identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F0DD67D309FFB2FCB0061AFB5AF884.text	03F0DD67D309FFB2FCB0061AFB5AF884.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euglesa viridaria (Kuiper 1956)	<div><p>1. Euglesa viridaria (Kuiper, 1956)</p><p>Distribution and year: Moremi Game Reserve, Okavango Delta 1984 (Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007); Chief’s Island, Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and more common in the Moremi region of the Okavango Delta (Appleton et al. 2003; Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007).</p><p>Type locality: In Kenya (Kuiper 1956) .</p><p>Sources: Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68, as Pisidum spp.); Appleton &amp; Curtis (2007: 59, as Pisidium viridarium).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D309FFB2FCB0061AFB5AF884	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D309FFB2FCB007FAFB05FAC4.text	03F0DD67D309FFB2FCB007FAFB05FAC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphaeriidae Deshayes 1855	<div><p>Family Sphaeriidae Deshayes, 1855</p><p>Common</p><p>name: Orb mussels</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D309FFB2FCB007FAFB05FAC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D309FFB5FCB00459FDBCFCA4.text	03F0DD67D309FFB5FCB00459FDBCFCA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eupera ferruginea (Krauss 1848)	<div><p>2. Eupera ferruginea (Krauss, 1848)</p><p>Distribution and year: Okavango Delta panhandle at Shakawe [SMWN76994] 1996 (Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007); Upper panhandle, Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003).</p><p>Geographic range: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo,Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species is widespread across Southern Africa (Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007). Eupera parasitica and E. ferruginea are now considered synonyms (MolluscaBase 2023). Here, all specimen records for E. parasitica are classified as E. ferruginea .</p><p>Type locality: Knysna River, South Africa (Krauss 1848) .</p><p>Sources: Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68, also recorded E. parasitica which is now considered a synonym of E. ferruginea); Appleton &amp; Curtis (2007: 60); Appleton &amp; Miranda (2015: 136); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D309FFB5FCB00459FDBCFCA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30EFFB5FCB0071AFB5AFA24.text	03F0DD67D30EFFB5FCB0071AFB5AFA24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chambardia petersi (E. von Martens 1860)	<div><p>6. Chambardia petersi (E. von Martens, 1860)</p><p>Distribution and year: Limpopo River, Stevenford Game Reserve 1984 (Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species is confined to the lower Zambezi, Limpopo and Incomati River catchments (Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007). The molluscs occur in both large and small flowing waterbodies, and are capable of surviving in semi-arid regions (Van Damme et al. 2018 a).</p><p>Type locality: In Mozambique (Martens 1860) .</p><p>Source: Appleton &amp; Curtis (2007: 51).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30EFFB5FCB0071AFB5AFA24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30EFFB5FCB000FAFA93FBC4.text	03F0DD67D30EFFB5FCB000FAFA93FBC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Iridinidae Swainson 1840	<div><p>Family Iridinidae Swainson, 1840</p><p>Common name: Toothless River mussels</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30EFFB5FCB000FAFA93FBC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30EFFB5FF1700BAFDBCFA84.text	03F0DD67D30EFFB5FF1700BAFDBCFA84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pisidium reticulatum Kuiper 1966	<div><p>3. Pisidium reticulatum Kuiper, 1966</p><p>Distribution and year: Moremi Game Reserve, Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Madagascar, Malawi, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: This is highly likely a variable species (Appleton et al. 2003) found in rivers and lakes (Van Damme 2018 b).</p><p>Type locality: Nossi-Bé Island, Madagascar (Kuiper 1966 a) .</p><p>Sources: Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68); Appleton &amp; Curtis (2007: 60).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30EFFB5FF1700BAFDBCFA84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30EFFB5FF17065AFB5AFF04.text	03F0DD67D30EFFB5FF17065AFB5AFF04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphaerium capense (Krauss 1848)	<div><p>4. Sphaerium capense (Krauss, 1848)</p><p>Distribution and year: Guma Lagoon, Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003); Gadikwe Lagoon, Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003); Boro River [SMWN77001] 1996 (Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007); Okavango Delta [SMWN76983] 1996 (Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Eswatini, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The molluscs inhabit calm sandy substrates in lakes, rivers and streams (Van Damme et al. 2016). They mostly occur in large densities, usually with the congeneric Sphaerium incomitatum (see Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007).</p><p>Type locality: In Knysna River, Western Cape Province, South Africa (Krauss 1848) .</p><p>Sources: Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68); Appleton &amp; Miranda (2015: 136); Appleton &amp; Curtis (2007: 57); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30EFFB5FF17065AFB5AFF04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30EFFB5FCB003DAFB5AFC44.text	03F0DD67D30EFFB5FCB003DAFB5AFC44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphaerium incomitatum (Kuiper 1966)	<div><p>5. Sphaerium incomitatum (Kuiper, 1966)</p><p>Distribution and year: Guma Lagoon, Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003); Gadikwe Lagoon, Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003); Boro River, Maun [SMWN77035] 1996 (Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species is ubiquitous in Southern Africa (Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007). The molluscs are capable of tolerating oxygen deficient freshwater bodies (Van Damme 2011), and usually occur at high densities with the congeneric Sphaerium capense (see Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007).</p><p>Type locality: McIlwaine Lake outside Harare, Zimbabwe (Kuiper 1966 b) .</p><p>Sources: Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68); Appleton &amp; Curtis (2007: 58); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30EFFB5FCB003DAFB5AFC44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30EFFB4FCB0053AFDBCFD24.text	03F0DD67D30EFFB4FCB0053AFDBCFD24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chambardia wahlbergi (Krauss 1848)	<div><p>7. Chambardia wahlbergi (Krauss, 1848)</p><p>Distribution and year: Thamalakane River, Maun [ANSP185374] N/A (Graf &amp; Cummings 2023); Nata River, between Maitengwe and Nata police station [TMSA12237] N/A (Appleton 1979; Graf &amp; Cummings 2006); Maitengwe River N/A (Graf &amp; Cummings 2006); Lotsane River, Palapye N/A (Connolly 1939).</p><p>Geographic range: Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Notes: This is the largest freshwater bivalve species in Africa, comprising six subspecies (Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007). The molluscs are capable of aestivating for up to two and a half years. Large specimens are used by fishermen as bait (Seddon &amp; Van Damme 2018). There are speculations that this species has never been collected from the Okavango Delta (Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007), but a voucher specimen record from Thamalakane River [ANSP185374] exists in the Mussel Online Project Database (Graf &amp; Cummings 2023).</p><p>Type locality: Affen River, a tributary of the Limpopo River, South Africa (Krauss 1848) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1939: 617); van Bruggen (1966 a: 110, as Aspatharia (Spathopsisi) wahlbergi); Brown (1967: 487, as Aspatharia wahlbergi); Appleton (1979: 166, as A. (S.) wahlbergi); Mandahl-Barth (1988: 68); Graf &amp; Cummings (2006: 180; 2023); Appleton &amp; Curtis (2007: 51).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30EFFB4FCB0053AFDBCFD24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30FFFB4FF17047AFB5AFCA4.text	03F0DD67D30FFFB4FF17047AFB5AFCA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aspatharia subreniformis (G. B. Sowerby II 1867)	<div><p>9. Aspatharia subreniformis (G.B. Sowerby II, 1867)</p><p>Distribution and year: Thamalakane River, Maun [ANSP185375] 1984 (Graf &amp; Cummings 2023); Boro River, Okavango Delta 1973 (Appleton 1979); Okavango Delta 2019 (GBIF 2023 b); Okavango River,</p><p>3 km NW of Shakawe [NCSM35214] 2005 (GBIF 2023 b); Savuti River in Chobe National Park 1984 (GBIF 2023 b).</p><p>Geographic range: Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The molluscs prefer mud sediments in slow flowing waters in major river systems across Southern Africa (Van Damme 2018 a). It appears that Aspatharia spp. specimens from the Cunene and Okavango regions have inaccurately been identified as Aspatharia pfeifferiana (Graf &amp; Cummings 2006; Van Damme 2018 a). Here, all specimen records for A. pfeifferiana from Botswana have been included under A. subreniformis .</p><p>Type locality: Lake Nyassa, East Africa (Sowerby II 1867) .</p><p>Sources: Appleton (1979: 164, as Aspatharia (Aspatharia) pfeifferiana); Graf &amp; Cummings (2006: 178; 2023); Appleton &amp; Curtis (2007: 50, as A. (A.) pfeifferiana); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30FFFB4FF17047AFB5AFCA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30FFFB4FF17003AFDBCF8E4.text	03F0DD67D30FFFB4FF17003AFDBCF8E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mutela zambesiensis Mandahl-Barth 1988	<div><p>8. Mutela zambesiensis Mandahl-Barth, 1988</p><p>Distribution and year: Boteti River, near Maun [FMNH293190] 1988 (GBIF 2023 b); Thamalakane River at Maun, Okavango Delta [TMSA1075] 1973 (Appleton 1979); Chief’s Island, Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003); Nxaraga/Guma Lagoon, Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003), 2019 (GBIF 2023 b); Gadikwe Lagoon, Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003); Savuti River, Chobe National Park 1984 (GBIF 2023 b); Savuti Channel, 50 miles N Maun [FSMC539364] 1984 (GBIF 2023 b); San Ta Wani Camp, Okavango Delta [FSMC40445] 1983 (Graf &amp; Cummings 2023).