identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F42D35442DFF90FCABB9B06D30FBB3.text	03F42D35442DFF90FCABB9B06D30FBB3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synaphris saphrynis LOPARDO & HORMIGA & MELIC 2007	<div><p>Synaphris saphrynis, new species</p><p>figures 1–62</p><p>TYPES: 1♂ holotype and 7♂ paratypes from SPAIN: Toledo, Huecas, 29.v.2003, Kleijn et al. col. (30T-395937) (♂ holotype in MNCN-20.02/16523; 4♂ paratypes in MNCN- 20.02/16524, 1♂ paratype in AMNH, 1♂ paratype in MCZ, 1♂ paratype in CAS) .</p><p>ETYMOLOGY: The species epithet is an arbitrary combination of letters.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS: Males of Synaphris saphrynis, n.sp. can be distinguished from other Synaphris species by the following combination of palpal characters: conductor with tegular groove accompanying the distal portion of the embolus; with two distal apophyses, the ventral one (hereafter ‘‘Cap’’, ‘‘subterminal apophysis’’ of Marusik et al. 2005) clearly bipartite with both tips rounded (i.e., without an irregular border); an embolar membranous expansion (‘‘lamella’’ of Marusik et al. 2005); width of embolar expansion base 2/5 the width of the expansion (i.e., base of expansion width/expansion width: 0.40).</p><p>DESCRIPTION: Male: Total length 1.00 (0.95–1.08). Carapace length 0.44 (0.43–0.47), width 0.40 (0.38–0.43), height 0.20 (0.19–0.23). Carapace with four setae (bases referred to as ‘‘tubercles’’ in Marusik et al., 2005) along midline and four laterally, two on each side (figs. 3, 4). Midline setae located on clypeus (one), slightly posterior to PME (one), and on dorsalmost carapace surface (two). Lateral setae located between LE (one pair), and slightly posterior to central one behind PME. Chelicerae with median keel ending in single strong promarginal tooth; retromarginal teeth absent (figs. 3, 5, 8, 9). Promargin of chelicera with three lateral short hairs with larger bases and rounded strong scale on dorsal surface (figs. 3, 6). Labrum globose, with minute denticles grouped on its ventral surface, globose expansion arising from anterior surface (figs. 5, 8, 10). Maxillary setae scarce (figs. 5, 8, 10; compare to symphytognathid maxillary setae in Griswold et al. 1998: fig. 21C), distal maxillary setae clavate (arrow in fig. 5). Clypeus slightly convex, height 0.14 (0.12–0.15), ca. 5–6 AME diameters. Sternum length 0.27 (0.24–0.28), width 0.29 (0.26–0.30), length/width 0.96 (0.89–1.00), cuticle squamate (fig. 7), posterior margin truncated, wide, about two times width of coxa IV (figs. 2, 7). Abdomen oval, length 0.50 (0.47– 0.64), width 0.44 (0.40–0.47), height 0.36 (0.36–0.43). Three epiandrous spigots centrally distributed along the epigastric furrow (figs. 31, 32). Legs: leg formula 45123. Leg measurements: see table 1. Femoral spot and prolateral clasping spine absent (figs. 11, 13, 14). Setae on legs with large elevated, striated bases (figs. 17, 18, 20, 22). Leg tarsi without pseudosegmentation (figs. 12, 19, 23, 24). Tarsal-metatarsal joint constricted (figs. 11, 12, 16–18, 27). Distal area of metatarsi with dorsal band of anastomosed ridges (figs. 17, 18; the ‘‘subdistal anastomosed lyriform organ’’ of Marusik and Lehtinen, 2003). Legs without spines, tarsal organ located in middle dorsal region of tarsus, capsulate, with rounded orifice (figs. 19, 20). Three claws, serrate accessory (false claw) setae present. Claw teeth (paired claws/ inferior claw): Leg I, paired claws with five teeth/ inferior claw with two teeth and one dorsal denticles (figs. 23–25); II and III, four teeth/ as leg I; IV, two teeth/ two teeth and one dorsal denticle (figs. 28, arrow in 29). Distal tooth two times longer than other teeth in paired claws. Leg hairs serrate. Cuticular surface of appendages squamate (fig. 20). Tarsus slightly longer than metatarsus on legs I and II, same length on legs III and IV (see table 1, figs. 11, 12, 16, 27). Trichobothria: Trichobothrial bases simple and smooth, with proximal hood bearing two lateral ridges, similar on all legs and segments (figs. 15, 21, 22). Tarsal trichobothria absent. Legs I and II, tibia 1-1-0; metatarsus 0-1-0. Legs III and IV, tibia p1-2- 0-0; metatarsal trichobothria absent. Color: Carapace brown with undefined lighter radii, surface slightly wrinkled; sternum brown, darker than carapace, not homogeneous but without definite