identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038687DDCB02FFDD1FF6F2EFFCB64CFF.text	038687DDCB02FFDD1FF6F2EFFCB64CFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halolaelaps celticus Halbert 1915	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Halolaelaps celticus Halbert, 1915</p>
            <p> A North Atlantic species penetrating into Arctic waters up to the Pechora Sea in the east (new records from the shores of the Kola Peninsula, Kanin Peninsula, and Dolgiy Island; O.L.M.: personal observations). Due to the significant variations in “diagnostic” characteristics of females of this and related species (Błaszak and Ehrnsberger 1998 ; Maslov 2013 ; O.L.M.: personal observations), only records accompanied by the presence of males can be considered reliable. The records of  H. celticus from the shores of the Black and Azov seas (Bregetova </p>
            <p> 1977; Koyumdzhijeva 1982 ; Maslov 2013 ; Bizin and Makarova 2022) seem to actually concern  H. orientalis Ishikawa, 1979 (? =  Halolaelaps schusteri Hirschmann, 1966 ; see below) and require verification. The proper  Halolaelaps celticus is abundant in the early and middle stages of marine debris decay (Strenzke 1963 ; Makarova and Petrova-Nikitina 2008). This species withstands flooding with seawater within an algal mass for at least 5 days (O.L.M.: personal observations). This can provide its passive dispersal, although phoresy on  Amphipoda has been repeatedly shown for other littoral species of the genus (Willmann 1952 ; Evans and Till 1979 ; Pugh et al. 1997 ; Trach 2016). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687DDCB02FFDD1FF6F2EFFCB64CFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	AndrianovK, Boris V.;MakarovaK, Olga L.;GoryachevaK, Irina I.	AndrianovK, Boris V., MakarovaK, Olga L., GoryachevaK, Irina I. (2024): Genetic variability of abundant littoral species of mesostigmatic mites (Acari, Mesostigmata) with different distributions from the seashores of Eurasia. Acarologia 64 (4): 1191-1212, DOI: 10.24349/wftr-xlsv, URL: https://doi.org/10.24349/wftr-xlsv
038687DDCB02FFDC1FF6F754FC624B9F.text	038687DDCB02FFDC1FF6F754FC624B9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phorytocarpais kempersi (Oudemans 1902)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phorytocarpais kempersi (Oudemans, 1902)</p>
            <p> This species was earlier assumed to be cosmopolitan in distribution, although its absence from the shores of the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea and Arctic Siberia had been reported simultaneously (Tikhomirov 1977). And there still are no records outside the Holarctic. According to our data,  P. kempersi is an abundant species in sea debris on the shores of the middle and southern parts of the Caspian Sea (O.L.M.: personal observations). It is common everywhere, including the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America (Krantz 2016 ; material from the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, accessed 7 October 2020, curator W. Knee; O.L.M. unpublished data).  Phorytocarpais kempersi appears first in algal emissions, being most abundant in the early stages of their decay succession (Strenzke 1963 ; Makarova and Petrova-Nikitina 2008 ; Bizin and Makarova 2022). Phoresy of its deutonymphs on “larger inhabitants of rotting algae carried by water” has also been reported (Tikhomirov 1977), and the possibility of dispersion on sea-washed algal debris in the summer conditions of the North, Black and White seas has been proven experimentally (Pugh and King 1985 ; Avdonin 1999 ; Makarova and Petrova-Nikitina 2008). Moreover, in a special experiment conducted in August 2008 in the White Sea, submerged algae were shown to retain about 80% living  P. kempersi individuals for at least 5 days (O.L.M.: personal observations). The species has the widest diet among the study littoral mite species. Its sharp increase in numbers was observed when feeding on nematodes,  Sphaeroceridae larvae and small crustaceans (Avdonin 2002), but  P. kempersi also consume enchytraeids, dead and living adults of  Diptera , juvenile oribatid and mesostigmatic mites, including individuals of their own species (Pugh and King 1985 ; Avdonin and Striganova 2004). Simultaneously, 4− 7 eggs can mature inside the female (O.L.M.: personal observations). Individuals from the White and Black seas successfully interbreed with each other (Avdonin and Striganova 2004). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687DDCB02FFDC1FF6F754FC624B9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	AndrianovK, Boris V.;MakarovaK, Olga L.;GoryachevaK, Irina I.	AndrianovK, Boris V., MakarovaK, Olga L., GoryachevaK, Irina I. (2024): Genetic variability of abundant littoral species of mesostigmatic mites (Acari, Mesostigmata) with different distributions from the seashores of Eurasia. Acarologia 64 (4): 1191-1212, DOI: 10.24349/wftr-xlsv, URL: https://doi.org/10.24349/wftr-xlsv