</p><p>Geographic range: Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: These molluscs are treated as a food source in Namibia (Kristensen &amp; Stensgaard 2010). It appears that M. zambeziensis specimens were once erroneously identified as M. dubia and M. rostrata (see Appleton 1979; Connolly 1939). For the consistency sake, it is recommended that all Southern African specimens are assigned the name M. zambesiensis (Appleton 2002; Graf, pers. comm. 2023). Here, all Botswana records of M. rostrata and M. dubia are treated under M. zambesiensi s.</p><p>Type locality: Zambezi River, between Kariba and Chirundu (Mandahl-Barth 1988) .</p><p>Sources: Appleton (1979: 161, as M. dubia); Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68); Graf &amp; Cummings (2006: 173; 2023); Appleton &amp; Miranda (2015: 134); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30FFFB4FF17003AFDBCF8E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30FFFB4FCB000BAFB58FC04.text	03F0DD67D30FFFB4FCB000BAFB58FC04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Unionidae Rafinesque 1820	<div><p>Family Unionidae Rafinesque, 1820</p><p>Common name: Freshwater mussels</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30FFFB4FCB000BAFB58FC04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30FFFB7FCB000DAFDBCFF24.text	03F0DD67D30FFFB7FCB000DAFDBCFF24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelatura kunenensis (Mousson 1888)	<div><p>10. Coelatura kunenensis (Mousson, 1888)</p><p>Distribution and year: Thamalakane River, Maun [TMSA5565] 1930 (Appleton 1979), 1973 (Appleton 1979), 1976 (Mandahl-Barth 1988), [BMSM44376] 1978 (GBIF 2023 b), 1984 (Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007); Gadikwe Lagoon, Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003); Moremi Game Reserve, Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003); Boro River, Okavango Delta [SMWN77019, SMWN77027] 1996 (Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007); Nxaraga Lagoon, Chief’s Island, Okavango Delta 1984 (Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007); Okavango and Boteti District, and in the salt pans of the Makgadikgadi brook N/A (Connolly 1912; 1939); Savuti Channel, Okavango Delta [NCSM28194] 2003 (GBIF 2023 b); Okavango River, approx. 3 km NE of Shakawe [NCSM35215] 2005 (GBIF 2023 b); Chobe River, a few kilometres upstream of where Chobe River meets the Zambezi 2014 (GBIF 2023 b); Okavango Delta 2018, 2019, 2020 (GBIF 2023 b)</p><p>Geographic range: Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: This is the commonest mussel species in its native range (Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007), occurring in fine sediments across rivers and lakes (Kristensen et al. 2010 b).</p><p>Type locality: In Kunene River, Angola (Mousson 1888) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1912: 274; 1939: 612, both as Unio kunenensis); van Bruggen (1966 a: 110, as U. kunenensis); Appleton (1979: 154, as Caelatura kunenensis); Mandahl-Barth (1988: 29); Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68); Appleton &amp; Curtis (2007: 48); Graf &amp; Cummings (2006: 186; 2023); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30FFFB7FCB000DAFDBCFF24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30CFFB7FCB0011AFB73FDA4.text	03F0DD67D30CFFB7FCB0011AFB73FDA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ampullariidae Gray 1824	<div><p>Family Ampullariidae Gray, 1824</p><p>Common name: Tropical/Apple snails</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30CFFB7FCB0011AFB73FDA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30CFFB7FF17023AFDBCFCE4.text	03F0DD67D30CFFB7FF17023AFDBCFCE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelatura mossambicensis (E. von Martens 1860)	<div><p>11. Coelatura mossambicensis (E. von Martens, 1860)</p><p>Distribution and year: Stevensford Game Reserve, Limpopo River 1984 (Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007); Savuti Channel, Okavango Delta [NCSM28929] 2003 (GBIF 2023 b).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species is possibly facing threats from human-mediated activities such as pollution and overexploitation, and drought (Van Damme et al. 2018 b). The species has a preference for floodplains in rivers and pools (Van Damme et al. 2018 b).</p><p>Type locality: Mozambique (Martens 1860) .</p><p>Sources: Appleton &amp; Curtis(2007:50); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30CFFB7FF17023AFDBCFCE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30CFFB7FF17051AFB5AFE64.text	03F0DD67D30CFFB7FF17051AFB5AFE64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corbicula fluminalis (O. F. Muller 1774)	<div><p>13. Corbicula fluminalis (O.F. Müller, 1774)</p><p>Distribution and year: Thamalakane River, near Maun 1984 (Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007); Upper panhandle, Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003); Maunachira Channel, Moremi Game Reserve, Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003); Boteti River N/A (Connolly 1912; 1939); Limpopo River 2021 (GBIF 2023 b).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: Mussels previously referred to as Corbicula africana are now regarded conspecific with C. fluminalis (see Appleton &amp; Miranda 2015). The species is ubiquitous across Southern African river systems (Appleton &amp; Curtis 2007).</p><p>Type locality: Euphrates River (MÜller 1774) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1912: 277; 1939: 619, both as C. africana); van Bruggen (1966 a: 110, as C. africana); Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68); Appleton &amp; Curtis (2007: 56); Appleton &amp; Miranda (2015: 136); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30CFFB7FF17051AFB5AFE64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30CFFB7FF1706FAFDB2F9C4.text	03F0DD67D30CFFB7FF1706FAFDB2F9C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyrenidae Gray 1840	<div><p>Family Cyrenidae Gray, 1840</p><p>Common name: Porcelain Mussels</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30CFFB7FF1706FAFDB2F9C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30CFFB7FCB001BAFB5AF844.text	03F0DD67D30CFFB7FCB001BAFB5AF844.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lanistes ovum Troschel 1845	<div><p>14. Lanistes ovum Troschel, 1845</p><p>Distribution and year: Kwando River and flood plain [SMWN75897, 75928, 76378, 76380, 76390, 76525, 76542, 76565] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); Chobe River area at Lake Liambezi [SMWN75902] and Ihaha [SMWN76348] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); Boro River channel opposite Nxaraga Lagoon [ETD4284] 1984 (Brown et al. 1992); Thamalakane River opposite Okavango River Lodge [ETD4285] 1984 (Brown et al. 1992); Chief’s Island, Okavango Delta 2000 (Jansen van Rensburg 2001; Appleton et al. 2003); Guma Lagoon, Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003); Mohembo floodplains, Okavango Delta 1999, 2000 (Jansen van Rensburg 2001); Lake Ngami [NHMUK:ecatalogue:2845503] 1910 (GBIF 2023 b); “Ngami River ” (Thamalakane River), Maun N/A (Connolly 1912; 1939); Okavango Delta 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 (GBIF 2023 b); Chobe National Park, 20 km west of Kasane [RMNH. MOL.104344] 2006 (NBC 2015 f); San Ta Wani Camp, Okavango Delta [FSMC40447] 1983 (GBIF 2023 b)</p><p>Geographic range: Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species is widely distributed across Africa (Brown &amp; Kristensen 1989) and occurs in either flowing or standing waters, in sandy/muddy substrates, and can be used as animal feed (Albrecht et al. 2018 c).</p><p>Type locality: In Mozambique (Troschel 1845) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1912: 258; 1939: 555); van Bruggen (1966 a: 109); Brown &amp; Kristensen (1989: 11); Brown et al. (1992: 17); Jansen van Rensburg (2001: 29); Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68); Appleton &amp; Miranda (2015: 126); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30CFFB7FCB001BAFB5AF844	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30CFFB7FF17007AFDBCFA44.text	03F0DD67D30CFFB7FF17007AFDBCFA44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Unio caffer Krauss 1848	<div><p>12. Unio caffer Krauss, 1848</p><p>Distribution and year: “Nosob–Hygap watercourse” (Nossob River), Bokspits N/A (Connolly 1939); Limpopo River at Zanzibar Crossing, Tuli Block 1982 (GBIF 2023 b).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, SouthAfrica, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species is endemic to Southern Africa (Brown 1967). Fish species parasitized by larvae of U. caffer are currently facing threats, hence qualifying U. caffer as an indicator of freshwater ecosystem health (Sonamzi et al. 2019).</p><p>Type locality: KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Krauss 1848) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1939: 605); van Bruggen (1966 a: 110); Graf &amp; Cummings (2023); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30CFFB7FF17007AFDBCFA44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30CFFB6FCB0049AFDBCFAA4.text	03F0DD67D30CFFB6FCB0049AFDBCFAA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pila occidentalis (Mousson 1888)	<div><p>15. Pila occidentalis (Mousson, 1888)</p><p>Distribution and year: “Nausche or Nausib” (Nossob) River, Bokspits N/A (Connolly 1912; 1939); Kwando</p><p>River, Lizauli [SMWN75897] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); western Chobe River at Linyanti channel [SMWN76304] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); Boro River channel opposite Nxaraga Lagoon [ETD4280] 1984 (Brown et al. 1992); Thamalakane River opposite Okavango River Lodge near Maun [ETD4279] 1984 (Brown et al. 1992); Upper panhandle, Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003); Guma Lagoon, Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003); Xugana, Okavango Delta [USNM755123, 755124] 1975 (GBIF 2023 b); “ Okavango Marshes” (Okavango Delta) (Connolly 1912; 1939); Okavango Delta 1999 (Jansen van Rensburg 2001), 2018, 2020, 2021, 2022 (GBIF 2023 b); Lake Ngami 1970 (NMSA 2023); Boteti River channel opposite Nxaraga Lagoon; Moremi Game Reserve, approx. 65 km NW of Maun [NHMR993000187266] 2006 (GBIF 2023 b); Thamalakane River, Maun 1930 (NMSA 2023); Shorobe 1930 (NMSA 2023).</p><p>Geographic range: Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: This Southern African species is more common in the Okavango Delta and East Caprivi (Brown et al. 1992). The snails can aestivate for long periods (Kristensen et al. 2010 a), their colourless egg clusters are laid on top of rocks above the water line (Appleton &amp; Miranda 2015).