identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F387A1FFC59913FF38BE3FFDEEFB15.text	03F387A1FFC59913FF38BE3FFDEEFB15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ankale WELLER 2014	<div><p>1.  ANKALE WELLER, 2014 in BECKER, 2014</p><p>Ankale Weller, 1989 . Type species:  Nystalea grammodes Felder, 1874 Reise Novara.</p><p>t.97, f. 1 and 2.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 1A, 10A) Head: antennae of male and female simple filiform; antennal tufts present; head tightly covered in scales; third segment of the labial palpus is long, more than half length of second segment (Figure 4G); ocelli reduced. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with scent pocket on femur (Figure 4H); tarsal claws bifid. Wings (wingspan): males 28 to 40 mm, females 34 to 42 mm; the forewing pattern consists of a brownish-red base with diagonal white or yellow lines extending from base to apex; a distinctive small and bright white ring of color is present at costal base; accessory cell present; hindwing simple brown with Sc-Rs stalked. Abdomen: light brown with a short terminal tuft. Male terminalia (Figure 5B, C): Eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with M-shaped antecosta. Uncus has two wide wing-like ventral extensions, two apical projections, and a dorsal hump shortly before them. Socii with long bent arm-like projections, variable in shape; valvae with SSO absent, sclerotized costa; juxta shallow-concave. Aedeagus sausage-like in shape; with proximal end of phallus rounded, bean-like. Female terminalia: Papillae anales membranous with long and short setae, posterior apophyses long. Eighth tergite shape variable; anterior apophyses variable, shape of ostium bursae variable. Ductus bursae dorso-ventrally flattened. Corpus bursae with internal, sclerotized projection from shield.</p><p>Diagnosis. The genus can be recognized due to their habitus, namely the brownish-red ground color with diagonal white or yellow band from the base to the apex of the forewing, with a distinctive bright white costal base. There are usually a pair of lunate or triangular contrasting markings below the costa in the medial area of the forewing. Likewise, the shape of the uncus with its dorsal hump and ventral wing-like extensions, the bent and long arms of the socii, and the sausage-like aedeagus are all unique to this genus.</p><p>Comments.  Ankale is Greek, feminine, for “elbow” and refers to the bent, large, and sclerotized socii that occur in males. A species previously placed in  Lepasta:  L. brabilla Dognin, is hereby transferred to  Ankale as  A. brabilla comb. n. since the male genitalia conforms to our diagnosis of  Ankale as opposed to  Lepasta . Most notably, the configuration of the eighth segment of  A. brabilla, valva shape, and the short stout phallus are almost identical to that of other  Ankale species, such as  A. magnistriata (Dognin) . Externally  A. brabilla is less distinctly marked than other  Ankale species but bears the diagnostic lunate stripes in the medial area of the forewing, they are, however, much thinner than the bands in other congeners.  Ankale brabilla was described from a male, Thiaucourt (1987) described the same species from a female as  Lepasta toulgoeti Thiaucourt, which is maintained in synonymy with  A. brabilla . Female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1992).</p><p>Distribution. From Mexico to South Brazil.</p><p>Species included (5).</p><p>Ankale argentilinea (Druce, 1909) .</p><p>Ankale brabilla Dognin, 1911,  comb. n.</p><p>toulgoeti Thiaucourt, 1987,  comb. n. (Placed in synonymy with  brabilla by Thiaucourt (1992))</p><p>Ankale concordens (Dyar, 1918)</p><p>Ankale grammodes (Felder, 1874) *</p><p>Ankale magnistriata (Dognin, 1923)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFC59913FF38BE3FFDEEFB15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFCA9911FF38BCA2FDE0FE19.text	03F387A1FFCA9911FF38BCA2FDE0FE19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antiopha SCHAUS 1901	<div><p>2.  ANTIOPHA SCHAUS, 1901</p><p>Antiopha Schaus, 1901 . Trans, ent. Soc. Lond: 275. Type species:  Antiopha multilinea Schaus, 1901 . ibid.: 275, pi. 11, Fig. 3.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 1B, 10F) Head: male and female antennae are simple filiform; antennal tufts absent; third segment of labial palpus short (less than ¼ length of second) (Figure 4F); ocelli reduced. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with no scent pocket but brush of hairs on epiphysis present and a thin sclerotized portion of trochanter with hairs; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 32 to 50 mm, females 37 to 40 mm; forewing pattern in the genus is usually a dark brown with small, contrasting white spots on the marginal area; accessory cell present; hindwing simple brown with Sc-Rs connate. Abdomen: second abdominal sternite in males with double apodeme or modification; light brown abdomen with a short terminal tuft. Male terminalia (Figure 5D): SSO well-developed; sclerotized costa extending to apex of valve, often curved (long bunny ear-shaped projections arising from the outer side of each valve) or with widened distal tip; juxta fused to base of sacculus and shallow to deeply concave; costulae present shaped as two sclerotized tubular projections with a smooth fan-like terminus; uncus with two well-developed and sclerotized socii. The aedeagus has a foot-like callosum that is Y-shaped. Female terminalia: Papillae anales membranous, with short setae; posterior apophyses long. Eighth tergite wishbone-shaped; anterior apophyses long. Eighth sternite m-shaped; ostium bursae wide with m-shape. Ductus bursae sclerotized and dorso-ventrally flattened for upper half or entire length. No signum.</p><p>Diagnosis. These are small moths, recognized due to the plain dark brown ground color on the forewing with contrasting white spots on the marginal area. Additionally, the costulae (two sclerotized tubular projections ending in a smooth hand fan-like shape) are unique.</p><p>Comments. Recorded hostplants for  A. multilinea Schaus include several  Sapindaceae species ( Serjania schiedeana,  Paullinia bracteosa,  Allophylus psilospermus,  Serjania atrolineata,  Paullinia grandifolia, and  Serjania rhombea) (Área de Conservación Gaunacaste database [ACG]). Female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1992).</p><p>Distribution. From Mexico to Brazil.</p><p>Species included (3).</p><p>Antiopha collaris Schaus, 1901</p><p>Antiopha excelsa Schaus, 1911</p><p>Antiopha multilinea Schaus, 1901 *</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFCA9911FF38BCA2FDE0FE19	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFC89911FF38B9AEFDE6FA6E.text	03F387A1FFC89911FF38B9AEFDE6FA6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bahaia DYAR 1924	<div><p>3.  BAHAIA DYAR, 1924</p><p>Bahaia Dyar, 1924 . Type species:  Bahaia sceletaria Dyar, 1924 (=  Bahaia empirica (Dognin, 1905)) . Insecutor Inscit. Menstr. 1: 12. pl. 17</p><p>Adults. (Figure 1C, 10B) Head: male antennae pectinated to beyond basal half, female antennae simple filiform; antennal tuft present; third segment of labial palpi long; ocelli reduced. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with no scent pocket; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 33 to 39 mm, females 40 to 44 mm; accessory cell absent; forewing pattern with a dark band raging from the apex to the anal edge which is a brownish basal area. Male terminalia (Figure 8A): Eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with two sclerotized apodemes; SSO reduced; valvae highly sclerotized with curved processes at the apex, uncus short; sclerotized socii shorter than uncus; costulae absent; aedeagus sclerotized and slender, Y shaped basally. Female terminalia: papillae anales long and membranous; ostium sclerotized; anterior and posterior apophyses large (longer than the papillae); ductus bursae short and sclerotized; corpus bursae membranous, single signum; eighth sternite with midventral prominences; eighth tergite simple.</p><p>Diagnosis. According to Thiaucourt (2008) the genus can be recognized by the male terminalia: the presence of sclerotized apodemes on the eighth sternite, the short uncus and socii, and the valvae which are highly sclerotized with curved processes. Additionally, the pectinated antennae on basal half on males, the large antennal tuft, and the dark band extending from the apex to the anal edge aid in the in identification of the genus.</p><p>Comments. The described species are phenotypically quite similar and difficult to differentiate, genitalia dissections are needed. The four species of the genus were revised by Thiaucourt (2008); genitalia of the species can be found there. Caterpillars of  B. empirica were collected on  Enterolobium cyclocarpum ( Fabaceae) (ACG database).</p><p>Distribution. From Mexico to Argentina.</p><p>Species included (4).</p><p>Bahaia empirica (Dognin, 1905) *</p><p>Bahaia gallica Dyar, 1924</p><p>Bahaia schrottkyi (Dognin, 1911)</p><p>Bahaia tucumanata (Dognin, 1901)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFC89911FF38B9AEFDE6FA6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFC89916FF38BE7CFDE1FC59.text	03F387A1FFC89916FF38BE7CFDE1FC59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bardaxima WALKER 1858	<div><p>4.  BARDAXIMA WALKER, 1858</p><p>Bardaxima 
Walker, 1858 . List Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 14:1349. Type species:  Bardaxima lucilinea Walker, 1858 . ibid.:1349.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 1D, 10C) Head: antennae of male and female filiform; antennal tufts present; third segment of labial palpus very long in both sexes (½ or more the length of the second); ocelli present. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with membranous area and scent scales associated but lacks defined pocket (absent in some species); tarsal claws bifid; long single frenulum in males and two bristles in females. Wings: males 44 to 60 mm, females 58 to 70 mm; forewing broad and squared; accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Wing pattern brown, fuscous, or gray. Male terminalia (Figure 5E, F): eighth tergite with well-developed midplate; eighth sternite with m-shaped antecosta, valve with small SSO, but pleats well-developed; sclerotized costa extending nearly to apex. Uncus base v-shaped, apex bifid; costulae absent; juxta flat and triangular. Aedeagus with callosum present and footlike or Y shaped, curved with lateral projections at tip; vesica with patches of short spines. Female terminalia (Figure 9B): Papillae anales long and membranous; posterior apophyses long; eighth tergite with lateral prominences; anterior apophyses variable in length. Eighth sternite with lateral and midlateral prominences, often elaborate, ostium bursae wide. Ductus bursae large, ductus seminalis arising from dorsal prominence of ductus bursae. Corpus bursae membranous with an indented patch of spinules.</p><p>Diagnosis. Most of the species have a brown, fuscous or gray wing pattern, with a white dash on the discal cell. The uncus of this genus is distinctly bifid with a short socii curve sharply towards the uncus. Females with large papillae anales, prominent sinus vaginalis and tubular ductus bursae.</p><p>Comments. The genus was revised by Becker (2021a). Caterpillars of the genus have been reared on  Byrsonima crassifolia,  Tetrapterys styloptera,  Heteropterys laurifolia, and  Heteropterys macrostachya ( Malpighiaceae) (ACG database).</p><p>Distribution. From Guatemala to Southern Brazil.</p><p>Species included (12).</p><p>Bardaxima brauni (Schaus, 1928)</p><p>Bardaxima brewsteri (Schaus, 1928)</p><p>Bardaxima dissona Draudt, 1932</p><p>Bardaxima donatian (Schaus, 1928)</p><p>Bardaxima fulgurifera (Walker, 1869)</p><p>Bardaxima ionia (Druce, 1900)</p><p>Bardaxima lucilinea Walker, 1858 *</p><p>Bardaxima marcida (Felder, 1874)</p><p>Bardaxima procne (Schaus, 1892)</p><p>Bardaxima sambana (Druce, 1895)</p><p>Bardaxima subrutila (Dognin, 1908)</p><p>Bardaxima terminalba Jones, 1908</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFC89916FF38BE7CFDE1FC59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFCF9916FF38BC6FFDBBF824.text	03F387A1FFCF9916FF38BC6FFDBBF824.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barydia GUENEE 1852	<div><p>5.  BARYDIA GUENÉE, 1852</p><p>Barydia Guenée, 1852 . Type species:  Barydia bufo Guenée, 1852 . Hist. Nat. Insectes. 6: 410, pl 18, fig. 1.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 1E) Head: antennae of male simple filiform; antennal tufts present; head tightly covered in scales; third segment of labial palpus very long. Thorax: male prothoracic leg without scent pocket on femur; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 30 to 50 mm, the forewing pattern molted brown forewing with a light brown semicircle apically; accessory cell present; hindwing simple dark brown with Sc-Rs stalked. Abdomen: brown. The seventh abdominal segment has a unique modification consisting of a pair of sclerotized, extremely sharp, inwardly curved forked projections that extend beyond the length of the eighth segment and entirety of genitalia capsule (Figure 4L). Male terminalia (Figure 4M, 5G): The eighth tergite has two long and thin processes at the central base; the eighth sternite is well-sclerotized, with a W-shaped base, and a V-shaped apex; valvae small, SSO slightly developed; costulae present; uncus bulbous with tiny mesal bifid process; socii small upcurved; juxta squared. Aedeagus long and curved with a spined process apically.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Barydia bufo cannot be mistaken for any other genus. The habitus of the single large species of the genus is quite unique considering the apical mark, simple antennae, and highly tufted labial palpi. In addition, the abdominal characters are wholly unique among the subfamily (and among all  Notodontidae to our knowledge), due to the presence of a highly modified seventh sternite with sharp, fang-like projections (Fig. 4L) in addition to the typically modified eighth tergite (Fig. 4M).</p><p>Comments. The genus was established in the  Noctuidae, placed in  Notodontidae by Watson et al. (1980) and first assigned to  Nystaleinae by Becker (2014).</p><p>Distribution. French Guiana.</p><p>Species included (1).</p><p>Barydia bufo Guenée, 1852 *</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFCF9916FF38BC6FFDBBF824	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFCC9915FF38B8C7FDA7F906.text	03F387A1FFCC9915FF38B8C7FDA7F906.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calledema BUTLER 1878	<div><p>6.  CALLEDEMA BUTLER, 1878</p><p>Calledema Butler, 1878 . Trans, ent. Soc. Lond: 65. Type species:  Calledema marmorea Butler, 1878 . ibid.: 65.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 1F, 10D) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts present; third segment of labial palpus long; ocelli present. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with scent pocket; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 33 to 49 mm, females 37 to 55 mm; forewing pattern with pastel coloration or dark brown with contrasting metallic markings; accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Abdomen: hair-like terminal tufts present, fifth abdominal sternite with peniculus in some species (Figure 4J). Male terminalia (Figure 6A): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with r-shaped antecosta, caudal edge with v-shaped indentation, slightly to extremely asymmetrical. SSO well-developed; valvae costa sclerotized but apically membranous (long ear shaped projections arising from the outer side of each valve); uncus dorsally arrowhead-like, ventrally hook-like; massive sclerotized socii; juxta sclerotized and fused to the sacculus, costulae may be present (cattle hoof shape in  C. humboldti (Thiaucourt) and  C. rufescens (Schaus)) . Aedeagus long and thin, the distal portion somewhat expanded, apex with small thorns/deciduous cornuti. Female terminalia: Papillae anales moderately to extremely sclerotized; dorsal sclerotized scent organ presents between papillae anales. Eighth tergite usually massive, with lateral prominences reduced or absent, anterior apophyses variable. Eighth sternite similar to tergite; ostium bursae wide. Ductus bursae sclerotized and dorso-ventrally flattened, with sclerotized left-hand projection. Corpus bursae with a sclerotized shield, otherwise membranous; signum and sclerotized invaginations sometimes present on shield.</p><p>Diagnosis. The species of this genus can be easily recognized due to the presence of inverted triangles on the costa, and a contrasting transverse line or band on the forewing, or discal dashes and subterminal lines giving the overall patterning a complex appearance. The presence of the peniculus on the fifth abdominal sternite, and the combination of the hook-like uncus and massive socii, are also unique to this genus.</p><p>Comments.  Calledema is a composite Greek word, “Calli-Callo” translates as “beautiful” and “demeo” as “to build”. Thus,  Calledema means “beautifully built” (Weller 1989). Host plants include  Chrysobalanaceae ( Microdesmia arborea,  Hirtella triandra,  Hirtella racemosa,  Hirtella guatemalensis,  Licania hypoleuca),  Combretaceae ( Combretum farinosum, Terminalia amazonia),  Melastomataceae ( Miconia stevensiana), and  Myrtaceae species ( Eugenia basilaris,  Myrcia splendens) (ACG database).</p><p>Distribution. From Mexico to Argentina.</p><p>Species included (14).</p><p>Calledema arema Schaus, 1905</p><p>Calledema argenta Schaus, 1905</p><p>Calledema contingata (Möschler, 1883)</p><p>Calledema didugana (Draudt, 1932)</p><p>Calledema electra Thiaucourt, 1985</p><p>Calledema humboldti (Thiaucourt, 1985)</p><p>Calledema jocasta Schaus, 1901</p><p>Calledema marmorea Butler, 1878 *</p><p>Calledema plusia (Felder, 1874)</p><p>Calledema plusioides (Felder, 1874)</p><p>Calledema ronaldi Schaus, 1934</p><p>Calledema rufescens (Schaus, 1905)</p><p>Calledema sodalis Butler, 1878</p><p>Calledema sura Schaus, 1905</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFCC9915FF38B8C7FDA7F906	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFD19908FF38B8C7FD32FA98.text	03F387A1FFD19908FF38B8C7FD32FA98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dasylophia PACKARD 1864	<div><p>7.  