, 2007; Fiorillo et al., 2009), and possibly in pterosaurs by the posterior ossification of the braincase (e.g., Bennett, 1991; Kellner, 1996). The posterior shift of the vagus foramen in TTU-P11254c is reminiscent to the condition described in neotheropods, where the presence of a well-developed metotic strut results in separation of the vagus nerve. However, this separation results in a laterally diverted transmission instead of a direct one from the endocranial cavity recalls that of non-avian theropods (e.g., McClellan, 1990; Currie and Zhao, 1993; Currie, 1995; Rauhut, 2004; Sampson and Witmer, 2007) rather than that of modern birds like Rhea and Aquila . It is also noted that the vagus nerve emerges from the occiput via a direct transmission from the braincase floor in one specimen referred to Troodon (Fiorillo et al., 2009) . Moreover, the upper section of the fenestra pseudorotunda is topologically suitable for being the perilymphatic foramen, and the small foramen situated at the posterior side possibly represents the glossopharyngeal (IX.) nerve foramen. The glossopharyngeal nerve always leaves the braincase laterally from the metotic foramen or the fenestra pseudorotunda; however, a separate exit for this particular nerve is observed in juvenile stages of some modern birds which turned into an ossified notch or a foramen in adult phase as in the subarctic bird genus Fulmarus (Walker, 1985) .</p><p>Although the otoccipital of TTU-P11254c is highly comparable to that of non-avian neotheropods as mentioned above, this portion displays a clear contrast with the plesiomorphic state of the basal tubera. In non-avian theropods, the basal tubera are expanded ventrally and merged at the midline for the most part, if not completely (e.g., Chure and Madsen, 1988, figure 8; Sereno and Novas, 1993; Currie, 1995; Sampson and Witmer, 2007). A possible explanation for either TTU-P11254c represents a new type of theropod or another example of morphological convergence among Triassic archosauromorphs (e.g., Hunt, 1989; Nesbitt and Norell, 2006; Stocker et al., 2016) remains obscure because of the paucity of the available material. Recently, Piechowski et al. (2018) have suggested avian-like traits on the braincase of Silesaurus opolensis Dzik, 2003 based on ventrally directed paroccipital processes and reconstructed muscle attachments on the occipital side, even though the otoccipital of S. opolensis retains the plesiomorphic condition of having a laterally directed metotic foramen. Paroccipital processes of TTU-P11254c are not preserved, but the otoccipital is more derived than that of S. opolensis which may indicate a closer relation to avians if TTU-P11254c represents a dinosauriform. Nevertheless, TTU-P11254c might add to the large list of characters interpreted to occur among theropods later in the Mesozoic have already been convergently acquired by archosauromorph taxa during the Triassic.</p><p>The cervical vertebrae (TTU-P11254d) and the scapula (TTU-P11254e) bear a close resemblance to archosauromorph bones as well. The preserved cervical centra are anteroposteriorly elongate and transversely compressed, and they have a well-developed ventral keel (Figure 8A). Presence of prominent hypapophyses on the cervicals is a plesiomorphic character that is lost in many archosaur groups (Romer, 1956, Gauthier, 1986), but it is retained in the middle cervical vertebrae of Postosuchus spp. and Rauisuchus (Nesbitt, 2011, character 192). The scapula is found attached to the cervicals; it possesses a robust and dorsoventrally expanded morphology, differing from what is observed in lepidosauromorphs where the coracoid is the dominant element of the shoulder girdle (Romer, 1956) (Figure 8B). However, the poor preservation of these elements offers any diagnostic features to pinpoint a taxon more inclusive than Archosauromorpha.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EFE354B42BFFEED164FCE9FD27F99A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sarıgül, Volkan;Agnolín, Federico;Chatterjee, Sankar	Sarıgül, Volkan, Agnolín, Federico, Chatterjee, Sankar (2018): Descriptionofamultitaxicbone Assemblagefromtheuppertriassic P O S T Q U A R Ry O F T E X A S (D O C K U M G R O U P), I N C L U D In G A N E W S Ma L L B A S A L Dinosauriformtaxon. Historia Natural 8 (1): 5-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15724747