038687DDCB03FFDD1FF6F5C8FC2C48FC.text	038687DDCB03FFDD1FF6F5C8FC2C48FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halolaelaps orientalis (Blaszak and Ehrnsberger 1998)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Halolaelaps orientalis Ishikawa, 1979 (? =  Halolaelaps schusteri</p>
            <p>Hirschmann, 1966)</p>
            <p> A Palaearctic species ranging from the Canary Islands to Japan. There are no records from the shores of the Arctic Ocean, Bering and Okhotsk seas. This species was previously listed as the most common member of the  celticus -group on the shores of the northern and southern seas of continental Europe, as well as the Canary Islands (Błaszak and Ehrnsberger 1998). </p>
            <p> Since an error in the original description of  Halolaelaps schusteri (structure of setae j 1, z 1) has been corrected during the analysis of the type material (Błaszak et al. 2004, p. 2), there are no characters left allowing us to securely distinguish between females of  H. schusteri and  H. orientalis (Błaszak and Ehrnsberger 1998) . Therefore, all records of “  H. orientalis ” in the Western Palearctic (Błaszak and Ehrnsberger 1998 ; Avdonin 2002 ; Avdonin and Striganova 2004 ; Maslov 2013 ; Bizin and Makarova 2022) probably belong to  H. schusteri , as possibly does the record from Japan as well. The male of  H. orientalis has not been described yet. Having analyzed its morphological structures, these two species are highly likely to be synonyms. In marine debris,  H. orientalis forms “quasi-stationary aggregations” (Avdonin and Striganova 2004). In six districts of the Atlantic coast, including the Canary Islands, this species has been noted to live together with  H. celticus (Błaszak and Ehrnsberger 1998) . The dispersion of  H. orientalis with floating algae is possible (Avdonin 1999). It feeds actively on nematodes and copepods (Copepoda) (Avdonin and Striganova 2004); the consumption of damaged enchytraeids and dipteran  Sphaeroceridae (larvae and adults) was also recorded (Avdonin 1999, 2002). </p>
            <p> Morphological diagnostics of  Halolaelaps species belonging to the  celticus -group in general [the subgenus  Halolaelaps (Halolaelaps) sensu Błasczak and Ehrnsberger 1998 ] are greatly hampered by the uncritical attitude of the above authors to the asymmetry and intra-population variability of the dorsal idiosomal chaetome. Such cases were revealed by various researchers (Maslov 2013 ; O.L.M.: personal observations), including Błasczak and Ehrnsberger (1998, </p>
            <p>p. 165, 167) themselves, thus leading to doubt the validity of the species they described (Błasczak and Ehrnsberger 1997, 1998).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687DDCB03FFDD1FF6F5C8FC2C48FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	AndrianovK, Boris V.;MakarovaK, Olga L.;GoryachevaK, Irina I.	AndrianovK, Boris V., MakarovaK, Olga L., GoryachevaK, Irina I. (2024): Genetic variability of abundant littoral species of mesostigmatic mites (Acari, Mesostigmata) with different distributions from the seashores of Eurasia. Acarologia 64 (4): 1191-1212, DOI: 10.24349/wftr-xlsv, URL: https://doi.org/10.24349/wftr-xlsv
038687DDCB03FFDD1FF6F1CEFB6A4ADB.text	038687DDCB03FFDD1FF6F1CEFB6A4ADB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thinoseius spinosus (Willmann 1939)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Thinoseius spinosus (Willmann, 1939)</p>
            <p> A Holarctic littoral species. Its records at distances of dozens or hundreds of kilometers away from a sea coast are of special interest. These are records at chicken farms in Oregon, USA (Volkinburg 1969), as well as on the shores of salt lakes in the south of Western Siberia (GenBank ID: MW367935) and in northern Dagestan, North Caucasus (O.L.M.: personal observation). Generally,  T. spinosus seems to be the “northernmost” representative of the littoral acarofauna; </p>
