identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03866F0BA2588C0FFCFE49182D6CFD1D.text	03866F0BA2588C0FFCFE49182D6CFD1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus 1758)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) – WOL, KPA, NIM </p>
            <p>(Fig. 5)</p>
            <p> Amauris niavius niavius (Linnaeus, 1758) – NIM, BIM  Amauris tartarea tartarea Mabille, 1876 – NIM </p>
            <p> Amauris damocles damocles (Fabricius, 1793) – NIM </p>
            <p> SATYRINAE</p>
            <p> Ypthima doleta Kirby, 1880 – NIM </p>
            <p> NYMPHALINAE</p>
            <p> Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) – NIM </p>
            <p> Antanartia delius delius (Drury, 1782) – WOL </p>
            <p> Precis octavia octavia (Cramer, 1777) – WOL </p>
            <p> Precis pelarga (Fabricius, 1775) – BIM </p>
            <p> Precis sinuata sinuata Plötz, 1880 – NIM </p>
            <p> Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764) – WOL, KPA, NIM </p>
            <p> Hypolimnas salmacis salmacis (Drury, 1773) – BIM  Protogoniomorpha cytora (Doubleday, [1847]) – NIM  Protogoniomorpha parhassus (Drury, 1782) – NIM  Junonia oenone oenone (Linnaeus, 1758) – KPA, NIM  Junonia terea terea (Drury, 1773) – KPA, NIM  Catacroptera cloanthe ligata Rothschild &amp; Jordan, 1903 – NIM </p>
            <p> CYRESTINAE</p>
            <p> Cyrestis camillus (Fabricius, 1781) – NIM, BIM </p>
            <p> HELICONIINAE</p>
            <p> Acraea camaena (Drury, 1773) – KPA, NIM </p>
            <p> Acraea endoscota Le Doux, 1928 – KPA, NIM </p>
            <p> Acraea eugenia Karsch, 1893 – BIM </p>
            <p> Acraea quirina (Fabricius, 1781) – WOL, KPA, NIM, BIM (Fig. 6) </p>
            <p> Acraea abdera eginopsis Aurivillius, [1899] – PUT  Acraea egina egina (Cramer, [1775]) – WOL, KPA, NIM, BIM </p>
            <p> Acraea pseudegina Westwood, [1852] – BIM </p>
            <p> Acraea kraka Aurivillius, 1893 – PUT (Fig. 7) </p>
            <p> Acraea rogersi Hewitson, 1873 – NIM, BIM </p>
            <p> Acraea consanguinea consanguinea (Aurivillius, 1893) – BIM </p>
            <p> Acraea epaea epaea (Cramer, [1779]) – NIM, BIM  Acraea macaria (Fabricius, 1793) – NIM </p>
            <p> Acraea vestalis vestalis Felder &amp; Felder, [1865] – NIM </p>
            <p>(Fig. 8)</p>
            <p> Telchinia alciope (Hewitson, [1852]) / </p>
            <p> T. aurivillii aurivillii (Staudinger, 1896) – NIM, PUT, BIM </p>
            <p> Telchinia bonasia (Fabricius, 1775) – NIM </p>
            <p> Telchinia circeis (Drury, 1782) – WOL, NIM </p>
            <p> Telchinia encedana (Pierre, 1976) – KPA </p>
            <p> Telchinia jodutta jodutta (Fabricius, 1793) – WOL  Telchinia lycoa (Godart, [1819]) – NIM, PUT, BIM  Telchinia pharsalus (Ward, 1871) – NIM, BIM </p>
            <p> Telchinia polis (Pierre, 1999) – PUT, BIM </p>
            <p> Telchinia serena (Fabricius, 1775) – KPA </p>
            <p> Telchinia vesperalis (Grose-Smith, 1890) – PUT  Telchinia oberthueri (Butler, 1895) – BIM </p>
            <p> Telchinia orestia (Hewitson, 1874) – BIM </p>
            <p> Telchinia peneleos peneleos (Ward, 1871) – NIM, ATE, BIM </p>
            <p> Telchinia penelope derubescens (Eltringham, 1912) – LAR </p>
            <p> Telchinia perenna perenna (Doubleday, [1847]) – NIM, BIM </p>
            <p> Lachnoptera anticlia (Hübner, [1819]) – KPA, NIM  Phalanta eurytis eurytis (Doubleday, [1847]) –NIM </p>
            <p> LIMENITINAE (  LIMENITIDINAE ) </p>
            <p> Cymothoe egesta (Cramer, [1775]) – NIM </p>
            <p> Cymothoe sangaris sangaris (Godart, [1824]) – NIM  Pseudacraea semire (Cramer, [1779]) – NIM </p>
            <p> Neptis nemetes nemetes Hewitson, [1868] – KPA, NIM  Neptis saclava marpessa Hopffer, 1855 – BIM </p>