</p><p>Type locality: Southern edge of the Kunene River, Angola (Mousson 1888) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1912: 257, as Ampullaria occidentalis; 1939: 553); van Bruggen (1966 a: 109); Brown &amp; Kristensen (1989: 11); Brown et al. (1992: 16); Appleton (1996: 19); Brown (1994: 62); Jansen van Rensburg (2001: 29); Appleton (2002: 72); Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68); Appleton &amp; Miranda (2015: 126); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30CFFB6FCB0049AFDBCFAA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30DFFB6FCB0023AFB5AFAE4.text	03F0DD67D30DFFB6FCB0023AFB5AFAE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bellamya capillata (Frauenfeld 1865)	<div><p>17. Bellamya capillata (Frauenfeld, 1865)</p><p>Distribution and year: Chobe River, Kasane [SMWN 76342] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992), [LACM152404] 1997 (GBIF 2023 b), [RMNH.MOL.104343] 2006 (NBC 2015 a); Kwando River, Balelwa [SMWN 75938] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); Upper panhandle, Okavango Delta 2000 (Jansen van Rensburg 2001; Appleton et al. 2003); Letter Tree, “Botletle” (Boteti) River N/A, and Kabulabula, 8 feet above floodplain of Linyanti River N/A (Connolly 1939); Thamalakane River opposite Okavango River Lodge near Maun 1984 [ETD4272] (Brown et al. 1992); Guma Lagoon, Okavango Delta 1999 (Jansen van Rensburg 2001); Okavango Delta 2018 (GBIF 2023 b).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes:The species is found in lakes, rivers and streams across a wide range of Southern Africa (Brown 1994), co-existing with the congeneric B. monardi (F. Haas, 1934) at the confluence of Omatako/ Okavango River system (Brown et al. 1992).</p><p>Type locality: Lake Malawi, Malawi (Frauenfeld 1865) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1912: 260, as Vivipara passargei, 1939: 559–560, as subfossil V. passargei); van Bruggen (1966 a: 109, as Bellamya passargei); Brown et al. (1992: 12); Brown (1994: 156, as B. passargei); Jansen van Rensburg (2001: 29); Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68); Appleton &amp; Miranda (2015: 124); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30DFFB6FCB0023AFB5AFAE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30DFFB6FCB0065AFAA6FA64.text	03F0DD67D30DFFB6FCB0065AFAA6FA64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paludomidae Stoliczka 1868	<div><p>Family Paludomidae Stoliczka, 1868</p><p>Common name: Trumpet freshwater snails</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30DFFB6FCB0065AFAA6FA64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30DFFB6FF1706BAFDBCF864.text	03F0DD67D30DFFB6FF1706BAFDBCF864.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pila wernei (Philippi 1851)	<div><p>16. Pila wernei (R.A. Philippi, 1851)</p><p>Distribution and year: Okavango “swamps” (Delta) [RMNH.MOL.5008820] 1973 (NBC 2015 g; GBIF 2023 b); Thamalakane River, Maun [DMNH129824] N/A (GBIF 2023 b).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, Namibia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species is common in Central Africa (Koudenoukpo et al. 2020). In Southern Africa, it has only been recorded from north-eastern Namibia (Brown &amp; Kristensen 1989) and Botswana.</p><p>Type locality: White Nile, Africa (Philippi 1851) .</p><p>Sources: van Bruggen (1966 a: 109); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30DFFB6FF1706BAFDBCF864	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30DFFB6FCB0039AFBFCFF24.text	03F0DD67D30DFFB6FCB0039AFBFCFF24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Viviparidae Gray 1847	<div><p>Family Viviparidae Gray, 1847</p><p>Common name: River snails</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30DFFB6FCB0039AFBFCFF24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D30DFFB9FCB006FAFDBCFDC4.text	03F0DD67D30DFFB9FCB006FAFDBCFDC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cleopatra elata Dautzenberg & Germain 1914	<div><p>18. Cleopatra elata Dautzenberg &amp; Germain, 1914</p><p>Distribution and year: Chobe River near Ihaha [SMWN76352] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); Okavango River downstream of Drotsky’s Cabin [SMWN76989, 76993] 1996 (SMWN 2024); Nxamaseri airstrip drift, Okavango [SMWN76261] 1984 (Brown et al. 1992); Okavango Delta 1999, 2000 (Jansen van Rensburg 2001); Upper panhandle, Okavango Delta 2000 (Jansen van Rensburg 2001; Appleton et al. 2003), 2003 (Dallas &amp; Mosepele 2007), 2018 (GBIF 2023 b).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: This is a common species in the Okavango River system, East Caprivi, Zambezi River system, as well as the Lualaba/ Congo river system (Appleton et al. 2010 b). Found in various habitats such as rivers, streams, water channels and lagoons (Appleton et al. 2003).</p><p>Type locality: Lualaba River at Bulongo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Dautzenberg &amp; Germain 1914) .</p><p>Sources: Brown et al. (1992: 25); Jansen van Rensburg (2001: 29); Appleton (2002: 81); Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68); Dallas &amp; Mosepele (2007: 4).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D30DFFB9FCB006FAFDBCFDC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D302FFB9FCB000DAFB45FBE4.text	03F0DD67D302FFB9FCB000DAFB45FBE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bulinidae Fischer & Crosse 1880	<div><p>Family Bulinidae Fischer &amp; Crosse, 1880</p><p>Common name: Ram’s horn snails</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D302FFB9FCB000DAFB45FBE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D302FFB9FCB0077AFB5AF8E4.text	03F0DD67D302FFB9FCB0077AFB5AF8E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bulinus africanus (Krauss 1848)	<div><p>22. Bulinus africanus (Krauss, 1848)</p><p>Distribution and year: Okavango Delta N/A (Appleton &amp; Miranda 2015); Linyanti River, Kazungula [NHMUK:ecatalogue:2445293] 1956 (GBIF 2023 b).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: This species is widely distributed from Southern to Eastern Africa and occurs mostly in permanent waterbodies such as rivers, streams and dams (Brown 1994); it is capable of aestivating for long periods (Appleton &amp; Miranda 2015). This species is an intermediate host of parasites causing bilharzia in humans (Appleton &amp; Miranda 2015) and schistosomiasis in both domesticated and wild bovines (Brown 1994).</p><p>Type locality: “Port Natal” ( Durban), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Krauss 1848) .</p><p>Sources: Brown (1994: 329); Appleton &amp; Miranda (2015: 130); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D302FFB9FCB0077AFB5AF8E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D302FFB9FF17011AFDBCFB84.text	03F0DD67D302FFB9FF17011AFDBCFB84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cleopatra nsendweensis Dupuis & Putzeys 1901	<div><p>19. Cleopatra nsendweensis Dupuis &amp; Putzeys, 1901</p><p>Distribution and year: Chobe River, Kazungula N/A (Brown et al. 1992).</p><p>Geographic range: Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species occurs in lakes and rivers across Southern Africa (Appleton et al. 2010 a).</p><p>Type locality: “Nyangwe, Nsendwe, Lokandu”, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Dupuis &amp; Putzeys 1901) .</p><p>Sources: Brown &amp; Kristensen (1989: 20); Brown et al. (1992: 24); Brown (1994: 134); Appleton (1996: 24); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D302FFB9FF17011AFDBCFB84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D302FFB9FF17075AFB5AFEA4.text	03F0DD67D302FFB9FF17075AFB5AFEA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Muller 1774)	<div><p>20. Melanoides tuberculata (O.F. Müller, 1774)</p><p>Distribution and year: Lake Ngami [SAMC2617, SAMC1617] 1880 (Connolly 1912; 1939; GBIF 2023 b); “Botletle” (Boteti) River N/A (Connolly 1912; 1939); “Makarrikarri” (Makgadikgadi) Pan N/A (Connolly 1912; 1939), 2016, 2017, 2019 (GBIF 2023 b).</p><p>Geographic range: Algeria, Botswana, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The native range of this species is speculated to be subtropical and tropical Africa (excluding West Africa), Indo-Pacific region, south Asia as well as the Arabic region (Brown 1994). The species has a global distribution due to introductions into various parts of the world (Albrecht et al. 2018 f). Common in waterbodies such as rivers, lakes and dams, and capable of surviving higher salinity levels (Appleton &amp; Miranda 2015).</p><p>Type locality: Coromandel Coast, south-eastern India (MÜller 1774) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1912: 264, as Melania tuberculata, also as a [sub]fossil record; 1939: 566–567); van Bruggen (1966 a: 109), Brown &amp; Kristensen (1989: 19); Appleton &amp; Miranda (2015: 128); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D302FFB9FF17075AFB5AFEA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D302FFB9FCB002BAFB5AFC64.text	03F0DD67D302FFB9FCB002BAFB5AFC64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Melanoides victoriae (Dohrn 1865)	<div><p>21. Melanoides victoriae (Dohrn, 1865)</p><p>Distribution and year: Xakanaxa (Moremi), Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003), 2003 (Dallas &amp; Mosepele 2007); Kwando River, pools near Sitwa [SMWN75934] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992).</p><p>Geographic range: Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species is endemic to Southern Africa and occurs in sandy or muddy substrates of rivers and floodplains (Brown 1994).</p><p>Type locality: Rapids above the Victoria Falls of the Zambezi River (Dohrn 1865) .</p><p>Sources: Brown et al. (1992: 19); Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68); Dallas &amp; Mosepele (2007: 4); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D302FFB9FCB002BAFB5AFC64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D302FFB8FCB0047AFDBCFD04.text	03F0DD67D302FFB8FCB0047AFDBCFD04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bulinus depressus F. Haas 1936	<div><p>23. Bulinus depressus F. Haas, 1936</p><p>Distribution and year: Chobe River at Ngoma [SMWN 76313] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); Okavango Delta, Nxamaseri airstrip drift [SMWN76263] 1984 (Brown et al. 1992); Thamalakane River at bridge [ETD4300]</p><p>1984 (Brown et al. 1992); Boro River, Nxaraga Lagoon, Chief’s Island [ETD4299] 1984; Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003), [SMWN77015, SMWN77028] 1996 (SMWN 2024).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species is common in Southern Africa (Appleton et al. 2003), occurring in rivers, pools, lakes and dams (Brown 1994). The mollusc is abundant in the Okavango Delta (Appleton et al. 2003).</p><p>Type locality: Lake Bangweulu, Zambia (Haas 1936) .