taxonID	type	description	language	source
03EC8792CC32714C7FBC177009DDA96B.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Coelioxys afra Lepeletier, 1841. Diagnosis: The most obvious diagnostic characteristic of this subgenus is the conspicuously carinate and elevated lateral margins of the axilla (Fig. 6) in both sexes, a feature otherwise only observed in one other Coelioxys species: the Nearctic C. (Xerocoelioxys) edita. The T 6 apicodorsal processes in males are forked (Fig. 23) in most species (exceptions are Coelioxys bifoliata Pasteels, 1968, Coelioxys madagascariensis Benoist, 1955, and the argentea group sensu Pasteels (1968, 1977) (i. e. C. argentea, Coelioxys caeruleipennis Friese, 1904, Coelioxys incarinata Friese, 1904, and Coelioxys scutellotuberculata Pasteels, 1968). Coelioxys (Synocoelioxys) spp. also have forked T 6 apicodorsal processes but in that subgenus the processes are flattened, acute, and of unequal length, almost forming an irregular crenulate plate (Fig. 34), whereas in C. (Allocoelioxys) males the apicodorsal processes are weakly convex, approximately equal in length, rounded apically, and distinct, not forming a crenulate plate (Fig. 23). Comments: This is one of the most diverse subgenera within Coelioxys, with at least 75 species assigned to it (Ascher & Pickering, 2015). This subgenus is largely represented in the Afrotropical and Palaearctic regions, but some species are Indomalayan; at least one, Coelioxys smithii Dalla Torre, 1896, occurs in the Australasian region and one, C. coturnix, has been introduced to the United States from the Palaearctic region (Ascher & Pickering, 2015). Both these species exhibit the characteristics of the subgenus outlined above. List of species: Coelioxys acanthopyga Alfken, 1940, Coelioxys acanthura (Illiger, 1806), C. afra, Coelioxys angulata Smith, 1870, C. argentea, Coelioxys artemis Schwarz, 2001, Coelioxys bifoliata Pasteels, 1968, Coelioxys bifoveolata Pasteels, 1968, Coelioxys binghami Pasteels, 1968, Coelioxys brevis Eversmann, 1852, Coelioxys bulbosa Pasteels, 1985, C. caeruleipennis, Coelioxys capitata Smith, 1854, Coelioxys carinicauda Pasteels, 1968, Coelioxys castanea Morawitz, 1886, Coelioxys caudata Spinola, 1838, Coelioxys coloratula Cockerell, 1939, Coelioxys congoensis Friese, 1922, Coelioxys conspersa Morawitz, 1874, Coelioxys cothura Cockerell, 1918, C. coturnix, Coelioxys cuneata Smith, 1875, Coelioxys desmieri Pasteels, 1968, Coelioxys difformis Friese, 1904, Coelioxys echinata Forster, 1853, Coelioxys elegantula Alfken, 1934, Coelioxys elongatula Alfken, 1938, Coelioxys elsei Schwarz, 2001, Coelioxys emarginata Forster, 1853, Coelioxys emarginatella Pasteels, 1982, Coelioxys erythrura Spinola, 1838, Coelioxys florea Wu, 2006, Coelioxys formosicola Strand, 1913, Coelioxys foveolata Smith, 1854, Coelioxys fuscipennis Smith, 1854, Coelioxys genoconcavitus Gupta, 1991, Coelioxys haemorrhoa Forster, 1853, C. incarinata, Coelioxys indica Friese, 1925, Coelioxys iranica Warncke, 1992, Coelioxys kasachstana Warncke, 1992, Coelioxys khasiana Cameron, 1904, Coelioxys lata Cameron, 1908, Coelioxys lucidicauda Cockerell, 1939, Coelioxys luzonica Cockerell, 1914, C. madagascariensis, Coelioxys mielbergi Morawitz, 1880, Coelioxys nasuta Friese, 1904, Coelioxys nitidicauda Pasteels, 1968, Coelioxys obtusa Perez, 1884, Coelioxys octodenticulata Friese, 1935, Coelioxys perseus Nurse, 1904, Coelioxys polycentris Forster, 1853, Coelioxys pruinosa Smith, 1854, Coelioxys quadrifasciata Gupta, 1992, Coelioxys radoszkowskyi Popov, 1946, Coelioxys rajasthaniensis Gupta, 1992, Coelioxys recusata Schulz, 1906, Coelioxys rubella Pasteels, 1968, Coelioxys rufispina Walker, 1871, C. scutellotuberculata, Coelioxys semenowi Morawitz, 1894, Coelioxys sexmaculata Cameron, 1897, C. smithii, Coelioxys sogdiana Morawitz, 1875, Coelioxys somalica Friese, 1922, Coelioxys somalina Magretti, 1895, Coelioxys spativentris Friese, 1935, Coelioxys spilaspis Cockerell, 1932, Coelioxys squamigera Friese, 1935, Coelioxys squamosa Friese, 1922, Coelioxys squamosissima Pasteels, 1968, Coelioxys squamosoides Pasteels, 1968, Coelioxys squamosula Popov, 1946, Coelioxys subelongata Wu, 1992, Coelioxys sudanensis Cockerell, 1933, Coelioxys unicula Cockerell, 1939, and Coelioxys warnckei Schwarz & Gusenleitner, 2003.	en	Rocha Filho, Léo Correia Da, Packer, Laurence (2017): Phylogeny of the cleptoparasitic Megachilini genera Coelioxys and Radoszkowskiana, with the description of six new subgenera in Coelioxys (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180 (2): 354-413, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12484, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12484