DASYLOPHIA PACKARD, 1864</p><p>Dasylophia Packard, 1864 . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phila. 3:362. Type species:  Phalaena anguina Smith, 1797 .</p><p>Adults. (Figure 1G, 10G) Head: male antennae bipectinated beyond basal half; female antennae simple filiform; third segment of labial palpus long; antennal tuft present. Thorax: male prothoracic leg without scent pocket; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 15 to 18 mm, females 17 to 21 mm; accessory cell present; forewing ground color straw yellow to gray or brown. Abdomen: male with a bifid caudal tuft of scales. Male terminalia (Figure 8B): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite variable, posterior margin with a deep V-shaped notch (in some species this Vshape can look like a heart shaped notch). Uncus highly variable, short and narrow, long and narrow, or broadly bifid; socii shape small and peg-like to greatly elongate; valvae with sclerotized costa; costulae present; juxta circular. Aedeagus ranging from short to long, often with distal processes of varying shapes. Female terminalia (Figure 9H, I): eighth tergite with midlateral processes; anterior apophyses long; ductus bursae membranous; corpus bursae with a small signum or signum absent; posterior apophyses long; papillae anales relatively small, and membranous.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Dasylophia is a taxonomically challenging group. What seems to unite the seven species of the genus is the V shape of the eighth sternite. Regarding the genitalia, it seems three groups can be identified. 1) Those species with a very long uncus with long horn-shaped socii which groups  D. puntagorda Slossen,  D. saturata Barnes, and  D. anguina Smith; 2) Species with stout and rounded uncus with semicircle shaped socii which groups  D. melanopa Barnes and  D. seriata Druce; 3) species with a thin and triangular uncus, very short socii and modified transtilla which includes only  D. thyatiroides Walker.</p><p>Comments. Packard (1864) chose the name “  Dasylophia ” from two Greek words meaning “tufted vertex,” this in reference to the long scale plume arising from each antennal scape. DNA sequence data will be crucial for resolving the taxonomy of  Dasylophia (Miller et al. 2021) . Miller et al. (2021) revised most of the species (those occurring north of Mexico).</p><p>Distribution. Canada to Mexico.</p><p>Species included (7).</p><p>Dasylophia anguina (J. E. Smith, 1797) *</p><p>Dasylophia jaliscana Schaus, 1901</p><p>Dasylophia melanopa Barnes, 1901</p><p>Dasylophia puntagorda Slosson, 1892</p><p>Dasylophia saturata Barnes, 1901</p><p>Dasylophia seriata Druce, 1887</p><p>Dasylophia thyatiroides (Walker, 1862)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFD19908FF38B8C7FD32FA98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFD1990FFF38BD2EFD1BFAB9.text	03F387A1FFD1990FFF38BD2EFD1BFAB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didugua DRUCE 1891	<div><p>8.  DIDUGUA DRUCE, 1891</p><p>Didugua Druce, 1891; Biol. centr. -amer., Lep. Heterocera 1: 483. Type species:  Didugua argentilinea Druce, 1891 . Biol. centr. -amer., Lep. Heterocera 1: 483, 3: pl. 40, f. 13.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 1H, 10E) Head: male antennae pectinated to or more than basal half, simple filiform in females; antennal tufts present; third segment of labial palpus long; ocelli present. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with no scent pocket; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 30 to 35 mm, females 33 to 40 mm; wing pattern coloration brown; forewing with bright white markings best described as a narrow line with two broadened regions, though these markings are similar to those found in  Notoplusia Schaus and  Ankale Weller; accessory cell present. Abdomen: hair-like terminal tufts present. Male terminalia (Figure 6B): The eighth sternite and tergite simple. SSO absent; valvae costa sclerotized with small processes at apex; uncus tripartite, the apex consists of a bulbous and membranous tip while the base are sclerotized horns; socii well developed, arrowhead-like; juxta circular with two long very sclerotized apodemes rising to the base of the uncus; costulae absent. Aedeagus long and thin, with a foot like callosum. Female terminalia (Figure 9A): eighth tergite and sternite simple; papillae anales short with four sclerotized horns laterally; anterior and posterior apophysis long; ductus bursae short and sclerotized; corpus bursae striated in all the surface with no signum.</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily recognizable due to the characteristic shape of the bright white markings found on the forewing, these markings formed by a thin line and two regions expanded downward toward the anal margin of the wing. The circular juxta with sclerotized apodemes as well as the presence of a tripartite uncus and broad, flattened socii are also unique.</p><p>Comments. The common name for the North American representative of this genus is the “Silvered prominent” which alludes to the shiny silver markings on the forewings. The caterpillars of the type species are commonly observed and can be recognized due to the bright red head and legs, and a boldly patterned body with yellow, white, and black stripes. Recorded host plants include  Serjania atrolineata ( Sapindaceae) (ACG database) and  S. brachycarpa Miller et al. (2021) . Thiaucourt and Chacón (2014) dealt with most of the species in a thorough revision, however, we note high morphological similarities between some species, so an updated revision with different approaches may support the need for taxonomic changes such as revised synonymy.</p><p>The species  Didugua modica Dognin, 1924 has been assigned to  Didugua since its original description, but Thiaucourt and Chacón (2014) noted its dissimilarity to other members of the genus. These authors did not examine the genitalia and so were unsure of the generic assignment. In the process of this study, we examined the type of  D. modica in the USNM along with its genitalia (Figs 12G, H, 14F) and determined that it belongs to the new genus  Falcicaputis gen. n. described below, and as such is transferred to that genus as  F. modica comb. n. . Furthermore, the species  Didugua albipuncta (Schaus) does not belong to  Didugua but to  Poresta based on our examination of the type and the male genitalia of a member of a series of this species in the USNM and is transferred accordingly, see the  Poresta section for more information. The species  D. riachuela (Jones) is of uncertain placement in  Didugua due to similarities with some  Phyllopalpia species. We were unable to dissect  D. riachuela to confirm placement.</p><p>Distribution. From USA to Brazil.</p><p>Species included (11).</p><p>Didugua aragua Thiaucourt &amp; Chacón, 2014</p><p>Didugua argentilinea Druce, 1891 *</p><p>Didugua asymetrica Thiaucourt &amp; Chacón, 2014</p><p>Didugua beckeri Thiaucourt &amp; Chacón, 2014</p><p>Didugua guatemaltica Thiaucourt &amp; Chacón, 2014</p><p>Didugua leona (Druce, 1898)</p><p>Didugua moinieri Thiaucourt &amp; Chacón, 2014</p><p>Didugua pittieri (Schaus, 1924)</p><p>Didugua riachuela (Jones, 1912)</p><p>Didugua toddi Thiaucourt &amp; Chacón, 2014</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFD1990FFF38BD2EFD1BFAB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFD6990FFF38BD0EFDADF866.text	03F387A1FFD6990FFF38BD0EFDADF866.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dugonia SCHAUS 1928	<div><p>9.  DUGONIA SCHAUS, 1928</p><p>Dugonia Schaus, 1928 . Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 73 (Art. 19): 43.2014: 27. Type-species:  Dugonia eliera Schaus, 1928 . Proceedings of the United States National Museum.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 1I) Head: female antennae simple filiform; third segment of labial palpus long. Thorax: female prothoracic leg with no scent pocket; tarsal claws single. Wings: females 30 mm. Forewing pattern chestnut brown, a postmedial and outer double series of small fuscous black spots, an oblique brown shade from cell to apex, orange cinnamon mottling on inner margin, accessory cell present. Abdomen: caudal tuft white and brown.</p><p>Diagnosis. Forewings are long and narrow; hindwings have straight upper edges with round anterior corners and a slightly obtuse margin.</p><p>Comments. We were only able to study the undissected female type of the sole member of this genus in the USNM, upon which the current diagnosis is based. Since it is the only specimen, and is a type, we decided not to dissect it. Based on external morphology, this genus seems to be closely related to  Goaxis or  Euxoga and could be a synonym of either pending further information.</p><p>Distribution. French Guiana.</p><p>Species included (1).</p><p>Dugonia eliera Schaus, 1928 *</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFD6990FFF38BD0EFDADF866	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFD4990DFF38B8C7FDBEFA45.text	03F387A1FFD4990DFF38B8C7FDBEFA45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dunama SCHAUS 1912	<div><p>10.  DUNAMA SCHAUS, 1912</p><p>Dunama Schaus, 1912: 52 . Type species:  Dunama angulinea Schaus, 1912: 52; Draudt 1932: 981; Gaede 1934: 263; Todd 1976: 190–192.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 1J) Head: male antennae bipectinated to basal half, female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts absent; ocelli absent; third segment of labial palpi short. Thorax: male prothoracic leg lacks scent organ; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 10–15 mm, females 15–22 mm; Forewing coloration ground color gray-brown, reniform spot dark brown. Forewing presents medial, postmedial, subterminal and terminal lines of different shades (reddish brown, gray, brown). Hindwing simple brown; accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Figure 6M): eighth tergite simple, eighth sternite with one or two apical sclerotized projections. SSO absent; uncus short semicircular shape; socii sclerotized upwards, fang shaped, costulae absent, costa membranous, triangular juxta, valvae typically held tightly against vinculum and do not spread easily. Aedeagus thin and long with lateral/ dorsolateral apical projections (spine shape). Female terminalia: Papillae anales slightly sclerotized with long setae; anterior and posterior apophysis long. Eighth tergite and sternite simple; ostium bursae with mid plate. Ductus bursae slightly sclerotized; corpus bursae oval shaped with no signum.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Dunama is an easily recognizable genus due to the small size of its constituent species, the bipectinated antennae on males and the distinctive reniform spot on the short ovoid forewings are unique to this genus. The eighth sternite presents two apical and sclerotized projections.</p><p>Comments. Costa Rican species were revised by Chacón et al. (2013).  Dunama has long eluded a stable classification since the morphology does not conform to traditional notodontid subfamily classifications, though it had been suggested to possibly be related to nystaleines by Chacón et al. (2013). More recently, St Laurent et al. (in press) included  Dunama in their broader phylogeny of  Notodontidae, firmly recovering the genus in the  Nystaleinae sister to  Scevesia and closely related to the traditionally “dioptine”  Nystaleinae .</p><p>Distribution. Mexico to Ecuador</p><p>Species included (13).</p><p>Dunama angulinea Schaus, 1912 *</p><p>Dunama biosise Chacón, 2013</p><p>Dunama claricentrata (Dognin, 1916)</p><p>Dunama indereci Chacón, 2013</p><p>Dunama janecoxae Chacón, 2013</p><p>Dunama janewaldronae Chacón, 2013</p><p>Dunama jessiebancroftae Chacón, 2013</p><p>Dunama jessiebarronae Chacón, 2013</p><p>Dunama jessiehillae Chacón, 2013</p><p>Dunama mattonii Miller, 2011</p><p>Dunama mexicana Todd, 1976</p><p>Dunama ravistriata Todd, 1976</p><p>Dunama tuna (Schaus, 1901)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFD4990DFF38B8C7FDBEFA45	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFD49902FF38BE13FDEDFAE1.text	03F387A1FFD49902FF38BE13FDEDFAE1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elasmia Moeschler 1886	<div><p>11.  ELASMIA MÖSCHLER, 1886</p><p>Elasmia 
Moeschler, 1886 . Abhandl. Seckenberg Nat. Ges 14: 36. Type species:  Edema insularis Grote, 1867 . Proc. ent. Soc. Phila. 6: 321, pi. V. Monotypy.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 1K) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts present; third segment of male labial palpus long. Thorax: male prothoracic leg lacks scent organ; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 36 to 46 mm, females 37 to 55 mm; coloration usually dark brown with a white dash of variable length, extending from the forewing tip along the radial veins to the cell; accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Figure 6C, 8C): eighth tergite with a well-developed midplate; eighth sternite with antecosta v-shaped, some species with apical prominences. SSO well-developed; uncus with a flattened helmet-shaped, arrow-shaped or manta ray-shaped; socii sclerotized (sometimes hornlike), costulae large and thin, valva apex with a pair of tiny bulbous processes; circular juxta strongly attached to phallus. Aedeagus drumstick-shaped with a large footlike callosum; vesica with a sclerotized patch of cornuti and also deciduous cornuti. Female terminalia (Figure 9E): Papillae anales membranous with short setae; posterior apophyses long. Eighth tergite with large middorsal area weakly sclerotized, wishbone shaped. Eighth sternite with small lateral prominences; ostium bursae wide; antevaginalis usually an exaggerated m-shape. Ductus bursae sclerotized and dorso-ventrally flattened. Corpus bursae with extensive sclerotized shield, well-developed signum.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Elasmia moths are not easily recognizable due to their obscure markings and otherwise drab appearance. The white dash of variable length, extending from the forewing tip along the radial veins to the discal cell is somewhat useful but this marking can be very faint. However, the genus is easily recognized by its male genitalia, particularly the drumstick shaped aedeagus, the circular juxta, the long socii, and the helmet/manta ray shaped uncus.</p><p>Comments.  Elasmia probably comes from the Greek word “elasma” which means “metal plate.” This may refer to the white or pale forewing markings above the forewing cell on the distal edge of the wing. Recorded hostplants include several species from the  Sapindaceae family (ACG database). Metzler and Knudson (2011) and Miller et al. (2021) illustrate several male and female genitalia. While we follow Becker (2021) and treat  E. perses (Druce) as a member of  Elasmia rather than  Bardaxima as it was placed previously, the male genitalia are in fact more reminiscent of  Bardaxima than typical  Elasmia (e.g.  E. perses as figured in Becker (2021, figs 72, 73) show reduced SSO, narrow uncus) and so we are uncertain if  Elasmia is the proper placement for that species.</p><p>Distribution. USA to Brazil.</p><p>Species included (14).</p><p>Elasmia astuta (Schaus, 1894)</p><p>Elasmia cave Metzler, 2011</p><p>Elasmia cinga (Druce, 1911)</p><p>Elasmia gracita (Schaus, 1921)</p><p>Elasmia insularis (Grote, 1867) *</p><p>Elasmia mandela (Druce, 1887)</p><p>Elasmia matheis (Schaus, 1892)</p><p>Elasmia packardii (Morrison, 1875)</p><p>Elasmia perses (Druce, 1900)</p><p>Elasmia pronax (Dognin, 1908)</p><p>Elasmia salandera (Schaus, 1905)</p><p>Elasmia schausi (Dyar, 1908)</p><p>Elasmia talae (Berg, 1878)</p><p>Elasmia vittipalpis (Walker, [1858])</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFD49902FF38BE13FDEDFAE1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFDB9903FF38BDF6FDC4FBC9.text	03F387A1FFDB9903FF38BDF6FDC4FBC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elymiotis WALKER 1857	<div><p>12.  ELYMIOTIS WALKER, 1857</p><p>Elymiotis 
