identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03860122FF8DFF894CB7F9B97E601EFF.text	03860122FF8DFF894CB7F9B97E601EFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acronyctodes gabrieli Garzón-Orduña & Matson & Vázquez 2025	<div><p>Acronyctodes gabrieli Matson</p><p>Figures 1, 2, 10, 13, 33.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/778eaa0e-e797-44f5-85fa-adb2433b3693</p><p>Diagnosis. The external anatomy of  Acronyctodes gabrieli closely resembles that of its putative sister species,  A. leonilaria and  A. mexicanaria . However, these species can be partially distinguished by their geographical distributions:  A. leonilaria is primarily found in the Mexican Plateau region,  A. mexicanaria in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, Sierra Madre del Sur, and the southern Sierra Madre Oriental, and  A. gabrieli appears to be associated with the Sierra Madre Occidental. Like other members of the Mexicanaria-group, the most reliable method of differentiation is through the examination of male genitalia (Granillo-Hernández et al. 2024).  Acronyctodes gabrieli is characterized by a narrower, triangular uncus, a large gnathos with a strongly papillated medial process, a highly sclerotized, rugose juxta (see arrow, Figure 10a), and a straight, posteriorly directed, sclerotized process at the end of the aedeagus (see arrow, Figure 10b). In contrast,  A. mexicanaria has a thicker, campaniform uncus, a smaller gnathos, a more reduced and less sclerotized juxta (see arrow, Figure 12a), and a curved, sickle-shaped process at the end of the aedeagus (see arrow, Figure 12b).  Acronyctodes leonilaria also possesses a campaniform uncus and a smaller gnathos, but its juxta is large and plate-like (see arrow, Figure 11a), and the process at the end of the aedeagus is straight (see arrow, Figure 11b). In females of the Mexicanaria-group (Figures 13–15), the genitalia are largely similar and difficult to differentiate.  Acronyctodes gabrieli and  A. leonilaria do, however, appear to have a larger, more extended ductus bursae than  A. mexicanaria . Although the caterpillars of  A. mexicanaria and  A. leonilaria are two of the most well-known in Mexico (Granillo-Hernández et al. 2024), there are, so far, no collections of  A. gabrieli to compare with these. However, the larva shown in Figure 25 is a potential candidate for this species. Adult. (Figure 2). Forewing length: male: 21–23 mm; female: 23–24 mm.</p><p>Head: Antenna bipectinate in both sexes; rami of male slightly longer than those of female; scales above black to gray-black. Frons and vertex mostly light grayish-white, however, scales around perimeter of eye dark gray to black. Labial palpus subequal to diameter of eye, light gray to black. Haustellum well-developed.</p><p>Thorax: Grayish-white. Legs dark gray to black and modestly banded with pale grayish-white scales. Males with small hair pencil tucked inside groove on inner surface of hind tibia. Epiphysis well-developed. Tibial spur formula 0-2-4. Forewing grayish-white with dentate black antemedial and postmedial lines and black discal spot. Medial area between antemedial and postmedial lines of slightly more brown hue. Basal area along costa and post-discal area often blackened in upper third of wing. Basal half of terminal area darker and more brownish-gray than pale grayish-white distal half. Hindwing grayish-white with transverse medial black dentate line and black discal spot. Posterior half of wings lightly speckled with black scales. Undersides of both wings like uppersides but pattern elements and colors more muted. Fringe checkered in both wings.</p><p>Abdomen: Grayish-white.</p><p>Male genitalia: (Figure 10). Uncus triangulate. Medial posterior projection of gnathos papillated. Juxta large, highly sclerotized and papillated, and apically blunt. Valve broad and without noticeable acuminate process at apex. Aedeagus with straight, posteriorly directed, sclerotized process between two, lateral, well sclerotized serrate processes; vesica with ca. 30 spinose cornuti in tight cluster.</p><p>Female genitalia: (Figure 13). Similar to  A. leonilaria and  A. mexicanaria . Posterior apophysis ca. one third length of anterior apophysis. Sterigma with bulbous lamella postvaginalis bearing concentric folds; lamella antevaginalis wide and sclerotized. Ductus bursae highly sclerotized; manifesting as prominent tongue-like process. Corpus bursae highly sclerotized with longitudinal striations in posterior portion and more membranous and spherical in anterior portion; signum absent.