taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F387A1FFC59913FF38BE3FFDEEFB15.taxon	description	Adults. (Figure 1 A, 10 A) Head: antennae of male and female simple filiform; antennal tufts present; head tightly covered in scales; third segment of the labial palpus is long, more than half length of second segment (Figure 4 G); ocelli reduced. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with scent pocket on femur (Figure 4 H); tarsal claws bifid. Wings (wingspan): males 28 to 40 mm, females 34 to 42 mm; the forewing pattern consists of a brownish-red base with diagonal white or yellow lines extending from base to apex; a distinctive small and bright white ring of color is present at costal base; accessory cell present; hindwing simple brown with Sc-Rs stalked. Abdomen: light brown with a short terminal tuft. Male terminalia (Figure 5 B, C): Eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with M-shaped antecosta. Uncus has two wide wing-like ventral extensions, two apical projections, and a dorsal hump shortly before them. Socii with long bent arm-like projections, variable in shape; valvae with SSO absent, sclerotized costa; juxta shallow-concave. Aedeagus sausage-like in shape; with proximal end of phallus rounded, bean-like. Female terminalia: Papillae anales membranous with long and short setae, posterior apophyses long. Eighth tergite shape variable; anterior apophyses variable, shape of ostium bursae variable. Ductus bursae dorso-ventrally flattened. Corpus bursae with internal, sclerotized projection from shield. Diagnosis. The genus can be recognized due to their habitus, namely the brownish-red ground color with diagonal white or yellow band from the base to the apex of the forewing, with a distinctive bright white costal base. There are usually a pair of lunate or triangular contrasting markings below the costa in the medial area of the forewing. Likewise, the shape of the uncus with its dorsal hump and ventral wing-like extensions, the bent and long arms of the socii, and the sausage-like aedeagus are all unique to this genus. Comments. Ankale is Greek, feminine, for “ elbow ” and refers to the bent, large, and sclerotized socii that occur in males. A species previously placed in Lepasta: L. brabilla Dognin, is hereby transferred to Ankale as A. brabilla comb. n. since the male genitalia conforms to our diagnosis of Ankale as opposed to Lepasta. Most notably, the configuration of the eighth segment of A. brabilla, valva shape, and the short stout phallus are almost identical to that of other Ankale species, such as A. magnistriata (Dognin). Externally A. brabilla is less distinctly marked than other Ankale species but bears the diagnostic lunate stripes in the medial area of the forewing, they are, however, much thinner than the bands in other congeners. Ankale brabilla was described from a male, Thiaucourt (1987) described the same species from a female as Lepasta toulgoeti Thiaucourt, which is maintained in synonymy with A. brabilla. Female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1992). Distribution. From Mexico to South Brazil. Species included (5). Ankale argentilinea (Druce, 1909). Ankale brabilla Dognin, 1911, comb. n.	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFC59913FF38BE3FFDEEFB15.taxon	description	Ankale grammodes (Felder, 1874) * Ankale magnistriata (Dognin, 1923)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFCA9911FF38BCA2FDE0FE19.taxon	description	Antiopha Schaus, 1901. Trans, ent. Soc. Lond: 275. Type species: Antiopha multilinea Schaus, 1901. ibid.: 275, pi. 11, Fig. 3. Adults. (Figure 1 B, 10 F) Head: male and female antennae are simple filiform; antennal tufts absent; third segment of labial palpus short (less than ¼ length of second) (Figure 4 F); ocelli reduced. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with no scent pocket but brush of hairs on epiphysis present and a thin sclerotized portion of trochanter with hairs; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 32 to 50 mm, females 37 to 40 mm; forewing pattern in the genus is usually a dark brown with small, contrasting white spots on the marginal area; accessory cell present; hindwing simple brown with Sc-Rs connate. Abdomen: second abdominal sternite in males with double apodeme or modification; light brown abdomen with a short terminal tuft. Male terminalia (Figure 5 D): SSO well-developed; sclerotized costa extending to apex of valve, often curved (long bunny ear-shaped projections arising from the outer side of each valve) or with widened distal tip; juxta fused to base of sacculus and shallow to deeply concave; costulae present shaped as two sclerotized tubular projections with a smooth fan-like terminus; uncus with two well-developed and sclerotized socii. The aedeagus has a foot-like callosum that is Y-shaped. Female terminalia: Papillae anales membranous, with short setae; posterior apophyses long. Eighth tergite wishbone-shaped; anterior apophyses long. Eighth sternite m-shaped; ostium bursae wide with m-shape. Ductus bursae sclerotized and dorso-ventrally flattened for upper half or entire length. No signum. Diagnosis. These are small moths, recognized due to the plain dark brown ground color on the forewing with contrasting white spots on the marginal area. Additionally, the costulae (two sclerotized tubular projections ending in a smooth hand fan-like shape) are unique. Comments. Recorded hostplants for A. multilinea Schaus include several Sapindaceae species (Serjania schiedeana, Paullinia bracteosa, Allophylus psilospermus, Serjania atrolineata, Paullinia grandifolia, and Serjania rhombea) (Área de Conservación Gaunacaste database [ACG]). Female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1992). Distribution. From Mexico to Brazil. Species included (3). Antiopha collaris Schaus, 1901 Antiopha excelsa Schaus, 1911 Antiopha multilinea Schaus, 1901 *	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFC89911FF38B9AEFDE6FA6E.taxon	description	Bahaia Dyar, 1924. Type species: Bahaia sceletaria Dyar, 1924 (= Bahaia empirica (Dognin, 1905 )). Insecutor Inscit. Menstr. 1: 12. pl. 17 Adults. (Figure 1 C, 10 B) Head: male antennae pectinated to beyond basal half, female antennae simple filiform; antennal tuft present; third segment of labial palpi long; ocelli reduced. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with no scent pocket; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 33 to 39 mm, females 40 to 44 mm; accessory cell absent; forewing pattern with a dark band raging from the apex to the anal edge which is a brownish basal area. Male terminalia (Figure 8 A): Eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with two sclerotized apodemes; SSO reduced; valvae highly sclerotized with curved processes at the apex, uncus short; sclerotized socii shorter than uncus; costulae absent; aedeagus sclerotized and slender, Y shaped basally. Female terminalia: papillae anales long and membranous; ostium sclerotized; anterior and posterior apophyses large (longer than the papillae); ductus bursae short and sclerotized; corpus bursae membranous, single signum; eighth sternite with midventral prominences; eighth tergite simple. Diagnosis. According to Thiaucourt (2008) the genus can be recognized by the male terminalia: the presence of sclerotized apodemes on the eighth sternite, the short uncus and socii, and the valvae which are highly sclerotized with curved processes. Additionally, the pectinated antennae on basal half on males, the large antennal tuft, and the dark band extending from the apex to the anal edge aid in the in identification of the genus. Comments. The described species are phenotypically quite similar and difficult to differentiate, genitalia dissections are needed. The four species of the genus were revised by Thiaucourt (2008); genitalia of the species can be found there. Caterpillars of B. empirica were collected on Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Fabaceae) (ACG database). Distribution. From Mexico to Argentina. Species included (4). Bahaia empirica (Dognin, 1905) * Bahaia gallica Dyar, 1924 Bahaia schrottkyi (Dognin, 1911) Bahaia tucumanata (Dognin, 1901)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFC89916FF38BE7CFDE1FC59.taxon	description	Bardaxima Walker, 1858. List Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 14: 1349. Type species: Bardaxima lucilinea Walker, 1858. ibid.: 1349. Adults. (Figure 1 D, 10 C) Head: antennae of male and female filiform; antennal tufts present; third segment of labial palpus very long in both sexes (½ or more the length of the second); ocelli present. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with membranous area and scent scales associated but lacks defined pocket (absent in some species); tarsal claws bifid; long single frenulum in males and two bristles in females. Wings: males 44 to 60 mm, females 58 to 70 mm; forewing broad and squared; accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Wing pattern brown, fuscous, or gray. Male terminalia (Figure 5 E, F): eighth tergite with well-developed midplate; eighth sternite with m-shaped antecosta, valve with small SSO, but pleats well-developed; sclerotized costa extending nearly to apex. Uncus base v-shaped, apex bifid; costulae absent; juxta flat and triangular. Aedeagus with callosum present and footlike or Y shaped, curved with lateral projections at tip; vesica with patches of short spines. Female terminalia (Figure 9 B): Papillae anales long and membranous; posterior apophyses long; eighth tergite with lateral prominences; anterior apophyses variable in length. Eighth sternite with lateral and midlateral prominences, often elaborate, ostium bursae wide. Ductus bursae large, ductus seminalis arising from dorsal prominence of ductus bursae. Corpus bursae membranous with an indented patch of spinules. Diagnosis. Most of the species have a brown, fuscous or gray wing pattern, with a white dash on the discal cell. The uncus of this genus is distinctly bifid with a short socii curve sharply towards the uncus. Females with large papillae anales, prominent sinus vaginalis and tubular ductus bursae. Comments. The genus was revised by Becker (2021 a). Caterpillars of the genus have been reared on Byrsonima crassifolia, Tetrapterys styloptera, Heteropterys laurifolia, and Heteropterys macrostachya (Malpighiaceae) (ACG database). Distribution. From Guatemala to Southern Brazil. Species included (12). Bardaxima brauni (Schaus, 1928) Bardaxima brewsteri (Schaus, 1928) Bardaxima dissona Draudt, 1932 Bardaxima donatian (Schaus, 1928) Bardaxima fulgurifera (Walker, 1869) Bardaxima ionia (Druce, 1900) Bardaxima lucilinea Walker, 1858 * Bardaxima marcida (Felder, 1874) Bardaxima procne (Schaus, 1892) Bardaxima sambana (Druce, 1895) Bardaxima subrutila (Dognin, 1908) Bardaxima terminalba Jones, 1908	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFCF9916FF38BC6FFDBBF824.taxon	description	Barydia Guenée, 1852. Type species: Barydia bufo Guenée, 1852. Hist. Nat. Insectes. 6: 410, pl 18, fig. 1. Adults. (Figure 1 E) Head: antennae of male simple filiform; antennal tufts present; head tightly covered in scales; third segment of labial palpus very long. Thorax: male prothoracic leg without scent pocket on femur; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 30 to 50 mm, the forewing pattern molted brown forewing with a light brown semicircle apically; accessory cell present; hindwing simple dark brown with Sc-Rs stalked. Abdomen: brown. The seventh abdominal segment has a unique modification consisting of a pair of sclerotized, extremely sharp, inwardly curved forked projections that extend beyond the length of the eighth segment and entirety of genitalia capsule (Figure 4 L). Male terminalia (Figure 4 M, 5 G): The eighth tergite has two long and thin processes at the central base; the eighth sternite is well-sclerotized, with a W-shaped base, and a V-shaped apex; valvae small, SSO slightly developed; costulae present; uncus bulbous with tiny mesal bifid process; socii small upcurved; juxta squared. Aedeagus long and curved with a spined process apically. Diagnosis. Barydia bufo cannot be mistaken for any other genus. The habitus of the single large species of the genus is quite unique considering the apical mark, simple antennae, and highly tufted labial palpi. In addition, the abdominal characters are wholly unique among the subfamily (and among all Notodontidae to our knowledge), due to the presence of a highly modified seventh sternite with sharp, fang-like projections (Fig. 4 L) in addition to the typically modified eighth tergite (Fig. 4 M). Comments. The genus was established in the Noctuidae, placed in Notodontidae by Watson et al. (1980) and first assigned to Nystaleinae by Becker (2014). Distribution. French Guiana. Species included (1). Barydia bufo Guenée, 1852 *	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFCC9915FF38B8C7FDA7F906.taxon	description	Calledema Butler, 1878. Trans, ent. Soc. Lond: 65. Type species: Calledema marmorea Butler, 1878. ibid.: 65. Adults. (Figure 1 F, 10 D) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts present; third segment of labial palpus long; ocelli present. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with scent pocket; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 33 to 49 mm, females 37 to 55 mm; forewing pattern with pastel coloration or dark brown with contrasting metallic markings; accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Abdomen: hair-like terminal tufts present, fifth abdominal sternite with peniculus in some species (Figure 4 J). Male terminalia (Figure 6 A): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with r-shaped antecosta, caudal edge with v-shaped indentation, slightly to extremely asymmetrical. SSO well-developed; valvae costa sclerotized but apically membranous (long ear shaped projections arising from the outer side of each valve); uncus dorsally arrowhead-like, ventrally hook-like; massive sclerotized socii; juxta sclerotized and fused to the sacculus, costulae may be present (cattle hoof shape in C. humboldti (Thiaucourt) and C. rufescens (Schaus )). Aedeagus long and thin, the distal portion somewhat expanded, apex with small thorns / deciduous cornuti. Female terminalia: Papillae anales moderately to extremely sclerotized; dorsal sclerotized scent organ presents between papillae anales. Eighth tergite usually massive, with lateral prominences reduced or absent, anterior apophyses variable. Eighth sternite similar to tergite; ostium bursae wide. Ductus bursae sclerotized and dorso-ventrally flattened, with sclerotized left-hand projection. Corpus bursae with a sclerotized shield, otherwise membranous; signum and sclerotized invaginations sometimes present on shield. Diagnosis. The species of this genus can be easily recognized due to the presence of inverted triangles on the costa, and a contrasting transverse line or band on the forewing, or discal dashes and subterminal lines giving the overall patterning a complex appearance. The presence of the peniculus on the fifth abdominal sternite, and the combination of the hook-like uncus and massive socii, are also unique to this genus. Comments. Calledema is a composite Greek word, “ Calli-Callo ” translates as “ beautiful ” and “ demeo ” as “ to build ”. Thus, Calledema means “ beautifully built ” (Weller 1989). Host plants include Chrysobalanaceae (Microdesmia arborea, Hirtella triandra, Hirtella racemosa, Hirtella guatemalensis, Licania hypoleuca), Combretaceae (Combretum farinosum, Terminalia amazonia), Melastomataceae (Miconia stevensiana), and Myrtaceae species (Eugenia basilaris, Myrcia splendens) (ACG database). Distribution. From Mexico to Argentina. Species included (14). Calledema arema Schaus, 1905 Calledema argenta Schaus, 1905 Calledema contingata (Möschler, 1883) Calledema didugana (Draudt, 1932) Calledema electra Thiaucourt, 1985 Calledema humboldti (Thiaucourt, 1985) Calledema jocasta Schaus, 1901 Calledema marmorea Butler, 1878 * Calledema plusia (Felder, 1874) Calledema plusioides (Felder, 1874) Calledema ronaldi Schaus, 1934 Calledema rufescens (Schaus, 1905) Calledema sodalis Butler, 1878 Calledema sura Schaus, 1905	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFD19908FF38B8C7FD32FA98.taxon	description	Dasylophia Packard, 1864. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phila. 3: 362. Type species: Phalaena anguina Smith, 1797. Adults. (Figure 1 G, 10 G) Head: male antennae bipectinated beyond basal half; female antennae simple filiform; third segment of labial palpus long; antennal tuft present. Thorax: male prothoracic leg without scent pocket; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 15 to 18 mm, females 17 to 21 mm; accessory cell present; forewing ground color straw yellow to gray or brown. Abdomen: male with a bifid caudal tuft of scales. Male terminalia (Figure 8 B): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite variable, posterior margin with a deep V-shaped notch (in some species this Vshape can look like a heart shaped notch). Uncus highly variable, short and narrow, long and narrow, or broadly bifid; socii shape small and peg-like to greatly elongate; valvae with sclerotized costa; costulae present; juxta circular. Aedeagus ranging from short to long, often with distal processes of varying shapes. Female terminalia (Figure 9 H, I): eighth tergite with midlateral processes; anterior apophyses long; ductus bursae membranous; corpus bursae with a small signum or signum absent; posterior apophyses long; papillae anales relatively small, and membranous. Diagnosis. Dasylophia is a taxonomically challenging group. What seems to unite the seven species of the genus is the V shape of the eighth sternite. Regarding the genitalia, it seems three groups can be identified. 1) Those species with a very long uncus with long horn-shaped socii which groups D. puntagorda Slossen, D. saturata Barnes, and D. anguina Smith; 2) Species with stout and rounded uncus with semicircle shaped socii which groups D. melanopa Barnes and D. seriata Druce; 3) species with a thin and triangular uncus, very short socii and modified transtilla which includes only D. thyatiroides Walker. Comments. Packard (1864) chose the name “ Dasylophia ” from two Greek words meaning “ tufted vertex, ” this in reference to the long scale plume arising from each antennal scape. DNA sequence data will be crucial for resolving the taxonomy of Dasylophia (Miller et al. 2021). Miller et al. (2021) revised most of the species (those occurring north of Mexico). Distribution. Canada to Mexico. Species included (7). Dasylophia anguina (J. E. Smith, 1797) * Dasylophia jaliscana Schaus, 1901 Dasylophia melanopa Barnes, 1901 Dasylophia puntagorda Slosson, 1892 Dasylophia saturata Barnes, 1901 Dasylophia seriata Druce, 1887 Dasylophia thyatiroides (Walker, 1862)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFD1990FFF38BD2EFD1BFAB9.taxon	description	Didugua Druce, 1891; Biol. centr. - amer., Lep. Heterocera 1: 483. Type species: Didugua argentilinea Druce, 1891. Biol. centr. - amer., Lep. Heterocera 1: 483, 3: pl. 40, f. 13. Adults. (Figure 1 H, 10 E) Head: male antennae pectinated to or more than basal half, simple filiform in females; antennal tufts present; third segment of labial palpus long; ocelli present. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with no scent pocket; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 30 to 35 mm, females 33 to 40 mm; wing pattern coloration brown; forewing with bright white markings best described as a narrow line with two broadened regions, though these markings are similar to those found in Notoplusia Schaus and Ankale Weller; accessory cell present. Abdomen: hair-like terminal tufts present. Male terminalia (Figure 6 B): The eighth sternite and tergite simple. SSO absent; valvae costa sclerotized with small processes at apex; uncus tripartite, the apex consists of a bulbous and membranous tip while the base are sclerotized horns; socii well developed, arrowhead-like; juxta circular with two long very sclerotized apodemes rising to the base of the uncus; costulae absent. Aedeagus long and thin, with a foot like callosum. Female terminalia (Figure 9 A): eighth tergite and sternite simple; papillae anales short with four sclerotized horns laterally; anterior and posterior apophysis long; ductus bursae short and sclerotized; corpus bursae striated in all the surface with no signum. Diagnosis. Easily recognizable due to the characteristic shape of the bright white markings found on the forewing, these markings formed by a thin line and two regions expanded downward toward the anal margin of the wing. The circular juxta with sclerotized apodemes as well as the presence of a tripartite uncus and broad, flattened socii are also unique. Comments. The common name for the North American representative of this genus is the “ Silvered prominent ” which alludes to the shiny silver markings on the forewings. The caterpillars of the type species are commonly observed and can be recognized due to the bright red head and legs, and a boldly patterned body with yellow, white, and black stripes. Recorded host plants include Serjania atrolineata (Sapindaceae) (ACG database) and S. brachycarpa Miller et al. (2021). Thiaucourt and Chacón (2014) dealt with most of the species in a thorough revision, however, we note high morphological similarities between some species, so an updated revision with different approaches may support the need for taxonomic changes such as revised synonymy. The species Didugua modica Dognin, 1924 has been assigned to Didugua since its original description, but Thiaucourt and Chacón (2014) noted its dissimilarity to other members of the genus. These authors did not examine the genitalia and so were unsure of the generic assignment. In the process of this study, we examined the type of D. modica in the USNM along with its genitalia (Figs 12 G, H, 14 F) and determined that it belongs to the new genus Falcicaputis gen. n. described below, and as such is transferred to that genus as F. modica comb. n.. Furthermore, the species Didugua albipuncta (Schaus) does not belong to Didugua but to Poresta based on our examination of the type and the male genitalia of a member of a series of this species in the USNM and is transferred accordingly, see the Poresta section for more information. The species D. riachuela (Jones) is of uncertain placement in Didugua due to similarities with some Phyllopalpia species. We were unable to dissect D. riachuela to confirm placement. Distribution. From USA to Brazil. Species included (11).	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFD1990FFF38BD2EFD1BFAB9.taxon	description	Didugua riachuela (Jones, 1912)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFD6990FFF38BD0EFDADF866.taxon	description	Dugonia Schaus, 1928. Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 73 (Art. 19): 43.2014: 27. Type-species: Dugonia eliera Schaus, 1928. Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Adults. (Figure 1 I) Head: female antennae simple filiform; third segment of labial palpus long. Thorax: female prothoracic leg with no scent pocket; tarsal claws single. Wings: females 30 mm. Forewing pattern chestnut brown, a postmedial and outer double series of small fuscous black spots, an oblique brown shade from cell to apex, orange cinnamon mottling on inner margin, accessory cell present. Abdomen: caudal tuft white and brown. Diagnosis. Forewings are long and narrow; hindwings have straight upper edges with round anterior corners and a slightly obtuse margin. Comments. We were only able to study the undissected female type of the sole member of this genus in the USNM, upon which the current diagnosis is based. Since it is the only specimen, and is a type, we decided not to dissect it. Based on external morphology, this genus seems to be closely related to Goaxis or Euxoga and could be a synonym of either pending further information. Distribution. French Guiana. Species included (1). Dugonia eliera Schaus, 1928 *	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFD4990DFF38B8C7FDBEFA45.taxon	description	Dunama Schaus, 1912: 52. Type species: Dunama angulinea Schaus, 1912: 52; Draudt 1932: 981; Gaede 1934: 263; Todd 1976: 190 – 192. Adults. (Figure 1 J) Head: male antennae bipectinated to basal half, female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts absent; ocelli absent; third segment of labial palpi short. Thorax: male prothoracic leg lacks scent organ; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 10 – 15 mm, females 15 – 22 mm; Forewing coloration ground color gray-brown, reniform spot dark brown. Forewing presents medial, postmedial, subterminal and terminal lines of different shades (reddish brown, gray, brown). Hindwing simple brown; accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Figure 6 M): eighth tergite simple, eighth sternite with one or two apical sclerotized projections. SSO absent; uncus short semicircular shape; socii sclerotized upwards, fang shaped, costulae absent, costa membranous, triangular juxta, valvae typically held tightly against vinculum and do not spread easily. Aedeagus thin and long with lateral / dorsolateral apical projections (spine shape). Female terminalia: Papillae anales slightly sclerotized with long setae; anterior and posterior apophysis long. Eighth tergite and sternite simple; ostium bursae with mid plate. Ductus bursae slightly sclerotized; corpus bursae oval shaped with no signum. Diagnosis. Dunama is an easily recognizable genus due to the small size of its constituent species, the bipectinated antennae on males and the distinctive reniform spot on the short ovoid forewings are unique to this genus. The eighth sternite presents two apical and sclerotized projections. Comments. Costa Rican species were revised by Chacón et al. (2013). Dunama has long eluded a stable classification since the morphology does not conform to traditional notodontid subfamily classifications, though it had been suggested to possibly be related to nystaleines by Chacón et al. (2013). More recently, St Laurent et al. (in press) included Dunama in their broader phylogeny of Notodontidae, firmly recovering the genus in the Nystaleinae sister to Scevesia and closely related to the traditionally “ dioptine ” Nystaleinae. Distribution. Mexico to Ecuador Species included (13). Dunama angulinea Schaus, 1912 * Dunama biosise Chacón, 2013 Dunama claricentrata (Dognin, 1916) Dunama indereci Chacón, 2013 Dunama janecoxae Chacón, 2013 Dunama janewaldronae Chacón, 2013 Dunama jessiebancroftae Chacón, 2013 Dunama jessiebarronae Chacón, 2013 Dunama jessiehillae Chacón, 2013 Dunama mattonii Miller, 2011 Dunama mexicana Todd, 1976 Dunama ravistriata Todd, 1976 Dunama tuna (Schaus, 1901)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFD49902FF38BE13FDEDFAE1.taxon	description	Elasmia Moeschler, 1886. Abhandl. Seckenberg Nat. Ges 14: 36. Type species: Edema insularis Grote, 1867. Proc. ent. Soc. Phila. 6: 321, pi. V. Monotypy. Adults. (Figure 1 K) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts present; third segment of male labial palpus long. Thorax: male prothoracic leg lacks scent organ; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 36 to 46 mm, females 37 to 55 mm; coloration usually dark brown with a white dash of variable length, extending from the forewing tip along the radial veins to the cell; accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Figure 6 C, 8 C): eighth tergite with a well-developed midplate; eighth sternite with antecosta v-shaped, some species with apical prominences. SSO well-developed; uncus with a flattened helmet-shaped, arrow-shaped or manta ray-shaped; socii sclerotized (sometimes hornlike), costulae large and thin, valva apex with a pair of tiny bulbous processes; circular juxta strongly attached to phallus. Aedeagus drumstick-shaped with a large footlike callosum; vesica with a sclerotized patch of cornuti and also deciduous cornuti. Female terminalia (Figure 9 E): Papillae anales membranous with short setae; posterior apophyses long. Eighth tergite with large middorsal area weakly sclerotized, wishbone shaped. Eighth sternite with small lateral prominences; ostium bursae wide; antevaginalis usually an exaggerated m-shape. Ductus bursae sclerotized and dorso-ventrally flattened. Corpus bursae with extensive sclerotized shield, well-developed signum. Diagnosis. Elasmia moths are not easily recognizable due to their obscure markings and otherwise drab appearance. The white dash of variable length, extending from the forewing tip along the radial veins to the discal cell is somewhat useful but this marking can be very faint. However, the genus is easily recognized by its male genitalia, particularly the drumstick shaped aedeagus, the circular juxta, the long socii, and the helmet / manta ray shaped uncus. Comments. Elasmia probably comes from the Greek word “ elasma ” which means “ metal plate. ” This may refer to the white or pale forewing markings above the forewing cell on the distal edge of the wing. Recorded hostplants include several species from the Sapindaceae family (ACG database). Metzler and Knudson (2011) and Miller et al. (2021) illustrate several male and female genitalia. While we follow Becker (2021) and treat E. perses (Druce) as a member of Elasmia rather than Bardaxima as it was placed previously, the male genitalia are in fact more reminiscent of Bardaxima than typical Elasmia (e. g. E. perses as figured in Becker (2021, figs 72, 73) show reduced SSO, narrow uncus) and so we are uncertain if Elasmia is the proper placement for that species. Distribution. USA to Brazil. Species included (14). Elasmia astuta (Schaus, 1894) Elasmia cave Metzler, 2011 Elasmia cinga (Druce, 1911) Elasmia gracita (Schaus, 1921) Elasmia insularis (Grote, 1867) * Elasmia mandela (Druce, 1887) Elasmia matheis (Schaus, 1892) Elasmia packardii (Morrison, 1875) Elasmia perses (Druce, 1900) Elasmia pronax (Dognin, 1908) Elasmia salandera (Schaus, 1905) Elasmia schausi (Dyar, 1908) Elasmia talae (Berg, 1878) Elasmia vittipalpis (Walker, [1858])	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFDB9903FF38BDF6FDC4FBC9.taxon	description	Elymiotis Walker, 1857. List Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 11: 609. Type species: Elymiotis notodontoides Walker 1857. ibid.: 609. Adults. (Figure 1 L, 10 H) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts very short; third segment of labial palpi short; ocelli reduced. Thorax: prothoracic leg scent pocket present on femur; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 35 to 57 mm, females 42 to 52 mm; forewing ground color whitish and