Walker, 1857 . List Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 11: 609. Type species:  Elymiotis notodontoides Walker 1857 . ibid.: 609.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 1L, 10H) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts very short; third segment of labial palpi short; ocelli reduced. Thorax: prothoracic leg scent pocket present on femur; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 35 to 57 mm, females 42 to 52 mm; forewing ground color whitish and various shades of brown, with thin, wavy transverse lines of black or brown; a short, silvery, Y-shaped dash beyond discal cell; accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Abdomen: bifid caudal tuft of spatulate scales. Male terminalia (Figure 6D): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with m-shaped antecosta. Valvae with SSO well-developed (reduced in  E. notodontoides); costa a sclerotized rod extending nearly to apex. Uncus large, spear-shaped, bearing a pair of small lateral processes below apex; socii long and thin with mushroom-shaped or wishbone-shape apices; valval costa bearing a knob near midpoint; costulae usually absent (in  E. morana Schaus the processes of the costulae are horn-like). Juxta small and deeply concave. Aedeagus callosum foot-like, long, and thin. Vesica with patch of spines, or scattered setae ( E. complicata (Dognin)) or with very small deciduous cornuti ( E. notodontoides). Female terminalia (Figure 9D–F): eighth tergite usually with lateral prominences; eighth sternite usually with paired midventral prominences; papillae anales weakly to moderately sclerotized; anterior and posterior apophyses long; ostium bursae m-shaped; ductus bursae bent and highly sclerotized; corpus bursae membranous and striated; 1 or 2 signum.</p><p>Diagnosis. The forewing has a silver triangle or Y-shape over the accessory cell in most species. Males have a circular patch of non-deciduous spines before the vesica terminates, and the phallus is usually thin. The socii are usually bulbous and very setose but we note that the male genitalia differ substantially between the type species  E. notodontoides and others that we examined with particularly narrow valvae, small SSO, and extremely robust socii in the type species (the others are more similar to  Elasmia for example). Female genitalia have a highly bent and sclerotized ductus bursae, as well as a striated corpus bursae.</p><p>Comments. When dissecting the prothoracic male leg, a large number of cotton-like scales were released. In a specimen of  E. morana, a large elliptical area on the third sternite without scales was found, which may be a scent pocket. Larval host plants include  Inga ( Fabaceae),  Pachira ( Bombacaceae) and different genera of  Malpighiaceae (ACG database) such as  Malpighia glabra which is eaten in Texas (Miller et al. 2021).</p><p>Distribution. From USA (Texas) to Brazil.</p><p>Species included (13).</p><p>Elymiotis alata (Druce, 1890)</p><p>Elymiotis audax (Druce, 1901)</p><p>Elymiotis boisil Schaus, 1928</p><p>Elymiotis complicata (Dognin, 1909)</p><p>Elymiotis corana Schaus, 1928</p><p>Elymiotis drucei (Schaus, 1901)</p><p>Elymiotis glaucula Draudt, 1932</p><p>Elymiotis longara (Stoll, 1790)</p><p>Elymiotis lupicina Schaus, 1928</p><p>Elymiotis morana Schaus, 1928</p><p>Elymiotis notodontoides Walker, 1857 *</p><p>Elymiotis plechelm Schaus, 1924</p><p>Elymiotis purpurascens (Butler, 1877)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFDB9903FF38BDF6FDC4FBC9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFDA9900FF38BC9EFD91FF4D.text	03F387A1FFDA9900FF38BC9EFD91FF4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eudmoe HUBNER 1819	<div><p>13.  EUDMOE HÜBNER, 1819</p><p>Eudmoe Hübner, 1819: 173 . Type species:  Phalaena Noctua arne Cramer, 1775 by monotypy</p><p>Adults. (Figure 2A, 10J) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts absent; male third segment of labial palpi short (second segment extremely long); ocelli reduced. Thorax: prothoracic leg scent pocket present in femur; tarsal claws bifid; metathoracic legs red. Wings: males 30 to 35 mm; forewing broad, outer margin arcuate; forewing ground color dark brown and several shades and strips of a lighter brown; apex with a dark dot; hindwing brown with white spots on the apex. Accesory cell absent. Abdomen: last segments bright red with a prominent terminal tuft. Male terminalia (Figure 6E): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with w-shaped antecosta. Valva with SSO developed; midvalve sclerotization thin; costa sclerotized to apex. Uncus basally broad with thin, membranous apex; socii long arms-like shape; juxta small with a hexagonal shape. Aedeagus-callosum foot-like, Y-shaped, phallus usually long and slender.</p><p>Diagnosis. The genus can be identified due to the adult habitus, which is a bright red abdomen with blackbrown wings and usually contrasting white markings on the margin of the hindwings. Additionally, the thin and membranous uncus and shape of the socii help differentiate this genus.</p><p>Comments.  Eudmoe had historically proven challenging to classify. In 2014, Becker classified it into  Dudusinae without justification; however, based on phylogenomics (St Laurent et al. in press) and morphology, such as the presence of the SSO on the valvae and the Y-shaped base of the aedeagus, we confirm that the genus belongs in  Nystaleinae .</p><p>Distribution. From Colombia to Brazil.</p><p>Species included (3).</p><p>Eudmoe aparta Draudt, 1932</p><p>Eudmoe arne (Cramer, 1775) *</p><p>Eudmoe carrieta Schaus, 1928</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFDA9900FF38BC9EFD91FF4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFD99900FF38B91AFDF2FBFA.text	03F387A1FFD99900FF38B91AFDF2FBFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euharpyia SCHAUS 1901	<div><p>14.  EUHARPYIA SCHAUS, 1901</p><p>Euharpyia Schaus, 1901 Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1901: 324. Type-species:  Euharpyia comita Schaus, 1901 . Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1901.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 2B, 10K) Head: male antennae pectinated on basal half; antennal tufts present; third segment of labial palpus short. Thorax: prothoracic leg scent pocket present, claws bifid. Wings (wingspan): males ~ 38 mm; forewing pattern consists of a black and grey or even green mottled pattern, black spot above discal cell, costal base with contrasting region, accessory cell absent. Abdomen: hair-like terminal tufts and dark spots present. Male terminalia (Figure 6F): eighth tergite with midplate, eighth sternite with a deeply bifurcated U shape, anteriorly with long horn-like processes. SSO present; valvae membranous with petal-like shape; costulae present with pointed projections; uncus short and thin. Aedeagus short with apical thorn.</p><p>Diagnosis. The presence of a paired process on the anterior margin of the eighth sternite is somewhat unique to this genus but is similar to the type species of the following genus. However, in  Eunotela the valvae are narrower.</p><p>Comments. Externally, this genus resembles some  Heterocampinae (e.g.  Ophitis Felder and  Notelina Becker). However, the presence of the antennal tuft, absence of cteniophores (present in both  Ophitis and  Notelina), the costulae, and the presence of the SSO support that  Euharpyia belongs to the  Nystaleinae .</p><p>Distribution. From Costa Rica to Brazil.</p><p>Species included (3).</p><p>Euharpyia ahazicha Schaus, 1937</p><p>Euharpyia comita Schaus, 1901 *</p><p>Euharpyia tropica (Schaus, 1894)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFD99900FF38B91AFDF2FBFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFD99901FF38BCF0FD9CFEA9.text	03F387A1FFD99901FF38BCF0FD9CFEA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eunotela SCHAUS 1901	<div><p>15.  EUNOTELA SCHAUS, 1901</p><p>Eunotela Schaus, 1901 . Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1901: 325.Type-species:  Eunotela pallida Schaus, 1901 . Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1901: 325.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 2C, 10I) Head: male antennae pectinated on basal half; antennal tufts present; third segment of labial palpus very short. Thorax: prothoracic leg scent pocket absent; claws simple. Wings: males 27 to 40 mm; forewing pattern consists of a grey ground color with a mottled and banded pattern, a slightly concave line is present at the distal margin of the discal cell, accessory cell absent. Usually with a strongly contrasting marginal line. Abdomen: hair-like terminal tufts present. Male terminalia (Figure 6G): eighth sternite with a deeply bifurcate process anteriorly, similar in shape to a bird furcula, posteriorly sternite is more robust and heavily sclerotized, truncated at its terminus and invaginated mesally forming a somewhat rugose T-shaped structure internally to the eighth segment. SSO apparently absent or vestigial; valvae narrow, strongly sclerotized with rugose region basally; socii strongly sclerotized, arm-like with broadened, setae-covered tips; uncus wide with a femoral head-like shape, somewhat bulbous anteriorly.Aedeagus short and well-sclerotized, especially distally which is sharp and downturned at its apex, callosum quite broad.</p><p>Diagnosis. The particular shape of the eighth sternite (especially the long furcula structure) as well as the shape of the uncus and the socii are all unique to this genus. However, the eighth segment traits are not present in  E. collaris Schaus.</p><p>Comments. We figure the type species and its genitalia, the other two species are poorly represented in collections. Due to similarities in external patterning and the pronged anterior margins of the VIII sternite, we believe  Eunotela is closely related to  Euharpyia . It is worth mentioning the dissimilarity of  E. pallida with  E. collaris . The latter does not share the particular shape of the VIII sternite; however, it does share the shape of the uncus and aedeagus.</p><p>Distribution. From Colombia to Argentina.</p><p>Species included (3).</p><p>Eunotela chacoa Schaus, 1928</p><p>Eunotela collaris Schaus, 1901</p><p>Eunotela pallida Schaus, 1901 *</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFD99901FF38BCF0FD9CFEA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFD89901FF38B93EFDADF997.text	03F387A1FFD89901FF38B93EFDADF997.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euxoga Moeschler 1878	<div><p>16.  EUXOGA MÖSCHLER, 1878</p><p>Euxoga Moeschler, 1878 . Verhandl. zool.-bot. Ges Wien 27: 692. Type species:  Euxoga argenteopunctata Moeschler, 1878 . ibid: 692.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 2D, 10L) Head: antennae in males can be bipectinated to basal half or simple filiform, simple filiform in females; antennal tufts present; male and female with third segment of labial palpus long. Thorax: prothoracic scent pocket absent; tarsal claws simple; tibial spurs with ridge or comb. Wings: males 40 to 41 mm, females 42 mm; thin-bodied moths with pastel colored, geometrid-shaped, truncated wings; forewing with accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Figure 6H): eighth sternite and tergite species-specific, in  E. argenteopunctata the eighth tergite has a midplate while the sternite has two basal processes. SSO discrete; valvae long and membranous with hairs along distal edge ( E. balba Dognin) or valvae entirely absent ( E. argenteopunctata). Uncus tapered with apodemes incomplete or absent; uncus rounded with distal, membranous projection curved dorsally; socii thin, sclerotized rods, upturned tip. Aedeagus thin and simple with callosum present, vesica with large spines. Female terminalia: Papillae anales lightly sclerotized with scattered setae. Eighth tergite caudal margins highly curved; eighth sternite with midventral prominences; ostium bursae wide and m-shaped; ductus bursae long and sclerotized; corpus bursae membranous with weakly sclerotized hump dorsal to ductus bursae; one signum.</p><p>Diagnosis. These moths are somewhat similar to geometroids or erebids and have unique genitalia. Those of the type species lack valvae and instead have long setae whereas the genitalia of  E. balba have thin, narrow valvae with heavily sclerotized costa. See comments below  Goaxis regarding taxonomic uncertainty surrounding these two genera.</p><p>Comments. Specimens are rare in collections and might be misplaced with unsorted geometrids, female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1989).</p><p>Distribution. From Guatemala to Brazil.</p><p>Species included (9).</p><p>Euxoga amatura Schaus, 1928</p><p>Euxoga argenteopunctata Möschler, 1878 *</p><p>Euxoga argentilinea (Schaus, 1905)</p><p>Euxoga argyria (Butler, 1879)</p><p>Euxoga balba Dognin, 1908</p><p>Euxoga lilacina (Draudt,1932)</p><p>Euxoga manaca (Schaus, 1939)</p><p>Euxoga pistacina Dognin, 1914</p><p>Euxoga serena (Schaus, 1905)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFD89901FF38B93EFDADF997	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFD89906FF38BE24FD89FC8D.text	03F387A1FFD89906FF38BE24FD89FC8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Goaxis SCHAUS 1901	<div><p>17.  GOAXIS SCHAUS, 1901</p><p>Goaxis Schaus, 1901 . 262 (key), 316. Type species:  Goaxis singularis Schaus, 1901; 316. pl. 11: 13.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 2E) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts present; male third segment of labial palpus short; ocelli reduced. Thorax: prothoracic scent pocket absent; tarsal claws simple. Wings: males 15 to 20 mm; thin-bodied moths with dark colors, geometrid-shaped wings; forewing with accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Figure 6I): eighth sternite plain with short basal projections and tergite with midplate (these tergites are almost identical to those of  E. argenteopunctata). SSO absent; valvae long and thin, mostly membranous with costa more heavily sclerotized and separated from the rest of the valvae (based on  G. fuscifasciata Dognin, which is not the type species of the genus, see comments below). Tegumen sclerotized with a wishbone-like shape. Uncus short, bent forward ending in a tip with no ornamentations. Socii short and sclerotized upturned tips. Juxta M-shaped. Aedeagus: long and thin, simple, callosum present (Y shape), vesica with spines.</p><p>Diagnosis. The genus can be recognized due to the unique shape of the valvae. However, due to similarity between  G. fuscifasciata and  E. balba, and our inability to examine genitalia of the type species of  Goaxis, it is not currently clear how to differentiate these two genera.</p><p>Comments. Similar in habitus and in genitalia to  Euxoga .In  Euxoga we dissected two species,  E.argenteopunctata, the type species, and  E. balba . In  Goaxis we were unable to dissect the type species and instead examined the genitalia of  G. fuscifasciata . Remarkably, the genitalia of  E. balba and  G. fuscifasciata are nearly identical (narrow valvae with sharply pointed, curved, and more heavily sclerotized costa) and both are distinct from the genitalia of  Euxoga type  E. argenteopunctata which lacks valvae. Since we were unable to dissect the type species of  Goaxis, it is not clear if  E. balba should be transferred to  Goaxis or if  E. balba and  G. fuscifasciata belong to a separate genus entirely. Synonymy of the two genera is also possible if the genitalia of the type of  Goaxis reveals structures of the  E. argenteopuntactata form, in which case  E. balba and  G. fuscifasciata could belong to a new genus.</p><p>Distribution. From Costa Rica to Brazil.</p><p>Species included (3).</p><p>Goaxis fertilis Dognin, 1911</p><p>Goaxis fuscifasciata Dognin, 1916</p><p>Goaxis singularis Schaus, 1901 *</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFD89906FF38BE24FD89FC8D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFDF9907FF38BBDAFDA7FF61.text	03F387A1FFDF9907FF38BBDAFDA7FF61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gopha WALKER 1862	<div><p>18.  GOPHA WALKER, 1862</p><p>Gopha Walker, 1862 . Trans, ent. Soc. Lond. 1: 81. Type species:  Gopha mixtipennis Walker, 1862 . ibid. 1: 81.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 2F, 10M) Head: male antennae shortly bipectinate; female antennae ciliate; antennal tuft present but small; third segment of male and female labial palpi short. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with scent pocket reduced to a small opening. Wings: males 32 mm, females 36 mm; with variable patterns; forewing with accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Figure 6J): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with antecosta weakly m-shaped or curved; SSO developed but reduced; costa sclerotized rod for two-thirds its length, distal third membranous. Uncus short somewhat membranous; socii thickly sclerotized, finger-like broadened basally; costulae long and slender with enlarged tip extending to costal projection; juxta small, flat, squared. Aedeagus with basiphallus and callosum enlarged. Female terminalia: Papillae anales short, with long and short setae; posterior apophyses long and slender; eighth tergite variously shaped, mid-dorsal area membranous in some species; anterior apophyses short or long; eighth sternite shape species-specific, a central prominence, or rounded with short, lateral prominences; ostium bursae rounded; ductus bursae with sclerotized sinus vaginalis, rest membranous; corpus bursae membranous.</p><p>Diagnosis. The long and slender costulae extend nearly three-fourths the length of the costa. The tip of the uncus is very short, and the socii are well-developed. In females, the corpus bursae have some sclerotized areas, and from these extend internal ridges that have a saw-toothed appearance (Weller 1989).</p><p>Comments. Upon review of the members of this genus, we identified two species previously assigned to  Gopha that belong to other genera. One,  Gopha praxia Schaus is transferred to a new genus  Falcicaputis gen. n. described below, given the presence of highly unusual male genitalia unique to that new genus. Another,  Gopha niveigutta Schaus, we transfer to  Poresta after comparing the lectotype male in the USNM both the type species of  Poresta and another species erroneously assigned to  Didugua, all of which bear diagnostic characters of  Poresta . See those generic sections for specific reasoning for the transfer out of  Gopha . Female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1989).</p><p>Distribution. From Guatemala to Brazil.</p><p>Species included (6).</p><p>Gopha albolinea (Schaus, 1905)</p><p>Gopha inquieta Draudt, 1932</p><p>Gopha manacoides (Schaus, 1920)</p><p>Gopha melanitis Schaus, 1939</p><p>Gopha mixtipennis Walker, 1862 *</p><p>Gopha pulchra (Butler, 1878)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFDF9907FF38BBDAFDA7FF61	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFDE9907FF38B976FDCDFB9F.text	03F387A1FFDE9907FF38B976FDCDFB9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hermierella THIAUCOURT 2015	<div><p>19.  HERMIERELLA THIAUCOURT, 2015</p><p>Hermierella Thiaucourt, 2015 . Type species:  Hermierella boyaca Thiaucourt, 2015, Bull. Soc. ent. Mulhouse, 20 J 5 – 71 (4): 65–67.</p><p>Adults. Head: male antennae bipectinate to basal half; antennal tuft absent; third segment of labial palpi short. Wings: male 20 mm; forewings elongate, outer margin rounded in continuity with the anal margin, tornus barely marked; absence of tooth on anal margin; hind wings rounded, accessory cell present. Male terminalia: eighth tergite with a midplate, eighth sternite well sclerotized with a U shape; SSO absent; costulae absent, uncus bifurcated, socii short with erect snake fangs-shape; juxta with a hexagonal shape, costa of the valvas with prominent processes (valvae shape reminiscent of peace lily flowers’ spathe ( Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum [Liebmann])). Aedeagus curved with a narrow, highly sclerotized distal part; a bulbous tip can be found in the middle.</p><p>Diagnosis. Unique shape of the processes of the valva, which have a “peace lily flower” ( Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum) spathe shape.