identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0397280C5645D92D1899D694FB671B70.text	0397280C5645D92D1899D694FB671B70.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyramica dahlanae Sosa-Calvo, Schultz	<div><p>Pyramica dahlanae Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, and LaPolla, n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 1–5)</p><p>Material examined.— Holotype: worker, labeled: ‘‘ GUYANA: Mabura Hill camp at end of Rd. from Georgetown to Lethem Rd.; 64 m; 58 ° 41.982 ' W 5 ° 9.313 ' N; 29 x 2002; J.S. LaPolla et al.; primary forest; litter sample. (JSL021029 - LS 04)’’ USNM ENT No. 00442119 (UGBC). Paratype: worker, labeled: ‘‘ GUYANA: Calm</p><p>Water Creek along Essequibo River nr. Bartica; 58 ° 37.16 ' W 6 ° 28.06 ' N; 23 ix 2002; J.S. LaPolla; primary forest; litter sample. (JSL020923-LS02)’’ USNM ENT No. 00441577 (USNM) .</p><p>Diagnosis (worker). — Very small (TL = 1.38–1.42); eyes absent; mandibles linear, elongate, and in closed position with gap between basal mandibular teeth and anterior portion of clypeus; propodeum unarmed; ventral portion of petiole lacking spongiform tissue.</p><p>Description (worker). —Head: in full-face view, clypeus slightly concave anteriorly, with long apical spoon-shaped hairs extending over mandibular gap; mandibles sublinear and elongate; at full closure mandibles contacting only in apical halves of their lengths, leaving gap between them basally; mandibles with 10 teeth, basal tooth acute, all other teeth rounded and flattened; teeth 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 10 (from base to apex) larger than other teeth; lateral dorsum of mandible with appressed simple hairs; eyes absent; sculpture on clypeal plate imbricate; sculpture on cephalic dorsum areolate and covered with squamate hairs; hairs on anterior margin (leading edge) of scape spoon-shaped and directed basad; antennal scape narrowed basally, anterior margin abruptly expanded, distinctly widest at point of expansion; apicoscrobal hair absent. Mesosoma: dorsum of anterior portion of pronotum glabrous; pronotal humeral hair absent; dorsum of promesonotum and dorsum and declivity of propodeum entirely areolate; propodeum lacking spines or denticles at its posterior margin; mesopleuron and metapleuron smooth and shining; dorsal portion of mesosoma covered with appressed spoon-shaped hairs (as on head) without erect hairs of any kind, lateral portions glabrous. Metasoma: petiole lacking ventral spongiform lobe, petiolar disc areolate and covered with slightly appressed spatulate hairs; lateral surface of petiolar peduncle smooth and shining; ventral surface of side of petiole weakly sculptured; disc of postpetiole weakly sculptured and shining, covered with hairs similar to those on petiole but narrower; ventral surface of postpetiole with well-developed spongiform lobe that extends throughout its entire length; lateral spongiform tissue overhanging ventral spongiform lobe; dorsal surface of first gastral segment smooth with some longitudinal basigastral costulae. Color: individuals light yellow to dark yellow. Hairs throughout body lighter than integument.</p><p>Measurements: holotype (and paratype): GL = 0.3 (0.32), HL = 0.34, HW = 0.27 (0.28), ML = 0.09, PL = 0.17, PPL = 0.12 (0.11), PW = 0.19 (0.18), SL = 0.16, TL = 1.42 (1.38), WL = 0.39 (0.36). Indexes: CI = 82 (79), MI = 26, PI = 47 (44), SI = 59 (57). (n = 2)</p><p>Gyne and male.— Unknown.</p><p>Etymology.— Named after Ms. Nor Faridah Dahlan in recognition of her expertise and hard work in support of Smithsonian ant research and in gratitude for her consistent good will and friendship. JS-C is deeply grateful to Faridah for all her help and care when he first arrived in the United States.</p><p>Comments.