pattern, border with thick orange stripe. Legs orange. Abdomen greenish black, with pattern of irregular transversal lighter bands. Eyes: AME black, other eyes pearly white. Diameter: AME 0.02, PME 0.02, PLE 0.03, ALE 0.04. Respiratory system: Anterior booklungs transformed into tracheae, connected by a transverse duct (figs. 30, 35–37, 39). Anterior spiracles connected to epigastric furrow (figs. 2, 31). Five tracheal tubes arise from each anterior spiracle, four oriented anteriorly toward cephalothorax, one oriented laterally first, then turning posteriorly. Posterior tracheal system (figs. 30, 34, 37–39) with two distant spiracular openings (figs. 2, 33) exteriorly connected by thin ridge (i.e., one wide spiracular opening). Thin ridge leading to deep, flat, membranous atrium, anteriorly ending in sclerotized Ushaped duct that connects tracheal ducts arising from spiracles. Two main tracheal bundles arise from the junction of tracheal ducts and U-shaped atrial duct, one on each side, directing tracheoles mainly anteriorly. Smaller clumps diverge laterally, some tracheoles seem to branch off clumps and disperse irregularly around abdominal space. Both tracheal systems seem to reach into prosoma. Spinnerets (fig. 40): Colulus large and fleshy, triangular, about half length and width of ALS, with three setae (fig. 41). ALS (fig. 42) with one MAP spigot, accompanied by nubbin and tartipore, separated by weak furrow from PI field, which contains four piriform spigots with reduced bases, interspersed with few tartipores. PMS (fig. 43) with only one spigot, no nubbin. PLS (figs. 44, 45) with only two spigots of different morphology (see Discussion below). Palp (figs. 46–62): Tibia rounded retrolaterally, without apophyses (figs. 47, 53, 55). One tibial trichobothrium located dorsal and distally (fig. 56). Cymbium capsulated, comprising two distinct areas: one rounded, dorsal, retrolateral, with hairs, one membranous (indistinguishable under light microscope), prolateral, with no setae (figs. 49, 54). Retrolateral margin of cymbium with notch delimiting basal paracymbium (figs. 47, 52, 53, 60). Measurements: femur 0.12 (0.11–0.14), patella 0.05 (0.05–0.06), tibia length 0.07(0.06–0.07), tibia width 0.12 (0.09– 0.12), tibia length/width 0.55 (0.55–0.67). Embolus filiform, long, thin with thickened tip (figs. 46, 51, 59, 62). Embolar base flat, ventral, with dorsal flat translucent, membranous expansion (figs. 46, 49, 50; ‘‘lamella’’, Marusik et al., 2005; Marusik and Lehtinen, 2003). Base of embolar expansion about 2/5 its maximum width. Embolus running clockwise (in left palp), exteriorly surrounding junction of two areas of cymbium, which areas may act as cymbial conductor (figs. 46, 54). Tegular groove also present, accompanying embolus toward tip of bulb, terminating in pointed apophysis (figs. 50, 59; ‘‘terminal apophysis’’, Marusik et al., 2005; Marusik and Lehtinen, 2003). This apophysis may act as conductor, and presents small pore opening close to tip (fig. 61).Dorsal edge of embolar expansion with weak furrow, which might also be related to embolus (figs. 50, 51). Ventral to pointed apophysis is another apophysis, with two pointed tips (figs. 50, 57, 58; ‘‘subterminal apophysis’’, Marusik et al., 2005; Marusik and Lehtinen, 2003). Spermatic duct seems to undergo one transverse loop before reaching embolar base. Diameter of spermatic duct gradually decreases throughout its length, except for a sudden widening before entering base of embolus for fraction of loop length (arrow in fig. 48).</p><p>Female: Unknown.</p><p>NATURAL HISTORY: The specimens were collected in pitfall traps from dry wheat and barley fields.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality.</p><p>+</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: SPAIN: Toledo: Huecas, same locality, 29.v.2003, 6 ♂; 15.v.2003, 1 ♂, Kleijn et al. col. (A. Melic 5739-A).