03EC8792CC33714D7FDF15AE0869AF94.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Coelioxys rufitarsis Smith, 1854. Diagnosis: Species in this subgenus are characterized by the combination of long, dense pubescence on head and mesosoma never accompanied by short, scale-like hairs, and with postgradular grooves of T 2 and T 3 complete (Fig. 24). This combination is also observed in all species of C. (Coelioxys s. s.). In C. (Boreocoelioxys) females, however, the S 6 is elongate, gradually tapering towards the apex and conspicuously notched subapically [Fig. 26; constricted subapically and never notched in both C. (Coelioxys s. s.) (Fig. 28) and C. (Xerocoelioxys) females (Fig. 14)]. In C. (Boreocoelioxys) males the postgradular grooves of T 2 have a sublateral, slender fovea on each side (Fig. 27), whereas in males of C. (Coelioxys s. s.) and C. (Xerocoelioxys) spp. the postgradular area of T 2 is never foveate, but instead with sublateral, slender, densely punctate area on each side (Fig. 29), or unmodified. Comments: This subgenus has been regarded as mainly Holarctic (Michener, 2007), but as such it is very weakly supported (see Results and Discussion and Fig. 1). In contrast, the New World clade is well supported. In light of this, C. (Boreocoelioxys) is now defined as comprising only the New World species, among which the Nearctic species and Coelioxys oaxacana Baker, 1975 were revised and keyed by Baker (1975). There are two additional species from the Neotropics: Coelioxys sannicolarensis Genaro, 2001 and Coelioxys schmidti Friese, 1917. The following species are being transferred to other subgenera according to the phylogenetic results: C. alata, C. funeraria, and C. rufescens. The other species from the Palaeartic region that were previously assigned to C. (Boreocoelioxys) (Ascher & Pickering, 2015) may belong to C. (Paracoelioxys) or to the new subgenus described herein to encompass C. rufescens; however, it is important to highlight that a revision of those species is necessary in order to establish an accurate classification for this fauna. List of species: Coelioxys banksi Crawford, 1914, Coelioxys insita Cresson, 1872, Coelioxys moesta Cresson, 1864, Coelioxys novomexicana Cockerell, 1909, C. oaxacana, C. octodentata, Coelioxys porterae Cockerell, 1900, Coelioxys pratti Crawford, 1914, C. rufitarsis, Coelioxys salinaria Cockerell, 1925, C. sannicolarensis *, C. sayi, and C. schmidti *. The Neotropical species Coelioxys auripes Friese, 1921 also seems to belong to this subgenus given the complete postgradular grooves of T 2 and T 3.	en	Rocha Filho, Léo Correia Da, Packer, Laurence (2017): Phylogeny of the cleptoparasitic Megachilini genera Coelioxys and Radoszkowskiana, with the description of six new subgenera in Coelioxys (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180 (2): 354-413, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12484, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12484
03EC8792CC33714D7C3F14B30EC0AB2F.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Coelioxys quadridentata (Linnaeus, 1758). Diagnosis: Coelioxys (Coelioxys s. s.) spp. is diagnosable through one unique characteristic found in no other species in the genus: the shape of the pronotal lobe, which is conspicuously rounded on its outer margin and weakly carinate on its inner margin (Fig. 30). Comments: Mitchell (1973) established this subgenus based only on North American and European species. Michener (2007), on the other hand, considered it as cosmopolitan. Thirteen species previously assigned to C. (Coelioxys s. s.), such as Coelioxys serricaudata Baker, 1975 and the Australasian species (Michener, 1965; Baker, 1975), do not belong to the clade that contains the type species of the subgenus (see also Rocha-Filho, 2016 for the Australian species), C. quadridentata. As understood here, C. (Coelioxys s. s.) comprises only its type species and the Nearctic species Coelioxys sodalis Cresson, 1878. List of species: Coelioxys quadridentata and C. sodalis.	en	Rocha Filho, Léo Correia Da, Packer, Laurence (2017): Phylogeny of the cleptoparasitic Megachilini genera Coelioxys and Radoszkowskiana, with the description of six new subgenera in Coelioxys (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180 (2): 354-413, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12484, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12484
03EC8792CC3371467C2710270CD6A81E.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Coelioxys costaricensis Cockerell, 1914. Diagnosis: The most distinctive characteristic of C. (Cyrtocoelioxys) spp. is the shape of S 6 in females: constricted near midlength, always ending in a spine-like process and with its lateral margins always bearing a fringe, which in most of the species is conspicuous, dense, and formed by long, brown hairs (Fig. 46). Additionally, the T 6 in females ends in a short spine-like process, its dorsal carina is strong, and separates two elliptical depressions on either side, and the subapical area is covered with tomentum and scattered long, erect, dark hairs (Fig. 46). These characteristics are similar to those found in females of the Old World subgenus C. (Liothyrapis), but in those the spine-like process of T 6 is always elongate and conspicuous (Fig. 9) and their compound eyes are bare (Fig. 4). In males (among the species in which holotypes have been studied), except in C. costaricensis, the postgradular area of T 3 bears a circular fovea composed of small punctures, it is hairy and surrounded by punctures forming a transverse area (Fig. 47). This characteristic is also observed in males of C. (Dasycoelioxys) (Fig. 80), but they can be differentiated by the lack of a carina on the basal concavity of