— Pyramica dahlanae n. sp. is most similar to members of the Nearctic pergandei -group, which includes P. angulata (M.R. Smith), known from the southeastern United States and Illinois, and P. pergandei (Emery), widely distributed in Canada and the United States. Pyramica dahlanae shares with those species the following characters: (i) mandibles short (MI 25–35) and, in frontal view, narrow and elongate, dentate only at the apical portion where they are in contact leaving an edentate gap between them; (ii) specialized mandibular dentition (alternating pattern of longer and shorter mandibular teeth); (iii) lateral clypeal margins, in dorsal view, extending beyond the line of the outer margin of the mandibles when closed; and (iv) preocular carina broad and conspicuous. Pyramica dahlanae differs from the species in the pergandei - group in four character states: (i) 10 mandibular teeth (15–16 in the pergandei - group), (ii) absence of triangular teeth on the propodeum (present in the pergandei - group), (iii) absence of a well-developed spongiform tissue on the ventral portion of the petiole (present in the pergandei -group), and (iv) shorter antennal scape, SI 57–59 (SI 65–84 in the pergandei -group).</p><p>The mandibles of P. dahlanae are similar to those within the pergandei -group in that they contact in the apical third, producing a basal gap between the mandibles. This condition is different from the one found in species in the ohioensis -group, in which the masticatory margins contact through almost their entire lengths and in which the mandibles are triangular rather than elongate. Elongate mandibles can be found in the gundlachi - and argiola -groups, the latter an Old World group introduced into the United States ( P. hexamera (Brown)) . Mandibles in P. hexamera are highly distinctive with an elongate and spiniform apicodorsal tooth and two long preapical teeth (see Bolton 2000 for further information). Species of the gundlachi -group share with P. dahlanae the absence of a spongiform lobe on the ventral surface of the petiole but differ from P. dahlanae in: (i) mandibular length and morphology, (ii) the presence of a pair of triangular teeth or short spines on the propodeum, and (iii) the presence of pronotal humeral hairs and, in almost all species, a pair of laterally projecting apicoscrobal hairs.</p><p>Pyramica dahlanae may also be related to P. paradoxa Bolton, known from a single worker collected in Costa Rica. Both species share the absence of propodeal spines; however, P. dahlanae differs from P. paradoxa by the shape of the mandibles, and the head and mesosoma strongly areolate with the meso- and metapleuron smooth and shining. The head and mesosoma are mostly smooth and shining in P. paradoxa . Although P. dahlanae shares a number of character states with some members of the aforementioned groups, this species is not easily placed in any of the species groups defined by Bolton (2000).</p><p>MODIFIED VERSION OF KEY IN BOLTON (2000)</p><p>Pyramica dahlanae will not key out to any known species of Pyramica in either the Nearctic or the Neotropical keys of Bolton (2000). The key to Neotropical species can be modified as below to include P. dahlanae . The numbering of couplets follows Bolton (2000).</p><p>7. Dorsum of postpetiole (= disc) smooth and with weak costulae............... 7b</p><p>– Dorsum of postpetiole entirely reticulate-punctate........ couplet 12 in Bolton (2000)</p><p>7b. Cephalic dorsum with 1 or 2 pairs of standing hairs. Apicoscrobal and pronotal humeral hairs present…......................... couplet 8 in Bolton (2000)</p><p>– Cephalic dorsum lacking standing hairs. Apicoscrobal and pronotal humeral hairs absent........................................ P. dahlanae new species</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397280C5645D92D1899D694FB671B70	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo;Ted R. Schultz;John S. Lapolla	Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo, Ted R. Schultz, John S. Lapolla (2010): A Review of the Dacetine Ants of Guyana (Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 19, No. 1: 11-43, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15625778