various shades of brown, with thin, wavy transverse lines of black or brown; a short, silvery, Y-shaped dash beyond discal cell; accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Abdomen: bifid caudal tuft of spatulate scales. Male terminalia (Figure 6 D): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with m-shaped antecosta. Valvae with SSO well-developed (reduced in E. notodontoides); costa a sclerotized rod extending nearly to apex. Uncus large, spear-shaped, bearing a pair of small lateral processes below apex; socii long and thin with mushroom-shaped or wishbone-shape apices; valval costa bearing a knob near midpoint; costulae usually absent (in E. morana Schaus the processes of the costulae are horn-like). Juxta small and deeply concave. Aedeagus callosum foot-like, long, and thin. Vesica with patch of spines, or scattered setae (E. complicata (Dognin )) or with very small deciduous cornuti (E. notodontoides). Female terminalia (Figure 9 D – F): eighth tergite usually with lateral prominences; eighth sternite usually with paired midventral prominences; papillae anales weakly to moderately sclerotized; anterior and posterior apophyses long; ostium bursae m-shaped; ductus bursae bent and highly sclerotized; corpus bursae membranous and striated; 1 or 2 signum. Diagnosis. The forewing has a silver triangle or Y-shape over the accessory cell in most species. Males have a circular patch of non-deciduous spines before the vesica terminates, and the phallus is usually thin. The socii are usually bulbous and very setose but we note that the male genitalia differ substantially between the type species E. notodontoides and others that we examined with particularly narrow valvae, small SSO, and extremely robust socii in the type species (the others are more similar to Elasmia for example). Female genitalia have a highly bent and sclerotized ductus bursae, as well as a striated corpus bursae. Comments. When dissecting the prothoracic male leg, a large number of cotton-like scales were released. In a specimen of E. morana, a large elliptical area on the third sternite without scales was found, which may be a scent pocket. Larval host plants include Inga (Fabaceae), Pachira (Bombacaceae) and different genera of Malpighiaceae (ACG database) such as Malpighia glabra which is eaten in Texas (Miller et al. 2021). Distribution. From USA (Texas) to Brazil. Species included (13). Elymiotis alata (Druce, 1890) Elymiotis audax (Druce, 1901) Elymiotis boisil Schaus, 1928 Elymiotis complicata (Dognin, 1909) Elymiotis corana Schaus, 1928 Elymiotis drucei (Schaus, 1901) Elymiotis glaucula Draudt, 1932 Elymiotis longara (Stoll, 1790) Elymiotis lupicina Schaus, 1928 Elymiotis morana Schaus, 1928 Elymiotis notodontoides Walker, 1857 * Elymiotis plechelm Schaus, 1924 Elymiotis purpurascens (Butler, 1877)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFDA9900FF38BC9EFD91FF4D.taxon	description	Eudmoe Hübner, 1819: 173. Type species: Phalaena Noctua arne Cramer, 1775 by monotypy Adults. (Figure 2 A, 10 J) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts absent; male third segment of labial palpi short (second segment extremely long); ocelli reduced. Thorax: prothoracic leg scent pocket present in femur; tarsal claws bifid; metathoracic legs red. Wings: males 30 to 35 mm; forewing broad, outer margin arcuate; forewing ground color dark brown and several shades and strips of a lighter brown; apex with a dark dot; hindwing brown with white spots on the apex. Accesory cell absent. Abdomen: last segments bright red with a prominent terminal tuft. Male terminalia (Figure 6 E): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with w-shaped antecosta. Valva with SSO developed; midvalve sclerotization thin; costa sclerotized to apex. Uncus basally broad with thin, membranous apex; socii long arms-like shape; juxta small with a hexagonal shape. Aedeagus-callosum foot-like, Y-shaped, phallus usually long and slender. Diagnosis. The genus can be identified due to the adult habitus, which is a bright red abdomen with blackbrown wings and usually contrasting white markings on the margin of the hindwings. Additionally, the thin and membranous uncus and shape of the socii help differentiate this genus. Comments. Eudmoe had historically proven challenging to classify. In 2014, Becker classified it into Dudusinae without justification; however, based on phylogenomics (St Laurent et al. in press) and morphology, such as the presence of the SSO on the valvae and the Y-shaped base of the aedeagus, we confirm that the genus belongs in Nystaleinae. Distribution. From Colombia to Brazil. Species included (3). Eudmoe aparta Draudt, 1932 Eudmoe arne (Cramer, 1775) * Eudmoe carrieta Schaus, 1928	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFD99900FF38B91AFDF2FBFA.taxon	description	Euharpyia Schaus, 1901 Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1901: 324. Type-species: Euharpyia comita Schaus, 1901. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1901. Adults. (Figure 2 B, 10 K) Head: male antennae pectinated on basal half; antennal tufts present; third segment of labial palpus short. Thorax: prothoracic leg scent pocket present, claws bifid. Wings (wingspan): males ~ 38 mm; forewing pattern consists of a black and grey or even green mottled pattern, black spot above discal cell, costal base with contrasting region, accessory cell absent. Abdomen: hair-like terminal tufts and dark spots present. Male terminalia (Figure 6 F): eighth tergite with midplate, eighth sternite with a deeply bifurcated U shape, anteriorly with long horn-like processes. SSO present; valvae membranous with petal-like shape; costulae present with pointed projections; uncus short and thin. Aedeagus short with apical thorn. Diagnosis. The presence of a paired process on the anterior margin of the eighth sternite is somewhat unique to this genus but is similar to the type species of the following genus. However, in Eunotela the valvae are narrower. Comments. Externally, this genus resembles some Heterocampinae (e. g. Ophitis Felder and Notelina Becker). However, the presence of the antennal tuft, absence of cteniophores (present in both Ophitis and Notelina), the costulae, and the presence of the SSO support that Euharpyia belongs to the Nystaleinae. Distribution. From Costa Rica to Brazil. Species included (3). Euharpyia ahazicha Schaus, 1937 Euharpyia comita Schaus, 1901 * Euharpyia tropica (Schaus, 1894)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFD99901FF38BCF0FD9CFEA9.taxon	description	Eunotela Schaus, 1901. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1901: 325. Type-species: Eunotela pallida Schaus, 1901. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1901: 325. Adults. (Figure 2 C, 10 I) Head: male antennae pectinated on basal half; antennal tufts present; third segment of labial palpus very short. Thorax: prothoracic leg scent pocket absent; claws simple. Wings: males 27 to 40 mm; forewing pattern consists of a grey ground color with a mottled and banded pattern, a slightly concave line is present at the distal margin of the discal cell, accessory cell absent. Usually with a strongly contrasting marginal line. Abdomen: hair-like terminal tufts present. Male terminalia (Figure 6 G): eighth sternite with a deeply bifurcate process anteriorly, similar in shape to a bird furcula, posteriorly sternite is more robust and heavily sclerotized, truncated at its terminus and invaginated mesally forming a somewhat rugose T-shaped structure internally to the eighth segment. SSO apparently absent or vestigial; valvae narrow, strongly sclerotized with rugose region basally; socii strongly sclerotized, arm-like with broadened, setae-covered tips; uncus wide with a femoral head-like shape, somewhat bulbous anteriorly. Aedeagus short and well-sclerotized, especially distally which is sharp and downturned at its apex, callosum quite broad. Diagnosis. The particular shape of the eighth sternite (especially the long furcula structure) as well as the shape of the uncus and the socii are all unique to this genus. However, the eighth segment traits are not present in E. collaris Schaus. Comments. We figure the type species and its genitalia, the other two species are poorly represented in collections. Due to similarities in external patterning and the pronged anterior margins of the VIII sternite, we believe Eunotela is closely related to Euharpyia. It is worth mentioning the dissimilarity of E. pallida with E. collaris. The latter does not share the particular shape of the VIII sternite; however, it does share the shape of the uncus and aedeagus. Distribution. From Colombia to Argentina. Species included (3). Eunotela chacoa Schaus, 1928 Eunotela collaris Schaus, 1901 Eunotela pallida Schaus, 1901 *	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFD89901FF38B93EFDADF997.taxon	description	Euxoga Moeschler, 1878. Verhandl. zool. - bot. Ges Wien 27: 692. Type species: Euxoga argenteopunctata Moeschler, 1878. ibid: 692. Adults. (Figure 2 D, 10 L) Head: antennae in males can be bipectinated to basal half or simple filiform, simple filiform in females; antennal tufts present; male and female with third segment of labial palpus long. Thorax: prothoracic scent pocket absent; tarsal claws simple; tibial spurs with ridge or comb. Wings: males 40 to 41 mm, females 42 mm; thin-bodied moths with pastel colored, geometrid-shaped, truncated wings; forewing with accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Figure 6 H): eighth sternite and tergite species-specific, in E. argenteopunctata the eighth tergite has a midplate while the sternite has two basal processes. SSO discrete; valvae long and membranous with hairs along distal edge (E. balba Dognin) or valvae entirely absent (E. argenteopunctata). Uncus tapered with apodemes incomplete or absent; uncus rounded with distal, membranous projection curved dorsally; socii thin, sclerotized rods, upturned tip. Aedeagus thin and simple with callosum present, vesica with large spines. Female terminalia: Papillae anales lightly sclerotized with scattered setae. Eighth tergite caudal margins highly curved; eighth sternite with midventral prominences; ostium bursae wide and m-shaped; ductus bursae long and sclerotized; corpus bursae membranous with weakly sclerotized hump dorsal to ductus bursae; one signum. Diagnosis. These moths are somewhat similar to geometroids or erebids and have unique genitalia. Those of the type species lack valvae and instead have long setae whereas the genitalia of E. balba have thin, narrow valvae with heavily sclerotized costa. See comments below Goaxis regarding taxonomic uncertainty surrounding these two genera. Comments. Specimens are rare in collections and might be misplaced with unsorted geometrids, female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1989). Distribution. From Guatemala to Brazil. Species included (9). Euxoga amatura Schaus, 1928 Euxoga argenteopunctata Möschler, 1878 * Euxoga argentilinea (Schaus, 1905) Euxoga argyria (Butler, 1879) Euxoga balba Dognin, 1908 Euxoga lilacina (Draudt, 1932) Euxoga manaca (Schaus, 1939) Euxoga pistacina Dognin, 1914 Euxoga serena (Schaus, 1905)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFD89906FF38BE24FD89FC8D.taxon	description	Goaxis Schaus, 1901. 262 (key), 316. Type species: Goaxis singularis Schaus, 1901; 316. pl. 11: 13. Adults. (Figure 2 E) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts present; male third segment of labial palpus short; ocelli reduced. Thorax: prothoracic scent pocket absent; tarsal claws simple. Wings: males 15 to 20 mm; thin-bodied moths with dark colors, geometrid-shaped wings; forewing with accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Figure 6 I): eighth sternite plain with short basal projections and tergite with midplate (these tergites are almost identical to those of E. argenteopunctata). SSO absent; valvae long and thin, mostly membranous with costa more heavily sclerotized and separated from the rest of the valvae (based on G. fuscifasciata Dognin, which is not the type species of the genus, see comments below). Tegumen sclerotized with a wishbone-like shape. Uncus short, bent forward ending in a tip with no ornamentations. Socii short and sclerotized upturned tips. Juxta M-shaped. Aedeagus: long and thin, simple, callosum present (Y shape), vesica with spines. Diagnosis. The genus can be recognized due to the unique shape of the valvae. However, due to similarity between G. fuscifasciata and E. balba, and our inability to examine genitalia of the type species of Goaxis, it is not currently clear how to differentiate these two genera. Comments. Similar in habitus and in genitalia to Euxoga. In Euxoga we dissected two species, E. argenteopunctata, the type species, and E. balba. In Goaxis we were unable to dissect the type species and instead examined the genitalia of G. fuscifasciata. Remarkably, the genitalia of E. balba and G. fuscifasciata are nearly identical (narrow valvae with sharply pointed, curved, and more heavily sclerotized costa) and both are distinct from the genitalia of Euxoga type E. argenteopunctata which lacks valvae. Since we were unable to dissect the type species of Goaxis, it is not clear if E. balba should be transferred to Goaxis or if E. balba and G. fuscifasciata belong to a separate genus entirely. Synonymy of the two genera is also possible if the genitalia of the type of Goaxis reveals structures of the E. argenteopuntactata form, in which case E. balba and G. fuscifasciata could belong to a new genus. Distribution. From Costa Rica to Brazil. Species included (3). Goaxis fertilis Dognin, 1911 Goaxis fuscifasciata Dognin, 1916 Goaxis singularis Schaus, 1901 *	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFDF9907FF38BBDAFDA7FF61.taxon	description	Gopha Walker, 1862. Trans, ent. Soc. Lond. 1: 81. Type species: Gopha mixtipennis Walker, 1862. ibid. 1: 81. Adults. (Figure 2 F, 10 M) Head: male antennae shortly bipectinate; female antennae ciliate; antennal tuft present but small; third segment of male and female labial palpi short. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with scent pocket reduced to a small opening. Wings: males 32 mm, females 36 mm; with variable patterns; forewing with accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Figure 6 J): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with antecosta weakly m-shaped or curved; SSO developed but reduced; costa sclerotized rod for two-thirds its length, distal third membranous. Uncus short somewhat membranous; socii thickly sclerotized, finger-like broadened basally; costulae long and slender with enlarged tip extending to costal projection; juxta small, flat, squared. Aedeagus with basiphallus and callosum enlarged. Female terminalia: Papillae anales short, with long and short setae; posterior apophyses long and slender; eighth tergite variously shaped, mid-dorsal area membranous in some species; anterior apophyses short or long; eighth sternite shape species-specific, a central prominence, or rounded with short, lateral prominences; ostium bursae rounded; ductus bursae with sclerotized sinus vaginalis, rest membranous; corpus bursae membranous. Diagnosis. The long and slender costulae extend nearly three-fourths the length of the costa. The tip of the uncus is very short, and the socii are well-developed. In females, the corpus bursae have some sclerotized areas, and from these extend internal ridges that have a saw-toothed appearance (Weller 1989). Comments. Upon review of the members of this genus, we identified two species previously assigned to Gopha that belong to other genera. One, Gopha praxia Schaus is transferred to a new genus Falcicaputis gen. n. described below, given the presence of highly unusual male genitalia unique to that new genus. Another, Gopha niveigutta Schaus, we transfer to Poresta after comparing the lectotype male in the USNM both the type species of Poresta and another species erroneously assigned to Didugua, all of which bear diagnostic characters of Poresta. See those generic sections for specific reasoning for the transfer out of Gopha. Female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1989). Distribution. From Guatemala to Brazil. Species included (6). Gopha albolinea (Schaus, 1905) Gopha inquieta Draudt, 1932 Gopha manacoides (Schaus, 1920) Gopha melanitis Schaus, 1939 Gopha mixtipennis Walker, 1862 * Gopha pulchra (Butler, 1878)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFDE9907FF38B976FDCDFB9F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Unique shape of the processes of the valva, which have a “ peace lily flower ” (Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum) spathe shape. Comments. The genus is named after Bernard Hermier. The original description of the genus and single species with genitalia figures can be found in Thiaucourt (2015). We are uncertain as to the subfamily placement of Hermierella and treat its assignment to Nystaleinae as preliminary until we can examine specimens. Thiaucourt (2015) compared this genus to Bahaia and Pentobesa (= Nycterotis), and indeed the genitalia are quite similar to some Nycterotis. Distribution. Colombia. Species included (1).	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFDE9904FF38BC2CFD8EFEF5.taxon	description	Hippia Möschler, 1878. Type species: Phalaena Totrix mumetes Cramer, 1775 Adults. (Figure 2 G, 10 N) Head: Antennae of male and female simple filiform; antennal tufts absent; the third segment of the palpus is short; ocelli present. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with scent pocket; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 30 to 35 mm, the forewing pattern consists of an olive green and gray color, with a bright white apical mark that extends mesally into the wing, angled somewhat at the end of the discal cell, with lighter scales above it making the costa contrast against the darker wings, apex with a black dot; accessory cell present; hindwing simple brown. Abdomen: light brown with a short terminal tuft. Male terminalia (Figure 6 K): eighth tergite and sternite with midplate. Valvae complex with sharp apex, central folded and outwardly projected region preset about 1 / 3 for apex and irregular saccular edge, SSO well-developed and densely pleated; uncus short and cup shaped; socii very short and triangular shaped lobes. Costulae absent; juxta small, flat, hexagonal, and fusing to saccular base. Aedeagus long and thin; curved; vesica with deciduous cornuti. Female terminalia: Papillae anales long and membranous with long and short setae; posterior apophyses long and slender; eighth tergite simple; anterior apophyses short; eighth sternite midplate shape; ductus bursae short and sclerotized; corpus bursae membranous with one signum usually present. Diagnosis. Hippia mumetes can be recognized due to the bright white apical band with a small black dot at the apex. Also, the combination of the mesally folded valvae with short and cup shaped uncus with short, triangular lobes of the socii make the species unique. This species is similar to Elasmia salandera, but that species has a straighter white line on the forewing. Comments. Externally the single species of this genus may be confused with Pseudhippia gen. n. or Elasmia species since the white marking of the forewing is quite similar to those found in these other genera, but genitalia are distinct. Hippia is still relatively easily diagnosable because of how the white apical region extends for almost the entire costa and has a straight anal margin after the end of the discal cell, whereas in Pseudhippia the white mark is anally accentuated and lobed and Elasmia usually have a much shorter and / or straighter apical mark. The name is often misspelled Hyppia but the original description spelled the name Hippia. Distribution. Northern South America, including as far north as Colombia and Trinidad to southeastern Brazil. Species included (1). Hippia mumetes (Cramer, 1775) *	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFDD9904FF38B9C2FDD6FAB6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The genus can be recognized due to the forewing coloration which consists of dark green with short, black vertical dash at apex and black dot near Cu 1. Also, the shape of the bulbous uncus is unique to this genus. Comments. Kryptokalos is Greek for “ hidden beauty ” (Weller 1989). Female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1989). Distribution. From Costa Rica to Brazil. Species included (3). Kryptokalos cilla (Dognin, 1908) *	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFDD9904FF38B9C2FDD6FAB6.taxon	description	Kryptokalos undulatum (Druce, 1905) Kryptokalos viridans (Dognin, 1909)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFDD9905FF38BD04FD82FCA1.taxon	description	Lepasta Möschler, 1877. Type species: Nystalea bractea Felder, 1874. Reise Novara 1: pi. 97, Fig. 3. Adults. (Figure 2 I, 11 B) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts present; third segment of male palpus long; ocelli reduced. Thorax: male prothoracic leg lacks scent organ; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 34 mm, females 41 mm; forewing with accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Figure 5 A): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with two sclerotized apodemes; valvae with an especially well-developed SSO (expansive and densely pleated); valvae membranous with long hairs and short setae; costa slightly sclerotized appearing as a narrow rod, with membranous apex; uncus with distal process membranous with hairs and setae. Socii sclerotized and snake fang-like in shape; costulae present as a short ribbon-like sclerotization near base of valvae; juxta triangular, M-shaped, flat and fused to saccular base. Aedeagus slim and long; callosum foot-like; vesica with deciduous cornuti. Female terminalia: Eighth tergite highly curved, unornamented; eighth sternite with lateral and sometimes midventral prominences; midventral sclerotization present; papillae anales moderately sclerotized, longer setae near periphery; posterior apophyses long; anterior apophyses short; ostium bursae wide and M-shaped. Ductus bursae sclerotized and dorso-ventrally flattened. Corpus bursae membranous with sclerotized shield; one signum. Diagnosis. The massive SSO, the M-shape of the juxta, foot like base of the aedeagus, T shape of the costa, and the socii with long fang-like shape are diagnostic of Lepasta. Comments. Lepasta means “ limpet ” or “ cup ” shape, and probably refers to the shape of the white forewing markings (Weller, 1989). The species Lepasta lignistriata Schaus, 1901 is externally quite divergent from the rest of the genus, appearing more similar to Antiopha due to the lack of light-colored wing markings and the presence of black, lengthwise striations. However, a genitalia examination suggests that Lepasta is the most appropriate genus for the placement of this species. Female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1989). The species Lepasta brabilla Dognin, 1911 does not belong in Lepasta, but rather Ankale given the male genitalia which we have examined in the type of brabilla in the USNM. We transfer it accordingly: Ankale brabilla comb. n. Distribution. From Mexico to South Brazil. Species included (9). Lepasta benderi Thiaucourt, 1981 Lepasta bractea (Felder, 1874) * Lepasta elegans Thiaucourt, 1984 Lepasta herrerai (Beutelspacher, 1986) Lepasta lignistriata Schaus, 1901 Lepasta majorina Dognin, 1914 Lepasta maonica Schaus, 1905 Lepasta mixta Möschler, 1883 Lepasta omaiensis Schaus, 1904	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFDC9905FF38BB30FD21F8F5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The genus can be recognized due to the transversal brown line on the forewing, and the unique sternite which is W-shaped with ridges. The particular shape of the lyre-shaped uncus and the bent arm shape of the socii are only found in Lyricinus. Comments. Lyricinus means the “ harpist ” or the “ lyrist ” since the dorsal appearance of the male uncus resembles a Greek lyre (Weller, 1989). Recorded hostplants include Microdesmia arborea (Chrysobalanaceae) (ACG database). Female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1989). Distribution. Costa Rica to Brazil. Species included (1). Lyricinus xylophasioides (Butler, 1878) *	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE2993BFF38B8C7FDAAFA49.taxon	description	Lysana Moeschler, 1882. Verhandl. zool. - bot. Ges Wien 32: 347. Type species: Lysana plexa Moeschler, 1882. ibid. 32: 347. Adults. (Figure 3 A, 4 I, 11 C) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts present, in some species these are extremely long and extend well above the head; third segment of labial palpus long. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with double scent pocket on femur, a large, membranous, glandular area on tibia, and an elaborate scent pencil; tarsal claws simple; ocelli present. Wings: males 37 mm, females 44 mm; females with dark hindwing; males with white hindwing; forewing with accessory cell present, hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Abdomen: male second abdominal sternite with long slender apodemes. Male terminalia (Figure 6 O): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite plain. SSO present, valvula not pleated, with many long hair-like scales and setae; costa sclerotized entire length. Uncus tip sclerotized; socii sclerotized, thin and setose. Costulae absent; juxta deeply concave. Aedeagus callosum foot-like; long, slender and slightly curved. Female terminalia: Papillae anales membranous with short, setae. Eighth tergite caudal edge rounded with slightly incurved, lateral processes. Eighth sternite caudal edge slightly rounded, with lateral thickenings extending from ostium bursae to caudal edge; ostium bursae straight and unornamented. Ductus bursae proximal third sclerotized, next third tubular with sclerotized patches; distal third membranous. Corpus bursae-membranous, lacking defined signum; small lightly sclerotized patch of spinules extending ventrally. Diagnosis. The complex pattern and coloration of the type species is unique. The remarkably long scales on the antennae are a prominent feature of members of this genus. The forewings of the type species have a single, white, rounded triangle in the upper corner of the discal cell, other species are more darkly patterned with complex ornamentation. The large papillae anales on the female genitalia are unique, as well as the large and sclerotized then membranous large ductus bursae. The modified second segment, the irregularly folded saccular edge of the valvae and a simple triangular uncus are in combination rather unique. Comments. In males, the shape of the costal flange differs slightly as does the shape of the costal tip. We do not consider these minor variations in shape and size to constitute species-specific differences. Females of L. plusiana have long villar projections lining the entire inside of the corpus bursae, and this condition is unique to the species (Weller 1989). Compared to other nystaleines, Lysana plusiana has extremely long antennal tufts. Becker (2014) incorrectly listed the name parvipuncta Dognin, 1909 in two places in his checklist: as a synonym of Poresta lanassa (Druce) and as a valid species of Lysana. The proper assignment is as a synonym of P. lanassa, since parvipuncta does not belong to Lysana. Female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1989). Distribution. From Costa Rica to Brazil. Species included (6). Lysana abnormis (Schaus, 1905) Lysana argolarma (Draudt, 1932) Lysana improvisa (Dognin, 1923) Lysana minasensis Schaus, 1928 Lysana plexa Möschler, 1883 * Lysana plusiana Schaus, 1901	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE29938FF38BE12FDD3FDAD.taxon	description	Marthantia Schaus, 1923. Type species: Marthantia stelligera Schaus, 1923. Ann. Carn. Mus. p. 83 Adults. (Figure 3 B) Head: male antennae simple filiform; antennal tuft absent; third segment of labial palpi short; ocelli present. Thorax: male prothoracic leg lacks scent organ; claws bifid. Wings: males 35 mm. Forewings with rounded apex; accessory cell present. Forewing pattern brown at the base, with antemedial black curvy lines, the discal area has white dashes, as well as the postdiscal and marginal area. Apex with a dark spot. Hind wings fuscous, costa and base indistinctly whitish. Abdomen: grayish brown; short caudal tuft. Male terminalia (Figure 7 A): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with two apical sclerotized apodemes; valvae with well-developed SSO; valvae membranous; costa a sclerotized rod with membranous apex; uncus with distal process membranous with hairs and setae. Socii sclerotized with a snake fang-like shape; costulae present (thin and long sclerotizations); juxta triangular. Aedeagus long and thick at the base (Y-shape); callosum foot-like; vesica with deciduous cornuti. Diagnosis. Marthantia has a Noctuidae-like habitus and lacks antennal tufts, however it is readily identifiable as a nystaleine based on the male terminalia. The shape of the socii are similar to Hermierella and Lepasta. The apical black dot and small white dashes in the postbasal, discal and postdiscal area are noteworthy, as is the wing shape which is stout and somewhat truncated. Also, this genus can be recognized due to the unique shape of the uncus, the snake fang shape of the socii, and the shape of the apical apodemes on the eighth sternite. Comments. The genus belongs near Antiopha according to Schaus (1923) and indeed the genitalia of the type species of both genera are similar, as are they similar to Lepasta, particularly in valva shape (Compare Figs 5 A, 5 D, and 7 A). However, Antiopha lacks the snake fang shape of the socii. Distribution. French Guyana. Species included (1). Marthantia stelligera Schaus, 1923 *	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE19939FF38BA3AFD9BFED1.taxon	description	Marthula Walker, 1856. Type species: Marthula quadrata Walker, 1856. List Spec. lepid. Insects 9: 164. Adults. (Figure 3 C, 11 E) Head: male and female antennae filiform; antennal tufts absent; third segment of labial palpi short in both sexes; ocelli reduced. Thorax: male prothoracic leg lacks scent organ; tarsal claws bifid. Abdomen: male second sternite with elaborate antecostal area. Wings: males 32 to 50 mm, females 33 to 50 mm; usually brown with yellow or orange washes across forewing; forewing with accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Figure 7 B, 8 D): male eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with two apical apodemes usually forming a W shape; caudal edge with