T 1 (Fig. 43). Comments: This is the most speciose subgenus in the Neotropics, with more than 60 species names assigned to it (Moure et al., 2012; Ascher & Pickering, 2015). An updated list with the description of three new species, two synonyms, and also a key to the Mexican species are provided by Rocha-Filho (2015). A few species, denoted in the following list with a section sign symbol (§), occur in the Nearctic region (Baker, 1975; Ascher & Pickering, 2015). List of species: Coelioxys abnormis Holmberg, 1887, Coelioxys acanthosara Rocha-Filho, 2015 *, Coelioxys alayoi Genaro, 2001 *, Coelioxys alisal Toro & Fritz, 1993 *, Coelioxys ambrosettii Holmberg, 1918, Coelioxys angelica Cockerell, 1905 §, Coelioxys balasto Toro & Fritz, 1993 *, Coelioxys brachyvalva Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys burgdorfi Cockerell, 1931 *, Coelioxys chichimeca Cresson, 1878 *, Coelioxys cisnerosi Cockerell, 1949 *, Coelioxys cochleariformis Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys coloboptyche Holmberg, 1887, Coelioxys columbica Friese, 1921 *, C. costaricensis *, Coelioxys danielperezi Genaro, 2009 *, Coelioxys deani Cockerell, 1909 §, Coelioxys digitata Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys dobzhanskyi Moure, 1951, Coelioxys duckei Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys fimbriata Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys floridana Cresson, 1878 * §, Coelioxys fossulata Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys giacomellii Holmberg 1916, Coelioxys gilensis Cockerell, 1898 §, Coelioxys gonaspis Cockerell, 1924 §, Coelioxys hirtiventris Popov, 1946 *, Coelioxys humahuakae Holmberg, 1909, Coelioxys issororensis Cockerell, 1923 *, Coelioxys jordiana Rocha-Filho, 2015 *, Coelioxys lactea Rocha-Filho, 2015 *, Coelioxys leopoldensis Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys leopoldinae Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys litoralis Holmberg, 1888, Coelioxys macaria Holmberg, 1916, Coelioxys marginata Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys modesta Smith, 1854 §, Coelioxys nigrofimbriata Cockerell, 1919 *, Coelioxys noa Toro & Fritz, 1993 *, Coelioxys obscuriventris Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys obtusivalva Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys obtusiventris Crawford, 1914 §, Coelioxys paradoxa Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys 398 L. C. ROCHA FILHO AND L. PACKER paranensis Schrottky, 1920, Coelioxys paraguaya Moure, 1943 *, Coelioxys pauloensis Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys pedregalensis Holmberg, 1916, Coelioxys pilivalva Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys puncticollis Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys quaerens Holmberg, 1903 *, Coelioxys quechua Toro & Fritz, 1993, Coelioxys rhadia Holmberg, 1916, Coelioxys rugicollis Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys rugulosa Friese, 1908 *, Coelioxys saltensis Toro & Fritz, 1993 *, Coelioxys sanguinicollis Friese, 1921 * §, Coelioxys sanguinosa Cockerell, 1912 *, Coelioxys schulzi Holmberg, 1909, Coelioxys scitula Cresson, 1872 * §, Coelioxys spatulata Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys speculifera Cockerell, 1931 * §, Coelioxys spinosa Dewitz, 1881, Coelioxys subspinosa Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys subtropicalis Holmberg, 1887, Coelioxys surinamensis Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys tabayensis Schrottky, 1920, Coelioxys tastil Toro & Fritz, 1993 *, Coelioxys tiburonensis Cockerell, 1924 §, Coelioxys trancas Toro & Fritz, 1993 *, Coelioxys tridentata (Fabricius, 1775), Coelioxys triangula Friese, 1906 *, Coelioxys unidentata Friese, 1922 *, and Coelioxys zonula Smith, 1854 *.	en	Rocha Filho, Léo Correia Da, Packer, Laurence (2017): Phylogeny of the cleptoparasitic Megachilini genera Coelioxys and Radoszkowskiana, with the description of six new subgenera in Coelioxys (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180 (2): 354-413, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12484, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12484
03EC8792CC38715B7FA913280CA8AF72.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Coelioxys pergandei Schletterer, 1890. Diagnosis: Species of this subgenus as well as all C. (Glyptocoelioxys) spp. other than C. mexicana are unique among all species in the genus by lacking a carina on the basal concavity of T 1 (Fig. 43). Coelioxys (Dasycoelioxys) spp. can be differentiated from C. (Glyptocoelioxys) by the pronotal tubercle, which in is never lamellate or conspicuously emarginated in C. (Dasycoelioxys) spp., forming two distinct lobes (Fig. 75), as in C. (Glyptocoelioxys) spp. (Fig. 73). Also, the pubescence of the head and mesosoma in species of C. (Glyptocoelioxys) is short and subappressed, forming spots of appressed hairs on the mesoscutum, whereas in species of C. (Dasycoelioxys) the pilosity is predominantly long and dense, although sometimes there are additional spots of appressed hairs also. The following combination also separates species of C. (Dasycoelioxys) from C. (Glyptocoelioxys). Female: eye surface not convex ventrally (Fig. 76); T 6 lacking lateral carinae (Fig. 79); S 6 greatly narrower and elongate, at least 2.5 9 longer than broad, strongly flexed downwards, lateral notches narrower, at least 2.5 9 longer than broad (Fig. 79) or absent. Male: face densely covered with long, erect or suberect hairs; postgradular area of T 2 with a broad, rectangular, densely punctate area (Fig. 80); postgradular area of T 3 with a circular, deep, conspicuous fovea surrounded by punctures forming an elliptical area (Fig. 80), and apical rim of S 4 flexed ventrally (as in Fig. 93). Comments: Given the similarity with species of C. (Glyptocoelioxys), Michener (2007) synonymized C. (Dasycoelioxys) under C. (Glyptocoelioxys). In all phylogenetic results, C. (Glyptocoelioxys) came out as a separate clade from C. (Dasycoelioxys); hence the latter name is resurrected. This subgenus is exclusively Neotropical, with 27 species listed by Moure et al. (2012) occurring mostly in Chile and Argentina. Toro & Fritz (1991) keyed some of the species of this subgenus. List of species: Coelioxys bicingulata Holmberg, 1918 *, Coelioxys wagenknechti Moure, 1951, Coelioxys bruneri Cockerell, 1918 *, Coelioxys cameghinoi Holmberg, 1903, Coelioxys elizabeth Toro & Fritz, 1991 *, Coelioxys frieseana Holmberg, 1916, Coelioxys genisei Toro & Fritz, 1991 *, Coelioxys hickeni Holmberg, 1918 *, Coelioxys hubrichiana Holmberg, 1918 *, Coelioxys inconspicua Holmberg, 1884, Coelioxys insolita Holmberg, 1903, Coelioxys kuscheli Moure, 1951, Coelioxys ljuba Toro & Fritz, 1991 *, Coelioxys lyprura Moure, 1951, Coelioxys mapuche Toro & Fritz, 1991 *, Coelioxys melanopus Schulz, 1906, Coelioxys miranda Vachal, 1904 *, Coelioxys occidentalis Holmberg, 1916, Coelioxys oriplanes Moure, 1951, Coelioxys palmaris Fritz & Toro, 1990, C. pergandei, Coelioxys pomona Toro & Fritz, 1991 *, Coelioxys remissa Holmberg, 1888 *, Coelioxys roigi Fritz & Toro, 1990 *, Coelioxys rosarina Holmberg, 1918 *, Coelioxys ruizi Moure, 1951, Coelioxys ruzi Toro & Fritz, 1991 *, Coelioxys strigata Vachal, 1904 *, Coelioxys tehuelche Holmberg, 1916, Coelioxys tenax Holmberg, 1888, Coelioxys tucumana Holmberg, 1903, C. wagenknechti, and Coelioxys weyrauchi Moure, 1951.	en	Rocha Filho, Léo Correia Da, Packer, Laurence (2017): Phylogeny of the cleptoparasitic Megachilini genera Coelioxys and Radoszkowskiana, with the description of six new subgenera in Coelioxys (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180 (2): 354-413, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12484, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12484
03EC8792CC38715B7FA913280CA8AF72.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Coelioxys cayennensis Spinola, 1841. Diagnosis: Species of this subgenus are characterized by the compound eye convex ventrally (Fig. 74), S 6 distinctly notched subapically in females (Fig. 77), and in males the postgradular areas of T 2 and T 3 with a small fovea surrounded by an impunctate area with a depressed punctate area posteriorly to the fovea (Fig. 78; except in C. chilensis males). Another important characteristic, observed in all except the type species C. mexicana, is the lack of a marginal carina on the basal concavity of T 1 (Fig. 43), a characteristic otherwise shared with C. (Dasycoelioxys) spp. In spite of the resemblance to the latter subgenus, C. (Glyptocoelioxys) spp. can be differentiated from those of C. (Dasycoelioxys) by the following combination of characteristics (see also the diagnosis of the latter subgenus above). Pronotal tubercle emarginate, forming two lobes, with carina conspicuously lamellate (Fig. 73); pubescence of head and mesosoma short, predominantly forming spots of appressed hairs on mesoscutum. Female: eye outline distinctly convex ventrally (Fig. 74); T 6 with lateral carinae (Fig. 77); S 6 elongate, at most 2 9 longer than broad, lateral notches broader, at least 2.5 9 broader than long (Fig. 77). Male: face densely covered with decumbent hairs; postgradular areas of T 2 and T 3 with a small fovea surrounded by an elevated, transverse impunctate area with a depressed, transverse densely punctate area below, the fovea on T 2 minute, circular, and on T 2 slender (Fig. 78) (postgradular areas of T 2 – T 3 unmodified in C. chilensis), and apical rim of S 4 flat, not flexed ventrally (as in Fig. 64). Comments: Prior to this study, the name C. (Haplocoelioxys) had been applied only to C. mexicana (Mitchell, 1973; Michener, 2007; Moure et al., 2012; Ascher & Pickering, 2015). Considering the phylogenetic results (Figs 1 – 3) C. (Haplocoelioxys) is merged with C. (Glyptocoelioxys). In spite of page priority for C. (Haplocoelioxys), the name C. (Glyptocoelioxys) is preferred here based upon article 24.2.