0397280C5646D920185ED1AAFDE01C8C.text	0397280C5646D920185ED1AAFDE01C8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyramica mariae Sosa-Calvo, Schultz	<div><p>Pyramica mariae Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, and LaPolla, n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 6, 8, and 10)</p><p>Material examined.— Holotype: worker, labeled ‘‘ GUYANA: Mt. Ayanganna montane forest; 1300 m; 59 ° 57.969 ' W 5 ° 22.483 ' N; 13.x.2002; T.R. Schultz, J. LaPolla, C. Marshall, R. Williams; litter sample.’’ USNM ENT No. 00413858. (UGBC). Paratypes: 3 workers, same locality as in holotype. USNM ENT No. 00413859, 00442882, 00442883. (USNM) .</p><p>Diagnosis (worker). — Mandibles linear, elongate, and narrow; inner margin of mandibles with two clearly defined teeth, which are larger than the rest; labral lobes short with long trigger hairs at their apices; metapleuron smooth and shining; ventral portions of petiole and postpetiole lacking spongiform tissue.</p><p>Description (worker). — Possessing characters of the gundlachi -group and gundlachi - complex (Bolton 2000). Head: in full-face view nearly as broad as long; inner margin of elongate mandibles slightly concave to more or less straight, with 4 teeth on left mandible and 3 on right mandible, of which a pair of teeth are larger on each mandible (same in paratypes); with 2 minute intercalary denticles between apicodorsal and apicoventral fork teeth; labral lobes short, almost invisible in full-face view; trigger hairs long; eyes with 3 ommatidia in longest row, with 6–7 ommatidia in total. Cephalic dorsum with two pairs of erect hairs: one pair located close to occipital margin and another pair located close to highest point of vertex; each upper scrobal margin with a short apicoscrobal hair that projects laterally. Mesosoma: pronotum with a pair of short humeral hairs that project laterally; mesonotum with a pair of short, erect, stiff hairs; mesopleuron and metapleuron mostly smooth and shining; dorsum of promesonotum, propodeum, and propodeal declivity strongly reticulate. Metasoma: peduncle of petiole long, length of petiole 3–3.5 times longer than its disc; petiolar disc reticulate-punctate, with a pair of erect hairs on posterior portion of disc; ventral portion of petiole lacking spongiform tissue; disc of postpetiole reticulate, ventral portion of postpetiole lacking spongiform tissue; posterior portion of postpetiole disc with a row of 4 erect hairs; first gastral tergite almost entirely reticulate except for a small portion at posterior portion of tergite. Individuals light brown to brown.</p><p>Measurements: holotype (and paratype): GL = 0.59 (0.48), HL = 0.52 (0.48–0.50), HW = 0.42 (0.38–0.46), ML = 0.36 (0.36– 0.38), PL = 0.28 (0.24–0.27), PPL = 0.12, PW = 0.27 (0.23–0.24), SL = 0.30 (0.30– 0.31), TL = 2.47 (2.24–2.28), WL = 0.58 (0.55–0.56). Indexes: CI = 81 (78–92), MI = 73 (72–75), PI = 48 (43–49), SI = 71 (65–82). (n = 4)</p><p>Gyne and male.— Unknown</p><p>Etymology.— Named in honor of the first author’s mother, Maria del Carmen Calvo, in gratitude for her encouragement and support.</p><p>Comments.— Pyramica mariae n. sp. is clearly a member of the gundlachi -group (refer to Bolton [2000: 176– 179 p.] for further information). Within the gundlachi - group, Bolton (2000) identified two complexes, crassicornis and gundlachi. Pyramica mariae belongs to the gundlachi complex and resembles P. denticulata (Mayr), P. enopla Bolton, and P. vartana Bolton. Pyramica mariae shares with P. vartana the smooth and shining mesopleuron and metapleuron, but P. mariae can be distinguished from P. vartana by the form of the apicoscrobal and pronotal humeral hairs, both short and stiff ( mariae) rather than long and filiform ( vartana), and the disc of the postpetiole is reticulate ( mariae) rather than smooth and shining ( vartana).</p><p>Pyramica mariae is of similar size and color as P. enopla . However, P. mariae differs from P. enopla in that the apicoscrobal, humeral, and mesonotal hairs are short, erect, and stiff ( mariae) rather than long and filiform ( enopla); the metapleuron is smooth and shining ( mariae) rather than reticulate ( enopla); the dorsum of the petiole bears a single pair of hairs ( mariae) rather than two pairs of hairs ( enopla); and the dorsum of the postpetiole lacks an anterior pair of hairs ( mariae), present in enopla .