</p><p>Sources: Brown &amp; Kristensen (1989: 47); Brown et al. (1992: 33); Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D302FFB8FCB0047AFDBCFD04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D303FFB8FF1701DAFDBCF8A4.text	03F0DD67D303FFB8FF1701DAFDBCF8A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bulinus globosus (Morelet 1866)	<div><p>24. Bulinus globosus (Morelet, 1866)</p><p>Distribution and year: Kwando River [SMWN76388] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); Chobe River at Ngoma [SMWN76312] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); Chobe River near Ihaha [SMWN76350] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); Mochudi N/A (Brown 1994); Okavango Delta, Nxamaseri [SMWN76263] 1984 (Brown et al. 1992); Boro channel opposite Nxaraga Lagoon [ETD4301] 1984 (Brown et al. 1992); Upper panhandle, Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003); Guma Lagoon, Okavango Delta 1999, 2000 (Jansen van Rensburg 2001; Appleton et al. 2003); Moremi Game Reserve, Okavango Delta 1999, 2000 (Jansen van Rensburg 2001; Appleton et al. 2003).</p><p>Geographic range: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species is distributed mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, occurring in freshwater systems such as rivers, lakes, earth dams, seasonal pools and irrigation systems (Brown 1994). The mollusc is an intermediate host for Schistosoma species causing human and cattle schistosomiasis (Appleton et al. 2003).</p><p>Type locality: Dande, Angola (Morelet 1866) .</p><p>Sources: Brown &amp; Kristensen (1989: 44); Brown et al. (1992: 31); Brown (1994: 273); Jansen van Rensburg (2001: 29); Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D303FFB8FF1701DAFDBCF8A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D303FFB8FF1704BAFB5AFD04.text	03F0DD67D303FFB8FF1704BAFB5AFD04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bulinus scalaris (Dunker 1845)	<div><p>25. Bulinus scalaris (Dunker, 1845)</p><p>Distribution and year: pools near Linyanti village in Linyanti Channel (near Chobe River) [SMWN76302,</p><p>76308, 76326] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); between Maun and Nxaraga Lagoon, pool beside road [ETD 4302] 1984 (Brown et al. 1992); Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003).</p><p>Geographic range: Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Namibia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The native range of this species covers Eastern, Southern and Central Africa. The molluscs inhabit seasonal rain pools and irrigation channels (Brown 1994).</p><p>Type locality: Lake and swamps in the vicinity of Benguela, Angola (Dunker 1845) .</p><p>Sources: Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D303FFB8FF1704BAFB5AFD04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D303FFB8FCB001DAFB5AF844.text	03F0DD67D303FFB8FCB001DAFB5AF844.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bulinus tropicus (Krauss 1848)	<div><p>26. Bulinus tropicus (Krauss, 1848)</p><p>Distribution and year: remnant pools in flood-plain of Kwando River near Kongolo Bridge [SMWN76377] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); “Gabarones” (Gaborone) (Brown 1994); Dobe 1965 (van Bruggen 1966 a); Lake Ngami N/A (Connolly 1912; 1939); south of Hardekol Drift, “Botletle” (Boteti) River (Connolly 1912; 1939); Okavango Delta [SMWN77018] 1996 (SMWN 2024); 2000 (Jansen van Rensburg 2001).</p><p>Geographic range: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: B. tropicus belongs to the tropicus / truncatus species complex (Brown et al. 1991). The species distribution ranges from Eastern Africa southwards (Brown et al. 1992). It occurs in small earth dams, residual pools and lakes, surviving both extreme hot and cold conditions (Brown 1994). The mollusc is an intermediate host for Schistosoma haematobium (Bilharz, 1852), which causes human urinary schistosomiasis (Albrecht et al. 2018 d).</p><p>Type locality: “Lepenula” ( Olifants) River, “Transvaal” (Mpumalanga Province), South Africa (Krauss 1848) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1912: 247, as Isidora parietalis; 1939: 504, as Bulinus parietalis, both also as fossils); van Bruggen (1966 a: 104); Brown et al. (1992: 34); Brown (1994: 275); Jansen van Rensburg (2001: 29).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D303FFB8FCB001DAFB5AF844	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D303FFB8FCB0049AFBF8F824.text	03F0DD67D303FFB8FCB0049AFBF8F824.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Burnupiidae Albrecht 2017	<div><p>Family Burnupiidae Albrecht, 2017</p><p>Common name: Pond snails</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D303FFB8FCB0049AFBF8F824	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D300FFBBFF17039AFDD2FC84.text	03F0DD67D300FFBBFF17039AFDD2FC84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Burnupia trapezoidea (O. Boettger 1910)	<div><p>27. Burnupia trapezoidea (O. Boettger, 1910)</p><p>Distribution and year: Matopa Pan, Ngamiland N/A (Connolly 1939).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species occurs in sufficiently oxygenated waterbodies (Kristensen &amp; Appleton 2010). De Kock and Wolmarans (2017) further mention the potential of the molluscs as an indicator of the freshwater ecosystem health.</p><p>Type locality: “Witkop in British Bechuanaland near the German border”, Limpopo Province, South Africa (Boettger 1910). The type locality of this species seems erroneously attributed to Botswana (see Discussion for suggested correction) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1939: 517, as a subfossil); van Bruggen (1966 a: 109); Brown (1994: 177); de Kock &amp; Wolmarans (2017: 260).</p><p>Conservation status: Data Deficient. The species is possibly facing threat due to habitat loss and degradation (de Kock &amp; Wolmarans 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D300FFBBFF17039AFDD2FC84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D300FFBBFCB1017AFA93FA65.text	03F0DD67D300FFBBFCB1017AFA93FA65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hovorbis coretus (Blainville 1826)	<div><p>29. Hovorbis coretus (Blainville, 1826)</p><p>Distribution and year: Kwando River, pool near Kongola Bridge [SMWN76374] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); pool near Linyanti Channel [SMWN76309] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); Thamalakane River, Okavango Delta [ETD4294] 1984 (Brown et al. 1992); Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003).</p><p>Geographic range: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species inhabits rivers, springs and lakes across Africa (Albrecht et al. 2018 b), including the tropical regions (Brown 2001).</p><p>Type locality: Podor, Senegal (Blainville 1826) .</p><p>Sources: Brown et al. (1992: 28); Appleton (2002: 90); Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68) (all as Afrogyrus coretus); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern. Possibly under threat due to habitat degradation resulting from clearing of vegetation (Albrecht et al. 2018 b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D300FFBBFCB1017AFA93FA65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D300FFBBFF17005AFE62FC64.text	03F0DD67D300FFBBFF17005AFE62FC64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lymnaeidae Rafinesque 1815	<div><p>Family Lymnaeidae Rafinesque, 1815</p><p>Common name: Pond snails</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D300FFBBFF17005AFE62FC64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D300FFBBFCB102DAFB44FDE4.text	03F0DD67D300FFBBFCB102DAFB44FDE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Planorbidae Rafinesque 1815	<div><p>Family Planorbidae Rafinesque, 1815</p><p>Common name: Ram’s horn snails</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D300FFBBFCB102DAFB44FDE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D300FFBBFF1700FAFB59FE04.text	03F0DD67D300FFBBFF1700FAFB59FE04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Radix natalensis (Krauss 1848)	<div><p>28. Radix natalensis (Krauss, 1848)</p><p>Distribution and year: Chobe River at Ngoma [SMWN 76314] and Ihaha [SMWN 76351] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); Thamalakane River near Maun [ETD4293] 1984 (Brown et al. 1992); Lake Ngami N/A (Connolly 1912; 1939); Boro River and Channel, and Nxaraga Lagoon, Chief’s Island, Okavango Delta [ETD4293] 1984 (Brown et al. 1992), 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003); Guma Lagoon, Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003); Upper panhandle, Okavango Delta 2000 (Jansen van Rensburg 2001; Appleton et al. 2003); Okavango Delta 1983, 2000, 2018, 2019 (GBIF 2023 b); Limpopo River N/A (Appleton &amp; Miranda 2015; Albrecht et al. 2018 e).</p><p>Geographic range: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: Radix natalensis is a highly variable species across its wide range in Africa, suspected to contain cryptic species (Kristensen et al. 2009). The species is abundant in the Okavango River and East Caprivi (Brown et al. 1992). The mollusc is the main intermediate host of the liver flukes Fasciola gigantica Cobbold, 1855 and Fasciola hepatica (Linnaeus, 1758) in Africa (Appleton et al. 2003).</p><p>Type locality: KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Krauss 1848) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1912: 233; 1939: 476); van Bruggen (1966 a: 109); Brown &amp; Kristensen (1989: 26); Brown et al. (1992: 26); Jansen van Rensburg (2001: 29); Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68); Appleton &amp; Miranda (2015: 128) (all as Lymnaea natalensis); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D300FFBBFF1700FAFB59FE04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D300FFBAFCB106FAFDBCFE84.text	03F0DD67D300FFBAFCB106FAFDBCFE84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Afrogyrorbis natalensis (Krauss 1848)	<div><p>30. Afrogyrorbis natalensis (Krauss, 1848)</p><p>Distribution and year: Okwa River, Ghanzi District N/A (Connolly 1939); Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Burundi, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species is distributed across the southern and eastern parts of sub-Saharan Africa (Appleton 2002) and occurs in both permanent and ephemeral water bodies, usually in high densities (Brown 2001).</p><p>Type locality: Umgeni Valley, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Krauss 1848) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1939: 490, as Planorbis natalensis, a subfossil record); van Bruggen (1966 a: 109, as Anisus natalensis); Brown (2001: 62); Appleton (2002: 90, as Ceratophallus natalensis); Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68, as Ceratophallus natalensis); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D300FFBAFCB106FAFDBCFE84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D301FFBAFF17025AFDBCF904.text	03F0DD67D301FFBAFF17025AFDBCF904.