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature that states ‘ ... the precedence of the names or acts is fixed by the First Reviser unless Article 24.1 applies’. Given that the first revision concerning this matter is carried out herein, we decided to synonymize C. (Haplocoelioxys) under C. (Glyptocoelioxys) because the former is monotypic, hence only one subgeneric reassignment is required rather than 27. Species of this subgenus are primarily Neotropical, with only Coelioxys germana Cresson, 1878 recorded elsewhere, in the eastern Nearctic region. List of species: Coelioxys acutivalva Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys adani Cockerell, 1949 *, Coelioxys amazonica Schrottky, 1902, Coelioxys beroni Schrottky, 1902, Coelioxys brasiliensis Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys bucephala Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys cearensis Friese, 1921 *, C. cayennensis *, Coelioxys cerasiopleura Holmberg, 1903, Coelioxys chilensis Reed, 1892, Coelioxys concolor Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys epaenete Holmberg, 1916, C. germana *, Coelioxys ignava Smith, 1879 *, Coelioxys labiosa Moure, 1951, Coelioxys laticeps Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys lativalva Holmberg, 1903, C. mexicana *, Coelioxys nitidicollis Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys opacicollis Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys pampeana Holmberg, 1887, Coelioxys praetextata Haliday, 1836 *, Coelioxys quadriceps Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys ruficollis Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys scutellaris Schrottky, 1902, Coelioxys totonaca Cresson, 1878 *, Coelioxys triodonta Cockerell, 1914 *, and Coelioxys vituperabilis Holmberg, 1903.	en	Rocha Filho, Léo Correia Da, Packer, Laurence (2017): Phylogeny of the cleptoparasitic Megachilini genera Coelioxys and Radoszkowskiana, with the description of six new subgenera in Coelioxys (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180 (2): 354-413, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12484, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12484
03EC8792CC25715B7FFB14A2082FAF93.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Coelioxys apicata Smith, 1854. Diagnosis: Species of the subgenera C. (Liothyrapis) and C. (Torridapis), as well as C. (Allocoelioxys) madagascariensis are the only ones within Coelioxys with bare eyes (Fig. 4). The species C. madagascariensis is differentiated from C. (Liothyrapis) spp. by the sharply carinate lateral margins of the axilla (Fig. 6). The most easily observed characteristics that separate C. (Liothyrapis) spp. from C. (Torridapis) are [alternative conditions in C. (Torridapis) are given in parentheses]: axilla short, free apical portion not produced beyond posterior margin of mesoscutellum (Figs 7, 8) (long, free apical portion produced beyond posterior margin of mesoscutellum; Fig. 11); T 6 in females ending in a long spine-like process, with some long, erect hairs subapically (Fig. 9) (T 6 ends in a very short, obsolescent spine-like process and lacks long, erect hairs subapically; Fig. 12), and S 6 in females broad and constricted medially, bearing a dense fringe marginally (Fig. 9) (S 6 very elongate, never constricted medially and lacking a dense fringe on lateral margins; Fig. 12). Comments: This subgenus is mostly Afrotropical, with some species in the Indomalayan region and others in the Palaearctic. Additionally, one species, C. apicata, has been introduced into Puerto Rico (Genaro & Franz, 2008). There are at least 24 species assigned to C. (Liothyrapis) (Ascher & Pickering, 2015). The Afrotropical fauna was revised by Pasteels (1968). List of species: Coelioxys aberrans Morawitz, 1894, Coelioxys albociliata Pasteels, 1968, C. apicata, Coelioxys bruneipes Pasteels, 1968, Coelioxys calabarensis Pasteels, 1968, Coelioxys cavigena Pasteels, 1968, Coelioxys cherenensis Friese, 1913, Coelioxys chionospila Cockerell, 1935, Coelioxys circumscripta Schulz, 1906, C. decipiens, Coelioxys dormitans Cockerell, 1919, Coelioxys elongativentris (Pasteels, 1977), Coelioxys gracillima (Pasteels, 1977), Coelioxys heterozona Cockerell, 1939, Coelioxys integra Pasteels, 1968, Coelioxys junodi Friese, 1904, Coelioxys lativentris Friese, 1909, Coelioxys luangwana Cockerell, 1939, Coelioxys neavei Vachal, 1910, Coelioxys reticulata Pasteels, 1968, Coelioxys rotundicauda Cockerell, 1935, Coelioxys rotundiscutum (Pasteels, 1977), Coelioxys scioensis Gribodo, 1879, Coelioxys umbripennis Friese, 1922, and Coelioxys verticalis Smith, 1854.	en	Rocha Filho, Léo Correia Da, Packer, Laurence (2017): Phylogeny of the cleptoparasitic Megachilini genera Coelioxys and Radoszkowskiana, with the description of six new subgenera in Coelioxys (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180 (2): 354-413, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12484, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12484