</p><p>Pyramica mariae can easily be confused with P. denticulata (Figs 7, 9, and 11) with which it shares the most character states. However, the species can be separated by: (i) mandibular dentition: P. denticulata has 5–10 preapical denticles of similar size, whereas P. mariae has 3–4 preapical denticles, two of which are larger than the rest. In Pyramica mariae, at least in the four specimens examined, there are 4 teeth on the left mandible and 3 teeth on the right mandible; (ii) mesosomal sculpture: the metapleuron in P. denticulata is reticulate, whereas in P. mariae it is smooth and shining; (iii) petiole proportions: the petiolar peduncle in P. denticulata is relatively shorter (PI 38–42) than in P. mariae (PI 43– 49) (Figs 12 –13).</p><p>The four specimens known of P. mariae were collected in a leaf-litter sample extracted with a mini-Winkler. The sample was collected in a primary lower montane forest (1300 m). Other species in the gundlachi -group have been recorded from wet forest habitats and from lowland rainforest to cloud forest and some in agroecosystems. Pyramica denticulata, the species perhaps most closely related to P. mariae, has been collected in lowland (&lt;1000 m) forests in Panama (Sosa-Calvo et al. 2006) to subtropical forests in the wet Chaco region of Argentina (Theunis et al. 2005). Nothing is known about the biology of P. mariae other than the collection data.</p><p>MODIFIED VERSION OF KEY IN BOLTON (2000)</p><p>In Bolton’s (2000) key, Pyramica mariae keys out to P. denticulata . The key can be modified as below to include P. mariae . Numbering of couplets follows Bolton (2000).</p><p>23. In lateral view, postpetiole lacking ventral spongiform lobe; sometimes a minute vestige visible; mesonotum with a pair of erect hairs.................... 23b</p><p>– In lateral view, postpetiole with reduced ventral spongiform lobe but distinct; if lobe very shallow then mesonotum with pair of straggly (i.e., laid out in an irregular, untidy way) flagellate hairs....................... couplet 25 in Bolton (2000)</p><p>23b. Mandibles long, MI 72–85. Dorsum of pronotum lacking pair of stiff erect hairs... 23c</p><p>– Mandibles short, MI 58–65. Dorsum of pronotum with pair of stiff erect hairs... eggersi</p><p>23c. Inner margin of mandibles with 5–10 preapical denticles of similar size. Metapleuron densely reticulate. Peduncle of petiole short, PI 38–42.............. denticulata</p><p>– Inner margin of mandibles with 3–4 preapical denticles, two distinctly larger than rest. Metapleuron smooth and shining. Peduncle of petiole elongate, PI 48–49...................................................... mariae new species</p><p>Fig. 13. Relationship between petiole length and Weber’s length among Pyramica denticulata, P. mariae, and P. enopla . Measurements in millimeters.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397280C5646D920185ED1AAFDE01C8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo;Ted R. Schultz;John S. Lapolla	Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo, Ted R. Schultz, John S. Lapolla (2010): A Review of the Dacetine Ants of Guyana (Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 19, No. 1: 11-43, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15625778
0397280C564BD9251894D6FCFB671B67.text	0397280C564BD9251894D6FCFB671B67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Strumigenys royi Sosa-Calvo, Schultz	<div><p>Strumigenys royi Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, and LaPolla, n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 14–25)</p><p>Material examined.— Holotype: worker, labeled ‘‘ GUYANA: Kanuku Mts.: Nappi Creek. camp; 128 m; 59 ° 33.963 ' W, 3 ° 21.018 ' N; 24.x.2002; J.S. LaPolla; forest; on tree trunk. (JSL021024-08) ’’ USNM ENT No. 00537288. (UGBC). Paratype: 1 worker, same locality as in holotype. USNM ENT No. 00537289. (USNM) .</p><p>Diagnosis (worker). — Leading edge of antennal scape with all hairs curving to apex, lacking hairs that curve to the base of segment; mandibles long and linear with a small, but conspicuous preapical tooth close to the apicodorsal teeth; propodeum with small denticles; segments of the waist with ventral margin lacking spongiform tissue of any kind; first gastral sternite lacking spongiform pad; body strongly reticulate and with area within each reticulation verrucose; coloration distinctive: mandibles mostly whitish, antennae and legs yellowish, mesosoma mostly ferruginous, waist segments light brown, and head and gaster mostly dark brown or black.