scent hairs, some elaborate projections. Valvae with SSO elaborate and highly pleated; saccular base enlarged, extending nearly to distal edge of valve; costa a sclerotized rod extending to distal edge or beyond. Pleated costulae. Uncus short, shape variable; socii sclerotized and shape variable but very small, usually two sclerotized short arms or V shaped; juxta usually flat, shape variable. Aedeagus callosum and distiphallus shapes variable; vesica with deciduous cornuti or non-deciduous small spines. Female terminalia: Eighth tergite mid-dorsal region desclerotized; usually curved but shape variable; eighth sternite variously shaped and ornamented; papillae anales membranous, short setae mixed with long curved setae; posterior and anterior apophyses long; ostium bursae wide; lamellae antevaginalis sclerotized or membranous. Ductus bursae membranous, or sclerotized and dorso-ventrally flattened. Corpus bursae membranous, sometimes a sclerotized shield present; one signum usually present; various internal sclerotized projections in some; ductus seminalis arising from caudal surface of corpus bursae. Diagnosis. Species usually possess contrasting orange, white or metallic markings, and tend to be smaller, thinner bodied moths. The male eighth sternite may have cuticular projections with androconial hairs and glandular surfaces associated with them. The male genitalia are rather homogeneous throughout the genus and are easily recognizable due to the elaborate SSO and related processes of the saccular base fused to the valvae, the short uncus and the arm shape of the socii. Comments. Marthula quadrata has extremely setose genitalia and this trait may be widespread in the genus. Female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1989). Distribution. From Mexico to South Brazil. Species included (16). Marthula agathanzela Schaus, 1933 Marthula castrensis Schaus, 1905 Marthula concinna (Walker, 1862) Marthula cynrica Schaus, 1928 Marthula grisescens Schaus, 1905 Marthula hirsuta Schaus, 1905 Marthula luteopunctata (Dognin, 1904) Marthula minna Schaus, 1905 Marthula minor Thiaucourt, 1980 Marthula multifascia (Walker, 1856) Marthula ochreata (Schaus, 1905) Marthula pleione Schaus, 1892 Marthula porioni Thiaucourt, 1980 Marthula quadrata Walker, 1856 * Marthula rufescens Schaus, 1910 Marthula thoreda Schaus, 1928	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE09939FF38B9E6FD9BFA9F.taxon	description	Notela Schaus, 1901. Type species: Notela jaliscana Schaus. 1901. Trans. Ent. Soc. Wash. 1901: 324. Adults. (Figure 3 D, 11 D) Head: male antennae bipectinated beyond basal half, filiform in females; antennal tufts present; third segment of labial palpus short, proboscis shorter than the head; ocelli reduced. Thorax: tarsal claws bifid; female frenulum with three bristles; prothoracic leg lacking scent pockets. Wings: males 13 to 17 mm, females 16 to 18 mm; accessory cell absent; forewing with round apex, ground color being a mix of white, brown, and gray; hindwing plain gray. Abdomen: caudal tuft present in males. Male terminalia (Figure 8 F): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite heavily sclerotized, V-shaped. Uncus square shaped with lateral, dorsal lobes, crown-like appearance; socii strongly upcurved or bent arms; valvae basally very narrow and distally very wide, ventral part have a small setose lobe; costa with a hook-like apical tooth; costulae absent; SSO absent; juxta square shaped. Aedeagus short, wide at base, apex denticulate; vesica with a single, long cornutus; deciduous cornuti absent. Female terminalia (Figure 9 G): eighth tergite with lateral prominences; anterior apophyses short; ductus bursae short and tubular, sclerotized; corpus bursae ovoid; posterior apophyses long and thin; papillae anales membranous. Diagnosis. Absence of the accessory cell on the forewing, male antennae bipectinate to near the apex, the distally widened valvae with an apical tooth and the large and specific position of the signum in the corpus bursae are in combination, unique to this monotypic genus. Comments. According to Miller et al. (2021) Notela jaliscana shows two wing pattern phenotypes: the first has a long, sinuate black forewing streak (from the base along the anal fold, and upward to the outer margin). This streak is absent in the second form, which we figure (Fig. 3 D). The frenulum number in females varied on the specimens from the CNIN-UNAM, some had two, one or three bristles. Distribution. Southwestern USA and Mexico. Species included (1). Notela jaliscana Schaus, 1901 *	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE0993EFF38BD2DFD8AFD45.taxon	description	Notoplusia Schaus, 1901. Type species: Phalaena clara Stoll, 1780, in Cramer. Pap. Exot. 4: 43 pi 311 Fig Adults. (Figure 3 E, 11 F) Head: male antennae pectinated to basal half; antennal tufts absent; female antennae simple ciliate; ocelli absent; third segment of labial palpus short. Thorax: tarsal claws bifid; male prothoracic leg lacks scent organ (however N. clara has a tibia scent pocket according to Weller (1989 )). Wings: males 36 to 42 mm, females 42 to 46 mm; forewing with accessory cell present, hindwing with Sc-Rs connate. Forewing coloration light to dark brown with 1 – 2 large white triangles or green hourglass marking. Abdomen: caudal tuft prominent. Male terminalia (Figure 7 C, 8 H): eighth tergite with large midplate; eighth sternite plain. Valvae with SSO present with long hair-like scales, sometimes reduced; saccular base varying from compact to elongate; weak midvalve sclerotization; costa membranous with a sinuous tip. Uncus simple with a curved tip with long setae, sometimes a membranous dorsal projection present; socii upturned with a snake fang-like shape; a ribbon of sclerotization extending to juxta; juxta shallowly concave, fused to base of sacculus, costulae present. Aedeagus long and thin, callosum foot-like; distiphallus slightly to extremely curved. Female terminalia: Eighth tergite wishbone shaped, lacking ornamentation; eighth sternite with lateral patches of setae on rounded prominences; papillae anales highly modified, ovipositor lobes flattened with stout, short, curved setae covering surface, long slender setae from periphery; posterior and anterior apophyses short and stout; ostium bursae wide or half-length of sternite; lamella antevaginalis thick, heavily sclerotized and M-shaped. Ductus bursae sclerotized and dorso-ventrally flattened. Corpus bursae with shield strongly or weakly sclerotized; a pair of signum present; ductus seminalis arising from right-hand, caudal edge of shield. Diagnosis. Notoplusia can be easily recognized due to the large and bright white triangles present on the forewing. The female genitalia with setose and bulbouse papillae anales distinguish this genus. In male genitalia the thin and setose tip of the uncus with particularly large setae, and the fang-like shape of the socii are diagnostic. Comments. Notoplusia means a gold or rich mark, it probably refers to the white forewing scales (Weller 1989). In some noctuids, females with similar ovipositor setae use accessory gland secretions to glue sawdust into a protective case for the eggs. Similar female ovipositor morphology occurs in Lyricinus xylophasioides (Weller 1989). Female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1989). Distribution. From Costa Rica to South Brazil. Species included (5). Notoplusia clara (Stall, 1780) * Notoplusia flavodiscata (Dognin, 1911) Notoplusia joanna Thiaucourt, 1995 Notoplusia marchiana Schaus, 1928 Notoplusia minuta (Druce, 1900)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE7993FFF38BB12FDC4FA51.taxon	description	Nycterotis Felder, 1874, in Felder and Rogenhofer, Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde, Zoologisher Theil, Band 2, Abtheilung 2, Lepidoptera, Heft 4. Type species: Nycterotis poecila Felder, 1874. Adults. (Figure 3 F, 11 G) Head: male antennae bipectinated beyond basal half, rarely ciliate, female simple filiform; antennal tuft present; ocelli reduced, third segment of labial palpi short. Thorax: male prothoracic leg lacks scent pocket; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 46 to 50 mm; very variable, many species with ground color pale yellow, others darkly mottled brown, often with lengthwise striations and lines giving wings a wooden appearance, tornal and basal markings occasional, hindwing light brown. Abdomen: brown with small caudal tuft. Male terminalia (Figure 7 D): eighth tergite with midplate, eighth sternite with two long apodemes with leaf-like shape; uncus short and laterally compressed, beak shaped, some species bifid; socii short, strongly upcurved; vinculum and tegumen upright, relatively narrow; valvae usually broad, with a large, sclerotized, quadrate dorsal part with various spines and protrusions, these being asymmetrical, valvae often membranous basally; costulae quite variable, some species have long and thin costulae that are acute at their apices, others short and broad, truncated (in some species asymmetrical with teeth); SSO absent; juxta ovoid; aedeagus short, base flanged, apex with a pair of irregular processes. Female terminalia: eighth tergite heavily sclerotized with a mesial notch on posterior margin; anterior apophyses long and thin, sinuate; ostium wide; eighth sternite with horn-like lateral processes; ductus bursae long and lightly sclerotized, narrow at its base, S-shaped in distal part; ductus seminalis arising from base of ductus bursae near ostium; corpus bursae small, ovoid, with a single tiny signum; posterior apophyses long and thin, straight; papillae anales small and membranous. Diagnosis. Some species can be recognized due to the large antennal tuft, the mottled brown and gray wing pattern with the gray oval at the tornus. However, this is one of the most diverse genera of Nystaleinae and contains a great deal of variation. A character that is likely uniform in the genus is the shape of the eighth sternite (V shape due to the large sclerotized apodemes), and the presence of the costulae. Male genitalia are also often asymmetrical which is unusual in Nystaleinae. Comments. Many species are very similar, and genitalia dissections are needed for identification. Hostplants include different species belonging to the Fabaceae family, especially Inga sp. and Lonchocarpus sp. (ACG database). Thiaucourt (2008) illustrates several female and male genitalia, as does Becker (2020). Distribution. USA to Argentina. Species included (41). Nycterotis anapiesma (Weller, 1991) Nycterotis ankistron (Weller, 199 l) Nycterotis apostatica (Dyar, 1914) Nycterotis aroata (Schaus, 1901)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE7993FFF38BB12FDC4FA51.taxon	description	Nycterotis densissima (Dyar, 1914) Nycterotis dognini (Draudt, 1932)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE7993FFF38BB12FDC4FA51.taxon	description	Nycterotis lignicolor (Möschler, l 877) Nycterotis limbata (Dognin, 1901)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE7993FFF38BB12FDC4FA51.taxon	description	Nycterotis lupia (Druce, 1887)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE7993FFF38BB12FDC4FA51.taxon	description	Nycterotis poecila Felder, 1874 * Nycterotis roberta (Dyar, 1909)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE7993FFF38BB12FDC4FA51.taxon	description	Nycterotis russula (Dognin, 1909) Nycterotis seriata (Druce, 1887) Nycterotis sinistra (Weller, 1991) Nycterotis sirena Thiaucourt & Chacón, 2013 Nycterotis smithsoni (Weller, 1991) Nycterotis typhon (Draudt, 1932) Nycterotis valta (Schaus, 1901)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE7993FFF38BB12FDC4FA51.taxon	description	Nycterotis wellingi (Thiaucourt, 1975)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE6993DFF38BE66FDC9FB71.taxon	description	Nystalea Guenée, 1852; in Boisduval and Guenée: 122. Type-species: Nystalea conchyfera Guenée, 1852 (= Nystalea ebalae (Stoll )). Hist. nat. Ins. 6: 122. Adults. (Figure 3 G, 11 H) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts present; third segment of labial palpi short; ocelli reduced. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with triple scent pocket, tarsal claws bifid with lobe. Wings: males 20 to 70 mm, females 54 to 70 mm; color pattern variable; forewing elongate and narrow with accessory cell present, hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Fig. 7 E, 8 I): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with M-shaped antecosta and many with a caudal edge (but see Chacon et al. 2022 for variation). Valve with SSO well-developed; costa membranous with different processes at the apex; uncus thin and large paddle-like shape with a divided base; costulae present (species-specific); socii sclerotized elongate or bulbous; aedeagus with a callosum; anterior end of aedeagus broad, distal portion expanded, much wider than middle, vesica tends to be bulbous, deciduous caltrop-shape cornuti are present. Female terminalia: Papillae anales membranous with long setae from periphery; posterior apophyses long and straplike. Eighth tergite caudal edge wishbone shaped; anterior apophyses long. Eighth sternite usually with a pair of lateral projections; ostium bursae wide and sometimes M-shaped. Ductus bursae membranous or well sclerotized and usually dorso-ventrally flattened. Corpus bursaesometimes with sclerotized shield; one or two signa present; ductus seminalis arising from dorsal, caudal area of corpus bursae. Diagnosis: Among Nystaleinae, Nystalea are some of the largest moths in the group and highly noctuid-like in shape and pattern. The fingerlike apical projection of the uncus with a bilobed base, as well as the triple scent pocket on the prothoracic leg are largely diagnostic, but this is a diverse genus with substantial variation. Comments. Nystalea was originally described in the Noctuidae, Möschler (1878) placed it in the Notodontidae. Sometimes the aedeagus is fused to the anellar ring and must be cut out to be examined. Nystalea means drowsy or sleepy and probably refers to the usually brown, monotonous coloration of the wings in collections (Weller 1989). This genus is the largest of the subfamily, specimens are common in field work and collections. Costa Rican species were revised by Chacon et al. (2022). Distribution. From USA to Argentina. Species included (66) Nystalea aequipars Walker, 1858 Nystalea amatura Schaus, 1928 Nystalea analeptris Draudt, 1934	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE6993DFF38BE66FDC9FB71.taxon	description	Nystalea clotho Thiaucourt, 2003 Nystalea collaris Schaus, 1910 Nystalea corniculans Weller, 1990 Nystalea corusca Schaus, 1904 Nystalea dahni Schaus, 1939 Nystalea difficilis Draudt, 1932 Nystalea discalis Schaus, 1910 Nystalea dognini Thiaucourt, 2010 Nystalea ebalea (Stoll, 1780) *	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE6993DFF38BE66FDC9FB71.taxon	description	Nystalea inchoans Walker, 1857 Nystalea indiana Grate, 1884	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE6993DFF38BE66FDC9FB71.taxon	description	Nystalea julitha Schaus, 1928 Nystalea kayei Schaus, 1904 Nystalea lineiplena Walker, 1857	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE6993DFF38BE66FDC9FB71.taxon	description	Nystalea marona Schaus, 1905 Nystalea montana Weller, 1990 Nystalea multiplex Dognin, 1909 Nystalea nigritorquata Dognin, 1900 Nystalea nyseus (Cramer, 1775) Nystalea nystalina (Draudt, 1932) Nystalea ocellata Rothschild, 1917 Nystalea paranensis Thiaucourt, 2010 Nystalea parsoni Schaus, 1928	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE6993DFF38BE66FDC9FB71.taxon	description	Nystalea porgana Schaus, 1905 Nystalea postpuncta Schaus, 1920	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE6993DFF38BE66FDC9FB71.taxon	description	Nystalea severina (Schaus, 1928) Nystalea similis (Draudt, 1933) Nystalea spatularis Thiaucourt, 2003 Nystalea spinalis Thiaucourt, 2003 Nystalea squamosa Butler, 1879 Nystalea striata Schaus, 1910 Nystalea superciliosa Guenee, 1852	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE6993DFF38BE66FDC9FB71.taxon	description	Nystalea virgula Felder, 1874 Nystalea zeuzeroides Rothschild, 1917	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE49932FF38BD46FDD1FE65.taxon	description	Phedosia Möschler, 1878. Type species: Phedosia turbida Möschler, 1878. ibid. 27: 691. Adults. (Figure 3 H) Head: male and female antennae filiform; third segment of male labial palpi very short, that of female longer; antennal tufts present and very long. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with single scent pocket. Wings: males 39 mm, females 50 cm; coloration sometimes sexually dimorphic; forewing with accessory cell present, hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Abdomen: male second tergite with enlarged pleural area and associated hairlike androconia on caudal edge; third sternite with peniculus on caudal edges. Male terminalia (Figure 7 F): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with antecosta weakly to strongly M-shaped, lateral areas with species-specific elaborations. SSO compact and well developed; valvae thin and large; costa a sclerotized rod with enlarged, paddle-like, distal tip. Uncus either slightly or greatly bifid with tip membranous, long setae below; socii sclerotized, fang-like shape or species specific. Costulae absent; juxta triangular. Aedeagus callosum foot-like; distiphallus slender, curved ventrally in P. turbida; vesica membranous with a small smooth sclerotized patch, projecting ventrally in P. turbida. Female terminalia: Papillae anales membranous with long and short setae; posterior apophyses long and slender; eighth tergite broad; anterior apophyses slender, variable length; eighth sternite caudal edge rounded with a central doublet of small prominences; ostium bursae wide or narrow; ductus bursae sclerotized and dorso-ventrally flattened; narrow and long or wide and short; corpus bursae with sclerotized areas giving rise to internal ridges with saw-toothed edges. Diagnosis. The antennal tufts of these species are remarkably long. The male valvae have a unique costa with a paddle-like distal tip. Females have saw-toothed ridges within their corpus bursae (Weller, 1989). Females have a longer third labial palpus segment than those of males. Comments. Phedosia means brown or dusky and refers to the wing coloration (Weller 1989). Female genitalia illustrated in Weller (1989). Distribution. From Costa Rica to Brazil. Species included (3). Phedosia lecourti Thiaucourt, 1993 Phedosia turbida Möschler, 1878 * Phedosia vallensis Thiaucourt, 1993	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFEB9932FF38BA72FDE4F963.taxon	description	Phyllopalpia Draudt 1932. In Seitz, Der Gross Schmett d‘Erde 6: 939. Type species: Phyllopalpia triangulum Draudt 1932. Ibidem 6: 939. Adults. (Figure 3 I, 11 A) Head: male antennae bipectinated to basal half, female antennae filiform; antennal tufts present; male third segment of labial palpus small. Thorax: scent pocket absent on male prothoracic leg. Wings: males 22 mm, females 30 to 34 mm; forewing with areole present, hindwing with Sc-Rs short stalked. Forewing pattern with two white patches on the discal cell (similar to those found on Didugua, but wings with paler mesal regions than Didugua). Male terminalia (Figure 7 G): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with antecosta Mshaped, with a tapered shape and sinuous ridges, caudal edge modified into paired, triangular, lobes. SSO absent, uncus with a flat prominence with slightly notched tip and a ventral membranous projection in P. marcella, or with a rounded tip in P. triangulum; base square with lateral ridges; sclerotized socii with a toothed flange (fang shaped); costulae absent but costal base of valvae with sclerotized projection. Aedeagus small and long with callosum footlike. Female terminalia: Papillae anales membranous with long setae on outer half; posterior apophyses very long. Eighth tergite with a thin band lacking ornamentation; anterior apophyses long and slender. Eighth sternite with small, lateral prominences and a pair of midventral, rounded prominences; with a midventral desclerotization; ostium bursae wide, lamellae antevaginalis unornamented. Ductus bursae upper fourth weakly sclerotized, remainder a membranous tube; corpus bursae membranous with a small signum. Diagnosis. Species can be recognized by the combination of the white patches present near the discal cell on the forewing, the long antennal tuft, the short third segment of the labial palpi, and the bipectinated antennae to basal half in males. Comments. Phyllopalpia means flat and leaf-like palpus (Weller 1989). Species habitus resembles some Calledema, Ankale or even Lepasta and Didugua species. Brushing male terminalia to view the VIII sternite’s caudal edge is sometimes helpful. We have doubts about the monophyly of this genus. A complete and thorough revision is necessary. Distribution. From Costa Rica to Paraguay. Species included (6). Phyllopalpia asaphina (Schaus, 1939) Phyllopalpia branda (Schaus, 1928) Phyllopalpia maltha (Schaus, 1905) Phyllopalpia marcella (Schaus, 1911) Phyllopalpia triangulum Draudt, 1932 * Phyllopalpia viridis (Schaus, 1905)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFEB9933FF38BF78FD14F92D.taxon	description	Poresta Schaus 1901. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond.: 277. Type species: Edema lanassa Druce, 1890. Proc. zool. Soc.: 509. Adults. (Figure 3 J, 11 I) Head: male and female antennae filiform; antennal tufts present; third segment of male and female labial palpi long. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with double scent pocket (rarely single). Wings: males 34 to 40 mm, females 40 to 44 mm; forewing with accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Figure 7 H): eighth tergite with midplate; antecosta of eighth sternite m-shaped or nearly curved; caudal margin usually indented and with hair-like androconia. Valvae with SSO well-developed somewhat squared saccularly; costa is a sclerotized rod that extends nearly to valve edge. Uncus with a characteristic shape, triangular ending distally in a membranous, setose apex; socii flattened, short and sclerotized. Costulae present, shape fingerlike; juxta usually flat and oval or slightly concave and triangular. Aedeagus callosum foot-like, distiphallus often curved, slightly enlarged distally, lacking ornamentation; vesica with deciduous cornuti. Female terminalia: Papillae anales membranous with long and short setae; posterior apophyses long and narrow. Eighth tergite caudal edge straight or with pronounced, setose lateral prominences; anterior apophyses long and narrow. Eighth sternite caudal edge with a bifid midventral prominence; ostium bursae wide; edge a U or V shape. Ductus bursae-sclerotized, dorso-ventrally flattened. Corpus bursae membranous, with sclerotized shield having one or more invaginations; one signum present. Diagnosis. The presence of a tripartite uncus and the fingerlike costulae can be found in the three species of the genus. Forewing color pattern usually with a large amount of white or grey overlaid on green, which gives a silvery or lichenous appearance to the moths (Weller 1989), species that we transfer to this genus (below) are darker overall but bear otherwise similar maculation and markings, most notably the greenish ground color and the triangular white spot near the discal cell. Sexual dimorphism is somewhat noticeable in this genus as well with female white markings being larger. Comments. Sexual dimorphism can be found in the wing pattern of P. lanassa, females have a green ground color with a white spot near the discal cell while males have a yellow transverse line intersecting this spot, the line extends from the base to apex of the wing. Host plant records include Callichlamys latifolia (Bignoniaceae) (ACG database). Another species, formerly placed in this genus, is transferred below to a new genus, Pseudhippia gen. n. (see section at the end). The other two species of Poresta are less variable, but still have some degree of sexual dimorphism, particularly in the size of the white discal marking which is larger in females. As part of our review of all genera of Nystaleinae, it became immediately clear that two species, one each currently classified in Didugua and Gopha, belong instead to Poresta. The first of these, Poresta albipuncta (Schaus), comb. n. is transferred from Didugua to Poresta after our examination of the female lectotype and a series of corresponding males and a female from the USNM. Male genitalia in particular, display the characteristic uncus shape, fingerlike costulae, and flattened socii seen in P. lanassa, differing primarily in terminally narrower valvae. Externally, P. albipuncta is less variable than P. lanassa, and shows darker coloration overall with a more obvious, and distinct white marking on the forewing. Poresta albipuncta comb. n. is extremely similar to the other species that we transfer to Poresta: P. niveigutta (Schaus), comb. n.. We examined the male lectotype of P. niveigutta in the USNM, and while we were unable to dissect it, it is remarkably similar to males of P. albipuncta, so much so that we originally considered that both names may be synonymous. However, given that P. niveigutta was described from French Guiana and P. albipuncta from São Paulo, Brazil, they potentially represent distinct species and we decline synonymy until genitalia of both can be compared. Nonetheless, Poresta is the most appropriate generic placement for both of these species given the available external data we have for both species and the male genitalia of P. albipuncta. Distribution. Costa Rica, Panamá, and throughout much of South America. Species included (3). Poresta albipuncta (Schaus, 1901), comb. n. Poresta lanassa (Druce, 1890) * Poresta niveigutta Schaus, 1905, comb. n.	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFEA9930FF38BEBAFDF0FD31.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The genus can be recognized by the absence of the socii and the sclerotized apodemes found on the eighth tergite and sternite and the broad triangular valvae. Comments. When originally described, the genus was said to be restricted to the cooler, southern regions of Brazil (Becker 2014), but the USNM has specimens also from the arid Cerrado and Bolivia. Rhetesa abbreviata (Schaus) and R. franzina are very similar in their habitus, though R. abbreviata is slightly larger and lighter overall. Distribution. Brazil and Bolivia. Species included (2). Rhetesa abbreviata (Schaus, 1901)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFEA9930FF38BEBAFDF0FD31.taxon	description	Rhetesa franzina (Schaus, 1901) *	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE99930FF38BA86FDFEF8F3.taxon	description	Scevesia Dyar, 1916, Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 51: 22. Type species: Scevesia broidricci Dyar, 1916 Adults. (Figure 3 L) Head: male antennae bipectinate, female antennae filiform; antennal tuft absent; third segment of labial palpi short; ocelli absent. Thorax: tarsal claws bifid, prothoracic scent organ absent. Wings: males 38 to 47 mm, females 41 to 47 mm. Forewing ground color glossy light gray; accessory cell absent. Hind wing ground color white. Abdomen: caudal tuft present. Male terminalia (Figure 8 E): eighth sternite V shaped with a long process at base; eighth tergite with midplate; uncus short and narrow, apex truncate; socii short, upturned; valval costa heavily sclerotized and distally broadened with a series of spines; SSO absent; costulae absent; juxta a tiny, inverted triangle; aedeagus short, bearing an elongate horn-like process mesally and two smaller processes (sword handle shaped); cornuti absent. Female terminalia: eighth tergite simple; anterior apophyses long; ostium narrow; ductus bursae sclerotized only near ostium; corpus bursae oval-shaped, with a thin signum laterally near base; posterior apophyses long, and thin; papillae anales membranous (clam-shaped). Diagnosis. Scevesia can be identified by the eighth tergite with a long central process at the base, the large, broad valvae which are narrow at the bottom and wide distally with a hooked apical process distad from a heavily sclerotized costa, as well as by the square, sword-handle shape of the aedeagus. Comments. Both Haxairella Thiaucourt, 2004 and Narriocampa Thiaucourt, 1981 were recently placed in synonymy with Scecvesia (St Laurent et al. in press). Becker (2014) incorrectly synonymized Narriocampa with Ginaldia Schaus and treated both it and Haxairella as heterocampines. Genitalia of the rarely collected species described by Thiaucourt can be found in Thiaucourt (1981, 2004). Recent phylogenomic evidence fully supports the transfer of Scevesia to Nystaleinae from Periergosinae as was the placement in Miller et al. (2018). Likewise, this phylogenetic information shows that Scevesia forms a close relationship with Dunama, another previously difficultto-place taxon. We note similarities in the aedeagus shape to some species of Dasylophia. The larvae of Scevesia and Dunama are quite similar, being some of the only Nystaleinae s. s. larvae bearing prominent setae. Distribution. USA to Ecuador. Species included (5).	