03EC8792CC2571587C5214B30C7DAC09.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Coelioxys simillima Smith, 1854. Diagnosis: Most species of C. (Neocoelioxys) can be diagnosed through the combination of supraclypeal area elevated medially, forming a rounded ridge in both sexes (Fig. 53) (not elevated; Fig. 54), and T 5 lacking lateral spines in males (Fig. 61). Nevertheless, C. otomita does not possess the former characteristic, and C. dolichos and C. abdominalis do not possess the second; however, all three can be correctly assigned using the key. Both these characteristics also show parallelisms elsewhere within Coelioxys, but only in Old World species that are very different morphologically, with the sole exception of C. bisoncornua from North America, but this species has the postgradular grooves of both T 2 and T 3 complete (Fig. 24), whereas they are broadly interrupted medially (Fig. 25) in all C. (Neocoelioxys) spp. Comments: As the type species of both C. (Acrocoelioxys) and C. (Melanocoelioxys) were nested among C. (Neocoelioxys) spp., the latter is regarded as a valid subgenus with which the other two are now synonymized. Species of this subgenus are mostly Neotropical, with several species distributed in the Caribbean, and a few: Coelioxys dolichos Fox, 1890, Coelioxys menthae Cockerell, 1897, and Coelioxys slossoni Viereck, 1902 found in the Nearctic. In both Moure et al. (2012) and Ascher & Pickering (2015) databases, many species are listed as C. (Acrocoelioxys), but three are assigned herein to C. (Leuraspidia), and Coelioxys praetextata Haliday, 1836 is regarded as belonging to C. (Glyptocoelioxys), based upon the results of the phylogenetic analyses. List of species: Coelioxys abdominalis Guerin-Meneville, 1844 *, Coelioxys aculeata Schrottky, 1902, Coelioxys albifrons Friese, 1916 *, Coelioxys bipustulata Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys brachypyga Friese, 1921 *, C. dolichos *, Coelioxys eximia Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys foxii Viereck, 1902 *, Coelioxys laevicollis Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys laevigata Smith, 1854 *, Coelioxys laevis Friese, 1921 *, C. menthae *, C. otomita *, Coelioxys popovi Strand, 1934 *, Coelioxys producta Cresson, 1865 *, C. rufipes *, C. simillima *, C. slossoni *, Coelioxys spinipyga Strand, 1910 *, Coelioxys tolteca Cresson, 1878 *, Coelioxys trispinosa Friese, 1921 *, Coelioxys turbinata Krombein, 1953 *, and Coelioxys vigilans Smith, 1879 *.	en	Rocha Filho, Léo Correia Da, Packer, Laurence (2017): Phylogeny of the cleptoparasitic Megachilini genera Coelioxys and Radoszkowskiana, with the description of six new subgenera in Coelioxys (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180 (2): 354-413, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12484, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12484
03EC8792CC2671587C3814F5084FABC6.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Coelioxys alatiformis Friese, 1921. Diagnosis: This monotypic subgenus can be distinguished from all other Coelioxys subgenera by the shape of S 5 in females, which is spatulate and greatly expanded towards the apex, its margins somewhat swollen and shining, and ventral surface convex (Fig. 44), and by the postgradular areas of T 2 – T 3 in males that are foveate in a manner not found in other subgenera (Fig. 45): on T 2, the fovea is elliptical and covered with minute whitish hairs, whereas in T 3 it is smaller and circular (Fig. 45). In females from other subgenera the S 5 is elongate towards apex, never spatulate nor greatly expanded, except in C. (Paracoelioxys) alata, in which the S 5 margins are greatly expanded but straight, never swollen, as in C. alatiformis (Fig. 44); the ventral surface of S 5 is concave and the apex is broad and truncate, in contrast to the convex surface and ellipsoid apex in C. alatiformis. The fovea on the postgradular area of T 2 of males from other subgenera is never elliptical, hairy and deep, but slender as in C. conoidea (Fig. 90), C. rufescens, C. (Paracoelioxys) (Fig. 88), and C. (Boreocoelioxys) (Fig. 27); minute and circular, as in C. (Glyptocoelioxys) (Fig. 78), except C. chilensis [see Discussion of C. (Glyptocoelioxys)], and circular and bare, as in C. reginae, C. albolineata, and C. confusa. Comments: This subgenus comprises only one species, C. alatiformis, which ranges from Mexico to Argentina (Rocha-Filho & Packer, 2015).	en	Rocha Filho, Léo Correia Da, Packer, Laurence (2017): Phylogeny of the cleptoparasitic Megachilini genera Coelioxys and Radoszkowskiana, with the description of six new subgenera in Coelioxys (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180 (2): 354-413, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12484, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12484
03EC8792CC2671587FCD170B086AAF50.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Coelioxys alata Forster, 1853. Diagnosis: This subgenus can be differentiated from all the other subgenera based upon the mandible that is angled dorsally on the outer surface in females (Fig. 81). Coelioxys (Paracoelioxys) spp. are similar to species of C. (Boreocoelioxys), but can be distinguished by the postgradular grooves of T 2 – T 3, which are broadly interrupted medially in the former (Fig. 25) and complete in the latter (Fig. 24). They can also be differentiated from species of both of the new subgenera described herein, C. (Melissoctonia) subgen. nov. and C. (Rozeniana) subgen. nov., as well as from all other subgenera, by the following combination of characteristics. Axilla very short, free apical portion much shorter than basal portion, and not produced beyond posterior margin of mesoscutellum (Fig. 71); apical fascia on T 1 nearly absent, restricted to the lateral margins of tergum; apical fasciae on T 2 – T 5 reduced medially or slightly interrupted. Female: mandible angled (Fig. 81); S 6 apex elongate, longer than broad, notches acute, narrow (Fig. 26). Male: postgradular area of T 2 with sublateral, elliptical, slender fovea on each side (Fig. 88) (Baker, 1975: fig. 25 B) and gonocoxa subapically not compressed (Fig. 94 L) (Baker, 1975: fig. 19 F). Comments: This subgenus had previously been regarded as a synonym of C. (Coelioxys s. s.) (see comments on that subgenus above), whereas C. (Schizocoelioxys) was synonymized under C. (Boreocoelioxys) by Michener (2007). The subgenus C. (Paracoelioxys) is resurrected here based on the phylogenetic results (see Results and Discussion). Whereas C. (P.) alata is Palaearctic, C. funeraria is restricted to North America (Ascher & Pickering, 2015). List of species: C. alata and C. funeraria. Some other Palaearctic species, Coelioxys hosoba Nagase, 2003, Coelioxys hiroba Nagase, 2003, Coelioxys inermis (Kirby, 1802), Coelioxys mandibularis Nylander, 1848, and Coelioxys elongata (Lepeletier, 1841), might also belong to this subgenus as they share the modified mandible in the female.	en	Rocha Filho, Léo Correia Da, Packer, Laurence (2017): Phylogeny of the cleptoparasitic Megachilini genera Coelioxys and Radoszkowskiana, with the description of six new subgenera in Coelioxys (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180 (2): 354-413, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12484, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12484
03EC8792CC2671597C39134D0C1FADBE.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Coelioxys zapoteca Cresson, 1878. Diagnosis: The following characteristics combined (four for either sex) separate species of C. (Rhinocoelioxys) from all the other subgenera. Mesoscutellum with a distinct longitudinal median ridge (Fig. 51); posterior margin of mesoscutellum obtusely produced medially into a blunt edge (Fig. 51); axilla long, free apical portion longer or subequal to basal portion (Fig. 51); ocular hairs long (~ 0.12 mm) (Fig. 5). Female: S 6 lateral notches obsolete, a weak impression, not interrupting outline in dorsal view (Fig. 65). Male: postgradular areas of T 2 and T 3 with a transverse, punctate area either formed by punctures that may be fused or by few smaller punctures basally and larger punctures apicolaterally (Fig. 66). Comments: The phylogenetic results indicate that C. (Rhinocoelioxys) as previously defined is polyphyletic. The type species C. zapoteca as well as C. agilis and Coelioxys platygnatha Rocha-Filho & Packer, 2015 are in a different clade from the other four species that were included by Rocha-Filho & Packer (2015), which are now transferred to C. (Austrocleptria) subgen. nov. (see below). The three species are Neotropical. Rocha-Filho & Packer (2015) revised and keyed the species of this subgenus [as well as those of C. (Austrocleptria) subgen. nov.]. List of species: Coelioxys agilis *, C. platygnatha *, and C. zapoteca *.	en	Rocha Filho, Léo Correia Da, Packer, Laurence (2017): Phylogeny of the cleptoparasitic Megachilini genera Coelioxys and Radoszkowskiana, with the description of six new subgenera in Coelioxys (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180 (2): 354-413, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12484, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12484
03EC8792CC2771597FD71689081DAC2B.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Coelioxys texana Cresson, 1872. Diagnosis: This is the only Coelioxys subgenus and perhaps the only members of the Megachilini in which the male S 7 is bilobed (Fig. 94 H) rather than divided into two small sclerites (Baker, 1975: fig. 26 D). Some characteristics such as the scale-like pubescence in parts of the body (Fig. 32), the inner ramus of pretarsal claws in females acute (Fig. 36), and apicodorsal processes of T 6 in males forked (Fig. 34) are shared only with species of the Old World subgenus C. (Allocoelioxys). Species belonging to C. (Synocoelioxys) are characterized by the following combination of characteristics that separates them from all other subgenera. Median ocellus surrounded by a swollen and nearly impunctate area (Fig. 32). Female: lateral margins of T 6 apex with long thick hairs forming an inconspicuous fringe (Fig. 33); S 6 rounded or elliptical, not notched and straight (Fig. 33), not flexed downwards. Male: T 6 apicodorsal processes forked, with processes flattened, pointed, and irregular, almost forming a crenulate plate (Fig. 34), and T 7 exposed, with a long median tooth-like process medially (Baker, 1975: fig. 13 A). Comments: Species of C. (Synocoelioxys) are primarily Nearctic; five of them were revised and keyed by Baker (1975); another two, Coelioxys toltecoides Cockerell, 1923 from Mexico and Coelioxys tegularis Cresson, 1869 from Cuba, are also assigned to the subgenus (Ascher & Pickering, 2015). List of species: Coelioxys alternata Say, 1837, Coelioxys apacheorum Cockerell, 1900, Coelioxys erysimi Cockerell, 1912, Coelioxys hunteri Crawford, 1914, C. tegularis *, C. texana, and C. toltecoides.	en	Rocha Filho, Léo Correia Da, Packer, Laurence (2017): Phylogeny of the cleptoparasitic Megachilini genera Coelioxys and Radoszkowskiana, with the description of six new subgenera in Coelioxys (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180 (2): 354-413, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12484, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12484