03EFE354B424FFECD18FFB49FE38FD34.text	03EFE354B424FFECD18FFB49FE38FD34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Soumyasaurus aenigmaticus Sarıgül & Agnolín & Chatterjee 2018	<div><p>Soumyasaurus aenigmaticus gen. nov., sp. nov.</p><p>Etymology. Species name represents the nature of the specimen, derived from the Latin word “aenigma” that means “enigma or riddle”.</p><p>Holotype. TTU-P11254, partial left dentary. Type locality. Post Quarry (MOTT 3624), Garza County, Texas.</p><p>Type horizon. Tecovas Formation (or the lower unit of the Cooper Canyon Formation sensu Martz, 2008), collected from the main thin, fossil-rich horizon that is situated about 8 meters below the top of the formation (Martz et al., 2013). The Post Quarry horizon corresponds to Norian (Sarıgül, 2017b).</p><p>Diagnosis. A minute silesaurid distinguishable from all other members of the clade except Asilisaurus kongwe Nesbitt et al., 2010 by having smooth and conical dentary teeth that have no expansion or curvature above the root. S. aenigmaticus differs from A. kongwe in having a Meckelian groove restricted to ventral margin of the dentary. Because the anterior portion of TTU-P11254b is not preserved, it remains unknown whether the dorsal margin of the anterior dentary of S. aenigmaticus is convex as in that of A. kongwe . Similarly, apical sides of the preserved teeth of S. aenigmaticus are mostly obliterated and cannot be compared with the teeth of A. kongwe that possess weakly serrated carinae at the tip of each crown.</p><p>Description and remarks. The dentary fragment is a slender and transversely narrow element with an elliptical cross-section. The lateral side is almost featureless except for the presence of several neurovascular foramina (Figure 5A). Few lingual pits at the alveolar margin are detected on the medial side, and a narrow Meckelian groove runs the length of the dentary on the ventral margin (Figure 5B). Four erupted teeth are preserved, however, there are about 11 closely spaced alveoli, making the dentary tooth count of 15 or more (Figure 5C). Characteristic grooves and foramina implying the presence of a keratinous beak in silesaurids (e.g., Dzik, 2003; Langer and Ferigolo, 2013) are lacking on the edentulous end and this portion is interpreted as the posterior end of the tooth row. The Meckelian groove also tapers towards the counter direction of the edentulous portion, indicating that TTU-P11254b probably represents a left side dentary (Figure 5 B-C).</p><p>Presence of ankylothecodont teeth, which means the teeth are fused at the base to the dentary bone (Nesbitt, 2011, character 174) is the main unambiguous synapomorphy shared by S. aenigmaticus and Silesauridae . Silesaurid teeth are ankylosed to their sockets by fibrous tissues which creates a collar-like structure around the tooth base as in Silesaurus, Sacisaurus and Diodorus (Dzik, 2003; Kammerer et al., 2012; Langer and Ferigolo, 2013), contrasting the condition of other ankylothecodont archosauromorphs where the teeth are strongly attached to their base by bony ridges (e.g. Ezcurra, 2014). Another feature shared by S. aenigmaticus and other silesaurids except Asilisaurus kongwe is the Meckelian groove restricted to the ventral border on the medial side of the dentary (Nesbitt, 2011, character 152; Dzik, 2003; Ferigolo and Langer, 2007; Nesbitt et al., 2010; Kammerer et al., 2012). The anterior tip of the dentary is not preserved; thus, it is not possible to discern whether it is rounded or tapers anteriorly (Nesbitt, 2011, character 155).</p><p>Technosaurus smalli is the only other silesaurid described from the same quarry with a holotype consisting of a premaxilla and an incomplete dentary (e.g., Chatterjee, 1984; Nesbitt et al., 2007) (Figures 6 A-C). T. smalli and S. aenigmaticus share the typical silesaurid synapomorphies of having a silesaurid-type ankylosed dentition and a ventrally restricted Meckelian groove. The tip of the dentary is missing in both taxa. Besides the obvious size difference, the major contrast between the two taxa is the dental morphology. The lower jaw dentition of T. smalli comprises triangular and possibly tricuspid teeth with unpronounced denticles on the dental edge and faint striations on crown surface; a structure which is clearly different from that of S. aenigmaticus .