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Biomphalaria pfeifferi (Krauss 1848)	<div><p>31. Biomphalaria pfeifferi (Krauss, 1848)</p><p>Distribution and year: Kwando River between Lianzulu and Chobe River [SMWN76089, 76366, 76372, 76376, 76382, 76391, 76528, 76538, 76562] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); Chobe River, Linyanti Channel [SMWN76306] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); Chobe River at Ngoma [SMWN76315] and Ihaha [SMWN76353] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); Boro River near Maun and Nxaraga Lagoon, Chief’s Island [ETD4296] 1984 (Brown et al. 1992); Thamalakane River opposite Okavango River Lodge [ETD4297] 1984 (Brown et al. 1992); “Botletle” (Boteti) River at Chanoga [ETD 4297] 1984 (Brown et al. 1992); Okavango Delta 1999, 2000 (Jansen van Rensburg 2001; Appleton et al. 2003), 2003 (Dallas &amp; Mosepele 2007).</p><p>Geographic range: Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species is ubiquitous across Africa, including the tropical regions (Brown 1994). This is the commonest snail in the Okavango Delta (Brown et al. 1992; Appleton et al. 2003). The species seems to be tolerant to anthropogenic activities such as pollution and habitat disturbance (Brown 1994), but is not acclimatized to extremely hot or extremely cold conditions and does not favour sheltered habitats (Brown 1994). The mollusc is an intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907, the parasite causing human schistosomiasis (Appleton et al. 2003).</p><p>Type locality: Umgeni Valley, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Krauss 1848) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1939: 484); van Bruggen (1966 a: 109); Brown et al. (1992: 29); Jansen van Rensburg (2001: 29); Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68); Dallas &amp; Mosepele (2007: 4); Appleton &amp; Miranda (2015: 130).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D301FFBAFF17025AFDBCF904	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D301FFBAFF1705DAFB5AFE64.text	03F0DD67D301FFBAFF1705DAFB5AFE64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Biomphalaria salinarum (Morelet 1867)	<div><p>32. Biomphalaria salinarum (Morelet, 1867)</p><p>Distribution and year: Lake Ngami N/A (Connolly 1912; 1939).</p><p>Geographic range: Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, South Africa.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species is an intermediate host of parasites Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma edwardiense</p><p>Thurston, 1964, notorious for causing schistosomiasis (Brown 1994).</p><p>Type locality: In a stream connected to Dungo salt pans near Cuije River, Angola (Morelet 1866) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1912: 238, as Planorbis salinarum, a subfossil record; 1939: 487); van Bruggen (1966 a: 109).</p><p>Conservation status: Data Deficient.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D301FFBAFF1705DAFB5AFE64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D301FFBAFCB002FAFB5AFB04.text	03F0DD67D301FFBAFCB002FAFB5AFB04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gyraulus costulatus (Krauss 1848)	<div><p>33. Gyraulus costulatus (Krauss, 1848)</p><p>Distribution and year: Boro River, Nxaraga Lagoon, Chief’s Island Maun [ETD4294] 1984 (Brown et al. 1992); Okavango Delta, Maun N/A (Brown &amp; Van Eeden 1969).</p><p>Geographic range: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species is ubiquitous across Africa, including the tropical regions (Albrecht et al. 2018 a). The molluscs dwell on vegetation and stones in rivers, lakes and dams (Brown 1994).</p><p>Type locality: Umgeni Valley, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Krauss 1848) .</p><p>Sources: Brown et al. (1992: 28); Appleton &amp; Miranda (2015: 130).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D301FFBAFCB002FAFB5AFB04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D301FFBAFCB007DAFB5AF924.text	03F0DD67D301FFBAFCB007DAFB5AF924.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pettancylus victoriensis (B. Walker 1912)	<div><p>34. Pettancylus victoriensis (B. Walker, 1912)</p><p>Distribution and year: Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The molluscs are common in a variety of waterbodies such as rivers, streams and lakes (Kristensen et al. 2010 a). In the Okavango Delta, the species was collected underneath leaves in deeper parts of the lagoon (Appleton et al. 2003).</p><p>Type locality: Victoria Falls, Zambezi River, Zambia (Walker 1912) .</p><p>Sources: Curtis (1998: 3, as Ferrissia victoriensis); Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68, as Ferrissia victoriensis); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Data Deficient.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D301FFBAFCB007DAFB5AF924	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D301FFBDFCB0043AFDBCFD44.text	03F0DD67D301FFBDFCB0043AFDBCFD44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Segmentorbis angustus (Jickeli 1874)	<div><p>35. Segmentorbis angustus (Jickeli, 1874)</p><p>Distribution and year: Pools in Kwando flood plain near Sitwa [SWMN76522] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); “Botletle” (Boteti) River at “Chinoko” (Chanoga) [ETD4295] 1984 (Brown et al. 1992); Boro River, Nxaraga Lagoon, Chief’s Island [ETD4295] 1984 (Brown et al. 1992); Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003).</p><p>Geographic range: Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: This species is widespread, mainly in permanent waterbodies, across Africa (Brown 1994).</p><p>Type locality: “ Mekerka [ Mek’erka] in Toquor, Hamaszen province ”, Eritrea, “ White Nile ”, South Sudan, “and the Gazelle River ”, Kenia (Jickeli 1874) .</p><p>Sources: Brown et al. (1992: 29); Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D301FFBDFCB0043AFDBCFD44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D306FFBDFCB0011AFB54FBE4.text	03F0DD67D306FFBDFCB0011AFB54FBE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Achatina ampullacea O. Boettger 1910	<div><p>38. Achatina ampullacea O. Boettger, 1910</p><p>Distribution and year: Dobe, near Aha hills 1965 (van Bruggen 1966 a); banks of Epukiro-Omuramba, approx. 22°S, 15 km from Komeduve, south of Lake Ngami 1965 (Connolly 1939; NMSA 2023).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Namibia.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The species is possibly better acclimatized to the semi-arid regions of south-western Africa (van Bruggen 1969).</p><p>Type locality: The edge of the Epukiro-Omuramba, 15 km from Komeduve in the southern part of Lake Ngami in the Kalahari, Namibia (Boettger 1910) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1912: 191; 1939: 317); van Bruggen (1966 a: 107).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D306FFBDFCB0011AFB54FBE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D306FFBDFCB0077AFB54F8E4.text	03F0DD67D306FFBDFCB0077AFB54F8E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Achatina dammarensis L. Pfeiffer 1870	<div><p>39. Achatina dammarensis L. Pfeiffer, 1870</p><p>Distribution and year: Dekar, 30 miles north-west of Ghanzi 1961 (van Bruggen 1963; NMSA 2023); Tshane Pan 1961 (van Bruggen 1963); Tuwhe Pan, 80 miles west of Tshane Pan 1961 (van Bruggen 1963); Koanaka Hills 1965 (van Bruggen 1966 a); Aha Hills 1965 (van Bruggen 1966 a); Tsodilo Hills 1965 (van Bruggen 1966 a); Nyatsane Pan, halfway between Molepolole and Tshane Pan 1965 (van Bruggen 1966 a); banks of Epukiro-Omuramba, approx. 20°S, 10 km east of Komeduve, south of Lake Ngami N/A (Connolly 1912; 1939); Ngamiland, 30 miles west of Lake Ngami [ANSP166778] N/A (GBIF 2023 b)</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Namibia.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The species is endemic to Southern Africa, with its range restricted to the south and south-western semi-arid regions (Fontanilla 2010).</p><p>Type locality: “Dammara province, West Africa”, former Damaraland, Namibia (Pfeiffer 1870) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1912: 192; 1939: 320); van Bruggen (1963: 266; 1966 a: 107); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D306FFBDFCB0077AFB54F8E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D306FFBDFCB0029AFB95FDC4.text	03F0DD67D306FFBDFCB0029AFB95FDC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Achatinidae Swainson 1840	<div><p>Family Achatinidae Swainson, 1840</p><p>Common name: Tropical land snails, including Giant African land snails.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D306FFBDFCB0029AFB95FDC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D306FFBDFF1701FAFDE3FCC4.text	03F0DD67D306FFBDFF1701FAFDE3FCC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bithyniidae Gray 1857	<div><p>Family Bithyniidae Gray, 1857</p><p>Common name: Mud freshwater snails</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D306FFBDFF1701FAFDE3FCC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D306FFBDFF1706DAFDEEF9E4.text	03F0DD67D306FFBDFF1706DAFDEEF9E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cochliopidae Tryon 1866	<div><p>Family Cochliopidae Tryon, 1866</p><p>Common name: Small freshwater snails</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D306FFBDFF1706DAFDEEF9E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D306FFBDFF17001AFDBCFA04.text	03F0DD67D306FFBDFF17001AFDBCFA04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gabbiella kisalensis (Pilsbry & Bequaert 1927)	<div><p>36. Gabbiella kisalensis (Pilsbry &amp; Bequaert, 1927)</p><p>Distribution and year: Linyanti Channel [SMWN 76303] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); floodplain of Kwando River at Sitwa [SMWN76526] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003).</p><p>Geographic range: Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species occurs in rivers, lakes and pools (Appleton et al. 2010 c) across Southern and Central Africa, and is abundant in the Okavango River and East Caprivi (Brown et al. 1992).</p><p>Type locality: Lake Kisale, near the source of Kimilolo River, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Pilsbry &amp; Bequaert 1927) .</p><p>Sources: Brown &amp; Kristensen (1989: 14); Brown et al. (1992: 18); Brown (1994: 91); Appleton (2002: 78); Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D306FFBDFF17001AFDBCFA04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D306FFBDFF17057AFB8CFEA5.text	03F0DD67D306FFBDFF17057AFB8CFEA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lobogenes michaelis Pilsbry & Bequaert 1927	<div><p>37. Lobogenes michaelis Pilsbry &amp; Bequaert, 1927</p><p>Distribution and year: Kwando River floodplain at Singalamwe [ETD4350] 1986 (Brown et al. 1992); Okavango Delta 2000 (Jansen van Rensburg 2001).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, Zambia.