</p><p>+</p><p>+</p><p>THE POSITION OF SYNAPHRIS SAPHRYNIS n.sp. WITHIN SYNAPHRIS</p><p>Marusik and Lehtinen (2003: 150) divided Synaphris into two separate species groups, although they did not provide an explicit phylogenetic justification for the monophyly of these two groups. Although the diagnostic characters for these two species groups seem sound, the monophyly of the two groups remains untested, and species membership to the species groups seems to be based on overall similarity. The letourneuxi group includes those species with palpal embolic lamella, two distal apophyses (the ventral one bipartite), a tegular groove accompanying the distal portion of the embolus, coiled copulatory ducts in females, and the absence of an epigynal depression. Species of this group are distributed from the Mediterranean region to Central Asia. The calerensis group includes those species without embolic lamella (although, as these authors suggested, this feature should be carefully checked), two entire distal apophyses, no tegular groove, and an oval depression in the epigynal area. Species of this group are endemic to the Canary Islands. The presence of an embolic lamella, a lower apophysis bipartite, and the tegular furrow in Synaphris saphrynis, n.sp. suggest that this species belongs to the letourneuxi group.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F42D35442DFF90FCABB9B06D30FBB3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	LOPARDO, LARA;HORMIGA, GUSTAVO;MELIC, ANTONIO	LOPARDO, LARA, HORMIGA, GUSTAVO, MELIC, ANTONIO (2007): Spinneret Spigot Morphology in Synaphrid Spiders (Araneae, Synaphridae), with Comments on the Systematics of the Family and Description of a New Species of Synaphris Simon 1894 from Spain. American Museum Novitates 3556 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3556[1:SSMISS]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2007)3556%5B1%3ASSMISS%5D2.0.CO%3B2
03F42D354427FF94FCADBBFF6DDFFDD2.text	03F42D354427FF94FCADBBFF6DDFFDD2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cepheia longiseta (Simon 1894)	<div><p>Cepheia longiseta (Simon, 1894)</p><p>figures 63–80</p><p>DESCRIPTION OF SPIGOT MORPHOLOGY: Male: Colulus large, fleshy, triangular, about half length and width of ALS, with three setae (figs. 63, 64). ALS (figs. 65, 66) with one MAP spigot, accompanied by a nubbin and a tartipore, separated by weak (almost nonexistent) furrow from PI field. PI field, on external side of ALS, contains three PI spigots with reduced bases, posterior PI spigot base larger. PMS (figs. 67, 68) with two spigots of similar morphology, chemosensory seta (can be confused with spigot) located anteriorly; externally, its base deepens around shaft. PLS (figs. 69–71) with two spigots of slightly different morphology clumped in same field. Internal one with rounded, larger base and more cylindrical shaft, external one with oval base and tapering shaft. Short, thick chemosensory seta (can be confused with a small spigot) located more basally on internal side of distal PLS segment.</p><p>Female: Colulus large, fleshy, triangular, about half length and width of ALS, with four setae (figs. 72, 73). Spinnerets as in male, except: four PI spigots (instead of three) on ALS (figs. 74, 75); one external CY spigot on PMS (figs. 76–78); and one internal CY on PLS (figs. 79, 80).</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED: 1♂ and 1♀ paralectotypes from FRANCE (‘‘Gallia’’) coll. Simon 4538, b.849 (MNHN-AR 1059).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Cepheia longiseta has been collected from dry regions and coastal areas of the western Mediterranean region in southern France (Simon, 1881, 1894, 1926; Denis, 1933a,b; Brignoli, 1970), northern Italy (Bertkau, 1890; Thaler and Noflatscher, 1990), southern Spain (Wunderlich, 1980; Thaler and Noflatscher, 1990), and southern Austria (Thaler, 1993). John Murphy (personal commun.) has collected C. longiseta in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal: Algarve Province, Faro; Spain: Almeria and Malaga Provinces) and the Baleares Islands (see fig. 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F42D354427FF94FCADBBFF6DDFFDD2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	LOPARDO, LARA;HORMIGA, GUSTAVO;MELIC, ANTONIO	LOPARDO, LARA, HORMIGA, GUSTAVO, MELIC, ANTONIO (2007): Spinneret Spigot Morphology in Synaphrid Spiders (Araneae, Synaphridae), with Comments on the Systematics of the Family and Description of a New Species of Synaphris Simon 1894 from Spain. American Museum Novitates 3556 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3556[1:SSMISS]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2007)3556%5B1%3ASSMISS%5D2.0.CO%3B2