</p><p>Comments. The genus is named after Bernard Hermier. The original description of the genus and single species with genitalia figures can be found in Thiaucourt (2015). We are uncertain as to the subfamily placement of  Hermierella and treat its assignment to  Nystaleinae as preliminary until we can examine specimens. Thiaucourt (2015) compared this genus to  Bahaia and  Pentobesa (=  Nycterotis), and indeed the genitalia are quite similar to some  Nycterotis .</p><p>Distribution. Colombia.</p><p>Species included (1).</p><p>Hermierella boyaca Thiaucourt, 2015 *</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFDE9907FF38B976FDCDFB9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFDE9904FF38BC2CFD8EFEF5.text	03F387A1FFDE9904FF38BC2CFD8EFEF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippia MOSCHLER 1878	<div><p>20.  HIPPIA MÖSCHLER, 1878</p><p>Hippia Möschler, 1878 . Type species:  Phalaena Totrix mumetes Cramer, 1775</p><p>Adults. (Figure 2G, 10N) Head: Antennae of male and female simple filiform; antennal tufts absent; the third segment of the palpus is short; ocelli present. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with scent pocket; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 30 to 35 mm, the forewing pattern consists of an olive green and gray color, with a bright white apical mark that extends mesally into the wing, angled somewhat at the end of the discal cell, with lighter scales above it making the costa contrast against the darker wings, apex with a black dot; accessory cell present; hindwing simple brown. Abdomen: light brown with a short terminal tuft. Male terminalia (Figure 6K): eighth tergite and sternite with midplate. Valvae complex with sharp apex, central folded and outwardly projected region preset about 1/3 for apex and irregular saccular edge, SSO well-developed and densely pleated; uncus short and cup shaped; socii very short and triangular shaped lobes. Costulae absent; juxta small, flat, hexagonal, and fusing to saccular base. Aedeagus long and thin; curved; vesica with deciduous cornuti. Female terminalia: Papillae anales long and membranous with long and short setae; posterior apophyses long and slender; eighth tergite simple; anterior apophyses short; eighth sternite midplate shape; ductus bursae short and sclerotized; corpus bursae membranous with one signum usually present.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Hippia mumetes can be recognized due to the bright white apical band with a small black dot at the apex. Also, the combination of the mesally folded valvae with short and cup shaped uncus with short, triangular lobes of the socii make the species unique. This species is similar to  Elasmia salandera, but that species has a straighter white line on the forewing.</p><p>Comments. Externally the single species of this genus may be confused with  Pseudhippia gen. n. or  Elasmia species since the white marking of the forewing is quite similar to those found in these other genera, but genitalia are distinct.  Hippia is still relatively easily diagnosable because of how the white apical region extends for almost the entire costa and has a straight anal margin after the end of the discal cell, whereas in  Pseudhippia the white mark is anally accentuated and lobed and  Elasmia usually have a much shorter and/or straighter apical mark. The name is often misspelled  Hyppia but the original description spelled the name  Hippia .</p><p>Distribution. Northern South America, including as far north as Colombia and Trinidad to southeastern Brazil.</p><p>Species included (1).</p><p>Hippia mumetes (Cramer, 1775) *</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFDE9904FF38BC2CFD8EFEF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFDD9904FF38B9C2FDD6FAB6.text	03F387A1FFDD9904FF38B9C2FDD6FAB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kryptokalos WELLER 2014	<div><p>21.  KRYPTOKALOS WELLER, 2014, in BECKER 2014</p><p>Kryptokalos Weller, 1992 (Figs. 4.6F, 4.18E, F, 4.26C, 4.32A).   Type species:  Hippia cilia  Dognin, 1908. Ann. Soc. Entom. Belgique 52: 12. Nomen nudum</p><p>Adults. (Figure 2H) Head: Antennae of male and female simple filiform; antennal tufts present; male and female third segment of labial palpus long; ocelli present. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with single scent pocket; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males ~ 42 mm; forewing coloration dark green with short, black, vertical dash at apex and black dot near Cu1; forewing with accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs connate. Male terminalia (Figure 6L): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with M-shaped antecosta; SSO well-developed; costa of the valvae mainly membranous; uncus with a membranous, setose and bulbous apex, socii large and sclerotized; juxta deeply concave and triangular. Aedeagus callosum foot-like; long and thin; bent in middle; vesica with deciduous cornuti. Female terminalia: Eighth tergite wishbone shaped, lacking prominences and setae; eighth sternite with midventral prominences, mid-ventral area unsclerotized. Papillae anales membranous with long and short setae mixed, posterior apophyses long and slender; anterior apophyses long; ostium bursae wide with membranous antevaginalis. Ductus bursae sclerotized; corpus bursae membranous with sclerotized dorsal shield; one signum present.</p><p>Diagnosis. The genus can be recognized due to the forewing coloration which consists of dark green with short, black vertical dash at apex and black dot near Cu1. Also, the shape of the bulbous uncus is unique to this genus.</p><p>Comments.  Kryptokalos is Greek for “hidden beauty” (Weller 1989). Female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1989).</p><p>Distribution. From Costa Rica to Brazil.</p><p>Species included (3).</p><p>Kryptokalos cilla (Dognin, 1908) *</p><p>Kryptokalos undulatum (Druce, 1905)</p><p>Kryptokalos viridans (Dognin, 1909)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFDD9904FF38B9C2FDD6FAB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFDD9905FF38BD04FD82FCA1.text	03F387A1FFDD9905FF38BD04FD82FCA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepasta MOSCHLER 1878	<div><p>22.  LEPASTA MÖSCHLER, 1878</p><p>Lepasta Möschler, 1877 . Type species:  Nystalea bractea Felder, 1874 . Reise Novara 1: pi. 97, Fig. 3.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 2I, 11B) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts present; third segment of male palpus long; ocelli reduced. Thorax: male prothoracic leg lacks scent organ; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 34 mm, females 41 mm; forewing with accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Figure 5A): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with two sclerotized apodemes; valvae with an especially well-developed SSO (expansive and densely pleated); valvae membranous with long hairs and short setae; costa slightly sclerotized appearing as a narrow rod, with membranous apex; uncus with distal process membranous with hairs and setae. Socii sclerotized and snake fang-like in shape; costulae present as a short ribbon-like sclerotization near base of valvae; juxta triangular, M-shaped, flat and fused to saccular base. Aedeagus slim and long; callosum foot-like; vesica with deciduous cornuti. Female terminalia: Eighth tergite highly curved, unornamented; eighth sternite with lateral and sometimes midventral prominences; midventral sclerotization present; papillae anales moderately sclerotized, longer setae near periphery; posterior apophyses long; anterior apophyses short; ostium bursae wide and M-shaped. Ductus bursae sclerotized and dorso-ventrally flattened. Corpus bursae membranous with sclerotized shield; one signum.</p><p>Diagnosis. The massive SSO, the M-shape of the juxta, foot like base of the aedeagus, T shape of the costa, and the socii with long fang-like shape are diagnostic of  Lepasta .</p><p>Comments.  Lepasta means “limpet” or “cup” shape, and probably refers to the shape of the white forewing markings (Weller, 1989). The species  Lepasta lignistriata Schaus, 1901 is externally quite divergent from the rest of the genus, appearing more similar to  Antiopha due to the lack of light-colored wing markings and the presence of black, lengthwise striations. However, a genitalia examination suggests that  Lepasta is the most appropriate genus for the placement of this species. Female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1989).</p><p>The species  Lepasta brabilla Dognin, 1911 does not belong in  Lepasta, but rather  Ankale given the male genitalia which we have examined in the type of  brabilla in the USNM. We transfer it accordingly:  Ankale brabilla comb. n.</p><p>Distribution. From Mexico to South Brazil.</p><p>Species included (9).</p><p>Lepasta benderi Thiaucourt, 1981</p><p>Lepasta bractea (Felder, 1874) *</p><p>Lepasta elegans Thiaucourt, 1984</p><p>Lepasta herrerai (Beutelspacher, 1986)</p><p>Lepasta lignistriata Schaus, 1901</p><p>Lepasta majorina Dognin, 1914</p><p>Lepasta maonica Schaus, 1905</p><p>Lepasta mixta Möschler, 1883</p><p>Lepasta omaiensis Schaus, 1904</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFDD9905FF38BD04FD82FCA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFDC9905FF38BB30FD21F8F5.text	03F387A1FFDC9905FF38BB30FD21F8F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyricinus WELLER 2014	<div><p>23.  LYRICINUS WELLER, 2014, in BECKER 2014</p><p>Lyricinus Weller, 1989 . Type species:  Etobesa xylophasioides Butler, 1878 . Trans, ent. Soc. Lond.: 68. Nomen nudum</p><p>Adults. (Figure 2J, 10O) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts present; third segment of male labial palpus long. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with scent pocket; tarsal claws simple, serrate. Wings: males 41 mm, females 40–43 mm; brown coloration; forewing with accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Forewing pattern consists of a light brown ground with a dark diagonal line from the base to the margin of the wing, giving the wing an overall appearance of light wood. Male terminalia (Figure 6N): eighth tergite with midplate defined by ridges; eighth sternite with antecosta W-shaped, parallel ridges extend from antecosta to caudal edge, caudal edge modified. SSO compact and well developed, valvae well-sclerotized but irregular in shape with distinctive widening and narrowing along its length such that the apex is much narrower than the remainder of the valva; costa completely sclerotized. Uncus square shaped with a pair of curved, setose processes; tip rounded, slightly bifid; socii sclerotized and thin, bent arms shaped. Juxta triangular. Aedeagus with callosum present; distiphallus with side process; vesica with two types of deciduous cornuti. Female terminalia: seventh sternite primarily membranous with sclerotized semicircle. Papillae anales flattened with long and short setae; posterior apophyses short. Eighth tergite curved, anterior apophyses short. Eighth sternite plain; ostium bursae wide, lamellae antevaginalis sclerotized. Ductus bursae sclerotized, corpus bursae membranous, dorsum with small, sclerotized hump and signum of spinules.</p><p>Diagnosis. The genus can be recognized due to the transversal brown line on the forewing, and the unique sternite which is W-shaped with ridges. The particular shape of the lyre-shaped uncus and the bent arm shape of the socii are only found in  Lyricinus .</p><p>Comments.  Lyricinus means the “harpist” or the “lyrist” since the dorsal appearance of the male uncus resembles a Greek lyre (Weller, 1989). Recorded hostplants include  Microdesmia arborea ( Chrysobalanaceae) (ACG database). Female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1989).</p><p>Distribution. Costa Rica to Brazil.</p><p>Species included (1).</p><p>Lyricinus xylophasioides (Butler, 1878) *</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFDC9905FF38BB30FD21F8F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE2993BFF38B8C7FDAAFA49.text	03F387A1FFE2993BFF38B8C7FDAAFA49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lysana MOSCHLER 1883	<div><p>24.  LYSANA MÖSCHLER, 1883</p><p>Lysana Moeschler, 1882 . Verhandl. zool.-bot. Ges Wien 32: 347. Type species:  Lysana plexa Moeschler, 1882 . ibid. 32: 347.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 3A, 4I, 11C) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts present, in some species these are extremely long and extend well above the head; third segment of labial palpus long. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with double scent pocket on femur, a large, membranous, glandular area on tibia, and an elaborate scent pencil; tarsal claws simple; ocelli present. Wings: males 37 mm, females 44 mm; females with dark hindwing; males with white hindwing; forewing with accessory cell present, hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Abdomen: male second abdominal sternite with long slender apodemes. Male terminalia (Figure 6O): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite plain. SSO present, valvula not pleated, with many long hair-like scales and setae; costa sclerotized entire length. Uncus tip sclerotized; socii sclerotized, thin and setose. Costulae absent; juxta deeply concave. Aedeagus callosum foot-like; long, slender and slightly curved. Female terminalia: Papillae anales membranous with short, setae. Eighth tergite caudal edge rounded with slightly incurved, lateral processes. Eighth sternite caudal edge slightly rounded, with lateral thickenings extending from ostium bursae to caudal edge; ostium bursae straight and unornamented. Ductus bursae proximal third sclerotized, next third tubular with sclerotized patches; distal third membranous. Corpus bursae-membranous, lacking defined signum; small lightly sclerotized patch of spinules extending ventrally.</p><p>Diagnosis. The complex pattern and coloration of the type species is unique. The remarkably long scales on the antennae are a prominent feature of members of this genus. The forewings of the type species have a single, white, rounded triangle in the upper corner of the discal cell, other species are more darkly patterned with complex ornamentation. The large papillae anales on the female genitalia are unique, as well as the large and sclerotized then membranous large ductus bursae. The modified second segment, the irregularly folded saccular edge of the valvae and a simple triangular uncus are in combination rather unique.</p><p>Comments. In males, the shape of the costal flange differs slightly as does the shape of the costal tip. We do not consider these minor variations in shape and size to constitute species-specific differences. Females of  L. plusiana have long villar projections lining the entire inside of the corpus bursae, and this condition is unique to the species (Weller 1989). Compared to other nystaleines,  Lysana plusiana has extremely long antennal tufts. Becker (2014) incorrectly listed the name parvipuncta Dognin, 1909 in two places in his checklist: as a synonym of  Poresta lanassa (Druce) and as a valid species of  Lysana . The proper assignment is as a synonym of  P. lanassa, since parvipuncta does not belong to  Lysana . Female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1989).</p><p>Distribution. From Costa Rica to Brazil.</p><p>Species included (6).</p><p>Lysana abnormis (Schaus, 1905)</p><p>Lysana argolarma (Draudt, 1932)</p><p>Lysana improvisa (Dognin,1923)</p><p>Lysana minasensis Schaus, 1928</p><p>Lysana plexa Möschler, 1883 *</p><p>Lysana plusiana Schaus, 1901</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFE2993BFF38B8C7FDAAFA49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE29938FF38BE12FDD3FDAD.text	03F387A1FFE29938FF38BE12FDD3FDAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marthantia SCHAUS 1923	<div><p>25.  MARTHANTIA SCHAUS, 1923</p><p>Marthantia Schaus, 1923 . Type species:  Marthantia stelligera Schaus, 1923 . Ann. Carn. Mus. p. 83</p><p>Adults. (Figure 3B) Head: male antennae simple filiform; antennal tuft absent; third segment of labial palpi short; ocelli present. Thorax: male prothoracic leg lacks scent organ; claws bifid. Wings: males 35 mm. Forewings with rounded apex; accessory cell present. Forewing pattern brown at the base, with antemedial black curvy lines, the discal area has white dashes, as well as the postdiscal and marginal area.Apex with a dark spot. Hind wings fuscous, costa and base indistinctly whitish. Abdomen: grayish brown; short caudal tuft. Male terminalia (Figure 7A): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with two apical sclerotized apodemes; valvae with well-developed SSO; valvae membranous; costa a sclerotized rod with membranous apex; uncus with distal process membranous with hairs and setae. Socii sclerotized with a snake fang-like shape; costulae present (thin and long sclerotizations); juxta triangular. Aedeagus long and thick at the base (Y-shape); callosum foot-like; vesica with deciduous cornuti.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Marthantia has a Noctuidae-like habitus and lacks antennal tufts, however it is readily identifiable as a nystaleine based on the male terminalia. The shape of the socii are similar to  Hermierella and  Lepasta . The apical black dot and small white dashes in the postbasal, discal and postdiscal area are noteworthy, as is the wing shape which is stout and somewhat truncated. Also, this genus can be recognized due to the unique shape of the uncus, the snake fang shape of the socii, and the shape of the apical apodemes on the eighth sternite.</p><p>Comments. The genus belongs near  Antiopha according to Schaus (1923) and indeed the genitalia of the type species of both genera are similar, as are they similar to  Lepasta, particularly in valva shape (Compare Figs 5A, 5D, and 7A). However,  Antiopha lacks the snake fang shape of the socii.</p><p>Distribution. French Guyana.</p><p>Species included (1).</p><p>Marthantia stelligera Schaus, 1923 *</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFE29938FF38BE12FDD3FDAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE19939FF38BA3AFD9BFED1.text	03F387A1FFE19939FF38BA3AFD9BFED1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marthula WALKER 1856	<div><p>26.  MARTHULA WALKER, 1856</p><p>Marthula Walker, 1856 . Type species:  Marthula quadrata Walker, 1856 . List Spec. lepid. Insects 9: 164.