03EC8792CC27715E7C05171B0F64AF30.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Coelioxys torrida Smith, 1854. Diagnosis: With C. (Liothyrapis) and the species C. (A.) madagascariensis, this Old World subgenus is the only one within Coelioxys in which the compound eyes are bare (Fig. 4). Species of C. (Torridapis) can be distinguished from C. madagascariensis by the lateral margins of axilla neither elevated nor carinate (Fig. 11) (conspicuously elevated and carinate in the latter; Fig. 6). They can be separated from those of C. (Liothyrapis) by the following list of characteristics. Axilla long, free apical portion produced beyond the posterior margin of mesoscutellum, and curved apically (Fig. 11); mesoscutellum with a dorsal median carina at least basally (Fig. 11). Female: T 6 lacking long, erect, thick hairs, with apex ending in an inconspicuous, short, spine-like process (Fig. 12); T 6 and S 6 gradually tapering, greatly elongate, S 6 folded, subacute apically, its lateral margins with an inconspicuous fringe composed of short brownish hairs (Fig. 12). Male: hypostomal area lacking concavity; T 6 basally lacking, or with short, flattened lateral expanded areas, never with long, acute teeth (Fig. 13); S 4 medially sulcate, hairy, and S 6 long, ≥ 1.2 9 longer than broad. Comments: Ten species are classified in this subgenus (Ascher & Pickering, 2015), with a new one described by Rocha-Filho (2016); the four Afrotropical species were revised by Pasteels (1968) and classified as Liothyrapis, the other species come from Indomalayan or Palaearctic regions, Mauritius or Madagascar. List of species: Coelioxys analis Friese, 1911, Coelioxys basalis Smith, 1875, Coelioxys ducalis Smith, 1854, Coelioxys fenestrata Smith, 1873, Coelioxys julia Rocha-Filho, 2016 *, Coelioxys kosemponis Strand, 1913, Coelioxys maculata Friese, 1913, Coelioxys maculoides Pasteels, 1968, C. torrida, Coelioxys torridula Pasteels, 1968, and Coelioxys weinlandi Schulz, 1904.	en	Rocha Filho, Léo Correia Da, Packer, Laurence (2017): Phylogeny of the cleptoparasitic Megachilini genera Coelioxys and Radoszkowskiana, with the description of six new subgenera in Coelioxys (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180 (2): 354-413, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12484, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12484
03EC8792CC20715E7FAA1417083BAEEC.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Coelioxys edita Cresson, 1872. Diagnosis: Species in this subgenus are very similar to C. (Coelioxys s. s.) spp., but can be differentiated by the pronotal lobe distinctly lamellate (Fig. 31) or carinate throughout, whereas in species of C. (Coelioxys s. s.) the pronotal lobe is conspicuously rounded on its outer margin and weakly carinate on its inner margin (Fig. 30). Another difference between species of these two subgenera is in the mesosomal pilosity, which is short, composed of subappressed or appressed hairs, forming marginal lines or spots on the mesoscutum in C. (Xerocoelioxys) spp. (Fig. 31), contrasting with the long and dense pubescence in species of C. (Coelioxys s. s.) (Fig. 30). The following combination of characteristics together with the two preceding ones separate species of C. (Xerocoelioxys) from all other subgenera. Mesoscutum coarsely and densely punctate, no interspaces linear to shorter than puncture diameter (as in Figs 83, 85); postgradular grooves of T 2 – T 3 complete, uninterrupted medially (Fig. 24), and gradulus of T 2 bowed posteriorly. Comments: Baker (1975) revised and keyed ten species in this subgenus. As a result of our phylogenies, C. serricaudata, previously placed in C. (Coelioxys s. s.), is now regarded as belonging to C. (Xerocoelioxys). Also, considering the diagnostic characteristics of this subgenus, the other three North American species assigned by Baker (1975) to C. (Coelioxys s. s.), Coelioxys hirsutissima Cockerell, 1912, Coelioxys immaculata Cockerell, 1912, and Coelioxys mitchelli Baker, 1975, should be classified as C. (Xerocoelioxys). This subgenus is predominantly Nearctic but with some species reaching the Neotropical region of Mexico. List of species: Coelioxys aperta Cresson, 1878, Coelioxys bisoncornua Hill, 1936, Coelioxys boharti Mitchell, 1962, C. edita, Coelioxys galactiae Mitchell, 1962, Coelioxys grindeliae Cockerell, 1900, C. hirsutissima, C. immaculata, Coelioxys mesae Cockerell, 1921, C. mitchelli, Coelioxys nodis Baker, 1975, Coelioxys piercei Crawford, 1914, C. serricaudata, C. soror, and Coelioxys soledadensis Cockerell, 1909. Six new subgenera are described as follows. COELIOXYS (AUSTROCLEPTRIA) ROCHA- FILHO	en	Rocha Filho, Léo Correia Da, Packer, Laurence (2017): Phylogeny of the cleptoparasitic Megachilini genera Coelioxys and Radoszkowskiana, with the description of six new subgenera in Coelioxys (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180 (2): 354-413, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12484, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12484