</p><p>Holotype. ♂, MEXICO: Sonora, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-108.72&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.809166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -108.72/lat 29.809166)">Mpo. Nacori Chico</a>, Ejido Mesa Tres Rios, Arroyo La Presita, 3.3km (by air) SSW Mesa Tres Rios, N29°48’33”, W108°43’12” [29.8092°, -108.72°], Pine/oak/cedar riparian woodland, [elev.] 5600 ft, MV light, 5-10-VIII-2018, leg. J. Palting, Molecular Voucher: TAM0219 (MXGEO097-23), [USNM].</p><p>Paratypes (8♂, 3♀).  8♂, 3♀, MEXICO: same collection data as holotype except: “Genitalia Slide: TAM-2022- 168 [♂],” “Genitalia Slide: TAM-2023-222 [♀],” “Genitalia Slide: TAM-2023-232 [♂],” “Genitalia Slide: TAM-2023-233 [♀],” [CNIN, USNM] .</p><p>Distribution. (Fig. 33). So far,  A. gabrieli is only known from the Sierra Madre Occidental pine-oak forests at the type locality. However, it is expected to have a distribution that extends southward through the Sierra Madre Occidental.</p><p>Biology. The immature stages and life history of  A. gabrieli remain unknown. However, Figure 25 depicts a potential candidate for its larva: an  Acronyctodes caterpillar observed in Urique, Chihuahua. Given that  A. gabrieli is the only known  Acronyctodes species in the region and the larva’s phenotypic similarity to the closely related  A. leonilaria, this specimen is a strong candidate for its caterpillar.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet  gabrieli is named in honor of botanist Gabriel Trujillo, who tragically lost his life while conducting his graduate fieldwork in the canyons of Sonora, Mexico. This name serves as a tribute to his legacy, and dedication and passion for botanical research in the very region where this moth, now bearing his name, was discovered.</p><p>Molecular data. A single specimen of  A. gabrieli has been DNA barcoded, revealing a pairwise distance of approximately 2.3% from  A. leonilaria and 2.8% from  A. mexicanaria .</p><p>Remarks. One paratype female is missing its abdomen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03860122FF8DFF894CB7F9B97E601EFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Garzón-Orduña, Ivonne J.;Matson, Tanner A.;Vázquez, Andrea Murillo	Garzón-Orduña, Ivonne J., Matson, Tanner A., Vázquez, Andrea Murillo (2025): Four new species of Acronyctodes Edwards (Geometridae: Ennominae) from Mesoamerica. Zootaxa 5621 (3): 335-352, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.3.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.3.3
03860122FF89FF844CB7FBBA7C491E23.text	03860122FF89FF844CB7FBBA7C491E23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acronyctodes asignum Garzón-Orduña & Matson & Vázquez 2025	<div><p>Acronyctodes asignum Matson</p><p>Figures 1, 5, 16, 21, 26, 34.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/63779c9a-f7f0-416e-a29a-eeacf114b07b</p><p>Diagnosis.  Acronyctodes asignum cannot be reliably distinguished from  A. cautama,  A. colorata, and  A. corrugata based on external appearance. Confidence in identification typically requires genitalic dissection and/or DNA barcoding. Our limited sampling suggests that  A. asignum primarily inhabits the Guanacaste and Central Cordilleras of Costa Rica, while  A. colorata is found in the Talamanca Cordillera of Costa Rica and Panama, and  A. corrugata ranges more widely across the Central American montane and pine-oak forests of southern Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and possibly Nicaragua.  Acronyctodes cautama is thus far only known from Mexico, west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.</p><p>The female genitalia of  A. asignum are immediately diagnostic among the known members of the Cautama-group, as it is the only member lacking a signum on the corpus bursae (Fig. 21). In contrast, the male genitalia are less distinctive and often exhibit transitional characteristics towards other members of the Cautama-group, necessitating caution when using them as definitive identifiers. However, there appears to be notable differences in the arrangement and number of cornuti among the species.  Acronyctodes asignum typically has 12–15 cornuti arranged in a mostly linear fashion on the vesica (Fig. 16b). In comparison,  A. colorata usually has 30–35 cornuti in a dense non-linear cluster (Fig. 19b),  A. corrugata has 10–15 cornuti in a mostly linear cluster (Fig. 17b),  A. cautama has 7–10 in a linear cluster (Fig. 18b), and  A. bisbili has approximately 25–30 cornuti in a non-linear cluster (Fig. 20b). Additionally, the apex of the valve in  A. asignum,  A. corrugata, and  A. cautama is slightly angulated, whereas in  A. bisbili and  A. colorata, it appears entirely rounded (Figs. 16a–20a).