</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species has a limited and patchy distribution in Southern Africa, and is facing threats due to unsustainable water extraction from the Kafue River, Zambia (Kristensen et al. 2009).</p><p>Type locality: At the source of Kimililo River near Élisabethville (Lubumbashi), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Pilsbry &amp; Bequaert 1927) .</p><p>Sources: Jansen van Rensburg (2001: 29); Kristensen et al. (2009: 40).</p><p>Conservation status: Varies from IUCN Near Threatened (JØrgensen 2010) to regionally endangered (Kristensen et al. 2009). More data are needed for its proper assessment.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D306FFBDFF17057AFB8CFEA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D306FFBCFCB0047AFDBEFEE4.text	03F0DD67D306FFBCFCB0047AFDBEFEE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Achatina passargei E. von Martens 1900	<div><p>40. Achatina passargei E. von Martens, 1900</p><p>Distribution and year: “Kwebe” (Kgwebe) Hills 1965 (van Bruggen 1966 a).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Namibia.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: Endemic to Southern Africa.</p><p>Type locality: “ At Sodanna ” (in present-day Kavango East Region), Namibia (Martens 1900) .</p><p>Source: van Bruggen (1966 a: 108).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D306FFBCFCB0047AFDBEFEE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D307FFBCFF17027AFDBEFBC4.text	03F0DD67D307FFBCFF17027AFDBEFBC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Achatina schinziana Mousson 1888	<div><p>41. Achatina schinziana Mousson, 1888</p><p>Distribution and year: Paradise Pan, between Nata and Maun 1963 (NMSA 2023); Gweta 2019, 2020 (GBIF 2023 b); “Kakir” (Khakhea) N/A (Connolly 1912); Gumare, 25 miles South of Sepopa 1965 (van Bruggen 1966 b); Mesilume Pan, 133km from Tshane Pan, Ghanzi District N/A (NMSA 2023); Maun, Ngamiland [NHMUK:ecatalogue:2671805] 1931 (Connolly 1939; GBIF 2023 b); 50 miles SW by W of Victoria Falls, on border of Kalahari, (Kazungula), Bechuanaland (Botswana) [MCZ:Mala:166258] N/A (Harvard University M. &amp; Morris 2024 a).</p><p>Geographic range: Angola, Botswana, Namibia.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The species’ distribution range is restricted to Southern Africa (van Bruggen 1980).</p><p>Type locality: “Ondonga, in the country Ovamba”, Namibia (Mousson 1888) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1912: 200, as Achatina schinziana var. degenerata; 1939: 316); van Bruggen (1966 a: 108; 1980: 82); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D307FFBCFF17027AFDBEFBC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D307FFBCFF17071AFDBEFA44.text	03F0DD67D307FFBCFF17071AFDBEFA44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Achatina smithii Craven 1881	<div><p>42. Achatina smithii Craven, 1881</p><p>Distribution and year: Sepopa, on Okavango River, Ngamiland 1965 (van Bruggen 1966 a).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: This medium-sized species is endemic to Southern Africa (van Bruggen 1966 a).</p><p>Type locality: Lydenburg, Mpumalanga, South Africa (Craven 1881) .</p><p>Source: van Bruggen (1966 a: 107).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D307FFBCFF17071AFDBEFA44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D307FFBCFF17069AFDBEF844.text	03F0DD67D307FFBCFF17069AFDBEF844.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Burtoa nilotica (L. Pfeiffer 1861)	<div><p>43. Burtoa nilotica (L. Pfeiffer, 1861)</p><p>Distribution and year: Tshesebe, near Francistown N/A (Govender 2007; NMSA 2023).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: This is one of the largest land snail species with a ubiquitous distribution across tropical Africa (Tothill 1948).</p><p>Type locality: At the sources of the White Nile (probably South Sudan) (Pfeiffer 1861) .</p><p>Source: Govender (2007: 114).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D307FFBCFF17069AFDBEF844	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D307FFBCFF17049AFB54FC04.text	03F0DD67D307FFBCFF17049AFB54FC04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lissachatina immaculata (Lamarck 1822)	<div><p>44. Lissachatina immaculata (Lamarck, 1822)</p><p>Distribution and year: Mosu 1975 (NMSA 2023); Francistown 1915 (van Bruggen 1966 a), 2018, 2019,</p><p>2020 (GBIF 2023 b); Gaborone 2021 (GBIF 2023 b); Serowe 2021 (GBIF 2023 b); east side of Makgadikgadi Salt Pan [MCZ:Mala:184606] 1854 (Harvard University M. &amp; Morris 2024 b); Mmopane 2013 (GBIF 2023 b); farm ‘Gesond’, Tuli Block, at confluence of “Macloutsi” (Motloutse) and Limpopo rivers 1964 (van Bruggen 1966 a); Maun 2022 (GBIF 2023 b)</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The species thrives in the Southern African savannas (Fontanilla 2010) and occurs in leaf debris in dune forests, thickets, woodlands and also in novel habitats such as urban gardens (Herbert &amp; Kilburn 2004). Lissachatina immaculata has spread and become invasive in other parts of the world, where it acts as an intermediate host for Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen, 1935), a nematode causing meningitis in humans (Wang et al. 2023).</p><p>Type locality: Maputo, Mozambique (van Bruggen 1966 b) .</p><p>Sources: van Bruggen (1966 a: 109; 1966 b: 374); Govender (2007: 110) (all as Achatina immaculata); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D307FFBCFF17049AFB54FC04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D307FFBCFCB000DAFB54FAA4.text	03F0DD67D307FFBCFCB000DAFB54FAA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lubricetta subteres (O. Boettger 1910)	<div><p>45. Lubricetta subteres (O. Boettger, 1910)</p><p>Distribution and year: Aha Hills 1961 (van Bruggen 1963), 1965 (van Bruggen 1966 a).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The species is quite common around hills and mountainous ranges (van Bruggen 1970).</p><p>Type locality: “ 140 km inland from Swakopmund”, Namibia (Boettger 1910) .</p><p>Sources: van Bruggen (1963: 266; 1966 a: 105, both as Xerocerastus (Lubricetta) subteres).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D307FFBCFCB000DAFB54FAA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D307FFBCFCB006BAFB54F844.text	03F0DD67D307FFBCFCB006BAFB54F844.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Opeas lineare (Krauss 1848)	<div><p>46. Opeas lineare (Krauss, 1848)</p><p>Distribution and year: Francistown 1937 (Connolly 1939; GBIF 2023 b).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The species is widely distributed across its native range in Southern Africa and mainly prefers habitats that are sheltered, such as under rocks and logs (van Bruggen 1966 b).</p><p>Type locality: “on the mountain of Mohapaani by the river Limpopo ”, Witfonteinrand, near Thabazimbi, Limpopo Province, South Africa (Krauss 1848) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1939: 348); van Bruggen (1966 a: 109; 1966 b: 366); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D307FFBCFCB006BAFB54F844	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D307FFBFFCB0049AFDBDFE64.text	03F0DD67D307FFBFFCB0049AFDBDFE64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Subulina vitrea (Mousson 1888)	<div><p>47. Subulina vitrea (Mousson, 1888)</p><p>Distribution and year: Aha Hills 1961 (van Bruggen 1963), 1965 (van Bruggen 1966 a).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The species is endemic to the arid regions of Southern Africa (van Bruggen 1964).</p><p>Type locality: “in Ku-Ganab, south-east of Ondonga”, Namibia (Mousson 1888) .</p><p>Sources: van Bruggen (1963: 264; 1966 a: 104).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D307FFBFFCB0049AFDBDFE64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D304FFBFFCB002BAFB54FBC4.text	03F0DD67D304FFBFFCB002BAFB54FBC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cecilioides gokweana (O. Bottger 1870)	<div><p>51. Cecilioides gokweana (O. Böttger, 1870)</p><p>Distribution and year: Gokwe River 1869 (BÖttger 1870).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The species is ubiquitous in Southern Africa, especially in semi-arid regions (van Bruggen &amp; Appleton 1977) and common in various habitats such as forests, bush thickets and coastal woodland (Herbert &amp; Kilburn 2004).</p><p>Type locality: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.0/lat -22.0)">Gokwe River</a> (22°S 28°E, tributary of Motloutse River), Botswana (BÖttger 1870) .</p><p>Sources: BÖttger (1870: 47, as Cionella gokweana); Connolly (1912: 207; 1939: 370, both as Cecilioides gokweanus); van Bruggen (1966 a: 109; 1966 b: 351, both as Cecilioides gokweanus); van Bruggen &amp; Appleton (1977: 23, as Cecilioides gokweanus); Herbert &amp; Kilburn (2004: 127, as Cecilioides gokweanus).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D304FFBFFCB002BAFB54FBC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D304FFBFFCB0021AFACBFEA4.text	03F0DD67D304FFBFFCB0021AFACBFEA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ferussaciidae Bourguignat 1883	<div><p>Family Ferussaciidae Bourguignat, 1883</p><p>Common name: Blind awl snails or pin snails</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D304FFBFFCB0021AFACBFEA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D304FFBFFCB007BAFB54F8C4.text	03F0DD67D304FFBFFCB007BAFB54F8C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gastrocopta damarica (Ancey 1888)	<div><p>52. Gastrocopta damarica (Ancey, 1888)</p><p>Distribution and year: Koanaka Hills 1965 (van Bruggen 1966 a); Aha Hills 1965 (van Bruggen 1966 a); Tsodilo Hills, along Rhino trail, Ngamiland 2006 (NBC 2015 c); Savuti Safari Lodge, 150 km SW of Kasane, Chobe National Park [RMNH.MOL.104345] 2006 (NBC 2015 b).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The species is broadly distributed across Southern Africa, inhabiting the arid dunes, forests and savanna woodlands (Herbert &amp; Kilburn 2004). The molluscs mostly occur in plant debris under twigs and leaves (van Bruggen &amp; Appleton 1977).</p><p>Type locality: “Damara”, Namibia (Ancey 1888) .</p><p>Sources: van Bruggen (1966 a: 104); van Bruggen &amp; Appleton (1977: 19); Herbert &amp; Kilburn (2004: 107); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D304FFBFFCB007BAFB54F8C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D304FFBFFCB0071AFB4EFBA4.text	03F0DD67D304FFBFFCB0071AFB4EFBA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gastrocoptidae Pilsbry 1918	<div><p>Family Gastrocoptidae Pilsbry, 1918</p><p>Common name: Minute land snails</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D304FFBFFCB0071AFB4EFBA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D304FFBFFF1702FAFDBDFBA4.text	03F0DD67D304FFBFFF1702FAFDBDFBA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xerocerastus burchelli (J. E. Gray 1834)	<div><p>48. Xerocerastus burchelli (J.E. Gray, 1834)</p><p>Distribution and year: Kalahari N/A (Connolly 1912); Dekar, Ghanzi 1961 (van Bruggen 1963); Tshane Pan 1961 (van Bruggen 1963).