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 3C, 11E) Head: male and female antennae filiform; antennal tufts absent; third segment of labial palpi short in both sexes; ocelli reduced. Thorax: male prothoracic leg lacks scent organ; tarsal claws bifid. Abdomen: male second sternite with elaborate antecostal area. Wings: males 32 to 50 mm, females 33 to 50 mm; usually brown with yellow or orange washes across forewing; forewing with accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Figure 7B, 8D): male eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with two apical apodemes usually forming a W shape; caudal edge with scent hairs, some elaborate projections. Valvae with SSO elaborate and highly pleated; saccular base enlarged, extending nearly to distal edge of valve; costa a sclerotized rod extending to distal edge or beyond. Pleated costulae. Uncus short, shape variable; socii sclerotized and shape variable but very small, usually two sclerotized short arms or V shaped; juxta usually flat, shape variable. Aedeagus callosum and distiphallus shapes variable; vesica with deciduous cornuti or non-deciduous small spines. Female terminalia: Eighth tergite mid-dorsal region desclerotized; usually curved but shape variable; eighth sternite variously shaped and ornamented; papillae anales membranous, short setae mixed with long curved setae; posterior and anterior apophyses long; ostium bursae wide; lamellae antevaginalis sclerotized or membranous. Ductus bursae membranous, or sclerotized and dorso-ventrally flattened. Corpus bursae membranous, sometimes a sclerotized shield present; one signum usually present; various internal sclerotized projections in some; ductus seminalis arising from caudal surface of corpus bursae.</p><p>Diagnosis. Species usually possess contrasting orange, white or metallic markings, and tend to be smaller, thinner bodied moths. The male eighth sternite may have cuticular projections with androconial hairs and glandular surfaces associated with them. The male genitalia are rather homogeneous throughout the genus and are easily recognizable due to the elaborate SSO and related processes of the saccular base fused to the valvae, the short uncus and the arm shape of the socii.</p><p>Comments.  Marthula quadrata has extremely setose genitalia and this trait may be widespread in the genus. Female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1989).</p><p>Distribution. From Mexico to South Brazil.</p><p>Species included (16).</p><p>Marthula agathanzela Schaus, 1933</p><p>Marthula castrensis Schaus, 1905</p><p>Marthula concinna (Walker, 1862)</p><p>Marthula cynrica Schaus, 1928</p><p>Marthula grisescens Schaus, 1905</p><p>Marthula hirsuta Schaus, 1905</p><p>Marthula luteopunctata (Dognin, 1904)</p><p>Marthula minna Schaus, 1905</p><p>Marthula minor Thiaucourt, 1980</p><p>Marthula multifascia (Walker, 1856)</p><p>Marthula ochreata (Schaus, 1905)</p><p>Marthula pleione Schaus, 1892</p><p>Marthula porioni Thiaucourt, 1980</p><p>Marthula quadrata Walker, 1856 *</p><p>Marthula rufescens Schaus, 1910</p><p>Marthula thoreda Schaus, 1928</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFE19939FF38BA3AFD9BFED1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE09939FF38B9E6FD9BFA9F.text	03F387A1FFE09939FF38B9E6FD9BFA9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notela SCHAUS 1901	<div><p>27.  NOTELA SCHAUS, 1901</p><p>Notela Schaus, 1901 . Type species:  Notela jaliscana Schaus. 1901 . Trans. Ent. Soc. Wash. 1901: 324.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 3D, 11D) Head: male antennae bipectinated beyond basal half, filiform in females; antennal tufts present; third segment of labial palpus short, proboscis shorter than the head; ocelli reduced. Thorax: tarsal claws bifid; female frenulum with three bristles; prothoracic leg lacking scent pockets. Wings: males 13 to 17 mm, females 16 to 18 mm; accessory cell absent; forewing with round apex, ground color being a mix of white, brown, and gray; hindwing plain gray. Abdomen: caudal tuft present in males. Male terminalia (Figure 8F): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite heavily sclerotized, V-shaped. Uncus square shaped with lateral, dorsal lobes, crown-like appearance; socii strongly upcurved or bent arms; valvae basally very narrow and distally very wide, ventral part have a small setose lobe; costa with a hook-like apical tooth; costulae absent; SSO absent; juxta square shaped. Aedeagus short, wide at base, apex denticulate; vesica with a single, long cornutus; deciduous cornuti absent. Female terminalia (Figure 9G): eighth tergite with lateral prominences; anterior apophyses short; ductus bursae short and tubular, sclerotized; corpus bursae ovoid; posterior apophyses long and thin; papillae anales membranous.</p><p>Diagnosis. Absence of the accessory cell on the forewing, male antennae bipectinate to near the apex, the distally widened valvae with an apical tooth and the large and specific position of the signum in the corpus bursae are in combination, unique to this monotypic genus.</p><p>Comments. According to Miller et al. (2021)  Notela jaliscana shows two wing pattern phenotypes: the first has a long, sinuate black forewing streak (from the base along the anal fold, and upward to the outer margin). This streak is absent in the second form, which we figure (Fig. 3D). The frenulum number in females varied on the specimens from the CNIN-UNAM, some had two, one or three bristles.</p><p>Distribution. Southwestern USA and Mexico.</p><p>Species included (1).</p><p>Notela jaliscana Schaus, 1901 *</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFE09939FF38B9E6FD9BFA9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE0993EFF38BD2DFD8AFD45.text	03F387A1FFE0993EFF38BD2DFD8AFD45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notoplusia Schaus 1901	<div><p>28.  NOTOPLUSIA SCHAUS, 1901</p><p>Notoplusia Schaus, 1901 . Type species:  Phalaena clara Stoll, 1780, in Cramer. Pap. Exot. 4: 43 pi 311 Fig</p><p>Adults. (Figure 3E, 11F) Head: male antennae pectinated to basal half; antennal tufts absent; female antennae simple ciliate; ocelli absent; third segment of labial palpus short. Thorax: tarsal claws bifid; male prothoracic leg lacks scent organ (however  N. clara has a tibia scent pocket according to Weller (1989)). Wings: males 36 to 42 mm, females 42 to 46 mm; forewing with accessory cell present, hindwing with Sc-Rs connate. Forewing coloration light to dark brown with 1–2 large white triangles or green hourglass marking. Abdomen: caudal tuft prominent. Male terminalia (Figure 7C, 8H): eighth tergite with large midplate; eighth sternite plain. Valvae with SSO present with long hair-like scales, sometimes reduced; saccular base varying from compact to elongate; weak midvalve sclerotization; costa membranous with a sinuous tip. Uncus simple with a curved tip with long setae, sometimes a membranous dorsal projection present; socii upturned with a snake fang-like shape; a ribbon of sclerotization extending to juxta; juxta shallowly concave, fused to base of sacculus, costulae present. Aedeagus long and thin, callosum foot-like; distiphallus slightly to extremely curved. Female terminalia: Eighth tergite wishbone shaped, lacking ornamentation; eighth sternite with lateral patches of setae on rounded prominences; papillae anales highly modified, ovipositor lobes flattened with stout, short, curved setae covering surface, long slender setae from periphery; posterior and anterior apophyses short and stout; ostium bursae wide or half-length of sternite; lamella antevaginalis thick, heavily sclerotized and M-shaped. Ductus bursae sclerotized and dorso-ventrally flattened. Corpus bursae with shield strongly or weakly sclerotized; a pair of signum present; ductus seminalis arising from right-hand, caudal edge of shield.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Notoplusia can be easily recognized due to the large and bright white triangles present on the forewing. The female genitalia with setose and bulbouse papillae anales distinguish this genus. In male genitalia the thin and setose tip of the uncus with particularly large setae, and the fang-like shape of the socii are diagnostic.</p><p>Comments.  Notoplusia means a gold or rich mark, it probably refers to the white forewing scales (Weller 1989). In some noctuids, females with similar ovipositor setae use accessory gland secretions to glue sawdust into a protective case for the eggs. Similar female ovipositor morphology occurs in  Lyricinus xylophasioides (Weller 1989) . Female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1989).</p><p>Distribution. From Costa Rica to South Brazil.</p><p>Species included (5).</p><p>Notoplusia clara (Stall, 1780) *</p><p>Notoplusia flavodiscata (Dognin,1911)</p><p>Notoplusia joanna Thiaucourt, 1995</p><p>Notoplusia marchiana Schaus, 1928</p><p>Notoplusia minuta (Druce, 1900)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFE0993EFF38BD2DFD8AFD45	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE7993FFF38BB12FDC4FA51.text	03F387A1FFE7993FFF38BB12FDC4FA51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nycterotis Felder & Felder 1874	<div><p>29.  NYCTEROTIS FELDER, 1874</p><p>Nycterotis Felder, 1874, in Felder and Rogenhofer, Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde, Zoologisher Theil, Band 2, Abtheilung 2,  Lepidoptera, Heft 4. Type species:  Nycterotis poecila Felder, 1874 .</p><p>Adults. (Figure 3F, 11G) Head: male antennae bipectinated beyond basal half, rarely ciliate, female simple filiform; antennal tuft present; ocelli reduced, third segment of labial palpi short. Thorax: male prothoracic leg lacks scent pocket; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 46 to 50 mm; very variable, many species with ground color pale yellow, others darkly mottled brown, often with lengthwise striations and lines giving wings a wooden appearance, tornal and basal markings occasional, hindwing light brown. Abdomen: brown with small caudal tuft. Male terminalia (Figure 7D): eighth tergite with midplate, eighth sternite with two long apodemes with leaf-like shape; uncus short and laterally compressed, beak shaped, some species bifid; socii short, strongly upcurved; vinculum and tegumen upright, relatively narrow; valvae usually broad, with a large, sclerotized, quadrate dorsal part with various spines and protrusions, these being asymmetrical, valvae often membranous basally; costulae quite variable, some species have long and thin costulae that are acute at their apices, others short and broad, truncated (in some species asymmetrical with teeth); SSO absent; juxta ovoid; aedeagus short, base flanged, apex with a pair of irregular processes. Female terminalia: eighth tergite heavily sclerotized with a mesial notch on posterior margin; anterior apophyses long and thin, sinuate; ostium wide; eighth sternite with horn-like lateral processes; ductus bursae long and lightly sclerotized, narrow at its base, S-shaped in distal part; ductus seminalis arising from base of ductus bursae near ostium; corpus bursae small, ovoid, with a single tiny signum; posterior apophyses long and thin, straight; papillae anales small and membranous.</p><p>Diagnosis. Some species can be recognized due to the large antennal tuft, the mottled brown and gray wing pattern with the gray oval at the tornus. However, this is one of the most diverse genera of  Nystaleinae and contains a great deal of variation. A character that is likely uniform in the genus is the shape of the eighth sternite (V shape due to the large sclerotized apodemes), and the presence of the costulae. Male genitalia are also often asymmetrical which is unusual in  Nystaleinae .</p><p>Comments. Many species are very similar, and genitalia dissections are needed for identification. Hostplants include different species belonging to the  Fabaceae family, especially  Inga sp. and  Lonchocarpus sp. (ACG database). Thiaucourt (2008) illustrates several female and male genitalia, as does Becker (2020).</p><p>Distribution. USA to Argentina.</p><p>Species included (41).</p><p>Nycterotis anapiesma (Weller, 1991)</p><p>Nycterotis ankistron (Weller, 199l)</p><p>Nycterotis apostatica (Dyar, 1914)</p><p>Nycterotis aroata (Schaus, 1901)</p><p>Nycterotis balcazari Becker, 2020</p><p>Nycterotis chaconi Becker, 2020</p><p>Nycterotis colimata (Dyar, 1925)</p><p>Nycterotis densissima (Dyar,1914)</p><p>Nycterotis dognini (Draudt, 1932)</p><p>Nycterotis drechseli (Thiaucourt, 2008)</p><p>Nycterotis eminens (Schaus, 1920)</p><p>Nycterotis guanay (Thiaucourt, 2008)</p><p>Nycterotis inexpectata (Thiaucourt, 2008)</p><p>Nycterotis jacobensis (Thiaucourt, 2008)</p><p>Nycterotis jamaicensis (Thiaucourt, 2008)</p><p>Nycterotis lavana (Dognin, 1908)</p><p>Nycterotis lignicolor (Möschler, l877)</p><p>Nycterotis limbata (Dognin, 1901)</p><p>Nycterotis lineata Becker, 2020</p><p>Nycterotis lucia (Schaus, 1901)</p><p>Nycterotis lupia (Druce, 1887)</p><p>Nycterotis marginalis (Thiaucourt, 2008)</p><p>Nycterotis maya (Thiaucourt, 2008)</p><p>Nycterotis melites (Schaus, 1939)</p><p>Nycterotis montana (Thiaucourt, 2008)</p><p>Nycterotis noelia Becker, 2020</p><p>Nycterotis obscura (Dognin, 1911)</p><p>Nycterotis poecila Felder, 1874 *</p><p>Nycterotis roberta (Dyar,1909)</p><p>Nycterotis roura (Thiaucourt, 2008)</p><p>Nycterotis rhudarioides Becker, 2018</p><p>Nycterotis russula (Dognin, 1909)</p><p>Nycterotis seriata (Druce,1887)</p><p>Nycterotis sinistra (Weller, 1991)</p><p>Nycterotis sirena Thiaucourt &amp; Chacón, 2013</p><p>Nycterotis smithsoni (Weller, 1991)</p><p>Nycterotis typhon (Draudt, 1932)</p><p>Nycterotis valta (Schaus, 1901)</p><p>Nycterotis wellerae (Thiaucourt, 2008)</p><p>Nycterotis xylinoides (Walker, 1866)</p><p>Nycterotis wellingi (Thiaucourt, 1975)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFE7993FFF38BB12FDC4FA51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE6993DFF38BE66FDC9FB71.text	03F387A1FFE6993DFF38BE66FDC9FB71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nystalea GUENEE 1852	<div><p>30.  NYSTALEA GUENÉE, 1852</p><p>Nystalea Guenée, 1852; in Boisduval and Guenée: 122. Type-species:  Nystalea conchyfera Guenée, 1852 (=  Nystalea ebalae (Stoll)) . Hist. nat. Ins. 6: 122.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 3G, 11H) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts present; third segment of labial palpi short; ocelli reduced. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with triple scent pocket, tarsal claws bifid with lobe. Wings: males 20 to 70 mm, females 54 to 70 mm; color pattern variable; forewing elongate and narrow with accessory cell present, hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Fig. 7E, 8I): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with M-shaped antecosta and many with a caudal edge (but see Chacon et al. 2022 for variation). Valve with SSO well-developed; costa membranous with different processes at the apex; uncus thin and large paddle-like shape with a divided base; costulae present (species-specific); socii sclerotized elongate or bulbous; aedeagus with a callosum; anterior end of aedeagus broad, distal portion expanded, much wider than middle, vesica tends to be bulbous, deciduous caltrop-shape cornuti are present. Female terminalia: Papillae anales membranous with long setae from periphery; posterior apophyses long and straplike. Eighth tergite caudal edge wishbone shaped; anterior apophyses long. Eighth sternite usually with a pair of lateral projections; ostium bursae wide and sometimes M-shaped. Ductus bursae membranous or well sclerotized and usually dorso-ventrally flattened. Corpus bursaesometimes with sclerotized shield; one or two signa present; ductus seminalis arising from dorsal, caudal area of corpus bursae.</p><p>Diagnosis: Among  Nystaleinae,  Nystalea are some of the largest moths in the group and highly noctuid-like in shape and pattern. The fingerlike apical projection of the uncus with a bilobed base, as well as the triple scent pocket on the prothoracic leg are largely diagnostic, but this is a diverse genus with substantial variation.</p><p>Comments.  Nystalea was originally described in the  Noctuidae, Möschler (1878) placed it in the  Notodontidae . Sometimes the aedeagus is fused to the anellar ring and must be cut out to be examined.  Nystalea means drowsy or sleepy and probably refers to the usually brown, monotonous coloration of the wings in collections (Weller 1989). This genus is the largest of the subfamily, specimens are common in field work and collections. Costa Rican species were revised by Chacon et al. (2022).</p><p>Distribution. From USA to Argentina.</p><p>Species included (66)</p><p>Nystalea aequipars Walker, 1858</p><p>Nystalea amatura Schaus, 1928</p><p>Nystalea analeptris Draudt, 1934</p><p>Nystalea anamariamongeae Chacón, 2022</p><p>Nystalea arimathea Schaus, 1923</p><p>Nystalea aurachaconae Chacón, 2022</p><p>Nystalea billalleni Chacón, 2022</p><p>Nystalea brookejarvisae Chacón, 2022</p><p>Nystalea caranavi Thiaucourt, 2003</p><p>Nystalea clotho Thiaucourt, 2003</p><p>Nystalea collaris Schaus, 1910</p><p>Nystalea corniculans Weller, 1990</p><p>Nystalea corusca Schaus, 1904</p><p>Nystalea dahni Schaus, 1939</p><p>Nystalea difficilis Draudt, 1932</p><p>Nystalea discalis Schaus, 1910</p><p>Nystalea dognini Thiaucourt, 2010</p><p>Nystalea ebalea (Stoll, 1780) *</p><p>Nystalea erikabjerstromae Chacón, 2022</p><p>Nystalea eutalanta Dyar, 1921</p><p>Nystalea gustavoinduni Chacón, 2022</p><p>Nystalea guzmani Schaus, 1910</p><p>Nystalea henrikekmani Chacón, 2022</p><p>Nystalea idonea Walker, 1858</p><p>Nystalea inchoans Walker, 1857</p><p>Nystalea indiana Grate, 1884</p><p>Nystalea intichaconi Chacón, 2022</p><p>Nystalea jeremyhancei Chacón, 2022</p><p>Nystalea joanna (Schaus,1905)</p><p>Nystalea julitha Schaus, 1928</p><p>Nystalea kayei Schaus, 1904</p><p>Nystalea lineiplena Walker, 1857</p><p>Nystalea lorettafayecooperae Chacón, 2022</p><p>Nystalea malga Schaus, 1904</p><p>Nystalea mailyngonzalezae Chacón, 2022</p><p>Nystalea marmorea Schaus, 1901</p><p>Nystalea marona Schaus, 1905</p><p>Nystalea montana Weller, 1990</p><p>Nystalea multiplex Dognin, 1909</p><p>Nystalea nigritorquata Dognin, 1900</p><p>Nystalea nyseus (Cramer, 1775)</p><p>Nystalea nystalina (Draudt, 1932)</p><p>Nystalea ocellata Rothschild, 1917</p><p>Nystalea paranensis Thiaucourt, 2010</p><p>Nystalea parsoni Schaus, 1928</p><p>Nystalea phildevriesi Chacón, 2022</p><p>Nystalea pichincha Thiaucourt, 2010</p><p>Nystalea porgana Schaus, 1905</p><p>Nystalea postpuncta Schaus, 1920</p><p>Nystalea robertpuschendorfi Chacón, 2022</p><p>Nystalea romanmacayai Chacón, 2022</p><p>Nystalea roxanamadrigalae Chacón, 2022</p><p>Nystalea scintillans Draudt, 1932</p><p>Nystalea sylvieduranae Chacón, 2022</p><p>Nystalea sequora Schaus, 1905</p><p>Nystalea severina (Schaus, 1928)</p><p>Nystalea similis (Draudt, 1933)</p><p>Nystalea spatularis Thiaucourt, 2003</p><p>Nystalea spinalis Thiaucourt, 2003</p><p>Nystalea squamosa Butler, 1879</p><p>Nystalea striata Schaus, 1910</p><p>Nystalea superciliosa Guenee, 1852</p><p>Nystalea torbjornekremi Chacón, 2022</p><p>Nystalea unguicularis Thiaucourt, 2003</p><p>Nystalea virgula Felder, 1874</p><p>Nystalea zeuzeroides Rothschild, 1917</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFE6993DFF38BE66FDC9FB71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE49932FF38BD46FDD1FE65.text	03F387A1FFE49932FF38BD46FDD1FE65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phedosia MOSCHLER 1878	<div><p>31.  