            <p> Neptis serena serena Overlaet, 1955 – WOL, NIM  Neptis agouale Pierre-Baltus, 1978 – NIM </p>
            <p> PIERIDAE</p>
            <p> Catopsilia florella (Fabricius, 1775) – WOL, KPA, NIM  Eurema senegalensis (Boisduval, 1836) – NIM </p>
            <p> Eurema hecabe solifera (Butler, 1875) – KPA, NIM, BIM  Nepheronia argia argia (Fabricius, 1775) – KPA, NIM  Nepheronia thalassina thalassina (Boisduval, 1836) – KPA, NIM </p>
            <p> Belenois calypso calypso (Drury, 1773) – KPA, NIM, BIM </p>
            <p> Appias sylvia sylvia (Fabricius, 1775) – NIM </p>
            <p> Appias perlucens (Butler, 1898) – BIM </p>
            <p> Appias sabina sabina (Felder &amp; Felder, [1865]) – NIM  Leptosia alcesta alcesta (Stoll, [1782]) – NIM </p>
            <p> Mylothris chloris chloris (Fabricius, 1775) – NIM, BIM  Mylothris dimidiata Aurivillius, 1898 – NIM </p>
            <p> Mylothris sulphurea sulphurea Aurivillius, 1895 – BIM  Mylothris poppea (Cramer, [1777]) – NIM </p>
            <p> Mylothris rhodope (Fabricius, 1775) – NIM </p>
            <p> Mylothris schumanni schumanni Suffert, 1904 – BIM </p>
            <p> LYCAENIDAE</p>
            <p> APHNAEINAE</p>
            <p> Aphnaeus orcas (Drury, 1782) – NIM </p>
            <p> Axiocerses harpax harpax (Fabricius, 1775) – KPA, NIM  Cigaritis crustaria (Holland, 1890) – BIM </p>
            <p> Cigaritis iza (Hewitson, [1865]) – GOL, NIM </p>
            <p> POLYOMMATINAE</p>
            <p> Anthene larydas (Cramer, [1780]) – KPA, NIM, BIM  Anthene sylvanus (Drury, 1773) – BIM </p>
            <p> Anthene irumu (Stempffer, 1948) – NIM </p>
            <p> Anthene princeps (Butler, 1876) – NIM (Fig. 9) </p>
            <p> Anthene amarah amarah (Guérin-Méneville, 1849) – NIM </p>
            <p> Neurellipes lusones (Hewitson, 1874) – NIM </p>
            <p> Neurellips juba (Fabricius, 1787) – NIM </p>
            <p> Neurellipes lysicles lysicles (Hewitson, 1874) – BIM  Triclema rufoplagata rufoplagata Bethune-Baker, 1910 – KPA </p>
            <p> Triclema lamias lamias (Hewitson, [1878]) – NIM  Cupidesthes jacksoni Stempffer, 1969 – BIA </p>
            <p> Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) – KPA </p>
            <p> Leptotes pirithous pirithous (Linnaeus, 1767) – NIM, BIM </p>
            <p> Tuxentius carana kontu (Karsch, 1893) – NIM  Eicochrysops hippocrates (Fabricius, 1793) – NIM  Azanus isis (Drury, 1773) – KPA, NIM </p>
            <p> THECLINAE (Fig. 10) </p>
            <p> Hypolycaena philippus philippus (Fabricius, 1793) – NIM  Hypolycaea liara liara Druce, 1890 – NIM </p>
            <p> Hypolycaena lebona -group – NIM, BIM </p>
            <p> Hypolycaena antifaunus antifaunus (Westwood, [1851]) – NIM </p>
            <p> Deudorix lorisona lorisona (Hewitson, 1862) – NIM, LAR </p>
            <p> Deudorix kayonza Stempffer, 1956 – NIM, BIA  Deudorix dinomenes diomedes Jackson, 1966 – BIA  Pilodeudorix camerona camerona (Plötz, 1880) – BIA  Pilodeudorix diyllus diyllus (Hewitson, [1878]) – BIA  Pilodeudorix caerulea (Druce, 1890) – LAR  Pilodeudorix leonina (Bethune-Baker, 1904) – NIM  Pilodeudorix virgata (Druce, 1891) – KPA </p>
            <p> Pilodeudorix kiellandi (Congdon &amp; Collins, 1998) – NIM  Pilodeudorix violetta (Aurivillius, 1897) – NIM, LAR </p>