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE99930FF38BA86FDFEF8F3.taxon	description	Scevesia broidricci Dyar, 1916 *	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE89931FF38B8C7FD13FCBD.taxon	description	Strangulodonta Becker, 2021. Type species: Stragulodonta stragula (Möschler, 1883). Möschler, 1883: 342. Adults. Head: male and female antennae pectinate; antennal tuft absent; third segment of labial palpi long. Thorax: forewing ground color olivaceous; black lunule on discal cell, followed by paler region; postmedial area with double band inner lighter than outer, distal edge wavy. Hindwing dark grey. Abdomen: dark gray, with a band from the second segment to tip. Male terminalia: eighth tergite simple, eight sternite with midplate; SSO reduced; uncus long with a round head (crown shape); socii thin and fang-shaped; juxta squared; costulae present; costa membranous. Aedeagus short, curved and thick, with a blunt apical process. Diagnosis. The combination of pectinate antennae in both sexes with the lunular mark at end of cell is unique in the New World Notodontidae (Becker 2021 a). The large and curved arms of the socii as well as the lateral blunt process of the aedeagus help differentiate the genus. Comments. Description of the genus, and genitalia pictures can be found in Becker (2021 a), we were unable to examine this genus. Distribution. South America. Species included (1). Stragulodonta stragula (Möschler, 1883) *	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFE89936FF38BB0BFD33FED1.taxon	description	Strophocerus Möschler, 1882. Verhandl. zool. - bot. Ges. Wien 32: 344. Type species: Strophocerus flocciferus Möschler, 1882. ibid.: 32: 345. Adults. (Figure 3 M, 11 J) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts present; third segment of labial palpi long; ocelli present. Thorax: male prothoracic leg without scent pocket; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 36 to 52 mm, females 42 to 54 mm; color pattern variable consisting of sharp geometric shapes, forewing falcate; accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Male terminalia (Figure 7 J): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with M-shaped antecosta, caudal edge with lateral prominences. Valvae with SSO developed; midvalve sclerotization present; sclerotized portion of costal edge thin, extending nearly to apex; apex membranous with curved, stout setae regularly spaced along edge. Uncus often square and slightly bifid, socii sclerotized and variously shaped; modified transtilla with two pronounced curved apodemes; costulae usually absent; juxta flattened or slightly concave. Aedeagus long, a curved and thin, vesica with deciduous cornuti, base with a Y form, however we note considerable variation in male Strophocerus genitalia. Female terminalia: Papillae anales membranous or lightly sclerotized; long setae from periphery; posterior apophyses long. Eighth tergite usually with long setae, shape variable; anterior apophyses variable in length. Eight sternite with small lateral prominences present or absent; ostium bursae moderately wide. Ductus bursae sclerotized and dorso-ventrally flattened. Corpus bursae membranous with small dorsal, sclerotized shield that gives rise internally to ridges; one signum present. Diagnosis. These are large moths with vivid colors (pinks, greys, creams, and browns arranged in triangular patterns or forming contrasting borders). Strophocerus can be recognized due to the particularly modified transtilla with large apodemes. Comments. Strophocerus means twisted antennae (Weller 1989). Recorded host plants include Hirtella racemosa (Chrysobalanaceae) and Cespedesia spathulata (Ochnaceae) (ACG database). This is another genus that needs exhaustive revision given a wide range of different genitalia structures. Distribution. From Guatemala to Brazil. Species included (12). Strophocerus albonotatus (Druce, 1909) Strophocerus chliara Draudt, 1932 Strophocerus cossoides (Schaus, 1904) Strophocerus flocciferus Möschler, 1883 * Strophocerus hermieri Thiaucourt, 2001 Strophocerus lecourti Thiaucourt, 1995 Strophocerus maipouri Thiaucourt, 1995 Strophocerus orbipunctatus (Dognin, 1910) Strophocerus rectilinea (Dognin, 1908) Strophocerus sericeus (Schaus, 1905) Strophocerus striatus (Druce, 1909) Strophocerus thermesius (Felder, 1870)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFEF9936FF38B9E6FDDCF81A.taxon	description	Symmerista Hübner, [1821] Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge [sic], p. 248. Type species: Noctua albicosta Hübner (= Phalaena albifrons J. E. Smith) designation by Kirby 1892, A Synonymic Catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera (moths), 1: 572. Adults. (Figure 4 A, 11 K) Head: male antennae bipectinate to basal half, female antennae simple filiform; antennal tuft reduced; third segment of labial palpi short; haustellum reduced; ocelli absent. Thorax: tarsal claws bifid; male prothoracic leg without scent pocket. Wings: forewing ground color gray, a silvery white subcostal stripe extending from antemedial line to apex. Posterior margin of stripe with a large tooth, accessory cell present. Hind wing gray or white. Abdomen: short hair-like scales and flat scales. Male terminalia (Figure 8 G): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite lyre-shaped. Uncus hood-like; socii short, wide at their bases, small and flanged at their apices; costulae absent; SSO small and sclerotized densely spinulose; juxta circular. Aedeagus thick, flanged, apex with a large ventral or lateral process; vesica with cornute. Female terminalia: eighth tergite roof-like; anterior apophyses short; ostium ovoid; ductus bursae wide and sclerotized; corpus bursae round; signum usually absent; posterior apophyses long and thin; papillae anales moderate membranous. Diagnosis. The genus can be recognized by the reduced haustellum, the configuration of the socii-uncus, and the prominent, silvery-white subcostal stripe extending from antemedial line to apex (Miller et al. 2021). Throughout most of its range in North America it cannot be confused with any other notodontid genus. Comments. The genus shows stronger North American representation than most Nystaleinae and also remains one of the most taxonomically challenging genera since the group appears to be undergoing rapid speciation given the recent CO 1 barcode divergence (Miller et al. 2021). Genitalia figures can be found in Miller et al. (2021). Distribution. Canada to Panamá. Species included (20). Symmerista albifrons (J. E. Smith, 1797) *	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFEF9936FF38B9E6FDDCF81A.taxon	description	Symmerista caeca Thiaucourt, 2007 Symmerista canicosta Franclemont, 1946 Symmerista difficilis Draudt, 1932 Symmerista dispina Thiaucourt, 2007	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFEF9936FF38B9E6FDDCF81A.taxon	description	Symmerista leucitys Franclemont, 1946	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFEF9936FF38B9E6FDDCF81A.taxon	description	Symmerista paquitae Thiaucourt, 2007	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFEF9936FF38B9E6FDDCF81A.taxon	description	Symmerista zacualpana Draudt, 1932	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFEE9937FF38B8C7FD85F93B.taxon	description	Tachuda Schaus, 1901. ibid.: 278. Type-species: Lochmaeus albosigma Druce, 1887. Biologia cent. - am. Lepid-Heterocera 1: 236; 1898, ibid. 2: pi. 90, Fig. 17. Adults. (Figure 4 B, 11 L) Head: male and female antennae simple filiform; antennal tufts absent; third segment of labial palpi short; ocelli present. Thorax: male prothoracic leg without scent pocket; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 36 to 40 mm; color pattern variable, most species present a distinctive yellow circle or spot in the apex of the forewing; accessory cell present; hindwing with Sc-Rs stalked. Abdomen: on first sternite with double apodemes (crown shape) (Figure 4 K). Male terminalia (Figure 7 K, L): eighth tergite with midplate; eighth sternite with a small, sclerotized U-shape; valvae membranous; SSO well developed. Uncus almost fused with the socii, both very short and sclerotized, similar in shape to a duck’s head. Aedeagus long and thin, vesica with deciduous cornuti, callosum foot-like. Diagnosis. Tachuda can be recognized by the uncus and socii combination forming a duck shape face, also the yellow or white spot found on the apex of the forewing and the double apodemes found on the second sternite. In general, though, these are rather nondescript moths and many species are quite similar. Comments. Weller synonymized Tachuda with Antiopha in her thesis (1989) due to the presence of double apodemes on the second sternite. However, we consider them as separate taxa, since their habitus and terminalia are very different. Several hostplants have been recorded in Costa Rica, many of which come from Cupania sp. (Sapindaceae) (ACG database). Like several other genera in the subfamily, this one contains several morphologically divergent groups which suggests a species-level revision is warranted to determine the monophyly of the genus. Becker (2014) incorrectly assigned Pseudantiora rufescens Schaus, 1905 to both Calledema and Tachuda, but it belongs in Calledema and is returned accordingly here. Distribution. From Mexico to Brazil. Species included (18). Tachuda albosigma (Druce, 1887) * Tachuda bipartita (Herrich-Schäffer, 1854) Tachuda carema (Schaus, 1905) Tachuda discreta Schaus, 1905 Tachuda indiscreta (Dognin, 1923) Tachuda folia (Jones, 1912) Tachuda forfex Dognin, 1908 Tachuda laurena (Schaus, 1920) Tachuda lignea (Schaus, 1901) Tachuda longicornis (Felder, 1874) Tachuda lophocera (Dyar, 1914) Tachuda nefanda Draudt, 1932 Tachuda olivescens (Dognin, 1916) Tachuda pachydexius Forbes, 1939 Tachuda plumipes (Schaus, 1901) Tachuda punctum Forbes, 1939 Tachuda serrata (Schaus, 1920) Tachuda stellata (Dognin, 1914)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFEE9934FF38BEB0FDABFD1D.taxon	description	Tagela Schaus, 1901. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1901: 265. Type species: Tagela dentata Schaus, 1892 Adults. (Figure 4 C, 11 M) Head: male antennae ciliate or finally pectinate, female antennae filiform; antennal tuft present; third segment of labial palpi short; ocelli reduced. Thorax: male prothoracic leg with scent pocket on femur; tarsal claws bifid. Wings: males 20 to 30 mm; color pattern brown with a woody pattern, forewings with a black spot near the discal cell, accessory cell absent. Abdomen: brown with a short caudal tuft. Presence of a peniculus on the third segment. Male terminalia (Figure 7 M): Complex; eighth tergite with a midplate; eighth sternite with two long and curved apodemes; valvae thin and membranous; SSO well developed; uncus small and simple; tegumen thick with an inverted triangle shape; the socii are large resembling antlers; costulae absent; juxta apparently absent. Aedeagus short and robust, with four subterminal lateral bumps, two on each side. Female terminalia (Figure 9 C): anterior apophysis long; posterior apophysis short; ductus bursae membranous; corpus bursae bean shaped; signum absent; papillae anales sclerotized with long setae; ostium sclerotized midplate. Diagnosis. Tagela can be recognized due to the forewing pattern with the “ eye-like ” spots, the unique shape of the socii (large antlers) and the presence of a peniculus. Distribution. From Guatemala to Brazil. Species included (5). Tagela dentata (Schaus, 1892) * Tagela disjuncta (Dognin, 1892) Tagela moinieri (Thiaucourt, 1988) Tagela cayuga Schaus, 1920 Tagela nigella (Dognin, 1911)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFED9934FF38BAAAFD84F8A9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The genus has an unmistakable habitus, with contrasting black wavy lines, spanning the forewing from costa to anal margin. Also, the character combination of basally pectinated antennae, no antennal tufts, short third segment of labial palpi, the hairy valvae, and the two lateral bumps on the aedeagus are unique to this genus. Comments. The type species was described on a female specimen. Thiaucourt (2007) placed members of this genus as incertae sedis. Chacón et al. (2014) assigned tlotzin to Elymiotis, but Becker (2014) created a new genus for it, Tlotzinia. The etymology is a feminine epithet derived from the type-species name, a Nahuatl word and name of a Chichimeca chieftain and ruler (Mexican) (Jalpa Flores 2023). Further genitalia images of the type species can be found in Chacón et al. (2014) as well as host plant information (Rhamnaceae, Zizyphus guatemalensis) and larval images. Interestingly, the twig-like larvae of Tlotzinia, which bear a pair of anterior abdominal spine-like protrusions and a caudal horn, are unlike any other in Nystaleinae. Distribution. From Mexico to Brazil. Species included (2). Tlotzinia sigea (Schaus, 1928)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFED9934FF38BAAAFD84F8A9.taxon	description	Tlotzinia tlotzin (Schaus, 1892) *	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFED9935FF38BF31FDE9F9BD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The hook-like uncus, the vestigial socii and deeply concave (often asymmetrical) eighth sternite of the male are together unique to Xylodonta. However, this group has a wide variety of male genitalia morphology, which is clearly depicted in Becker (2021 b). Comments. The species belonging to this genus are not easy to identify as most of them show similar patterns. The species resemble those belonging to Dasylophia, to which they were formerly associated (Becker 2021 b). Xylodonta species have some of the most heavily sclerotized eighth sternite of the subfamily, the genital capsule is usually difficult to separate from the abdomen due to the strong sclerotizaiton. Recorded hostplants for the genus include several Fabaceae species, most of which are Lonchocarpus sp. (ACG database). Distribution. From Mexico to Argentina. Species included (19). Xylodonta andrewrusselli Chacón, 2017	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFED9935FF38BF31FDE9F9BD.taxon	description	Xylodonta angustipennis (Schaus, 1911) Xylodonta billhaberi Chacón, 2017 Xylodonta castrena (Jones, 1912) Xylodonta giffordi Becker 2021 Xylodonta guarana (Schaus, 1892) Xylodonta inca (Schaus, 1892)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFED9935FF38BF31FDE9F9BD.taxon	description	Xylodonta mocosa (Dognin, 1895)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFED9935FF38BF31FDE9F9BD.taxon	description	Xylodonta robertodelgadoi Chacón 2017 Xylodonta robusta (Jones, 1908)	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFED9935FF38BF31FDE9F9BD.taxon	description	Xylodonta scottmilleri Chacón, 2017 Xylodonta terrena (Schaus, 1892) Xylodonta xylinata (Walker, 1865) *	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFEC992AFF38BE0AFD5DF89D.