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The molluscs tend to be variable in terms of their size and proportions; the shell length increases while the shell width decreases along the southnorth gradient (van Bruggen 1966 b). The species is endemic to Southern Africa, occurring in drier arid regions west of the Limpopo River, and also in the tropical regions east of the Limpopo River (van Bruggen 1966 b) .</p><p>Type locality: near “Lattakoo” (Dithakong), east of Kuruman, Northern Cape, South Africa (Gray 1834) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1912: 166, as Ena (Xerocerastus) burchelli); van Bruggen (1963: 264; 1966 a: 109; 1966 b: 367); Govender (2007: 189).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D304FFBFFF1702FAFDBDFBA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D304FFBFFF1707BAFDBDF984.text	03F0DD67D304FFBFFF1707BAFDBDF984.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xerocerastus damarensis (H. Adams 1870)	<div><p>49. Xerocerastus damarensis (H. Adams, 1870)</p><p>Distribution and year: Dobe 1965 (van Bruggen 1966 a); Meno-a-kwena (about 24°E and 20°S), Ngamiland N/A (Connolly 1912); Boritse–Tsetseng 1963 (NMSA 2023).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana; Namibia; South Africa.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The species’ range is restricted to drier regions of Southern Africa (van Bruggen 1966 a).</p><p>Type locality: “Damara Land”, Namibia (Adams 1870) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1912: 167, as Ena (Xerocerastus) damarensis); van Bruggen (1966 a: 105).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D304FFBFFF1707BAFDBDF984	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D304FFBFFF17055AFB54FEC4.text	03F0DD67D304FFBFFF17055AFB54FEC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xerocerastus schultzei (O. Boettger 1910)	<div><p>50. Xerocerastus schultzei (O. Boettger, 1910)</p><p>Distribution and year: “Sekuma” (Sekoma) 1904 (Boettger 1910); Kang 1904 (Boettger 1910); Kang- Kakir 1904 (Boettger 1910); “Kakir–Lekututu” (Khakhea–Lehututu) 1904 to 1905 (Boettger 1910).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The species is endemic to the semi-desert regions of Southern Africa. Fossilised shells were mostly found in pans of the Kalahari Desert (Lancaster 1974).</p><p>Type locality: “in the British region of the Kalahari ”, Botswana (Boettger 1910) .</p><p>Sources: Boettger (1910: 442); Connolly (1912: 174); van Bruggen (1966 a: 109); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D304FFBFFF17055AFB54FEC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D304FFBEFCB0041AFDBDFE64.text	03F0DD67D304FFBEFCB0041AFDBDFE64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gastrocopta klunzingeri (Jickeli 1873)	<div><p>53. Gastrocopta klunzingeri (Jickeli, 1873)</p><p>Distribution and year: Savuti Safari Lodge, 150 km SW of Kasane, Chobe District [RMNH.MOL.104346] 2006 (NBC 2015 d).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Senegal, Tanzania.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The species range extends from Eritrea southwards to Southern Africa (Muratov 2010; Gittenberger &amp; van Bruggen 2013).</p><p>Type locality: “province of Hamaszen”, Eritrea, Ethiopia (Jickeli 1873) .</p><p>Source: GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D304FFBEFCB0041AFDBDFE64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D305FFBEFF1704FAFB54FDE4.text	03F0DD67D305FFBEFF1704FAFB54FDE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gulella miniata (Krauss 1848)	<div><p>56. Gulella miniata (Krauss, 1848)</p><p>Distribution and year: Tsodilo Hills, along Rhino</p><p>Trail, Ngamiland [RMNH.MOL.104350] 2006 (NBC 2015 e).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, South Africa.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: Hunter snails of the genus Gulella dwell in a variety of habitats, mostly occurring underneath logs, rocks and leaf litter (Herbert &amp; Kilburn 2004).</p><p>Type locality: Mt Mohapaani, Witfonteinrand, near Thabazimbi, Limpopo, South Africa (Krauss 1848) .</p><p>Sources: van Bruggen (1966 a: 110); Govender (2007: 169); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D305FFBEFF1704FAFB54FDE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D305FFBEFCB007FAFB54F924.text	03F0DD67D305FFBEFCB007FAFB54F924.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oxyloma patentissimum (L. Pfeiffer 1853)	<div><p>58. Oxyloma patentissimum (L. Pfeiffer, 1853)</p><p>Distribution and year: Upper panhandle, Okavango Delta 2000 (Appleton et al. 2003).</p><p>Geographic range: Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lake Chad (at the conjunction of Chad, Cameroon, Nigeria and Niger), Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The molluscs are mostly common in emergent and overhanging vegetation in streams and lagoons (Herbert &amp; Kilburn 2004; Appleton &amp; Miranda 2015).</p><p>Type locality: “Port Natal” ( Durban), South Africa (Pfeiffer 1853) .</p><p>Sources: Appleton (2002: 84); Appleton et al. (2003: 58–68); Appleton &amp; Miranda (2015: 132) (all as Oxyloma patentissima); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D305FFBEFCB007FAFB54F924	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D305FFBEFF17011AFDBDFB84.text	03F0DD67D305FFBEFF17011AFDBDFB84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pupilla tetrodus (O. Bottger 1870)	<div><p>54. Pupilla tetrodus (O. Böttger, 1870)</p><p>Distribution and year: Gokwe River 1869 (BÖttger 1870).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The species is ubiquitous across Southern Africa, occurring from semi-arid regions of the Kalahari Desert to the coastal regions of the Eastern Cape (Herbert &amp; Kilburn 2004).</p><p>Type locality: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.0/lat -22.0)">Gokwe River</a> (22°S 28°E, tributary of Motloutse River), Botswana (BÖttger 1870) .</p><p>Sources: BÖttger (1870: 46, as Pupa tetrodus); Connolly (1912: 185, as Jaminia tetrodus; 1939: 393); van Bruggen (1966 a: 109); Herbert &amp; Kilburn (2004: 105).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D305FFBEFF17011AFDBDFB84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D305FFBEFF1702FAFDB7FDC4.text	03F0DD67D305FFBEFF1702FAFDB7FDC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pupillidae Turton 1831	<div><p>Family Pupillidae Turton, 1831</p><p>Common name: Minute land snails</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D305FFBEFF1702FAFDB7FDC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D305FFBEFF17075AFDC0F884.text	03F0DD67D305FFBEFF17075AFDC0F884.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pupoides calaharicus (O. Boettger 1886)	<div><p>55. Pupoides calaharicus (O. Boettger, 1886)</p><p>Distribution and year: Dekar 1961 (van Bruggen 1963); Koanaka Hills 1965 (van Bruggen 1966 a); Aha Hills 1965 (van Bruggen 1966 a), Dobe 1965 (van Bruggen 1966 a); Francistown 2016 (GBIF 2023 b).</p><p>Geographic range: Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The species occurs in the arid regions of the Kalahari towards the subtropical regions of Mozambique and to the Eastern Cape in South Africa (Herbert &amp; Kilburn 2004). The molluscs prefer sheltered habitats under logs and rocks. Some authors treated P. minusculus and P. calaharicus as different species (Connolly 1912; van Bruggen 1966 a).</p><p>Type locality: “ Ghous in the Southern Kalahari ”, South Africa (Boettger 1886) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1912: 177, as Leucochiloides minusculus, a fossil record; 1939: 395); van Bruggen (1963: 262, as Pupoides minusculus; 1966 a: 104); Herbert &amp; Kilburn (2004: 105); Govender (2007: 150); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D305FFBEFF17075AFDC0F884	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D305FFBEFF17045AFDF3F864.text	03F0DD67D305FFBEFF17045AFDF3F864.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Streptaxidae Gray 1860	<div><p>Family Streptaxidae Gray, 1860</p><p>Common name: Carnivorous land snails</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D305FFBEFF17045AFDF3F864	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D305FFBEFCB0075AFB0DFB64.text	03F0DD67D305FFBEFCB0075AFB0DFB64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Succineidae Beck 1837	<div><p>Family Succineidae Beck, 1837</p><p>Common name: Amber snails</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D305FFBEFCB0075AFB0DFB64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D305FFBEFCB0017AFB54FB84.text	03F0DD67D305FFBEFCB0017AFB54FB84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tayloria gwandaensis (Preston 1912)	<div><p>57. Tayloria gwandaensis (Preston, 1912)</p><p>Distribution and year: Aha Hills 1961 (van Bruggen 1963), Dobe 1961 (van Bruggen 1963), 1965 (van Bruggen 1966 a).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The species is widely distributed in arid regions of Southern Africa (Herbert &amp; Kilburn 2004).</p><p>Type locality: Near the Geelong Mine, Gwanda District, Zimbabwe (Preston 1912) .</p><p>Sources: van Bruggen (1963: 268; 1966 a: 109, both as Gonaxis gwandaensis; 1980: 82); Herbert &amp; Kilburn (2004: 153, as G. gwandaensis); Govender (2007: 154, as G. gwandaensis).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D305FFBEFCB0017AFB54FB84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D305FFA1FCB0043AFDBDFC44.text	03F0DD67D305FFA1FCB0043AFDBDFC44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Succinea arboricola Connolly 1912	<div><p>59. Succinea arboricola Connolly, 1912</p><p>Distribution and year: Ghanzi N/A (GBIF 2023 b); Lake Ngami N/A (Connolly 1912; 1939); Okavango “marshes” (Delta) N/A (Connolly 1912; 1939); “Botletle” (Boteti) River N/A (Connolly 1912; 1939).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The species seems to be restricted to the arid regions of Southern Africa (van Bruggen 1967).</p><p>Type locality: Kalahari, Botswana (Connolly 1912) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1912: 220; 1939: 446); van Bruggen (1966 a: 109); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D305FFA1FCB0043AFDBDFC44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D31AFFA1FCB0005AFB54FA64.text	03F0DD67D31AFFA1FCB0005AFB54FA64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laevicaulis alte (Ferussac 1822)	<div><p>62. Laevicaulis alte (A. Férussac, 1822)</p><p>Distribution and year: Francistown 2018, 2019 (GBIF 2023 b).