</p><p>Description (worker). —Head: in full-face view, mandibles thick throughout most of their length and abruptly narrowing just before apex by sudden oblique divergence of inner margin, a minute but conspicuous preapical denticle arising on this oblique section; mandibles with intercalary denticle that arises from dorsal base of apicoventral tooth; in full-face view, anterior margin of clypeus transverse to very slightly concave and with at least 6 narrowly spatulate elongate hairs; dorsum of clypeus finely reticulate-punctate and with short, appressed, simple hairs; ocular carina short, ending at eye level; leading edge of scapes with all hairs curved or inclined toward apex of scape; funicular segments II and III long [holotype: 2 nd = 0.073, 3 rd = 0.092; paratype: 2 nd = 0.079, 3 rd = 0.092], their lengths, when combined, almost as long as funicular segment IV; occipital margin deeply emarginate, forming prominent rounded cephalic lobes; dorsum of head with two pairs of erect fine hairs: one pair close to margin of occipital concavity and another close to highest point of vertex, clearly differing from appressed simple ground-pilosity (sensu Bolton 2000:998: referring to ‘‘the short pilosity often present on cephalic dorsum, dorsolateral margins of head, promesonotum and its margins. These hairs could be simple or spatulate to orbicular, usually decumbent to appressed and may rarely be elevated’’); eye with 13– 14 ommatidia on longest row; apicoscrobal hair elongate and simple (this hair lacking on holotype due to damage); dorsum of head strongly reticulate and with areas within each reticulation verrucose (i.e., containing wart-like protuberances). Mesosoma: humeral hair elongate and simple, similar in shape to apicoscrobal hair but longer; pilosity on dorsum of pronotum consisting of decumbent hairs; dorsum of pronotum with irregular rugae and markedly reticulate with areas within reticulation verrucose; mesonotum, in lateral view, raised and separated from pronotum by transverse or rounded carina; mesonotum, in lateral view, with pair of erect elongate simple hairs and pair of short erect simple hairs; dorsum of mesonotum with conspicuous longitudinal rugae and strongly reticulate with area within reticulation verrucose; mesopleuron and metapleuron separated by deep scrobiculate constriction that extends to dorsum of alitrunk to form metanotal groove; in lateral view, constriction extends backward from propodeum throughout base of propodeal denticles, before beginning of propodeal declivity; propodeum with small denticles; declivity of propodeum with thin reticulate carina; mesopleuron mostly reticulate and with area within reticulation verrucose; proximal to border with metapleuron (and especially upper portion of katepisternum), reticulations fading leaving only verrucose sculpture visible; anepisternum mostly verrucose; metapleuron reticulate and with areas within reticulation verrucose. Metasoma: waist segments lacking ventral spongiform tissue; petiole with anterior acute process; node of petiole, in lateral view, rounded; pilosity on petiole, in frontodorsal view, consisting of anterior pair of elongate, simple suberect hairs and posterior transverse row of four elongate, simple suberect hairs (hair on each side of petiole and pair on posterior dorsum of petiole); posterior margin of petiolar node with low spongiform crest; disc of petiole, in dorsal view, rugose-reticulate and with area within reticulation verrucose. Postpetiole, in lateral view, globose and in fronto-dorsal view, with two transverse rows of four elongate, simple suberect hairs, located on anterior and posterior portions of postpetiole. (Distribution of these hairs similar to that of posterior row on petiole.) Anterior margin of postpetiole, in dorsal view, concave; postpetiole wider than long [length = 0.205, width = 0.238]; posterior margin of postpetiolar disc with small spongiform crest; disc of postpetiole reticulate with areas within reticulations verrucose. First gastral tergite finely reticulate-substrigulate with some verrucose sculpture confined to basigastral area; dorsum of first gastral tergite with widely spaced elongate erect simple hairs. Similar hairs on gastral sternite