            <p> The butterflies observed nectaring on  C. odorata represent the five major African families,  Papilionidae ,  Hesperiidae ,  Nymphalidae ,  Pieridae and  Lycaenidae , excluding only  Riodinidae , members of which are generally very scarce in West Africa and tend to stay inside closed canopy forest in good condition (Larsen 2005). Although all species are known to be nectar-feeders, members of  Papilionidae represent only 4 % of all recorded species, as the family is rather species-poor in West Africa.  Pieridae are also generally nectar-feeders and tend to seek food in open areas and forest edges rather than in the darker forest interior (except for a few species of  Leptosia and the unique  Pseudopontia ) (Larsen 2005), but the family is not particularly species-rich in West Africa with only 11 % of the recorded species belonging to  Pieridae . Many of them are common, with good dispersal abilities, and with tolerance for habitat degradation.  Lycaenidae make up 22 % of all species recorded, dominated by the subfamilies  Polyommatinae and  Theclinae and are only exceeded by  Hesperiidae , representing 27 % and  Nymphalidae 36 % of all species recorded. </p>
            <p> Moths observed nectaring on  C. odorata</p>
            <p> Only diurnal moths were recorded during the observations, but nocturnal groups are also expected to visit the flowers. Most often two common species of Synthomiini were observed nectaring on  C. odorata ; a species near  Amata alicia (Butler, 1876) /  A. francisa (Butler, 1876) (Fig. 11) and  Euchromia folletii (Guérin-Méneville, 1832) (= formosa (Boisduval, 1833)) (Fig. 12). A number of  Crambidae also frequently visit  C. odorata flowers, including  Bocchoris inspersalis (Zeller, 1852) and  Phostria hesusalis (Walker, 1859) as observed in the Nimba Mountains. They are normally nocturnal and are attracted to artificial light (Poltavsky et al., 2019), but it seems that the availability of the food-source may also influence their general feeding habits. Day-flying  Hyblaeidae also feed on the nectar of  C. odorata as observed on a few occasions (Fig. 13). A single clearwing specimen in the tribe  Synanthedonini (  Sesiidae ,  Sesiinae ) was collected on  C. odorata in January 2001 by the author in Bia National Park, Ghana and a single pterophorid was observed on the flowers at Kpatawee Waterfalls, Liberia. Other micromoths were also seen on the flowers during the day, but only occasionally. </p>
            <p> Other insects and predators observed on  C. odorata</p>
            <p> C. odorata flowers attract an incredible variety of nectar/sugar/pollen-feeding insects, often also a great number of individuals. Of  Hymenoptera, Africanized Honey Bee (  Apis mellifera scutellata ) workers are among the most frequent visitors (Fig. 14), but various groups of solitary bees and other wild bees (Apoidea) are also attracted. However, passing Carpenter Bees (Xylocopinae) seem to largely avoid  C. odorata . Several wasp (  Vespidae ) species were observed feeding on the flowers (Fig. 15). Observations on  Diptera were relatively few and were restricted to species of Hoverflies (  Syrphidae ). Of beetles (  Coleoptera ), members of  Scarabaeidae : Cetoniinae, were the most frequent visitors, such as  Pachnoda cordata obsoleta Schaum, 1844 and  Oxythyrea (Stichothyrea) guttifera (Afzelius, 1817) (Figs 16–17). </p>
            <p> Predators also seem to adapt very quickly to the newly established rich food source. Visiting insects are often caught by crab-spiders (  Araneae ,  Thomisidae ) (Fig. 18), and species of African Flower Mantis (  Pseudocreobotra spp. ) regularly hide among  C. odorata flowerheads, waiting for prey (Fig. 19). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03866F0BA2588C0FFCFE49182D6CFD1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sáfián, Szabolcs	Sáfián, Szabolcs (2021): The highly invasive Siam Weed, Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson (Asteraceae), as a seasonal prime nectar source for butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) and other insects (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera) in West Africa. Metamorphosis 32 (1): 49-57, DOI: 10.4314/met.v32i1.10, URL: https://doi.org/10.4314/met.v32i1.10