PHEDOSIA MÖSCHLER, 1878</p><p>Phedosia Möschler, 1878 . Type species:  Phedosia turbida Möschler, 1878 . ibid.27: 691.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 3H) Head: male and female antennae filiform; third segment of male labial palpi very short, that of female longer; antennal tufts present and very long. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with single scent pocket. Wings: males 39 mm, females 50 cm; coloration sometimes sexually dimorphic; forewing with accessory cell present, hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Abdomen: male second tergite with enlarged pleural area and associated hairlike androconia on caudal edge; third sternite with peniculus on caudal edges. Male terminalia (Figure 7F): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with antecosta weakly to strongly M-shaped, lateral areas with species-specific elaborations. SSO compact and well developed; valvae thin and large; costa a sclerotized rod with enlarged, paddle-like, distal tip. Uncus either slightly or greatly bifid with tip membranous, long setae below; socii sclerotized, fang-like shape or species specific. Costulae absent; juxta triangular. Aedeagus callosum foot-like; distiphallus slender, curved ventrally in  P. turbida; vesica membranous with a small smooth sclerotized patch, projecting ventrally in  P. turbida . Female terminalia: Papillae anales membranous with long and short setae; posterior apophyses long and slender; eighth tergite broad; anterior apophyses slender, variable length; eighth sternite caudal edge rounded with a central doublet of small prominences; ostium bursae wide or narrow; ductus bursae sclerotized and dorso-ventrally flattened; narrow and long or wide and short; corpus bursae with sclerotized areas giving rise to internal ridges with saw-toothed edges.</p><p>Diagnosis. The antennal tufts of these species are remarkably long. The male valvae have a unique costa with a paddle-like distal tip. Females have saw-toothed ridges within their corpus bursae (Weller, 1989). Females have a longer third labial palpus segment than those of males.</p><p>Comments.  Phedosia means brown or dusky and refers to the wing coloration (Weller 1989). Female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1989).</p><p>Distribution. From Costa Rica to Brazil.</p><p>Species included (3).</p><p>Phedosia lecourti Thiaucourt, 1993</p><p>Phedosia turbida Möschler, 1878 *</p><p>Phedosia vallensis Thiaucourt, 1993</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFE49932FF38BD46FDD1FE65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFEB9932FF38BA72FDE4F963.text	03F387A1FFEB9932FF38BA72FDE4F963.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyllopalpia DRAUDT 1932	<div><p>32.  PHYLLOPALPIA DRAUDT, 1932</p><p>Phyllopalpia Draudt 1932 . In Seitz, Der Gross Schmett d‘Erde 6: 939. Type species:  Phyllopalpia triangulum Draudt 1932 . Ibidem 6: 939.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 3I, 11A) Head: male antennae bipectinated to basal half, female antennae filiform; antennal tufts present; male third segment of labial palpus small. Thorax: scent pocket absent on male prothoracic leg. Wings: males 22 mm, females 30 to 34 mm; forewing with areole present, hindwing with Sc-Rs short stalked. Forewing pattern with two white patches on the discal cell (similar to those found on  Didugua, but wings with paler mesal regions than  Didugua). Male terminalia (Figure 7G): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with antecosta Mshaped, with a tapered shape and sinuous ridges, caudal edge modified into paired, triangular, lobes. SSO absent, uncus with a flat prominence with slightly notched tip and a ventral membranous projection in  P. marcella, or with a rounded tip in  P. triangulum; base square with lateral ridges; sclerotized socii with a toothed flange (fang shaped); costulae absent but costal base of valvae with sclerotized projection.Aedeagus small and long with callosum footlike. Female terminalia: Papillae anales membranous with long setae on outer half; posterior apophyses very long. Eighth tergite with a thin band lacking ornamentation; anterior apophyses long and slender. Eighth sternite with small, lateral prominences and a pair of midventral, rounded prominences; with a midventral desclerotization; ostium bursae wide, lamellae antevaginalis unornamented. Ductus bursae upper fourth weakly sclerotized, remainder a membranous tube; corpus bursae membranous with a small signum.</p><p>Diagnosis. Species can be recognized by the combination of the white patches present near the discal cell on the forewing, the long antennal tuft, the short third segment of the labial palpi, and the bipectinated antennae to basal half in males.</p><p>Comments.  Phyllopalpia means flat and leaf-like palpus (Weller 1989). Species habitus resembles some  Calledema,  Ankale or even  Lepasta and  Didugua species. Brushing male terminalia to view the VIII sternite’s caudal edge is sometimes helpful. We have doubts about the monophyly of this genus. A complete and thorough revision is necessary.</p><p>Distribution. From Costa Rica to Paraguay.</p><p>Species included (6).</p><p>Phyllopalpia asaphina (Schaus, 1939)</p><p>Phyllopalpia branda (Schaus, 1928)</p><p>Phyllopalpia maltha (Schaus, 1905)</p><p>Phyllopalpia marcella (Schaus, 1911)</p><p>Phyllopalpia triangulum Draudt, 1932 *</p><p>Phyllopalpia viridis (Schaus, 1905)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFEB9932FF38BA72FDE4F963	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFEB9933FF38BF78FD14F92D.text	03F387A1FFEB9933FF38BF78FD14F92D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Poresta SCHAUS 1901	<div><p>33.  PORESTA SCHAUS, 1901</p><p>Poresta Schaus 1901 . Trans. ent. Soc. Lond.: 277. Type species:  Edema lanassa Druce, 1890 . Proc. zool. Soc.: 509.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 3J, 11I) Head: male and female antennae filiform; antennal tufts present; third segment of male and female labial palpi long. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with double scent pocket (rarely single). Wings: males 34 to 40 mm, females 40 to 44 mm; forewing with accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Figure 7H): eighth tergite with midplate; antecosta of eighth sternite m-shaped or nearly curved; caudal margin usually indented and with hair-like androconia. Valvae with SSO well-developed somewhat squared saccularly; costa is a sclerotized rod that extends nearly to valve edge. Uncus with a characteristic shape, triangular ending distally in a membranous, setose apex; socii flattened, short and sclerotized. Costulae present, shape fingerlike; juxta usually flat and oval or slightly concave and triangular.Aedeagus callosum foot-like, distiphallus often curved, slightly enlarged distally, lacking ornamentation; vesica with deciduous cornuti. Female terminalia: Papillae anales membranous with long and short setae; posterior apophyses long and narrow. Eighth tergite caudal edge straight or with pronounced, setose lateral prominences; anterior apophyses long and narrow. Eighth sternite caudal edge with a bifid midventral prominence; ostium bursae wide; edge a U or V shape. Ductus bursae-sclerotized, dorso-ventrally flattened. Corpus bursae membranous, with sclerotized shield having one or more invaginations; one signum present.</p><p>Diagnosis. The presence of a tripartite uncus and the fingerlike costulae can be found in the three species of the genus. Forewing color pattern usually with a large amount of white or grey overlaid on green, which gives a silvery or lichenous appearance to the moths (Weller 1989), species that we transfer to this genus (below) are darker overall but bear otherwise similar maculation and markings, most notably the greenish ground color and the triangular white spot near the discal cell. Sexual dimorphism is somewhat noticeable in this genus as well with female white markings being larger.</p><p>Comments. Sexual dimorphism can be found in the wing pattern of  P. lanassa, females have a green ground color with a white spot near the discal cell while males have a yellow transverse line intersecting this spot, the line extends from the base to apex of the wing. Host plant records include  Callichlamys latifolia ( Bignoniaceae) (ACG database). Another species, formerly placed in this genus, is transferred below to a new genus,  Pseudhippia gen. n. (see section at the end). The other two species of  Poresta are less variable, but still have some degree of sexual dimorphism, particularly in the size of the white discal marking which is larger in females.</p><p>As part of our review of all genera of  Nystaleinae, it became immediately clear that two species, one each currently classified in  Didugua and  Gopha, belong instead to  Poresta . The first of these,  Poresta albipuncta (Schaus),  comb. n. is transferred from  Didugua to  Poresta after our examination of the female lectotype and a series of corresponding males and a female from the USNM. Male genitalia in particular, display the characteristic uncus shape, fingerlike costulae, and flattened socii seen in  P. lanassa, differing primarily in terminally narrower valvae. Externally,  P. albipuncta is less variable than  P. lanassa, and shows darker coloration overall with a more obvious, and distinct white marking on the forewing.  Poresta albipuncta comb. n. is extremely similar to the other species that we transfer to  Poresta:  P. niveigutta (Schaus),  comb. n. . We examined the male lectotype of  P. niveigutta in the USNM, and while we were unable to dissect it, it is remarkably similar to males of  P. albipuncta, so much so that we originally considered that both names may be synonymous. However, given that  P. niveigutta was described from French Guiana and  P. albipuncta from São Paulo, Brazil, they potentially represent distinct species and we decline synonymy until genitalia of both can be compared. Nonetheless,  Poresta is the most appropriate generic placement for both of these species given the available external data we have for both species and the male genitalia of  P. albipuncta .</p><p>Distribution. Costa Rica, Panamá, and throughout much of South America.</p><p>Species included (3).</p><p>Poresta albipuncta (Schaus, 1901),  comb. n.</p><p>Poresta lanassa (Druce, 1890) *</p><p>Poresta niveigutta Schaus, 1905,  comb. n.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFEB9933FF38BF78FD14F92D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFEA9930FF38BEBAFDF0FD31.text	03F387A1FFEA9930FF38BEBAFDF0FD31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhetesa BECKER 2014	<div><p>34.  RHETESA BECKER, 2014</p><p>Rhetesa Becker, 2014: 27 . Type-species:  Dasylophia franzina Schaus, 1901</p><p>Adults. (Figure 3K) Head: male antennae bipectinated nearly to tip, female simple filiform; antennal tuft present, third segment of labial palpi short. Thorax: male prothoracic leg without scent pocket; claws bifid. Wings: male 35 to 40 mm, females 40 to 45 mm; forewing with accessory cell present; forewing pattern dark fuscous and mottled brown, a single dark spot on the discal cell, anal margin with a dark brown line; hindwing simple white. Abdomen: bears a pair long scale tufts distally making the abdomen look bifurcate. Male terminalia (Figure 7I): eighth sternite and tergite with a pair of sclerotized apodemes, uncus short and tip shaped; socii apparently absent; SSO absent; costulae absent; valvae very broad, almost as broad as long with no ornamentations, squared juxta; aedeagus long and thin with a process on the apex; vesica with deciduous cornuti.</p><p>Diagnosis. The genus can be recognized by the absence of the socii and the sclerotized apodemes found on the eighth tergite and sternite and the broad triangular valvae.</p><p>Comments. When originally described, the genus was said to be restricted to the cooler, southern regions of Brazil (Becker 2014), but the USNM has specimens also from the arid Cerrado and Bolivia.  Rhetesa abbreviata (Schaus) and  R. franzina are very similar in their habitus, though  R. abbreviata is slightly larger and lighter overall.</p><p>Distribution. Brazil and Bolivia.</p><p>Species included (2).</p><p>Rhetesa abbreviata (Schaus, 1901)</p><p>Rhetesa franzina (Schaus, 1901) *</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFEA9930FF38BEBAFDF0FD31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE99930FF38BA86FDFEF8F3.text	03F387A1FFE99930FF38BA86FDFEF8F3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scevesia DYAR 1916	<div><p>35.  SCEVESIA DYAR, 1916</p><p>Scevesia 
Dyar, 1916,  Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 51: 22. Type species:  Scevesia broidricci Dyar, 1916</p><p>Adults. (Figure 3L) Head: male antennae bipectinate, female antennae filiform; antennal tuft absent; third segment of labial palpi short; ocelli absent. Thorax: tarsal claws bifid, prothoracic scent organ absent. Wings: males 38 to 47mm, females 41to 47 mm. Forewing ground color glossy light gray; accessory cell absent. Hind wing ground color white. Abdomen: caudal tuft present. Male terminalia (Figure 8E): eighth sternite V shaped with a long process at base; eighth tergite with midplate; uncus short and narrow, apex truncate; socii short, upturned; valval costa heavily sclerotized and distally broadened with a series of spines; SSO absent; costulae absent; juxta a tiny, inverted triangle; aedeagus short, bearing an elongate horn-like process mesally and two smaller processes (sword handle shaped); cornuti absent. Female terminalia: eighth tergite simple; anterior apophyses long; ostium narrow; ductus bursae sclerotized only near ostium; corpus bursae oval-shaped, with a thin signum laterally near base; posterior apophyses long, and thin; papillae anales membranous (clam-shaped).</p><p>Diagnosis.  Scevesia can be identified by the eighth tergite with a long central process at the base, the large, broad valvae which are narrow at the bottom and wide distally with a hooked apical process distad from a heavily sclerotized costa, as well as by the square, sword-handle shape of the aedeagus.</p><p>Comments. Both  Haxairella Thiaucourt, 2004 and  Narriocampa Thiaucourt, 1981 were recently placed in synonymy with Scecvesia (St Laurent et al. in press). Becker (2014) incorrectly synonymized  Narriocampa with  Ginaldia Schaus and treated both it and  Haxairella as heterocampines. Genitalia of the rarely collected species described by Thiaucourt can be found in Thiaucourt (1981, 2004). Recent phylogenomic evidence fully supports the transfer of  Scevesia to  Nystaleinae from  Periergosinae as was the placement in Miller et al. (2018). Likewise, this phylogenetic information shows that  Scevesia forms a close relationship with  Dunama, another previously difficultto-place taxon. We note similarities in the aedeagus shape to some species of  Dasylophia . The larvae of  Scevesia and  Dunama are quite similar, being some of the only  Nystaleinae s.s. larvae bearing prominent setae.</p><p>Distribution. USA to Ecuador.</p><p>Species included (5).</p><p>Scevesia anisa (Thiaucourt, 2004)</p><p>Scevesia angustiora Barnes and McDunnough, 1910</p><p>Scevesia broidricci Dyar, 1916 *</p><p>Scevesia carita (Thiaucourt, 2004)</p><p>Scevesia grisea (Thiaucourt, 1981)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFE99930FF38BA86FDFEF8F3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE89931FF38B8C7FD13FCBD.text	03F387A1FFE89931FF38B8C7FD13FCBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stragulodonta BECKER 2021	<div><p>36.  STRAGULODONTA BECKER, 2021</p><p>Strangulodonta Becker, 2021. Type species:  Stragulodonta stragula (Möschler, 1883) . Möschler, 1883: 342.</p><p>Adults. Head: male and female antennae pectinate; antennal tuft absent; third segment of labial palpi long. Thorax: forewing ground color olivaceous; black lunule on discal cell, followed by paler region; postmedial area with double band inner lighter than outer, distal edge wavy. Hindwing dark grey. Abdomen: dark gray, with a band from the second segment to tip. Male terminalia: eighth tergite simple, eight sternite with midplate; SSO reduced; uncus long with a round head (crown shape); socii thin and fang-shaped; juxta squared; costulae present; costa membranous. Aedeagus short, curved and thick, with a blunt apical process.</p><p>Diagnosis. The combination of pectinate antennae in both sexes with the lunular mark at end of cell is unique in the New World  Notodontidae (Becker 2021a) . The large and curved arms of the socii as well as the lateral blunt process of the aedeagus help differentiate the genus.</p><p>Comments. Description of the genus, and genitalia pictures can be found in Becker (2021a), we were unable to examine this genus.</p><p>Distribution. South America.</p><p>Species included (1).</p><p>Stragulodonta stragula (Möschler, 1883) *</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFE89931FF38B8C7FD13FCBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE89936FF38BB0BFD33FED1.text	03F387A1FFE89936FF38BB0BFD33FED1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Strophocerus MOSCHLER 1883	<div><p>37.  