</p><p>Adult. (Figure 5). Forewing length: male: 18–22 mm; female: 23–26 mm.</p><p>Head: Antenna bipectinate in both sexes; rami of male about 3x longer than those of female; scales above ochreous with scattered black scales. Frons and vertex ochreous gray. Labial palpus 1.5x diameter of eye, ochreous gray. Haustellum well-developed.</p><p>Thorax: Tan to ochreous gray. Legs tan to ochreous gray, mottled with dark gray to black patches. Males with small hair pencil tucked inside groove on inner surface of hind tibia. Epiphysis well-developed. Tibial spur formula 0-2-4. Forewing grayish tan, variable amounts of brown and olive green; smooth antemedial line, modestly dentate postmedial line. Medial area between antemedial and postmedial lines slightly browner. Black discal spot present and post-discal area near discal spot with blackened patch. Subtle, diffused darkened medial line sometimes present near postmedial line. Hindwing grayish-tan with transverse medial black dentate line and black discal spot; discal spot may have additional subtle transverse line through it. Underside of both wings like upperside but with pattern elements more spotty and color highly variable. Fringe sometimes with light checkering.</p><p>Abdomen: Pale gray to tan.</p><p>Male genitalia: (Figure 16). Uncus triangulate and campanulated, ending in hood-like apex. Medial posterior projection of gnathos papillated. Valve broad with costal sclerite ending in subapical acuminate process. Juxta plate-like with large posterior digitate process. Vesica with ca. 12–15 spinose cornuti in tight, mostly linear, cluster.</p><p>Female genitalia: (Figure 21). Posterior apophysis ca. one half length of anterior apophysis.</p><p>Ductus bursae with anterior sclerite. Corpus bursae ovate and entirely membraneous; signum absent.</p><p>Larva: (Figure 26). Head black with white suture separating frons and lobes; clypeus white. Body predominantly jet black, with mottled orange markings throughout thorax and A1, and at posterior end from A6 onward. Broken middorsal and subdorsal white pinstripes extend primarily across A1–A5, transitioning to yellow toward front and rear of body. Spiracles black; spiracular area with large, ill-defined white and yellow streaked patches, interspersed with scattered black spots, particularly over A2–A5. Prolegs yellow and black.</p><p>Phenotype somewhat resembling  A. cautama, but that species typically features a broad, mostly continuous white spiracular band across the mid-body. Additionally, the thorax and posterior body of  A. cautama are less mottled with black and yellow and instead exhibit crisper, more defined black patches over the yellow areas.</p><p>Holotype. ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 07-IV-2016, coll. Sergio Rios, Genitalia slide: TAM-2023-329, 16-SRNP-101701, USNMENT01947536, [USNM].</p><p>Paratypes (39♂, 24♀).   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Manta Claro, (10.80345°, - 85.32621°), el. 1610m, 03-III-2011, coll. F. Quesada and H. Cambronero, 11-SRNP-101352, USNMENT01947497 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 15-VI-2018, coll. S. Rios and H. Ramirez, 18-SRNP-104265, USNMENT01947498 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Manta Claro, (10.80345°, -85.32621°), el. 1610m, 02-II-2011, coll. S. Rios and R. Franco, 11-SRNP-100639, USNMENT01947499 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Manta Claro, (10.80345°, -85.32621°), el. 1610m, 02-II-2011, coll. S.Rios and R.Franco,11-SRNP-100638,USNMENT01947500 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 06-IV-2016, coll. Sergio Rios, 16-SRNP-101407, USNMENT01947501 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 06-IV-2016, coll. Sergio Rios, 16-SRNP-101408, USNMENT01947502 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 15-VI-2018, S. Rios and H. Ramirez, 18-SRNP-104264, USNMENT01947503 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao,  Derrumbe, (10.93110°, -85.46194°), el. 1310m, 11-VII-2010, coll. R. Franco and F. Quesada, 10-SRNP-110975, USNMENT01947504 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 25-VI-2018, ecl. 02-VIII-2018, coll. Dunia Garcia, 18-SRNP-35309, USNMENT01947505 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 25-VI-2018, ecl. 17- VIII-2018, coll. Dunia Garcia, 18-SRNP-35310, USNMENT01947506, [missing abdomen] ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 01-IV-2017, coll. S. Rios, 