03F42D354425FF94FF1FB8116F38F919.text	03F42D354425FF94FF1FB8116F38F919.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synaphridae Wunderlich 1986	<div><p>SPINNERET MORPHOLOGY AND WEBS IN SYNAPHRIDAE</p><p>Males and females of C. longiseta and S. saphrynis present one major ampullate spigot on their ALS that is separated from the piriform field by a weak furrow, and it is accompanied by a nubbin and a tartipore. In C. longiseta, the PI field presents few piriform spigots, the posterior one with enlarged and more distinctive base. Piriform spigots with different size bases seem to also occur in other spiders (Martín J. Ramírez, personal commun.).</p><p>The presence of only one spigot on the PMS of S. saphrynis and two morphologically similar PMS spigots in C. longiseta (not including the cylindrical spigot in females) suggest that these spigots are either minor ampullate silk gland or aciniform silk gland spigots, although these spigots do not necessarily serve the same silk glands in each species. A single spigot is also present in the two recently described Synaphris species and the new synaphrid genus from Madagascar, which has been assigned to a minor ampullate gland (Miller, in press), in which case it would be homologized to that of S. saphrynis as well. Unfortunately, external morphology alone is not sufficient to discriminate between these two spigot types. In the case of C. longiseta, the two PMS spigots most likely correspond to aciniform gland spigots, as the presence of two minor ampullate spigots in araneoid adults is rare. Also, the anterior chemosensory seta in the PMS of C. longiseta has been previously considered a median-anterior minor ampullate silk gland spigot (Schütt, 2003), although its morphology is similar to the chemosensory seta on the female palp tip (see Lopardo and Hormiga, in press, fig. 12).</p><p>The PLS in both S. saphrynis and C. longiseta have two types of spigots in addition to the cylindrical spigot found only in females. If one of these two is an aciniform spigot, at least one spigot from the araneoid triad would have been retained. Consequently, the PLS retained the combination of either one aciniform plus one triad spigot (flagelliform or aggregate), or one aggregate plus flagelliform (a ‘‘triplet’’ of two spigots) and no aciniform. As is the case of the singular PMS spigot in Synaphris, external morphology alone is not sufficient to discriminate between these two spigot types.</p><p>The weak demarcation of the major ampullate field from the piriform field on the ALS of Synaphris saphrynis and Cepheia longiseta (coded as absent in Cepheia by Schütt, 2003; see also Miller, in press) contradicts the evidence supporting Synaphridae as a member of Araneoidea. Should the monophyly of Synaphridae and its current placement within Araneoidea hold, then Synaphridae would become the only araneoid family with a weakly demarcated major ampullate field (as proposed by Schütt, 2003), a condition that is common outside Araneoidea (Griswold et al., 2005). Based on the morphology of PLS spigots, we could describe synaphrid spiders as having retained at least one of the three triad spigots on their PLS in both sexes.</p><p>The web of only one species of synaphrids has been reported. Synaphris lehtineni builds a small, thin sheet web underneath stones in hollow depressions where they live (Marusik et al., 2005: 129). The web building behavior of S. lehtineni and the rest of synaphrid species is still unknown. The presence of only one AG and one FL spigot on the PLS has also been reported for the linyphiid Linyphia hortensis (Schütt, 1995), which spins a small sheet web composed in part by sticky silk (at least for juveniles, Benjamin and Zschokke, 2004), although the details of the sticky thread structure have not been studied. Given that one of the alternative interpretations of the PLS spigot composition in synaphrids is the retention of a triplet consisting of one AG and one FL spigot, then it is possible that these spiders also spin webs that include some kind of sticky silk.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F42D354425FF94FF1FB8116F38F919	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	LOPARDO, LARA;HORMIGA, GUSTAVO;MELIC, ANTONIO	LOPARDO, LARA, HORMIGA, GUSTAVO, MELIC, ANTONIO (2007): Spinneret Spigot Morphology in Synaphrid Spiders (Araneae, Synaphridae), with Comments on the Systematics of the Family and Description of a New Species of Synaphris Simon 1894 from Spain. American Museum Novitates 3556 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3556[1:SSMISS]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2007)3556%5B1%3ASSMISS%5D2.0.CO%3B2