STROPHOCERUS MÖSCHLER, 1883</p><p>Strophocerus Möschler, 1882 . Verhandl. zool.- bot. Ges. Wien 32: 344. Type species:  Strophocerus flocciferus Möschler, 1882 . ibid.: 32: 345.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 3M, 11J) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts present; third segment of labial palpi long; ocelli present. Thorax: male prothoracic leg without scent pocket; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 36 to 52 mm, females 42 to 54 mm; color pattern variable consisting of sharp geometric shapes, forewing falcate; accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Figure 7J): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with M-shaped antecosta, caudal edge with lateral prominences. Valvae with SSO developed; midvalve sclerotization present; sclerotized portion of costal edge thin, extending nearly to apex; apex membranous with curved, stout setae regularly spaced along edge. Uncus often square and slightly bifid, socii sclerotized and variously shaped; modified transtilla with two pronounced curved apodemes; costulae usually absent; juxta flattened or slightly concave. Aedeagus long, a curved and thin, vesica with deciduous cornuti, base with a Y form, however we note considerable variation in male  Strophocerus genitalia. Female terminalia: Papillae anales membranous or lightly sclerotized; long setae from periphery; posterior apophyses long. Eighth tergite usually with long setae, shape variable; anterior apophyses variable in length. Eight sternite with small lateral prominences present or absent; ostium bursae moderately wide. Ductus bursae sclerotized and dorso-ventrally flattened. Corpus bursae membranous with small dorsal, sclerotized shield that gives rise internally to ridges; one signum present.</p><p>Diagnosis. These are large moths with vivid colors (pinks, greys, creams, and browns arranged in triangular patterns or forming contrasting borders).  Strophocerus can be recognized due to the particularly modified transtilla with large apodemes.</p><p>Comments.  Strophocerus means twisted antennae (Weller 1989). Recorded host plants include  Hirtella racemosa ( Chrysobalanaceae) and  Cespedesia spathulata ( Ochnaceae) (ACG database). This is another genus that needs exhaustive revision given a wide range of different genitalia structures.</p><p>Distribution. From Guatemala to Brazil.</p><p>Species included (12).</p><p>Strophocerus albonotatus (Druce, 1909)</p><p>Strophocerus chliara Draudt, 1932</p><p>Strophocerus cossoides (Schaus, 1904)</p><p>Strophocerus flocciferus Möschler, 1883 *</p><p>Strophocerus hermieri Thiaucourt, 2001</p><p>Strophocerus lecourti Thiaucourt, 1995</p><p>Strophocerus maipouri Thiaucourt, 1995</p><p>Strophocerus orbipunctatus (Dognin, 1910)</p><p>Strophocerus rectilinea (Dognin, 1908)</p><p>Strophocerus sericeus (Schaus, 1905)</p><p>Strophocerus striatus (Druce, 1909)</p><p>Strophocerus thermesius (Felder, 1870)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFE89936FF38BB0BFD33FED1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFEF9936FF38B9E6FDDCF81A.text	03F387A1FFEF9936FF38B9E6FDDCF81A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Symmerista HUBNER 1821	<div><p>38.  SYMMERISTA HÜBNER, 1821</p><p>Symmerista Hübner, [1821] Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge [sic], p. 248. Type species:  Noctua albicosta Hübner (=  Phalaena albifrons J.E. Smith) designation by Kirby 1892, A Synonymic Catalogue of  Lepidoptera Heterocera (moths), 1: 572.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 4A, 11K) Head: male antennae bipectinate to basal half, female antennae simple filiform; antennal tuft reduced; third segment of labial palpi short; haustellum reduced; ocelli absent. Thorax: tarsal claws bifid; male prothoracic leg without scent pocket. Wings: forewing ground color gray, a silvery white subcostal stripe extending from antemedial line to apex. Posterior margin of stripe with a large tooth, accessory cell present. Hind wing gray or white. Abdomen: short hair-like scales and flat scales. Male terminalia (Figure 8G): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite lyre-shaped. Uncus hood-like; socii short, wide at their bases, small and flanged at their apices; costulae absent; SSO small and sclerotized densely spinulose; juxta circular. Aedeagus thick, flanged, apex with a large ventral or lateral process; vesica with cornute. Female terminalia: eighth tergite roof-like; anterior apophyses short; ostium ovoid; ductus bursae wide and sclerotized; corpus bursae round; signum usually absent; posterior apophyses long and thin; papillae anales moderate membranous.</p><p>Diagnosis. The genus can be recognized by the reduced haustellum, the configuration of the socii-uncus, and the prominent, silvery-white subcostal stripe extending from antemedial line to apex (Miller et al. 2021). Throughout most of its range in North America it cannot be confused with any other notodontid genus.</p><p>Comments. The genus shows stronger North American representation than most  Nystaleinae and also remains one of the most taxonomically challenging genera since the group appears to be undergoing rapid speciation given the recent CO1 barcode divergence (Miller et al. 2021). Genitalia figures can be found in Miller et al. (2021).</p><p>Distribution. Canada to Panamá.</p><p>Species included (20).</p><p>Symmerista albifrons (J. E. Smith, 1797) *</p><p>Symmerista aura Chacón, 2014</p><p>Symmerista bifida Thiaucourt, 2007</p><p>Symmerista caeca Thiaucourt, 2007</p><p>Symmerista canicosta Franclemont, 1946</p><p>Symmerista difficilis Draudt, 1932</p><p>Symmerista dispina Thiaucourt, 2007</p><p>Symmerista inbioi Chacón, 2014</p><p>Symmerista jalapae Draudt, 1932</p><p>Symmerista leucitys Franclemont, 1946</p><p>Symmerista luisdiegogomezi Chacón, 2014</p><p>Symmerista meridionalis Thiaucourt, 2007</p><p>Symmerista minaei Chacón, 2014</p><p>Symmerista odontomys Dyar, 1918</p><p>Symmerista paquitae Thiaucourt, 2007</p><p>Symmerista schmidti Miller, 2021</p><p>Symmerista signijicans Thiaucourt, 2007</p><p>Symmerista solistella Miller, 2021</p><p>Symmerista suavis (Barnes, 1901)</p><p>Symmerista zacualpana Draudt, 1932</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFEF9936FF38B9E6FDDCF81A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFEE9937FF38B8C7FD85F93B.text	03F387A1FFEE9937FF38B8C7FD85F93B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tachuda SCHAUS 1901	<div><p>39.  TACHUDA SCHAUS, 1901</p><p>Tachuda Schaus, 1901 . ibid.: 278. Type-species:  Lochmaeus albosigma Druce, 1887 . Biologia cent.-am. Lepid-Heterocera 1:236; 1898, ibid. 2: pi. 90, Fig. 17.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 4B, 11L) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts absent; third segment of labial palpi short; ocelli present. Thorax: male prothoracic leg without scent pocket; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 36 to 40 mm; color pattern variable, most species present a distinctive yellow circle or spot in the apex of the forewing; accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Abdomen: on first sternite with double apodemes (crown shape) (Figure 4K). Male terminalia (Figure 7K, L): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with a small, sclerotized U-shape; valvae membranous; SSO well developed. Uncus almost fused with the socii, both very short and sclerotized, similar in shape to a duck’s head. Aedeagus long and thin, vesica with deciduous cornuti, callosum foot-like.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Tachuda can be recognized by the uncus and socii combination forming a duck shape face, also the yellow or white spot found on the apex of the forewing and the double apodemes found on the second sternite. In general, though, these are rather nondescript moths and many species are quite similar.</p><p>Comments. Weller synonymized  Tachuda with  Antiopha in her thesis (1989) due to the presence of double apodemes on the second sternite. However, we consider them as separate taxa, since their habitus and terminalia are very different. Several hostplants have been recorded in Costa Rica, many of which come from  Cupania sp. ( Sapindaceae) (ACG database). Like several other genera in the subfamily, this one contains several morphologically divergent groups which suggests a species-level revision is warranted to determine the monophyly of the genus. Becker (2014) incorrectly assigned  Pseudantiora rufescens Schaus, 1905 to both  Calledema and  Tachuda, but it belongs in  Calledema and is returned accordingly here.</p><p>Distribution. From Mexico to Brazil.</p><p>Species included (18).</p><p>Tachuda albosigma (Druce, 1887) *</p><p>Tachuda bipartita (Herrich-Schäffer, 1854)</p><p>Tachuda carema (Schaus, 1905)</p><p>Tachuda discreta Schaus, 1905</p><p>Tachuda indiscreta (Dognin, 1923)</p><p>Tachuda folia (Jones, 1912)</p><p>Tachuda forfex Dognin, 1908</p><p>Tachuda laurena (Schaus,1920)</p><p>Tachuda lignea (Schaus, 1901)</p><p>Tachuda longicornis (Felder, 1874)</p><p>Tachuda lophocera (Dyar, 1914)</p><p>Tachuda nefanda Draudt, 1932</p><p>Tachuda olivescens (Dognin, 1916)</p><p>Tachuda pachydexius Forbes, 1939</p><p>Tachuda plumipes (Schaus, 1901)</p><p>Tachuda punctum Forbes, 1939</p><p>Tachuda serrata (Schaus,1920)</p><p>Tachuda stellata (Dognin, 1914)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFEE9937FF38B8C7FD85F93B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFEE9934FF38BEB0FDABFD1D.text	03F387A1FFEE9934FF38BEB0FDABFD1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tagela SCHAUS 1901	<div><p>40.  TAGELA SCHAUS, 1901</p><p>Tagela Schaus, 1901 . Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1901: 265. Type species:  Tagela dentata Schaus, 1892</p><p>Adults. (Figure 4C, 11M) Head: male antennae ciliate or finally pectinate, female antennae filiform; antennal tuft present; third segment of labial palpi short; ocelli reduced. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with scent pocket on femur; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 20 to 30 mm; color pattern brown with a woody pattern, forewings with a black spot near the discal cell, accessory cell absent. Abdomen: brown with a short caudal tuft. Presence of a peniculus on the third segment. Male terminalia (Figure 7M): Complex; eighth tergite with a midplate; eighth sternite with two long and curved apodemes; valvae thin and membranous; SSO well developed; uncus small and simple; tegumen thick with an inverted triangle shape; the socii are large resembling antlers; costulae absent; juxta apparently absent. Aedeagus short and robust, with four subterminal lateral bumps, two on each side. Female terminalia (Figure 9C): anterior apophysis long; posterior apophysis short; ductus bursae membranous; corpus bursae bean shaped; signum absent; papillae anales sclerotized with long setae; ostium sclerotized midplate.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Tagela can be recognized due to the forewing pattern with the “eye-like” spots, the unique shape of the socii (large antlers) and the presence of a peniculus.</p><p>Distribution. From Guatemala to Brazil.</p><p>Species included (5).</p><p>Tagela dentata (Schaus, 1892) *</p><p>Tagela disjuncta (Dognin, 1892)</p><p>Tagela moinieri (Thiaucourt, 1988)</p><p>Tagela cayuga Schaus, 1920</p><p>Tagela nigella (Dognin, 1911)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFEE9934FF38BEB0FDABFD1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFED9934FF38BAAAFD84F8A9.text	03F387A1FFED9934FF38BAAAFD84F8A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tlotzinia BECKER 2014	<div><p>41.  TLOTZINIA BECKER, 2014</p><p>Tlotzinia Becker, 2014: 28 . Type species:  Tlotzinia tlotzin Schaus, 1892 . p.332.</p><p>Adults. (Figure 4D) Head: male antennae strongly pectinated to basal half, female antennae simple; antennal tufts absent; third segment of labial palpi short; ocelli reduced. Thorax: male prothoracic leg without scent pocket; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 15 to 20 mm; color pattern brown with a wooden pattern, forewings with antemedial band, medial line and postmedial lines with a double band lightly bent outwards defined by two black parallel lines; accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Figure 7N): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with a single median depression and two sclerotized small projections; valvae long and thin, densely clothed in long and slender setae, SSO well developed; uncus thin and long with an acute and setose apex, each socius with two thin projections; costulae absent. Aedeagus robust with two subterminal lateral bumps, caltrop cornuti present, callosum present. Female terminalia: eighth tergite plain; eighth sternite with lateral prominences; papillae anales small and membranous, roughly ovoid with elongated dorsal setae; posterior apophyses short; anterior apophysis long; signum present; ostium sclerotized, wide, funnel shape; ductus bursae short; corpus bursae wide and long.</p><p>Diagnosis. The genus has an unmistakable habitus, with contrasting black wavy lines, spanning the forewing from costa to anal margin. Also, the character combination of basally pectinated antennae, no antennal tufts, short third segment of labial palpi, the hairy valvae, and the two lateral bumps on the aedeagus are unique to this genus.</p><p>Comments. The type species was described on a female specimen. Thiaucourt (2007) placed members of this genus as incertae sedis. Chacón et al. (2014) assigned  tlotzin to  Elymiotis, but Becker (2014) created a new genus for it,  Tlotzinia . The etymology is a feminine epithet derived from the type-species name, a Nahuatl word and name of a Chichimeca chieftain and ruler (Mexican) (Jalpa Flores 2023). Further genitalia images of the type species can be found in Chacón et al. (2014) as well as host plant information ( Rhamnaceae,  Zizyphus guatemalensis) and larval images. Interestingly, the twig-like larvae of  Tlotzinia, which bear a pair of anterior abdominal spine-like protrusions and a caudal horn, are unlike any other in  Nystaleinae .</p><p>Distribution. From Mexico to Brazil.</p><p>Species included (2).</p><p>Tlotzinia sigea (Schaus, 1928)</p><p>Tlotzinia tlotzin (Schaus, 1892) *</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFED9934FF38BAAAFD84F8A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFED9935FF38BF31FDE9F9BD.text	03F387A1FFED9935FF38BF31FDE9F9BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xylodonta BECKER 2014	<div><p>42.  XYLODONTA BECKER, 2014</p><p>Xylodonta Becker, 2014: 28 . Type species:  Nystalea xylinata Walker, 1865: 759 .</p><p>Adults. (Figure 4E, 11N, O) Head: male antennae bipectinated until or beyond basal half, female antennae simple or bipectinated to basal half antennae; antennal tufts present; third segment of labial palpi short; ocelli reduced. Thorax: male prothoracic leg without scent pocket; very large epiphysis; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 30 to 45 mm; color pattern brown with a woody pattern; accessory cell absent; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Figure 7O): eighth tergite with midplate in most of the species; eighth sternite thick, strongly sclerotized. Distal margin of eighth sternite, in male, strongly bifurcate, each arm with serrate margins, often asymmetrical. Valvae sclerotized with SSO slightly developed; costa heavily sclerotized; the uncus is large, sclerotized hook; socii vestigial; juxta simple hexagonal shape. Aedeagus simple, with foot-like callosum. Female terminalia: eighth tergite and sternite plain; papillae anales small and membranous with short setae; posterior apophyses short; anterior apophysis short; corpus bursae sclerotized and short, corpus bursae with one signum, oval shaped.</p><p>Diagnosis. The hook-like uncus, the vestigial socii and deeply concave (often asymmetrical) eighth sternite of the male are together unique to  Xylodonta . However, this group has a wide variety of male genitalia morphology, which is clearly depicted in Becker (2021b).</p><p>Comments. The species belonging to this genus are not easy to identify as most of them show similar patterns. The species resemble those belonging to  Dasylophia, to which they were formerly associated (Becker 2021b).  Xylodonta species have some of the most heavily sclerotized eighth sternite of the subfamily, the genital capsule is usually difficult to separate from the abdomen due to the strong sclerotizaiton. Recorded hostplants for the genus include several  Fabaceae species, most of which are  Lonchocarpus sp. (ACG database).</p><p>Distribution. From Mexico to Argentina.</p><p>Species included (19).</p><p>Xylodonta andrewrusselli Chacón, 2017</p><p>Xylodonta angustipennis (Schaus, 1911)</p><p>Xylodonta billhaberi Chacón, 2017</p><p>Xylodonta castrena (Jones, 1912)</p><p>Xylodonta giffordi Becker 2021</p><p>Xylodonta guarana (Schaus, 1892)</p><p>Xylodonta inca (Schaus, 1892)</p><p>Xylodonta imitans Becker 2020</p><p>Xylodonta markvanputteni Chacón, 2017</p><p>Xylodonta mocosa (Dognin, 1895)</p><p>Xylodonta monzoni Becker, 2020</p><p>Xylodonta ochreibasis Becker 2020</p><p>Xylodonta pythia (Druce, 1894)</p><p>Xylodonta robertodelgadoi Chacón 2017</p><p>Xylodonta robusta (Jones, 1908)</p><p>Xylodonta robustoides Becker, 2020</p><p>Xylodonta rufitincta (Dyar, 1913)</p><p>Xylodonta scottmilleri Chacón, 2017</p><p>Xylodonta terrena (Schaus, 1892)</p><p>Xylodonta xylinata (Walker, 1865) *</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFED9935FF38BF31FDE9F9BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFEC992AFF38BE0AFD5DF89D.text	03F387A1FFEC992AFF38BE0AFD5DF89D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudhippia ST LAURENT & PRADA-LARA 2025	<div><p>43.  PSEUDHIPPIA ST LAURENT &amp; PRADA-LARA,  GEN. N. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E2A4BEF8-D7B7-4C17-B4E2-D32DDA00D8A8</p><p>Type species:  Poresta olivescens Schaus, 1905: 238, by present designation. Figs 12A–D, 13A, 14A–D, 15.