            <p> it lives on Spitsbergen (Gwiazdowicz and Coulson 2010), northern Greenland (Makarova 2015), northern Novaya Zemlya and northern Chukotka (O.L.M.: personal observations). There is no information on nutrition, but for other species of the genus active consumption of nematodes was revealed (Egglishaw 1966 ; Rigby 1996a), as well as eating crushed enchytraeids, small dipterans and amphipods (Avdonin 1999, 2002). Deutonymphs of  T. spinosus are actively dispersed when attached to various brachiceran dipterans,  Anthomyiidae ,  Calliphoridae ,  Coelopidae ,  Helomyzidae ,  Heterocheilidae ,  Sphaeroceridae (Lindroth et al. 1973 ; Klimov </p>
            <p>1998; Makarova and Böcher 2009 ; Gwiazdowicz and Coulson 2010).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687DDCB03FFDD1FF6F1CEFB6A4ADB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	AndrianovK, Boris V.;MakarovaK, Olga L.;GoryachevaK, Irina I.	AndrianovK, Boris V., MakarovaK, Olga L., GoryachevaK, Irina I. (2024): Genetic variability of abundant littoral species of mesostigmatic mites (Acari, Mesostigmata) with different distributions from the seashores of Eurasia. Acarologia 64 (4): 1191-1212, DOI: 10.24349/wftr-xlsv, URL: https://doi.org/10.24349/wftr-xlsv
038687DDCB07FFD61FF6F643FADE4ABC.text	038687DDCB07FFD61FF6F643FADE4ABC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phorytocarpais kempersi (Oudemans 1902)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phorytocarpais kempersi</p>
            <p> Among the species we studied,  P. kempersi is the most widespread and common mite species found in all five larger regions (Azov-Black Sea Basin, Caspian Sea region, Pacific Ocean region, Arctic Ocean, Baltic Sea region). Of all 154 mite specimens used, 35 sequences of </p>
            <p> ITS gene fragments were obtained, representing 7 genotypes (Table 1). The variability of ITS genotypes of  P. kempersi is presented in Figure 2. Other mite species from the family  Parasitidae with known ITS sequences (representatives of the genera  Pergamasus Berlese , </p>
            <p> 1903 and  Poecilochirus G. &amp; R. Canestrini, 1882) are separated from  P. kempersi by a hiatus. The bootstrap values at the node separating the ITS sequences of  P. kempersi from the representatives of the closest genera  Pergamasus and  Poecilochirus are 99% (Figure 2). At the same time, the intraspecific variability of  P. kempersi across a huge part of its distribution (from Iceland to the Kuril Islands) does not exceed 1%, allowing an unambiguous identification of the species. To characterize the intraspecific variation of  P. kempersi and to compare data from geographically distant parts of its range, we obtained a median network of genotypes (Figure 3). There the central position is occupied by the genotype marked with the Roman numeral (I), found in four large regions. All this allows us to consider it ancestral. All other genotypes appear to be associated with it, directly or indirectly. The closely related genotype (II), found in five large regions, is the most common one in the Caspian Sea region. The remaining genotypes are found only in particular regions. The genotypic diversity of the entire sample P of.  kempersi and local populations of this species in individual large regions are presented in Tables 4 and 5. In the most remote, Far Eastern populations (Pacific coast), only two widespread genotypes were found. </p>
            <p> types of two members of the genus  Pergamasus ,  Parasitidae , and  Poecilochirus monospinosus Wise, Hennessey &amp; Axtell, 1988 ,  Parasitidae , were used as out-groups to root the tree. The sequence taken </p>
            <p>from GenBank is marked with GenBank ID number. The length of the aligned sequences is 575 nucleotide sites. The newly obtained sequences are denoted by color labels according to large regions Sample characteristics are given in Table 1.</p>
            <p>.</p>