17-SRNP-102033, USNMENT01947507 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 17-XI-2017, coll. S. Rios and H. Ramirez, 17-SRNP-106962, USNMENT01947508 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 01-IV-2017, coll. S. Rios, 17-SRNP-102028, USNMENT01947509 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 01- IV-2017, coll. S. Rios, 17-SRNP-102029, USNMENT01947510 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 27-V-2009, ecl. 06-VIII-2009, coll. Harry Ramirez, 09-SRNP-35911, USNMENT01947511 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 08-IX-2010, ecl. 26-X-2010, coll. Manuel Pereira, 10-SRNP-36350, USNMENT01947512 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 01-IV-2017, coll. S. Rios, 17-SRNP-102026, USNMENT01947513 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 01-IV-2017, coll. S. Rios, 17-SRNP-102027, USNMENT01947514 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 23- VII-2017, coll. S. Rios, 17-SRNP-105361, USNMENT01947515 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste, ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 01-IV-2017, coll. S. Rios, 17-SRNP-102025, USNMENT01947516 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, - 85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 12-IX-2018, ecl. 03-XI-2018, coll. Harry Ramirez, 18-SRNP-35513, USNMENT01947517 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 12-IX-2018, ecl. 13-XI-2018, coll. Harry Ramirez, 18-SRNP-35525, USNMENT01947518 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 28-IV-2017, coll. S. Rios, 17-SRNP-102774, USNMENT01947519 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 22- VII-2017, coll. S. Rios, 17-SRNP-105083, USNMENT01947520 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 31-III-2017, coll. S. Rios, 17-SRNP-101872, USNMENT01947521 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 31-III-2017, coll. S. Rios, 17-SRNP-101873, USNMENT01947522 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 07-II-2016, coll. R. Franco and H. Cambronero, 16-SRNP-100096, USNMENT01947523 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 07-II-2016, R. Franco and H. Cambronero, 16-SRNP-100097 USNMENT01947524 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 21-VII-2017, coll. S. Rios, 17-SRNP-104659, USNMENT01947525 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 12-IX-2018, ecl. 03-XI-2018, coll. Harry Ramirez, 18-SRNP-35515, USNMENT01947526 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 21-VII-2017, coll. S. Rios, 17-SRNP-104657, USNMENT01947527 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 21-VII-2017, coll. S.Rios, 17-SRNP-104658, USNMENT01947528 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 16-IV-2018, coll. S. Rios, 18- SRNP-102007, USNMENT01947529 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 07-II-2016, coll. R. Franco and H. Cambronero, 16-SRNP-100095, USNMENT01947530 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 01-IV-2017, coll. S. Rios, 17-SRNP-102024, USNMENT01947531 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 07- IV-2016, coll. Sergio Rios, 16-SRNP-101702, USNMENT01947533 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste, ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 07-IV-2016, coll. Sergio Rios, 16- SRNP-101703, USNMENT01947534 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, - 85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 17-VII-2008, ecl. 27-VIII-2008, coll. Harry Ramirez, 08-SRNP-36083, USNMENT01947537 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 27-V-2009, ecl. 31-VII-2009, coll. Harry Ramirez, Genitalia slide: TAM-2023- 328, 09-SRNP-35908, USNMENT01947538 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 08-IX-2008, ecl. 24-XI-2008, coll. Manuel Pereira, 08-SRNP-36802, USNMENT01947539 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste, ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 08-IX-2008, ecl. 20-XI-2008, coll. Manuel Pereira, 08-SRNP-36798, USNMENT01947540 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste, ACG, Santa Maria,  Manta Sendero Perdido, (10.80639°,-85.32158°),el. 1762m, 03.III.2011, coll. S.Rios and R.Franco,11-SRNP-101286,USNMENT01947541 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao,  Derrumbe, (10.93110°, -85.46194°), el. 1310m, 10-VII-2010, coll. S. Rios and H. Cambronero, Genitalia slide: TAM-2023-327, 10-SRNP-110548, USNMENT01947542 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 19- X-1998, ecl. 11-XII-1998, coll. Mariano Pereira, 98-SRNP-15622, USNMENT01947543 