</p><p>Description. Male: Head: Width more than half that of thorax, frons coloration light brown, eyes large, naked, occupying more than 2/3 area of head; labial palpus long, extending beyond frons, three segmented, with basal two segments more densely scaled, third segment appearing thinner; haustellum of moderate length, longer than head height, antennal scape with dense scale tuft, antennae dark brown, ciliate. Thorax: Hoary with greenish scales on prothorax otherwise mostly brown with light gray. Legs outwardly clothed in tan-brown, with darker brown scales distally. Tibial spurs thin, short, clothed in fine white scales, in formula 0-2-4. Tarsal claws bifid. No scent pockets. Wings: Forewing length 14 mm (n = 4); subtriangular, outer margin straight becoming convex along tornus, apex rounded. Forewing dorsum ground color light gray with darker greenish-brown region medially and submarginally but not near tornus. Overall wing pattern defined by contrasting white region with medial bulge toward tornus but not extending beyond lower margin of discal cell.Antemedial and postmedial lines mostly absent but faint marking may be present along anal angle near wing base, scalloped submarginal submarginal line present but faint. Discal spot absent. Forewing ventrum mostly brown, lighter submarginally with small dots between veins near apex. Hindwing without distinct markings, coloration brown. Hindwing venter as for hindwing dorsum, with black markings most well-defined near hindwing apex and at anal angle. Frenulum a single bristle. Abdomen: Clothed in brown scales with lighter gray scales near terminus. Cteniophores and peniculus absent. Eighth sternite (Fig. 13B, D) ovoid with truncated posterior margin and short points laterally. Eighth tergite rectangular, more densely sclerotized laterally, somewhat wrinkled at posterior margin. Terminalia: (Fig. 14A, C) (n = 2) Vinculum circular, otherwise nondescript. Tegumen heavily sclerotized and somewhat rectangular. Uncus narrow, heavily sclerotized with rounded tip and small ventral protrusion roughly one third distance from base. Socii heavily sclerotized and irregular in shape, appearing somewhat wrinkled and with thin edges. Gnathos absent. Valvae narrow and irregular in shape with more heavily sclerotized costa that broadens and angles downward distally, saccular margin well-sclerotized basally with fingerlike projection about midway then more membranous until apex and kinked near apex below where more heavily sclerotized costal region curves, base of valvae with setose, bulging region. Juxta a reduced. Aedeagus short and broad, widened apically and a ventral pointed projection and base forming a substantial callosum; vesica short and bag-like but filled with caltrop cornute and long spine-like cornute.</p><p>Female: Sexual dimorphism not pronounced; female slightly larger overall. Head: As for male. Thorax: As for male. Wings: Forewing length ~ 16 mm (n = 2); forewing dorsum as for male but white marking somewhat less contrasting and less well-defined on costal side. Hindwing dorsum light brown. Wing venter as in male. Frenulum with two bristles. Abdomen: As for male but with less distinct differences in scale color distally. Terminalia: (Fig 15) (n = 1) Apophyses anteriores somewhat longer than apophyses posteriores, both sets thin. Antevaginal plate rectangular with inward fold, margins with thick spine-like setae. Ductus bursae broad, as broad as antevaginal plate and leading immediately into similarly broad corpus bursae; corpus bursae thickly membraned with sharply curled centrally sclerotized region. Most of corpus bursae at least somewhat sclerotized and covered in spicules. Papillae anales with dorsal projected lobes and long setae.</p><p>Diagnosis. Similar to both  Hippia mumetes and some  Phyllopalpia species such as  P. triangulum,  P. marcella, and  P. asaphina .  Hippia is, however, easily recognized by the straight white region that runs nearly the entirety of the costal region of the forewing whereas in  Pseudhippia this region is ventrally lobed and protruded toward the tornus.  Hippia and the three mentioned  Phyllopalpia species lack the greenish scales present on the wings and thorax of  Pseudhippia . Male genitalia also differ,  Pseudhippia has the broadest and thickest aedeagus of the three genera mentioned here, as well as kinked valvae and a long narrow uncus with a ventral projection not seen in these other genera.</p><p>Etymology. The name is based on  Hippia, an externally very similar genus with which this new genus is often confused. The name is feminine.</p><p>Comments. The sole member of this new genus was originally assigned to  Poresta but is easily recognized by its diagnostic characters.  Poresta genitalia are recognizable by the squared saccular margins of the valvae and the densely pleated SSO (as is typical in many  Nystaleinae genera), which is absent in  Pseudhippia . The distal valval notch, narrow uncus with a mesal protrusion, and the broad, short aedeagus with caltrop cornuti are all unique to  Pseudhippia olivescens and as such we assign it to a new monotypic genus (for comparisons with externally similar genera, see the diagnosis). Very little has been published on this taxon other than a single synonym proposed by Thiaucourt (1987):  Lepasta elegans, later synonymized with  P. olivescens by Thiaucourt (1992).</p><p>Distribution. Amazonia, we have seen specimens or sightings from French Guiana and Suriname.</p><p>Species included (1).</p><p>Pseudhippia olivescens Schaus, 1905 *, comb. n.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFEC992AFF38BE0AFD5DF89D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFF29928FF38B8C7FD76FEA9.text	03F387A1FFF29928FF38B8C7FD76FEA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Falcicaputis St Laurent & Prada-Lara 2025	<div><p>44.  FALCICAPUTIS ST LAURENT &amp; PRADA-LARA,  GEN. N.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 92E89B34-1622-41A4-80CB-863F8A6899EA</p><p>Type species:  Falcicaputis australis St Laurent &amp; Prada-Lara, by present designation. Figs 12E–J, 13B, C, 14E–G.</p><p>Description. Male: Head: Width more than half that of thorax, frons coloration brown with erect scales protruding outward, eyes large, naked, occupying more than 2/3 area of head, labial palpus very large, first segment not extending beyond eye but second segment extending beyond apex of head, third segment less than ¼ length of second segment, scales densest and longest on second segment; haustellum of present but length not determined, antennal scape with dense scale tuft, antennae dark brown, bipectinate nearly to terminus with long widely spaced pectinations. Thorax: Light brown with darker brown scale tuft at posterior margin. Legs outwardly clothed in brown, with lighter brown scales inwardly. Tibial spurs thin, short, clothed in fine white scales, in formula 0-2- 4. Tarsal claws bifid. No scent pockets. Wings: Forewing length 11–12 mm (n = 3); subtriangular, outer margin straight becoming convex along tornus, apex rounded. Forewing dorsum ground color dark brown with both darker and lighter brown mottling throughout, especially basally and medially, light brown present. Overall wing pattern largely obscured by relatively dark ground color, most obvious markings being a wavy white or light antemedial line which is incomplete, a black apical streak that may be broken into three to five spots at vein intersections, and a bright white mark near discal cell; additional white scales may be present at wing vein intersections above and below the discal cell. Submarginal line present but faint, irregular, outwardly somewhat lighter. Forewing ventrum brown without markings. Hindwing without distinct markings except for darker splotch which may have some lighter internal scales at tornus, coloration brown. Hindwing venter as for hindwing dorsum. Frenulum a single bristle. Abdomen: Clothed in light brown scales with darker brown scales near terminus, darker scale tuft splayed. Cteniophores and peniculus absent. Eighth sternite (Fig. 14E–G, lower) truncated posteriorly and forming an elongate point anteriorly. Eighth tergite rectangular with central impression. Terminalia: (Fig. 14E–G, upper) (n = 3) Vinculum ovoid, otherwise nondescript. Tegumen well-sclerotized and somewhat rectangular. Uncus narrow or somewhat broadened mesally, heavily sclerotized and acutely angled downward with truncate or pointed tip, bulbous lobe below crook of uncus. Socii heavily sclerotized, elongate or bulbous with dense covering of thick, sharp, spine-like setae. Gnathos absent. Valvae subtriangular with more densely sclerotized costal and saccular regions, centrally somewhat indented and more membranous, SSO present with dense pleats, base of valvae with setose protrusion. Juxta reduced. Costulae present as fingerlike distally broadened projections or short, spiny projections. Aedeagus short and nondescript, basally with weakly developed callosum; vesica short and bag-like.</p><p>Female: Unknown.</p><p>Etymology. The name is derived from Latin “falcis” meaning scythe or curved blade and “caputis” for head referring to the long, curving labial palpi of this genus.</p><p>Diagnosis. This new genus is one of the smallest members of  Nystaleinae, easily recognized by the short, broad, triangular wings. The patterning is diagnostic, with a black streak from the apex to the discal cell with a contrasting white mark near the discal cell at the base of the black streak. This black streak may be broken into three to five individual black marks at wing vein intersections. Additional markings are rather faint but notable white scales along wing veins above and below the black streak/spots are also occasionally present. The male genitalia are recognized by their triangular valvae with densely pleated base, fingerlike costulae, an acutely downwardly angled narrow uncus and bizarre socii that may be either short and bulbous ( F. australis) or long and flattened ( F. praxia and  F. modica) but in both cases with thick spine-like setae covering them.</p><p>Comments. Two species of  Falcicaputis described before the present work were placed in separate genera:  praxia was originally assigned to  Gopha and  modica was assigned to  Didugua . Both of these genera are distinct and this new genus cannot be confused with either of them, particularly in light of the genitalia. It is unclear why Schaus (1921) chose this original genus for  praxia or why Dognin assigned  modica to  Didugua . Thiaucourt and Chacón (2014) revised much of  Didugua and pointed out that  modica may belong to a separate genus once the genitalia were examined.  Falcicaputis praxia is known to us only by the holotype collected in Guatemala and  F. modica only by the holotype collected in the Amazon (the latter specimen is in such poor shape that only the genitalia can be used to recognize that species). While we include both of those species in our diagnosis and description of the new genus, we chose the new species  F. australis, described below, as the type species given availability of two specimens.</p><p>Distribution. Poorly represented in collections but evidently widely distributed with scattered records from Guatemala, the Brazilian Amazon, Argentina, and Bolivia.</p><p>Species included (3).</p><p>Falcicaputis australis St Laurent &amp; Prada-Lara *, sp. nov.</p><p>Falcicaputis modica (Dognin, 1924),  comb. n.</p><p>Falcicaputis praxia (Schaus, 1921),  comb. n.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFF29928FF38B8C7FD76FEA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFF19929FF38BF60FD3DFB71.text	03F387A1FFF19929FF38BF60FD3DFB71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Falcicaputis australis St Laurent & Prada-Lara 2025	<div><p>Falcicaputis australis St Laurent &amp; Prada-Lara,  sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C57890D8-F22F-4B19-8BFD-3982D938E4B0</p><p>Figs 12E–F, 13B, 14E.</p><p>Type material:   Holotype: ARGENTINA:  Missiones: 1 male, Formosa R [epublica] A[rgentina]/ April 1919 / Collection WmSchaus/ [handwritten label reading] N=342/ USNMENT02010029/ St Laurent dissection: 6-</p><p>3-24:4/ [red label] HOLOTYPE ♂  Falcicaputis australis St Laurent and Prada-Lara, 2025 (USNM)  .  Paratype: BOLIVIA: Beni: 1 male, 40 km E. San Borja Estación Biologica Beni, Palm Camp, inundation forest 01-13-12-01, blacklight trap, BIOLAT/ LEPI000001946, 12.IX.1987, MG  Pogue, USNMENT02010030, St Laurent dissection: USNMENT02010030 (USNM)  .   Paratype with yellow label reading “ PARATYPE ♂  Falcicaputis australis St Laurent &amp; Prada-Lara, 2025 ”  .</p><p>Diagnosis. Largely as for genus, but the most notable external marking distinguishing this species from  praxia is the disconnected black dash near the apex of the forewing and the relatively smaller size of the white discal mark. Overall  F. australis lacks much of the irregular lighter scaling seen in  praxia along the antemedial and submarginal lines giving the new species a somewhat more subdued appearance. The single specimen of  F. modica is in too poor condition to diagnose from either of the other members of the genus on external features alone. Differences in genitalia are quite apparent, but most notably  F. australis can be distinguished from both  F. praxia and  F. modica by the short, bulbous socii densely covered in thick short setae, the socii are elongated and with fewer setae in  F. praxia . The valvae of  F. australis are broader and the costulae lack spines compared to  F. praxia which has narrower more acutely apex valvae with shorter densely spined costulae and so  F. australis is more similar to  F. modica in this respect. The phallus is notably thicker in both  F. australis and  F. modica . Finally, the eighth sternite is broader and less hourglass shaped in  F. australis but that of  F. modica is broader still, in  F. praxia this structure is significantly narrower distally before broadening again at its terminus.</p><p>Description. Male: Head: As for genus. Thorax: As for genus. Forewing length 11 mm (n = 2); subtriangular, outer margin straight becoming convex along tornus, apex rounded. Wings as for genus but somewhat more acute apex, lighter brown overall and with broken black apical band, no light scales submarginally. Abdomen: As for genus but the VIII sternite has a mesal point. Terminalia: (Fig. 14E) (n = 2) As for genus but socii short and bulbous, densely covered in spine-like setae, valvae broadly triangular with fingerlike costulae lacking spine-like setae, and phallus short and stout.</p><p>Female: Unknown.</p><p>Life history. Unknown.</p><p>Etymology. The name is derived from Latin austral referring to the South American range of the new species.</p><p>Distribution. Although broadly distributed between northwestern Bolivia and northern Argentina, we are aware of no intervening populations.</p><p>Remarks. This new species is known to us only by two specimens, given data attached to the single Bolivian specimen, this species is probably nocturnal.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFF19929FF38BF60FD3DFB71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFF6992FFF38B8C7FCD1FC9B.text	03F387A1FFF6992FFF38B8C7FCD1FC9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Falcicaputis modica (Dognin 1924) Prada-Lara & St Laurent & Weller & Fagua 2025	<div><p>Falcicaputis modica (Dognin, 1924),  comb. n.</p><p>Figs 12G, H, 14F</p><p>Type material: Holotype: BRAZIL: Obidos Amazones Brésil/ Dognin Collection/  Didugua modica ♂ Dognin / [illegible]  Didugua sp. nov. / Type No. 30264 U.S. N.M./ Genitalia slide m MG Pogue USNM 51381/ Photo done by A. SCHINTLMEISTER #30.977/ USNMENT00991940/.</p><p>Diagnosis. This species is most similar to  F. praxia, particularly due to the elongate socii arms. However, the phallus is basally bulbous whereas it is thin in  F. praxia (and in this respect, more similar to  F. australis). The eighth sternite is wider in  F. modica than in the other members of the genus and lacks a posterior projection present in  F. australis . The condition of the single available specimen of  F. modica is in too poor condition to provide external diagnostic characters.</p><p>Redescription. Male: Head: As for genus. Thorax: As for genus. Forewing length ~ 11 mm (n = 1); Wings as for genus but in poor condition. Abdomen: As for genus but the VIII sternite broadly hourglass shaped, caudally with two projections and with a moderately long anterior projection. Terminalia: (Fig. 14F) (n = 1). As for genus but socii elongated, valvae narrowly triangular with short costulae and phallus thick, bulbous and short.</p><p>Female: Unknown.</p><p>Life history. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution. Brazilian Amazon.</p><p>Remarks. This species is known to us only by the holotype.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFF6992FFF38B8C7FCD1FC9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFF5992CFF38B8C7FCD5FD45.text	03F387A1FFF5992CFF38B8C7FCD5FD45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Falcicaputis praxia (Schaus 1921) Prada-Lara & St Laurent & Weller & Fagua 2025	<div><p>Falcicaputis praxia (Schaus, 1921),  comb. n.</p><p>Figs 12I, J, 13C, 14G.</p><p>Type material: Holotype: GUATEMALA:  Cayuga Guat / May/ Schaus and Barnes coll/  Gopha? praxia type Schaus/ TypeNo. 23439 U.S. N.M./ Photo done by A. SCHINTLMEISTER #30.089/ LECTOTYPE  Gopha praxia Designated 2014 by Alexander Schintlmeister/ USNMENT00991089/ lysate frozen same USNM#/ St Laurent dissection USNMENT00991089/</p><p>Diagnosis. See diagnosis of  F. australis above.</p><p>Redescription. Male: Head: As for genus. Thorax: As for genus. Forewing length 11 mm (n = 1); Wings as for genus but darker brown overall and with continuous black apical band, and presence of light scales submarginally and antemedially.Abdomen: As for genus but the VIII sternite hourglass shaped and with a particularly long anterior projection. Terminalia: (Fig. 14G) (n = 1). As for genus but socii elongated with few spine-like setae at apices, valvae narrowly triangular with short costulae covered in thick spine-like setae, and phallus thin and short.</p><p>Female: Unknown.</p><p>Life history. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution. Guatemala.</p><p>Remarks. This species is known to us only by the lectotype.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387A1FFF5992CFF38B8C7FCD5FD45	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Prada-Lara, Liliana;St Laurent, Ryan A.;Weller, Susan;Fagua, Giovanny	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