            <p>Genotypes (III), (IV) and (VII) are revealed only on the shores of the Caspian Sea, and genotype (V) only in the Iceland region (Table 1). The greatest divergence from the ancestral genotype is observed in mites with genotype (VI). As this genotype was found in closely located areas on the coast near the town of Anapa, Black Sea and on Cape Kazantip, Azov Sea, the early formation of a locally adapted population seems to take place. If adaptation does occur,</p>
            <p> it occurs at a very early stage, since the value of the test (Tajima’s D) for selective neutrality corresponds to the model of random accumulation of mutations in the absence of selective pressure on the population (Table 4). A comparison of  P. kempersi populations from different geographic regions shows the absence of fixed region-specific nucleotide substitutions (Figure 3), this also being consistent with the model of random accumulation of mutations. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687DDCB07FFD61FF6F643FADE4ABC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	AndrianovK, Boris V.;MakarovaK, Olga L.;GoryachevaK, Irina I.	AndrianovK, Boris V., MakarovaK, Olga L., GoryachevaK, Irina I. (2024): Genetic variability of abundant littoral species of mesostigmatic mites (Acari, Mesostigmata) with different distributions from the seashores of Eurasia. Acarologia 64 (4): 1191-1212, DOI: 10.24349/wftr-xlsv, URL: https://doi.org/10.24349/wftr-xlsv
038687DDCB09FFD41FF6F05AFBCB4804.text	038687DDCB09FFD41FF6F05AFBCB4804.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halolaelaps orientalis (Blaszak and Ehrnsberger 1998)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Halolaelaps orientalis and  H. celticus</p>
            <p> When analyzing the sequences of 20 specimens of  H. orientalis , six ITS genotypes were obtained (Table 2). However, based on morphological characters, we have discovered three possible cryptic species close to  H. orientalis . They were revealed in the Black Sea (sp. 1) and the seas of the Pacific Ocean (sp. 2, 3) and have some genetical distinctions (Figure 5). </p>
            <p> The variability of the ITS fragment of all five distinguished members of the  celticus -group analyzed, and of the congeneric  Halolaelaps punctulatus (Leitner, 1946) , is presented in </p>
            <p> Figure 4. Three clades with 99% and 100% bootstrap support correspond to the species:  H.</p>
            <p> celticus,  H. punctulatus and a complex of closely related species,  Halolaelaps spp. , related to </p>
            <p> H. orientalis . To analyze the genetic structure of this complex of close species, we constructed a median network of genotypes (Figure 5). This median network is star-shaped, this being characteristic of species that may have relatively recently gone through a stage of an explosive range expansion. The central position in this median network of genotypes is occupied by genotype (I), which is found in the Azov-Black Sea region and in the Pacific region and belongs to  H. orientalis proper. The remaining genotypes have a narrower geographic distribution and are likely to have derived from genotype (I). Among the intertidal mite species we studied,  H.</p>
            <p> orientalis is the most variable (Table 4). As in the case of  Phorytocarpais kempersi , the value of the selective neutrality test (Tajima’s D) fails to indicate the presence of any discriminatory pressure on its modern population. We found numerous demes of  H. orientalis on the coasts of the Mediterranean, Azov and Black seas, as well as the Russian Far East (Sea of Japan). </p>
            <p> H. orientalis was not found on the coasts of the Arctic Ocean seas, where it is replaced by the closely related species,  H. celticus . We were able to obtain genetic material of  H. celticus from remote populations: the shores of Iceland, Solovetsky Islands, Kola Peninsula, and Kanin </p>
            <p> Peninsula. The ITS fragment studied turned out to be monomorphic in our sample H of.  celticus</p>
            <p> (10 specimens from five localities), but separated from  H. orientalis by six phylogenetically significant substitutions. </p>
            <p> So, besides well distinguished species  H. orientalis and  H. celticus , some probably new species were found within the  celticus -group, namely:  Halolaelaps sp. 1 [“gracilis”] from the northeastern Black Sea coast,  Halolaelaps sp. 2 [“elongatus”] from Iturup Island,  Halolaelaps</p>