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 12-X-1998, ecl. 16-XI-1998, coll. Mariano Pereira,98-SRNP-15511,USNMENT01947544 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Manta Claro, (10.80345°, -85.32621°), el. 1610m, 02-II-2011, coll. S. Rios and R. Franco, 11- SRNP-100640, USNMENT01947545 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, - 85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 27-V-2009, ecl. 12-VIII-2009, coll. Harry Ramirez, Genitalia slide: TAM-2023-330, 09-SRNP-35909, USNMENT01947546 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 27-V-2009, ecl. 02-VIII-2009, coll. Harry Ramirez, 09-SRNP-35910, USNMENT01947547 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 20-IX-1999, ecl. 09-XI-1999, coll. Mariano Pereira, 99-SRNP-1614, USNMENT01947548 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 08-IX-2008, ecl. 08-XI-2008, coll. Manuel Pereira, 08-SRNP-36800, USNMENT01947549 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Manta Sendero Perdido, (10.80639°, -85.32158°), el. 1762m, 02-II-2011, H. Cambronero and F. Quesada, 11-SRNP-100558, USNMENT01947550 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 08-II-2016, coll. H. Cambronero and S. Rios, 16-SRNP-100362, USNMENT01947551 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 08-II-2016, coll. H. Cambronero and S. Rios, 16-SRNP-100361, USNMENT01947552 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 21-X-1997, ecl. 02-XII-1997, coll. Roster Moraga, 97-SRNP-1910, USNMENT01947553 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 21-X-1997, ecl. 22-XI-1997, coll. Roster Moraga, 97-SRNP-1911, USNMENT01947554 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 12-X-1998, ecl. 22-XI-1998, coll. Mariano Pereira, 98-SRNP-15512, USNMENT01947555 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Santa Maria,  Crater Bosque Sendero Adentro, (10.80348°, -85.32729°), el. 1594m, 08-II-2016, coll. H. Cambronero and S. Rios, 16-SRNP-100363, USNMENT01947556 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 25-VI-2018, ecl. 02-IX-2018, coll. Dunia Garcia, 18-SRNP-35311, USNMENT01947557 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 12-IX-2018, ecl. 04-XI-2018, coll. Harry Ramirez, 18-SRNP-35518, USNMENT01947558 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 12-IX-2018, ecl. 10-XII-2018, coll. Harry Ramirez, 18-SRNP-35517, USNMENT01947559 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 22-IX-1998, ecl. 30-X-1998, coll. Harry Ramirez, 98-SRNP-3700, USNMENT01980000 ;   ♀, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 08-IX-2008, ecl. 29-XI-2008, coll. Manuel Pereira, 08-SRNP-36799, USNMENT01980001 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Alajuela,  ACG, Rincon Rain Forest,  Wege, (10.96864°, -85.32046°), el. 385m, 19-III-2018, coll. R. Franco and H. Cambronero, 18-SRNP-101406, USNMENT01980002 ;   ♂, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,  ACG, Cacao, Sendero Cima, (10.93328°, -85.45729°), el. 1460m, On  Schlegelia parviflora, 28- IX-1998, ecl. 04-XI-1998, coll. Harry Ramirez, 98-SRNP-3836, USNMENT01980002  .</p><p>Distribution. (Fig. 34).  Acronyctodes asignum has been documented in the Central and Guanacaste Cordilleras of Costa Rica, found at elevations ranging from 1300 to 1800 meters (approximately 4200 to 5900 feet).</p><p>Biology. Daniel Janzen, Winnie Hallwachs, and ACG parataxonomists, have found 73 wild caterpillars of this species feeding on  Schlegelia parviflora (Oerst.) Monach. ( Schlegeliaceae), occasionally classified in  Scrophulariaceae . To date, this plant remains the sole confirmed food record for this caterpillar, despite the presence of related plant genera in the vicinity.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet  asignum recognizes the absence (“a-” for “without”) of a signum in the female genitalia, distinguishing this species from visually similar known congeners.</p><p>Molecular data. Sixty-six specimens of  A. asignum (BOLD BIN: BOLD:AAC1083) have been DNA barcoded, revealing a pairwise distance of approximately 3% from nearest-neighbor,  A. colorata (BOLD BIN: BOLD: AAJ6454).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03860122FF89FF844CB7FBBA7C491E23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Garzón-Orduña, Ivonne J.;Matson, Tanner A.;Vázquez, Andrea Murillo	Garzón-Orduña, Ivonne J., Matson, Tanner A., Vázquez, Andrea Murillo (2025): Four new species of Acronyctodes Edwards (Geometridae: Ennominae) from Mesoamerica. Zootaxa 5621 (3): 335-352, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.3.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.3.3