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Poresta olivescens Schaus, 1905: 238, by present designation. Figs 12 A – D, 13 A, 14 A – D, 15. Description. Male: Head: Width more than half that of thorax, frons coloration light brown, eyes large, naked, occupying more than 2 / 3 area of head; labial palpus long, extending beyond frons, three segmented, with basal two segments more densely scaled, third segment appearing thinner; haustellum of moderate length, longer than head height, antennal scape with dense scale tuft, antennae dark brown, ciliate. Thorax: Hoary with greenish scales on prothorax otherwise mostly brown with light gray. Legs outwardly clothed in tan-brown, with darker brown scales distally. Tibial spurs thin, short, clothed in fine white scales, in formula 0 - 2 - 4. Tarsal claws bifid. No scent pockets. Wings: Forewing length 14 mm (n = 4); subtriangular, outer margin straight becoming convex along tornus, apex rounded. Forewing dorsum ground color light gray with darker greenish-brown region medially and submarginally but not near tornus. Overall wing pattern defined by contrasting white region with medial bulge toward tornus but not extending beyond lower margin of discal cell. Antemedial and postmedial lines mostly absent but faint marking may be present along anal angle near wing base, scalloped submarginal submarginal line present but faint. Discal spot absent. Forewing ventrum mostly brown, lighter submarginally with small dots between veins near apex. Hindwing without distinct markings, coloration brown. Hindwing venter as for hindwing dorsum, with black markings most well-defined near hindwing apex and at anal angle. Frenulum a single bristle. Abdomen: Clothed in brown scales with lighter gray scales near terminus. Cteniophores and peniculus absent. Eighth sternite (Fig. 13 B, D) ovoid with truncated posterior margin and short points laterally. Eighth tergite rectangular, more densely sclerotized laterally, somewhat wrinkled at posterior margin. Terminalia: (Fig. 14 A, C) (n = 2) Vinculum circular, otherwise nondescript. Tegumen heavily sclerotized and somewhat rectangular. Uncus narrow, heavily sclerotized with rounded tip and small ventral protrusion roughly one third distance from base. Socii heavily sclerotized and irregular in shape, appearing somewhat wrinkled and with thin edges. Gnathos absent. Valvae narrow and irregular in shape with more heavily sclerotized costa that broadens and angles downward distally, saccular margin well-sclerotized basally with fingerlike projection about midway then more membranous until apex and kinked near apex below where more heavily sclerotized costal region curves, base of valvae with setose, bulging region. Juxta a reduced. Aedeagus short and broad, widened apically and a ventral pointed projection and base forming a substantial callosum; vesica short and bag-like but filled with caltrop cornute and long spine-like cornute. Female: Sexual dimorphism not pronounced; female slightly larger overall. Head: As for male. Thorax: As for male. Wings: Forewing length ~ 16 mm (n = 2); forewing dorsum as for male but white marking somewhat less contrasting and less well-defined on costal side. Hindwing dorsum light brown. Wing venter as in male. Frenulum with two bristles. Abdomen: As for male but with less distinct differences in scale color distally. Terminalia: (Fig 15) (n = 1) Apophyses anteriores somewhat longer than apophyses posteriores, both sets thin. Antevaginal plate rectangular with inward fold, margins with thick spine-like setae. Ductus bursae broad, as broad as antevaginal plate and leading immediately into similarly broad corpus bursae; corpus bursae thickly membraned with sharply curled centrally sclerotized region. Most of corpus bursae at least somewhat sclerotized and covered in spicules. Papillae anales with dorsal projected lobes and long setae. Diagnosis. Similar to both Hippia mumetes and some Phyllopalpia species such as P. triangulum, P. marcella, and P. asaphina. Hippia is, however, easily recognized by the straight white region that runs nearly the entirety of the costal region of the forewing whereas in Pseudhippia this region is ventrally lobed and protruded toward the tornus. Hippia and the three mentioned Phyllopalpia species lack the greenish scales present on the wings and thorax of Pseudhippia. Male genitalia also differ, Pseudhippia has the broadest and thickest aedeagus of the three genera mentioned here, as well as kinked valvae and a long narrow uncus with a ventral projection not seen in these other genera. Etymology. The name is based on Hippia, an externally very similar genus with which this new genus is often confused. The name is feminine. Comments. The sole member of this new genus was originally assigned to Poresta but is easily recognized by its diagnostic characters. Poresta genitalia are recognizable by the squared saccular margins of the valvae and the densely pleated SSO (as is typical in many Nystaleinae genera), which is absent in Pseudhippia. The distal valval notch, narrow uncus with a mesal protrusion, and the broad, short aedeagus with caltrop cornuti are all unique to Pseudhippia olivescens and as such we assign it to a new monotypic genus (for comparisons with externally similar genera, see the diagnosis). Very little has been published on this taxon other than a single synonym proposed by Thiaucourt (1987): Lepasta elegans, later synonymized with P. olivescens by Thiaucourt (1992). Distribution. Amazonia, we have seen specimens or sightings from French Guiana and Suriname. Species included (1). Pseudhippia olivescens Schaus, 1905 *, comb. n.	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFF29928FF38B8C7FD76FEA9.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 92 E 89 B 34 - 1622 - 41 A 4 - 80 CB- 863 F 8 A 6899 EA Type species: Falcicaputis australis St Laurent & Prada-Lara, by present designation. Figs 12 E – J, 13 B, C, 14 E – G. Description. Male: Head: Width more than half that of thorax, frons coloration brown with erect scales protruding outward, eyes large, naked, occupying more than 2 / 3 area of head, labial palpus very large, first segment not extending beyond eye but second segment extending beyond apex of head, third segment less than ¼ length of second segment, scales densest and longest on second segment; haustellum of present but length not determined, antennal scape with dense scale tuft, antennae dark brown, bipectinate nearly to terminus with long widely spaced pectinations. Thorax: Light brown with darker brown scale tuft at posterior margin. Legs outwardly clothed in brown, with lighter brown scales inwardly. Tibial spurs thin, short, clothed in fine white scales, in formula 0 - 2 - 4. Tarsal claws bifid. No scent pockets. Wings: Forewing length 11 – 12 mm (n = 3); subtriangular, outer margin straight becoming convex along tornus, apex rounded. Forewing dorsum ground color dark brown with both darker and lighter brown mottling throughout, especially basally and medially, light brown present. Overall wing pattern largely obscured by relatively dark ground color, most obvious markings being a wavy white or light antemedial line which is incomplete, a black apical streak that may be broken into three to five spots at vein intersections, and a bright white mark near discal cell; additional white scales may be present at wing vein intersections above and below the discal cell. Submarginal line present but faint, irregular, outwardly somewhat lighter. Forewing ventrum brown without markings. Hindwing without distinct markings except for darker splotch which may have some lighter internal scales at tornus, coloration brown. Hindwing venter as for hindwing dorsum. Frenulum a single bristle. Abdomen: Clothed in light brown scales with darker brown scales near terminus, darker scale tuft splayed. Cteniophores and peniculus absent. Eighth sternite (Fig. 14 E – G, lower) truncated posteriorly and forming an elongate point anteriorly. Eighth tergite rectangular with central impression. Terminalia: (Fig. 14 E – G, upper) (n = 3) Vinculum ovoid, otherwise nondescript. Tegumen well-sclerotized and somewhat rectangular. Uncus narrow or somewhat broadened mesally, heavily sclerotized and acutely angled downward with truncate or pointed tip, bulbous lobe below crook of uncus. Socii heavily sclerotized, elongate or bulbous with dense covering of thick, sharp, spine-like setae. Gnathos absent. Valvae subtriangular with more densely sclerotized costal and saccular regions, centrally somewhat indented and more membranous, SSO present with dense pleats, base of valvae with setose protrusion. Juxta reduced. Costulae present as fingerlike distally broadened projections or short, spiny projections. Aedeagus short and nondescript, basally with weakly developed callosum; vesica short and bag-like. Female: Unknown. Etymology. The name is derived from Latin “ falcis ” meaning scythe or curved blade and “ caputis ” for head referring to the long, curving labial palpi of this genus. Diagnosis. This new genus is one of the smallest members of Nystaleinae, easily recognized by the short, broad, triangular wings. The patterning is diagnostic, with a black streak from the apex to the discal cell with a contrasting white mark near the discal cell at the base of the black streak. This black streak may be broken into three to five individual black marks at wing vein intersections. Additional markings are rather faint but notable white scales along wing veins above and below the black streak / spots are also occasionally present. The male genitalia are recognized by their triangular valvae with densely pleated base, fingerlike costulae, an acutely downwardly angled narrow uncus and bizarre socii that may be either short and bulbous (F. australis) or long and flattened (F. praxia and F. modica) but in both cases with thick spine-like setae covering them. Comments. Two species of Falcicaputis described before the present work were placed in separate genera: praxia was originally assigned to Gopha and modica was assigned to Didugua. Both of these genera are distinct and this new genus cannot be confused with either of them, particularly in light of the genitalia. It is unclear why Schaus (1921) chose this original genus for praxia or why Dognin assigned modica to Didugua. Thiaucourt and Chacón (2014) revised much of Didugua and pointed out that modica may belong to a separate genus once the genitalia were examined. Falcicaputis praxia is known to us only by the holotype collected in Guatemala and F. modica only by the holotype collected in the Amazon (the latter specimen is in such poor shape that only the genitalia can be used to recognize that species). While we include both of those species in our diagnosis and description of the new genus, we chose the new species F. australis, described below, as the type species given availability of two specimens. Distribution. Poorly represented in collections but evidently widely distributed with scattered records from Guatemala, the Brazilian Amazon, Argentina, and Bolivia. Species included (3). Falcicaputis australis St Laurent & Prada-Lara *, sp. nov. Falcicaputis modica (Dognin, 1924), comb. n. Falcicaputis praxia (Schaus, 1921), comb. n.	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFF19929FF38BF60FD3DFB71.taxon	description	Figs 12 E – F, 13 B, 14 E. Type material: Holotype: ARGENTINA: Missiones: 1 male, Formosa R [epublica] A [rgentina] / April 1919 / Collection WmSchaus / [handwritten label reading] N = 342 / USNMENT 02010029 / St Laurent dissection: 6 - 3 - 24: 4 / [red label] HOLOTYPE ♂ Falcicaputis australis St Laurent and Prada-Lara, 2025 (USNM). Paratype: BOLIVIA: Beni: 1 male, 40 km E. San Borja Estación Biologica Beni, Palm Camp, inundation forest 01 - 13 - 12 - 01, blacklight trap, BIOLAT / LEPI 000001946, 12. IX. 1987, MG Pogue, USNMENT 02010030, St Laurent dissection: USNMENT 02010030 (USNM). Paratype with yellow label reading “ PARATYPE ♂ Falcicaputis australis St Laurent & Prada-Lara, 2025 ”. Diagnosis. Largely as for genus, but the most notable external marking distinguishing this species from praxia is the disconnected black dash near the apex of the forewing and the relatively smaller size of the white discal mark. Overall F. australis lacks much of the irregular lighter scaling seen in praxia along the antemedial and submarginal lines giving the new species a somewhat more subdued appearance. The single specimen of F. modica is in too poor condition to diagnose from either of the other members of the genus on external features alone. Differences in genitalia are quite apparent, but most notably F. australis can be distinguished from both F. praxia and F. modica by the short, bulbous socii densely covered in thick short setae, the socii are elongated and with fewer setae in F. praxia. The valvae of F. australis are broader and the costulae lack spines compared to F. praxia which has narrower more acutely apex valvae with shorter densely spined costulae and so F. australis is more similar to F. modica in this respect. The phallus is notably thicker in both F. australis and F. modica. Finally, the eighth sternite is broader and less hourglass shaped in F. australis but that of F. modica is broader still, in F. praxia this structure is significantly narrower distally before broadening again at its terminus. Description. Male: Head: As for genus. Thorax: As for genus. Forewing length 11 mm (n = 2); subtriangular, outer margin straight becoming convex along tornus, apex rounded. Wings as for genus but somewhat more acute apex, lighter brown overall and with broken black apical band, no light scales submarginally. Abdomen: As for genus but the VIII sternite has a mesal point. Terminalia: (Fig. 14 E) (n = 2) As for genus but socii short and bulbous, densely covered in spine-like setae, valvae broadly triangular with fingerlike costulae lacking spine-like setae, and phallus short and stout. Female: Unknown. Life history. Unknown. Etymology. The name is derived from Latin austral referring to the South American range of the new species. Distribution. Although broadly distributed between northwestern Bolivia and northern Argentina, we are aware of no intervening populations. Remarks. This new species is known to us only by two specimens, given data attached to the single Bolivian specimen, this species is probably nocturnal.	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFF6992FFF38B8C7FCD1FC9B.taxon	description	Figs 12 G, H, 14 F Type material: Holotype: BRAZIL: Obidos Amazones Brésil / Dognin Collection / Didugua modica ♂ Dognin / [illegible] Didugua sp. nov. / Type No. 30264 U. S. N. M. / Genitalia slide m MG Pogue USNM 51381 / Photo done by A. SCHINTLMEISTER # 30.977 / USNMENT 00991940 /. Diagnosis. This species is most similar to F. praxia, particularly due to the elongate socii arms. However, the phallus is basally bulbous whereas it is thin in F. praxia (and in this respect, more similar to F. australis). The eighth sternite is wider in F. modica than in the other members of the genus and lacks a posterior projection present in F. australis. The condition of the single available specimen of F. modica is in too poor condition to provide external diagnostic characters. Redescription. Male: Head: As for genus. Thorax: As for genus. Forewing length ~ 11 mm (n = 1); Wings as for genus but in poor condition. Abdomen: As for genus but the VIII sternite broadly hourglass shaped, caudally with two projections and with a moderately long anterior projection. Terminalia: (Fig. 14 F) (n = 1). As for genus but socii elongated, valvae narrowly triangular with short costulae and phallus thick, bulbous and short. Female: Unknown. Life history. Unknown. Distribution. Brazilian Amazon. Remarks. This species is known to us only by the holotype.	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
03F387A1FFF5992CFF38B8C7FCD5FD45.taxon	description	Figs 12 I, J, 13 C, 14 G. Type material: Holotype: GUATEMALA: Cayuga Guat / May / Schaus and Barnes coll / Gopha? praxia type Schaus / TypeNo. 23439 U. S. N. M. / Photo done by A. SCHINTLMEISTER # 30.089 / LECTOTYPE Gopha praxia Designated 2014 by Alexander Schintlmeister / USNMENT 00991089 / lysate frozen same USNM # / St Laurent dissection USNMENT 00991089 / Diagnosis. See diagnosis of F. australis above. Redescription. Male: Head: As for genus. Thorax: As for genus. Forewing length 11 mm (n = 1); Wings as for genus but darker brown overall and with continuous black apical band, and presence of light scales submarginally and antemedially. Abdomen: As for genus but the VIII sternite hourglass shaped and with a particularly long anterior projection. Terminalia: (Fig. 14 G) (n = 1). As for genus but socii elongated with few spine-like setae at apices, valvae narrowly triangular with short costulae covered in thick spine-like setae, and phallus thin and short. Female: Unknown. Life history. Unknown. Distribution. Guatemala. Remarks. This species is known to us only by the lectotype.	en	Prada-Lara, Liliana, St Laurent, Ryan A., Weller, Susan, Fagua, Giovanny (2025): Nystaleinae moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): A morphological review of the subfamily. Zootaxa 5622 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5622.1.1