</p><p>Dentition of S. aenigmaticus is also very different from the other silesaurids with typical leaf-shaped teeth (Dzik, 2003; Kammerer et al., 2012; Langer and Ferigolo, 2013). Although they differ in the position of the Meckelian groove, the dentary teeth of A. kongwe probably offers the best comparison for the dentition of Soumyasaurus than any other silesaurid in both size and morphology. However, teeth of A. kongwe possess a serrated carina (Nesbitt et al., 2010, Figure 1), but this feature cannot be detected in those of S. aenigmaticus since the apical portions of the preserved teeth are either missing or severely damaged.</p><p>The inclusion of S. aenigmaticus in the data matrix of Nesbitt et al. (2017) resulted in its nesting within the basal dinosauriform clade Silesauridae . With the aim to test the robustness of tree topology, Bremer supports are calculated for each node. The support of major archosaur clades, as Ornithodira, Dinosauriformes, and Crurotarsi is relatively low (Bremer support = 1), as previously recognized and discussed by Nesbitt (2011). The clade Silesauridae + Soumyasaurus also has a Bremer support = 1. The inclusion of Soumyasaurus within Saurischia, sister group to Dinosauria or Theropoda results in a tree of a length of 1392. This implies that a single step may change the position of S. aenigmaticus . Thus, S. aenigmaticus is attributed to Silesauridae, but with some degree of uncertainty.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EFE354B424FFECD18FFB49FE38FD34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sarıgül, Volkan;Agnolín, Federico;Chatterjee, Sankar	Sarıgül, Volkan, Agnolín, Federico, Chatterjee, Sankar (2018): Descriptionofamultitaxicbone Assemblagefromtheuppertriassic P O S T Q U A R Ry O F T E X A S (D O C K U M G R O U P), I N C L U D In G A N E W S Ma L L B A S A L Dinosauriformtaxon. Historia Natural 8 (1): 5-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15724747
03EFE354B424FFE3D18FFC29FE8DFB14.text	03EFE354B424FFE3D18FFC29FE8DFB14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Soumyasaurus Sarıgül & Agnolín & Chatterjee 2018	<div><p>Soumyasaurus gen. nov.</p><p>Etymology. Coined by Sankar Chatterjee to honour his elder son Soumya for his discovery of the specimen.</p><p>Type species. Soumyasaurus aenigmaticus, sp. nov.; see below.</p><p>Diagnosis. As for species, see below.</p><p>Stratigraphic and geographic range. As for species, see below.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EFE354B424FFE3D18FFC29FE8DFB14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sarıgül, Volkan;Agnolín, Federico;Chatterjee, Sankar	Sarıgül, Volkan, Agnolín, Federico, Chatterjee, Sankar (2018): Descriptionofamultitaxicbone Assemblagefromtheuppertriassic P O S T Q U A R Ry O F T E X A S (D O C K U M G R O U P), I N C L U D In G A N E W S Ma L L B A S A L Dinosauriformtaxon. Historia Natural 8 (1): 5-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15724747
03EFE354B427FFE3D384FDC9FDA7FD74.text	03EFE354B427FFE3D384FDC9FDA7FD74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vancleavea campi Long and Murry 1995	<div><p>Vancleavea campi Long and Murry, 1995</p><p>Referred specimen. TTU-P 11254a, partial vertebral column and a piece of osteoderm .</p><p>Description and remarks. The partially preserved vertebral column comprises seven vertebrae and each vertebra possess shallow lateral excavations on the side, a feature shared with many archosauromorphs (Figure 4). Although the specimen is severely compressed mediolaterally, two paramedian ridges are on ventral side are conspicuous on some vertebrae. Presence of two paramedian ridges is an autapomorphy of the dorsal centra of Vancleavea campi; however, it is noted that these ridges occur on the caudal vertebrae of V. campi as well (e.g. Nesbitt et al., 2009b). Concurringly, an independent examination of the specimen concludes that the vertebrae represents part of the postcervical series of Vancleavea and the attached unrecognizable piece of bone is an amalgamation of Vancleavea dermal armor (Bill Mueller, personal communication, 2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EFE354B427FFE3D384FDC9FDA7FD74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sarıgül, Volkan;Agnolín, Federico;Chatterjee, Sankar	Sarıgül, Volkan, Agnolín, Federico, Chatterjee, Sankar (2018): Descriptionofamultitaxicbone Assemblagefromtheuppertriassic P O S T Q U A R Ry O F T E X A S (D O C K U M G R O U P), I N C L U D In G A N E W S Ma L L B A S A L Dinosauriformtaxon. Historia Natural 8 (1): 5-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15724747