03860122FF84FF824CB7FCC67FA11E0F.text	03860122FF84FF824CB7FCC67FA11E0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acronyctodes bisbili Murillo-Vazquez 2025	<div><p>Acronyctodes bisbili Murillo-Vázquez</p><p>Figures 1, 9, 20, 27, 35.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/2d80d71f-9336-4ce8-80fa-5b7d87b1e596</p><p>Diagnosis.  Acronyctodes bisbili is the smallest known species of the genus (Fig. 9), with male forewing lengths of 17–20 mm (n=3). Currently, this species is only documented from the highlands of Chiapas, and its full distribution remains unclear. As with other species of  Acronyctodes, the wing color pattern in  A. bisbili does not appear to be diagnostic (Granillo-Hernández et al. 2024). However, the species can be reliably identified by features of the male genitalia, particularly its small size and unique structures. The uncus of  A. bisbili is shorter and thinner with a triangular shape, whereas  A. corrugata has a longer, thicker uncus. Additionally, the gnathos in  A. corrugata is less expanded in its middle compared to  A. bisbili . The most distinctive feature of the species lies in the number and arrangement of cornuti:  A. corrugata has 10–15 cornuti arranged in a mostly linear pattern, whereas  A. bisbili exhibits a dense, non-linear cluster of approximately 25–30 cornuti arranged at an acute angle.</p><p>Adult. (Figure 9). Forewing length: male: 17–20 mm.</p><p>Head: Covered by mostly brownish scales, antenna bipectinate. Vertex uniformly cream-colored. Labial palpus ochre-brown, equal to or longer than diameter of eye. Haustellum well-developed (± 10 mm).</p><p>Thorax: Brownish. Legs with white and ochre scales. Epiphyses well-developed. Tibial spur formula 0-2- 4. Forewing greenish-brown, with bold white subterminal zigzagged line and dark brown basal line. Greenish-brown discal spot in subapical area. Medial area between subterminal and basal lines with greenish-brown shades. Upperside of hindwing with dark brown and golden scales. Postmedial dentate line darker brown bordered by white scales. Underside of hindwing homogeneously beige and patterned with thin faint line in medial area and discontinuous dotted postmedial line.</p><p>Abdomen: Pale gray to tan.</p><p>Male genitalia: (Figure 20). Uncus triangulate and campanulated, ending in a beak shaped tip. Gnathos looped with sclerotized median area denticulate or spinulose. Valva broad with sclerotized costal margin and distal end finishing in spine-like border, internal region covered by long thin setae. Juxta rounded at base, extending ventrally ending as a cuspid or triangular process. Aedeagus short, thin, without processes, ending in finger-like extension. Vesica with ca. 25–30 spinose cornuti in a tight cluster arising from the opposite side of the caecum penis (basal opening of phallus) (Fig. 20b).</p><p>Larva:(Fig.27) Head dark grey with black spots.Body creamy yellow with broad light grey dorsal,supraspiracular, subspiracular and ventral stripes, each bordered on each side by thin black stripes. White and yellow spiracular area, with some black spots around the spiracles, which turn orange from the sternite A6.</p><p>The pale colour of the head and body in Figure 27 could be the result of a molting larva. The caterpillar may be darker. The larva resembles  A. corrugata, although our specimens of the latter have more pronounced black spots in the spiracular area. More larvae of both species are needed to draw definitive diagnostic conclusions.</p><p>Holotype. ♂, MEXICO: Chiapas, Mpio. San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Parque Montetik, N16º40’55.2”, W92º35’56.4” [16.682º, -92.599º], Pine/oak woodland, [elev.] 7874 ft, MV light, 20-21-VII-2022, leg. IJ Garzón, TA Matson, FR Joele &amp; JJ Dombroskie.</p><p>Paratypes. 2♂, same locality as holotype .</p><p>Distribution. (Fig. 35). The range of  Acronyctodes bisbili remains unclarified. Thus far, it is only known from the type locality in the pine-oak forests of San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas.</p><p>Biology. A larva of  Acronyctodes bisbili (Fig. 27) was collected from Tepozan ( Buddleja cordata Kunth) ( Scrophulariaceae) in late July of 2022 by authors TAM and IJGO. The larva struggled and was preserved in alcohol. A proleg was later sequenced to confirm its identity.</p><p>Etymology. The name  bisbili means “striped” in Tzeltal, an indigenous language of the Chiapan Highlands. The name references the striped pattern of the caterpillar.