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The species is widely distributed across Southern Africa, occurring in several types of habitats such as the savanna and the equatorial forest (van Bruggen &amp; Appleton 1977), unknown to occur at very high altitudes, and has been introduced in several parts of the world (Herbert &amp; Kilburn 2004). The species is known as an intermediate host of larval nematode parasites affecting vertebrates (Mahajan et al. 1992).</p><p>Type locality: Pondicherry, India (Férussac 1822) .</p><p>Source: GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D31AFFA1FCB0005AFB54FA64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D31AFFA1FCB006FAFB54F8A4.text	03F0DD67D31AFFA1FCB006FAFB54F8A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laevicaulis natalensis (Krauss 1848)	<div><p>63. Laevicaulis natalensis (Krauss, 1848)</p><p>Distribution and year: Francistown 2020 (GBIF 2023 b); Ngwaketse North 2023 (GBIF 2023 b).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: This is a common species in Southern Africa, found in a variety of habitats such as the forest, bushveld and woodland (Herbert &amp; Kilburn 2004).</p><p>Type locality: KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Krauss 1848) .</p><p>Source: GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D31AFFA1FCB006FAFB54F8A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D31AFFA1FF17009AFDBDFA04.text	03F0DD67D31AFFA1FF17009AFDBDFA04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Succinea badia Morelet 1867	<div><p>60. Succinea badia Morelet, 1867</p><p>Distribution and year: “Botletle” (Boteti) River N/A (Connolly 1912; 1939); Aha Hills 1961 (van Bruggen 1963), 1965 (van Bruggen 1966 a); Dekar 1961 (van Bruggen 1963).</p><p>Geographic range: Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The distribution range is restricted to the drier parts of south-western Africa, where the species is well adapted to the savanna conditions (van Bruggen 1978).</p><p>Type locality: Calemba, Angola (Morelet 1867) .</p><p>Sources: Connolly (1912: 221, as Succinea moussoni; 1939: 443); van Bruggen (1963: 263; 1966 a: 104); Govender (2007: 190).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D31AFFA1FF17009AFDBDFA04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D31AFFA1FF1706DAFDBDF7C4.text	03F0DD67D31AFFA1FF1706DAFDBDF7C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Succinea striata Krauss 1848	<div><p>61. Succinea striata Krauss, 1848</p><p>Distribution and year: Ngamiland [NHMUK:ecatalogue:2666824] 1925 (GBIF 2023 b).</p><p>Geographic range: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe.</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: The species is ubiquitous across Southern Africa, occurring in various habitats such as pool edges, under logs, on trees and grasses (Herbert &amp; Kilburn 2004). This is an ecologically tolerant species (van Bruggen &amp; Appleton 1977).</p><p>Type locality: “ On the river Limpopo ”, South Africa (Krauss 1848) .</p><p>Sources: van Bruggen &amp; Appleton (1977: 21); Herbert &amp; Kilburn (2004: 269); GBIF (2023 b).</p><p>Conservation status: Not Evaluated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D31AFFA1FF1706DAFDBDF7C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D31AFFA1FCB0003AFA88FC84.text	03F0DD67D31AFFA1FCB0003AFA88FC84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Veronicellidae Gray 1840	<div><p>Family Veronicellidae Gray, 1840</p><p>Common name: Leather-back land slugs</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D31AFFA1FCB0003AFA88FC84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D31BFFA0FCB0055AFA1BF964.text	03F0DD67D31BFFA0FCB0055AFA1BF964.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Helicidae Rafinesque 1815	<div><p>Family Helicidae Rafinesque, 1815</p><p>Common name: Typical snails or helix garden snails</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D31BFFA0FCB0055AFA1BF964	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D31BFFA3FCB005FAFE25FA84.text	03F0DD67D31BFFA3FCB005FAFE25FA84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cornu aspersum (O. F. Muller 1774)	<div><p>1. Cornu aspersum (O.F. Müller, 1774)</p><p>Distribution and year: Francistown 2019 (GBIF 2023 b).</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Native range: Mediterranean region (Sherpa et al. 2018), from north-west Africa, western Europe and eastwards towards Asia.</p><p>Extent of invasion: The species is cosmopolitan, being introduced either accidentally or deliberately as a source of animal feed (Guiller et al. 2012). It is now found in regions such as Australia, eastern and southern regions of Africa, New Zealand, North America and southern South America (GaitÁn-Espitia et al. 2013).</p><p>Notes: The molluscs were imported deliberately to Southern Africa around the 1850s as a food resource (Herbert &amp; Kilburn 2004). The species is now considered a notorious agricultural pest, constantly devouring citrus orchards and vineyards (Barker &amp; Watts 2002). The molluscs are eaten in some parts of the world and often utilised as a main ingredient in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (JØrgensen &amp; SØrensen 2008).</p><p>Type locality: In Italy (MÜller 1774) .</p><p>Source: GBIF (2023 b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D31BFFA3FCB005FAFE25FA84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D318FFA3FF1706BAFE62FA04.text	03F0DD67D318FFA3FF1706BAFE62FA04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lymnaeidae Rafinesque 1815	<div><p>Family Lymnaeidae Rafinesque, 1815</p><p>Common name: Pond snails</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D318FFA3FF1706BAFE62FA04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D318FFA3FCB0071AFBFDF7C5.text	03F0DD67D318FFA3FCB0071AFBFDF7C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physella acuta (Draparnaud 1805)	<div><p>3. Physella acuta (Draparnaud, 1805)</p><p>Distribution and year: Chobe River, Kasane 1987 (GBIF 2023 b) (as Physa spp., see Notes).</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Native range: Not entirely resolved, but highly speculated to be North America (Brown 1994; De Kock &amp; Wolmarans 2007).</p><p>Extent of invasion: The species is recorded from Africa, Europe and Asia (Van Damme et al. 2017).</p><p>Notes: It is highly likely the Physa spp. recorded from the Chobe River by the AMGS in the GBIF. The species occurrence in Botswana is further supported by one scientific publication (Paraense &amp; Pointier 2003) and an IUCN Red Listing assessment report (Van Damme et al. 2017). As Appleton et al. (2003) have recommended, it is crucial to note the possibility of the species occurrence in the Okavango Delta, especially because of the delta’s close proximity to the neighbouring Lake Kariba where the species was discovered. The species is common in both flowing and standing waters and thrives exceptionally well in polluted waters (Brown 1994); its invasive success is attributed to a high fecundity rate and the capacity to travel swiftly upstream (De Kock &amp; Wolmarans 2007). The species serves as an intermediary host for food-borne trematode diseases such as echinostomiasis and fascioliasis (Lawton et al. 2018).</p><p>Type locality: Garonne River, France (Draparnaud 1805) .</p><p>Sources: Paraense &amp; Pointier (2003); Van Damme et al. (2017); GBIF (2023 b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D318FFA3FCB0071AFBFDF7C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D318FFA3FF1706DAFB06FC64.text	03F0DD67D318FFA3FF1706DAFB06FC64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Radix auricularia (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>2. Radix auricularia (Linnaeus, 1758)</p><p>Distribution and year: Okavango Delta 2018/2019 (Malatji et al. 2019).</p><p>Native range: Europe and Asia (Larson 2018).</p><p>Extent of invasion: The species has a wide invasion expansion range in North America (Larson 2018) and New Zealand (Winterbourn 2023), and has recently been discovered in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Malatji et al. 2019).</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater.</p><p>Notes: The species occurs in slow flowing rivers, lakes, as well as in man-made waterbodies such as ponds, irrigation canals and reservoirs (Winterbourn 2023). The molluscs serve as an intermediate host of Fasciola gigantica Cobbold, 1855 (Malatji et al. 2019); they are used for feeding fowl and fish in some regions in Asia (Winterbourn 2023).</p><p>Type locality: In Europe (Linnaeus 1758).</p><p>Source: Malatji et al. (2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D318FFA3FF1706DAFB06FC64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D319FFA2FF1703FAFDC2FEC4.text	03F0DD67D319FFA2FF1703FAFDC2FEC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Achatinidae Swainson 1840	<div><p>Family Achatinidae Swainson, 1840</p><p>Common name: Tropical land snails</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D319FFA2FF1703FAFDC2FEC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
03F0DD67D319FFA2FF17021AFE1BFB44.text	03F0DD67D319FFA2FF17021AFE1BFB44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich 1822)	<div><p>4. Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822)</p><p>Distribution and year: 90 miles south of Nata, near Thalia village 1969 (GBIF 2023 b).</p><p>Native range: The coastal regions of East Africa (Fontanilla 2010), southern limit possibly being the Zambezi River (Herbert 2010).</p><p>Extent of invasion: The species became widely spread across the Indian ocean islands such as Madagascar and Mauritius during the 1800s (Fontanilla 2010). It later spread to India, Sri Lanka, Asia and into several Pacific islands, and gained ground in Europe and North America (Raut &amp; Barker 2002).</p><p>Habitat: Terrestrial.</p><p>Notes: Introduction of the species to other regions of the world is presumed to be more deliberate than accidental (Raut &amp; Barker 2002). This rapidly invading species, which covers a wide range expansion within a short period of time (Herbert 2010), acts as an intermediate host of the rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis that causes human eosinophilic meningitis (Fontanilla 2010), and is also infamously known as a crop pest in regions such as Ghana and mainland Kenya (Raut &amp; Barker 2002). Lissachatina fulica can easily be mistaken for the indigenous L. immaculata (see Herbert 2010).</p><p>Type locality: Unknown (Bowdich 1822).</p><p>Source: GBIF (2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0DD67D319FFA2FF17021AFE1BFB44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato	Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato (2024): An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana. Indago 41: 15-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13132605, URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605