03F42D354421FF8CFF1EBEE36EEAFE17.text	03F42D354421FF8CFF1EBEE36EEAFE17.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synaphris Simon 1894	<div><p>PALPAL MORPHOLOGY OF SYNAPHRIS</p><p>The palpal morphology of Synaphris saphrynis, n.sp. is very similar to that of S. letourneuxi (Simon, 1884), the type species; therefore, its generic placement is rather straightforward, although it has not been phylogenetically tested. The male palp of Synaphris is characterized by a cymbium divided into two separate areas: a sclerotized one bearing setae and a glabrous, membranous one, the latter one on the prolateral side. The retrolateral margin of the cymbium in Synaphris presents a notch delimitating a basal expansion, with cuticular differentiation, which most certainly is a paracymbium (fig. 60; Marusik and Lehtinen, 2003; Miller, in press).</p><p>The embolus base is extended into a membranous ‘‘lamella’’, and the tegulum is flat and oval. Homology statements regarding palpal sclerites and apophyses are notoriously difficult to test (e.g., Griswold et al., 1998; Hormiga and Scharff, 2005), sometimes even at the primary stage of the homology proposition. The tegulum of Synaphris saphrynis is distally extended into a large and less sclerotized area, which bears several apophyses and a longitudinal fold that houses the distal region of the embolus (figs. 50, 59). There are no clearly delimited or membranous attached tegular sclerites (such as those often found on the tegulum of many araneoids), except for the embolus and the membrane that arises from the membranous stalk that connects the tegulum to the embolus base (the socalled embolic ‘‘lamella’’).</p><p>In their detailed description of the male palpal morphology of Synaphris lehtineni (Marusik et al., 2005) and S. orientalis (Marusik and Lehtinen, 2003), the authors use a rich terminology to name and label the various tegular processes (the palpal morphology of these two species is very similar to that of S. saphrynis, n.sp.). Some of the anatomical terms used by Marusik and coworkers have a long history in palpal morphology (e.g., ‘‘terminal apophysis’’). Although the choice of names of these morphological features implies homology to at least some of the equally named sclerites in other taxa, these authors do not discuss the potential correspondence of the palpal sclerites of Synaphris with those of other araneoid taxa. Interestingly, Marusik et al. (2005) did not label any of the tegular sclerites as a ‘‘conductor’’, but mentioned that the terminal part of the embolus lies in a ‘‘tegular groove’’ and that such tegular groove would be unique (autapomorphic) within Araneoidea. These authors also provided names for the tegular processes: ‘‘subterminal apophysis’’ (the one at the end of the conductor) and ‘‘terminal apophysis’’ (‘‘Cap’’, or conductor apophysis). Both names have been used by other araneologists for sclerites in araneoid taxa. We propose what is perhaps a simpler alternative, namely that the distally extended tegular area of Synaphris is a homolog of the araneoid conductor and that the ‘‘subterminal’’ and ‘‘terminal’’ apophyses of Marusik et al. are processes of the conductor. As is often the case, this conductor partly covers (in a groove or fold in this particular case) the distal region of the embolus. The presence of processes or apophyses on the conductor has been documented in other araneoid taxa (e.g., in Synotaxidae and Anapidae; see for example Platnick and Forster, 1989: fig. 55). The palp of S. saphrynis, n.sp. also exhibits these two separate sclerotized and distinct conductor apophyses.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F42D354421FF8CFF1EBEE36EEAFE17	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	LOPARDO, LARA;HORMIGA, GUSTAVO;MELIC, ANTONIO	LOPARDO, LARA, HORMIGA, GUSTAVO, MELIC, ANTONIO (2007): Spinneret Spigot Morphology in Synaphrid Spiders (Araneae, Synaphridae), with Comments on the Systematics of the Family and Description of a New Species of Synaphris Simon 1894 from Spain. American Museum Novitates 3556 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3556[1:SSMISS]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2007)3556%5B1%3ASSMISS%5D2.0.CO%3B2