</p><p>Molecular data. Three specimens of  Acronyctodes bisbili were sequenced, including one larva and two adults. These specimens are assigned to BIN BOLD: AFA3106, which exhibits a pairwise genetic distance of approximately 4% from its nearest neighbor,  Acronyctodes corrugata (BIN BOLD: AAZ5681).</p><p>Remarks. The female of  A. bisbili remains unknown. Additionally, the larval description, based on a single molting individual, should be interpreted with caution.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03860122FF84FF824CB7FCC67FA11E0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Garzón-Orduña, Ivonne J.;Matson, Tanner A.;Vázquez, Andrea Murillo	Garzón-Orduña, Ivonne J., Matson, Tanner A., Vázquez, Andrea Murillo (2025): Four new species of Acronyctodes Edwards (Geometridae: Ennominae) from Mesoamerica. Zootaxa 5621 (3): 335-352, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.3.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.3.3
03860122FF81FF804CB7FF377C421927.text	03860122FF81FF804CB7FF377C421927.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acronyctodes corrugata Matson and Garzon-Orduna	<div><p>Acronyctodes corrugata Matson and Garzón-Orduña</p><p>Figures 1, 6, 17, 22, 28, 36.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/3c455016-686f-4e11-a671-b40cea14e1c8</p><p>Diagnosis.  Acronyctodes corrugata cannot be reliably distinguished from  A. cautama,  A. colorata, and  A. asignum based on external appearance alone. Confidence in identification typically requires genitalic dissection and/or DNA barcoding. Our limited sampling suggests that  A. corrugata ranges more widely across the Central American montane and pine-oak forests of southern Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and possibly Nicaragua. In contrast,  A. asignum was found in the Guanacaste and Central Cordilleras of Costa Rica, and  A. colorata in the Talamanca Cordillera of Costa Rica and Panama.  Acronyctodes cautama is thus far only known from Mexico, west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.</p><p>The female genitalia of  A. corrugata (Fig. 22) are immediately diagnostic among the known members of the Cautama-group. The corpus bursae bears a spinate signum, and the posterior half is strongly sclerotized with deep longitudinal corrugations. In contrast, females of  A. asignum have an entirely membranous corpus bursae and lack a signum, while females of  A. colorata and  A. cautama, although possessing a signum and a sclerotized posterior half of the corpus bursae, lack the deep longitudinal corrugations.</p><p>The male genitalia are less distinctive and necessitate caution in identification. However, there appear to be notable differences in the arrangement and number of cornuti among species of the Cautama-group.  Acronyctodes corrugata has 10–15 cornuti in a mostly linear cluster,  A. cautama has 7–10 in a linear cluster, and  A. asignum typically has 12–15 cornuti arranged in a mostly linear cluster. In contrast,  A. colorata usually has 30–35 cornuti in a dense non-linear cluster, and  A. bisbili has approximately 25–30 cornuti in a dense non-linear cluster.Additionally, the apex of the valve in  A. asignum,  A. corrugata, and  A. cautama is slightly angulated, whereas in  A. bisbili and  A. colorata, it appears rounded.</p><p>Adult. (Figure 6). Forewing length: male: 22–23 mm; female: 25 mm.</p><p>Head: Antenna bipectinate in both sexes; rami of male about 3x longer than those of female; scales above ochreous with scattered black scales. Frons and vertex ochreous gray. Labial palpus 1.5x diameter of eye, ochreous gray. Haustellum well-developed.</p><p>Thorax: Tan to ochreous gray. Legs tan to ochreous gray, mottled with dark gray to black patches. Males with small hair pencil tucked inside groove on inner surface of hind tibia. Epiphysis well-developed. Tibial spur formula 0-2-4. Forewing grayish tan, variable amounts of brown and olive green; smooth antemedial line, modestly dentate postmedial line. Medial area between antemedial and postmedial lines slightly browner. Black discal spot present and post-discal area near discal spot with blackened patch. Subtle, diffused darkened medial line sometimes present near postmedial line. Hindwing grayish-tan with transverse medial black dentate line and black discal spot; discal spot may have additional subtle transverse line through it. Underside of both wings like upperside but with pattern elements more spotty and color highly variable. Fringe sometimes with light checkering.</p><p>Abdomen: Pale gray to tan.