            <p>sp. 3 [“extremiorientis”], from the southern coast of Chukotka and Kamchatka peninsulas.</p>
            <p>All these forms have unique ITS genotypes (Figure 5). The genetic evidence, together with some morphological differences, support the assumption of species rank status for these three species. Further data are required to clarify this proposal. Carriers of ITS genotypes I–VI, on the contrary, showed no clear morphological differences.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687DDCB09FFD41FF6F05AFBCB4804	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	AndrianovK, Boris V.;MakarovaK, Olga L.;GoryachevaK, Irina I.	AndrianovK, Boris V., MakarovaK, Olga L., GoryachevaK, Irina I. (2024): Genetic variability of abundant littoral species of mesostigmatic mites (Acari, Mesostigmata) with different distributions from the seashores of Eurasia. Acarologia 64 (4): 1191-1212, DOI: 10.24349/wftr-xlsv, URL: https://doi.org/10.24349/wftr-xlsv
038687DDCB0BFFD21FF6F4D1FD664967.text	038687DDCB0BFFD21FF6F4D1FD664967.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thinoseius spinosus (Willmann 1939)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Thinoseius spinosus and other species of the genus </p>
            <p> In addition to the widespread Holarctic species  T. spinosus , further three species of the genus  Thinoseius with narrower geographic distributions have been found in the littoral zones of Eurasia:  T. fucicola (Halbert, 1920) ,  T. occidentalipacificus Klimov, 1998 ; and  Thinoseius</p>
            <p> cf. kargi Hirschmann, 1966. The variability of ITS fragments of all four species is presented in Figure 6. Distinguishing the species is not difficult. Three clades are observed with good bootstrap support. Two clades correspond to the species  T. spinosus and  T. occidentalipacificus . The third clade combines ITS sequences of  T. fucicola and  Thinoseius cf. kargi .  Thinoseius occidentalipacificus mites are known from the Pacific region (Klimov 1998 ; Takaku 2000 ; Makarova 2019),  T. fucicola from the shores of the northern and southern seas of Europe (Remmert 1956 ; Evans 1969 ; Bregetova 1977), and  T. cf. kargi from the coasts of the Mediterranean and Black seas (Hirschmann 1966 ; Avdonin 2002). Both latter species show a single genotype of the ITS fragment, one different from other genotypes found among  Thinoseius species.</p>
            <p> the genus  Dermanyssus (  Dermanyssidae ) and  Eviphis ostrinus (  Eviphididae ) were used as out-groups to root the tree. The sequence taken from GenBank is marked with GenBank ID number. The length of the aligned sequences is 669 nucleotide sites. The newly obtained sequences are denoted with color labels. The legend for color labels is given in Figure 2. </p>
            <p> When studying the ITS sequences of 52 specimens of  T. spinosus from 17 localities, four genotypes were found (Table 3). To analyze the intraspecific variability of this species, we constructed a median network of genotypes (Figure 7). Intraspecific variability of  T. spinosus is again star-shaped. The most abundant genotype, marked with number (I), occupies the central position in the median network of genotypes and thus it is considered ancestral, at least so for the modern European super-population. We found genotype (I) in four of five larger regions, except for the Pacific region, where it is replaced by genotype (II). </p>
            <p> Special genotypes of  T. spinosus different from the central genotype (I) are found only in the regions of the Pacific and Arctic oceans, while across the vast areas covering the shores of the Baltic, Black, Azov and Caspian seas  T. spinosus appears to be monomorphic. The value of the selective neutrality test (Tajima’s D) does not reveal any selection effect on the  T. spinosus population (Table 4). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687DDCB0BFFD21FF6F4D1FD664967	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	AndrianovK, Boris V.;MakarovaK, Olga L.;GoryachevaK, Irina I.	AndrianovK, Boris V., MakarovaK, Olga L., GoryachevaK, Irina I. (2024): Genetic variability of abundant littoral species of mesostigmatic mites (Acari, Mesostigmata) with different distributions from the seashores of Eurasia. Acarologia 64 (4): 1191-1212, DOI: 10.24349/wftr-xlsv, URL: https://doi.org/10.24349/wftr-xlsv