</p><p>Male genitalia: (Figure 17). Uncus triangulate and campanulated, ending in hood-like apex. Medial posterior projection of gnathos papillated. Valve broad with costal sclerite ending in subapical acuminate process. Juxta plate-like with large posterior digitate process. Vesica with ca. 10–15 spinose cornuti in a tight linear cluster.</p><p>Female genitalia: (Figure 22). Posterior apophysis approximately half length of anterior apophysis. Ductus bursae with anterior sclerite. Corpus bursae long and ovate, with highly sclerotized, corrugated posterior half. Signum inwardly directed, cup-like, and bearing numerous spinate projections.</p><p>Larva: (Fig. 28) Head black with white suture separating frons and lobes; clypeus white. Body white medially, transitioning to yellow through thorax to A1 and through A6-A10. Body with broad dark gray addorsal, supraspiracular, subspiracular, and adventral stripes, each bordered by thin black pinstripes. Spiracular area white medially, with region around black spiracles heavily spotted, exhibiting patchwork of ill-defined black patches.</p><p>The larva resembles  A. bisbili (Fig. 27), although our specimen of the latter shows less pronounced black spotting in the spiracular area. Additional larvae from both species are needed to draw definitive diagnostic conclusions.</p><p>Holotype. ♂, MEXICO: Chiapas, San Cristóbal de las Casas,  Parque Montetik, (16.682°, -92.599°), elev. 2400m, 20-21-VIII-2022, coll. IJ Garzón, TA Matson, FR Joele, &amp; JJ Dombroskie, Genitalia Slide: TAM-2022-169, [CNIN].</p><p>Paratypes (3♂, 9♀).  3♂, 1♀, MEXICO: same collection data as holotype except: “Genitalia Slide: TAM-2022- 170 [♀], [CNIN] .   2♀, EL SALVADOR: Cerro Miramundo,  Metapán, 2300 m, 1-4-III-1972, coll. S. &amp; L. Steinhauser, [USNM]  .   ♀, EL SALVADOR: Hac. Montecristo,  Miramundo, 2300 m, 13-XI-1971, [USNM]  .   ♀, EL SALVADOR:  Cerro Miramundo, 2300 m, 23-I-1971, [USNM]  .   ♀, MEXICO: Chiapas,  El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), (16.7063°, -92.6161°), 2127 m, Larva: 29-VIII-2024, Lot: A#1, Host:  Buddleja cordata, Pupation: 19-IX-2024, Eclosion: 15-X-2024, Andrea Murillo-Vázquez, [ECOSUR]  .   ♀, MEXICO: Chiapas,  El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), (16.7063°, -92.6161°), 2127 m, Larva: 07-IX-2024, Lot: A#4, Host:  Buddleja cordata, Pupation: 20- IX-2024, Eclosion: 19-X-2024, Andrea Murillo-Vázquez, [ECOSUR]  .   ♀, MEXICO: Chiapas,  El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), (16.7063°, -92.6161°), 2127 m, Larva: 07-IX-2024, Lot: A#5, Host:  Buddleja cordata, Pupation: 20-IX-2024, Eclosion: 21-X-2024, Genitalia slide: TAM-2024-507, Andrea Murillo-Vázquez, [ECOSUR]  .   ♀, MEXICO: Chiapas,  El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), (16.7063°, -92.6161°), 2127 m, Larva: 13-IX-2024, Lot: A#6, Host:  Buddleja cordata, Pupation: 19-IX-2024, Eclosion: 15-X-2024, Andrea Murillo-Vázquez, [ECOSUR]  .</p><p>Distribution. (Fig. 36).  Acronyctodes corrugata inhabits the Central American montane and pine-oak forests from southern Mexico (Chiapas) through El Salvador and Honduras, and likely into Nicaragua.</p><p>Biology. (Fig. 28) The immature stages and life history of  A. corrugata were revealed by author AMV. Larvae were collected from  Buddleja cordata near San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. Four adults, now paratypes, were successfully reared from the caterpillars, and these individuals were subsequently identified as  A. corrugata through external examination and genitalic dissection by TAM.</p><p>The cocoon of  A. corrugata is a well-organized white mesh, somewhat resembling the cocoon of  A. mexicanaria .</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet  corrugata recognizes the sclerotized, corrugated posterior corpus bursae in the female genitalia, distinguishing this species from visually similar known congeners.</p><p>Molecular data.   Six specimens of  A. corrugata (BOLD BIN: BOLD: AAZ5681)   have been DNA barcoded, revealing a pairwise distance of approximately 1.9% from nearest-neighbor,  A. cautama (BOLD BIN: BOLD: ACT3853)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03860122FF81FF804CB7FF377C421927	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Garzón-Orduña, Ivonne J.;Matson, Tanner A.;Vázquez, Andrea Murillo	Garzón-Orduña, Ivonne J., Matson, Tanner A., Vázquez, Andrea Murillo (2025): Four new species of Acronyctodes Edwards (Geometridae: Ennominae) from Mesoamerica. Zootaxa 5621 (3): 335-352, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.3.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.3.3