but more abundant; first gastral sternite reticulate, differing from sculpture on tergite; basigastral costulae longitudinal, spaced, and very short but conspicuous. Color: anterior portion of head yellowish and gradually increasing in color to ferruginous by level of eyes and dark brown on rest of head. Mandibles mostly whitish with tips ferruginous to dark brown. Mesosoma ferrugineous; petiole and postpetiole light brown; legs and antennae yellowish, slightly lighter in color than waist segments; first gastral tergite black or dark brown, second and third gastral tergites ferrugineous, fourth gastral tergite yellowish; first to third gastral sternites ferrugineous, fourth gastral sternite yellowish.</p><p>Measurements: holotype (and paratype): EL = 0.16 (0.14), GL = 0.79 (0.78), HL = 0.86, HW = 0.65, ML = 0.49 (0.52), PL = 0.40 (0.37), PPL = 0.19 (0.20), PW = 0.36 (0.35), SL = 0.57 (0.59), TL = 3.53, WL = 0.79 (0.80). Indexes: CI = 75, MI = 57 (60), PI = 51 (46), SI = 88 (90). (n = 2)</p><p>Gyne and male.— Unknown.</p><p>Etymology.— This species is named in honor of Roy Snelling to acknowledge his numerous contributions to the taxonomy of ants, bees, and wasps. He will live on through the solid foundation he provided for ant taxonomy and through the thousands of specimens that he left behind for myrmecologists to ponder over for many years to come.</p><p>Biology.— Strumigenys royi was collected from an upright, living tree trunk in a small dirt tunnel (likely made by termites) that ran up the side of the tree.</p><p>Comments.— This large species is easily distinguished from any other species in the genus Strumigenys (sensu Bolton 2000) by lacking the spongiform tissue on the ventral margin of the waist segments (petiole and postpetiole) and lacking a spongiform pad on the first gastral sternite, by having the apical fork of the mandibles with an intercalary denticle that arises from the dorsal base of apicoventral tooth, by having antennal funicular segments II and III, when combined, almost as long as funicular segment IV (shared with S. fairchildi Brown), by having a minute denticle close to the apicodorsal tooth (similar in S. lanuginosa Wheeler), and by having marked body sculpture. Due to this combination of characters it is difficult to place this species in any of the species groups given by Bolton (2000).</p><p>Strumigenys royi differs from S. idiogenes Bolton, to which it keys out in Bolton’s (2000) key, as the latter possesses: a larger and conspicuous lobe on ventral margin of postpetiole, a narrow spongiform pad on the base of first gastral sternite, asymmetrical dentition on the mandibles, and a pair of narrow spines on the propodeum.</p><p>MODIFIED VERSION OF KEY IN BOLTON (2000)</p><p>Strumigenys royi will key out to S. idiogenes in Bolton’s (2000) ‘‘key to Neotropical-Nearctic Strumigenys species. ’’ The key for the species of Strumigenys can be modified as below to include S. royi . Numbering of couplets follows Bolton (2000).</p><p>4. Mandibles without intercalary teeth or denticles that arise between apicodorsal and apicoventral teeth of apical fork, nor arise from dorsal base of apicoventral tooth........................................ couplet 5 of Bolton (2000)</p><p>– Mandible with 1 or 2 intercalary teeth or denticles that arise between apicodorsal and apicoventral teeth of apical fork, or arise from dorsal base of apicoventral tooth........................................ couplet 10 of Bolton (2000)</p><p>10. Mandibles without, or with only one, preapical tooth or denticle couplet 11 of Bolton (2000)</p><p>– Mandible with 2 preapical teeth or denticles............ couplet 15 of Bolton (2000)</p><p>11. Preapical dentition consisting of single tooth on one or both mandibles; preapical tooth conspicuously dentiform and located close to apicodorsal tooth............. 12</p><p>– Preapical dentition absent from both mandibles or single minute denticle present; if the latter denticle located close to midlength, not near apicodorsal tooth...... 14</p><p>12. First gastral tergite very densely clothed with long fine flagellate hairs. Dorsolateral margin of head with 2 freely laterally projecting long flagellate hairs, one at level of eye, other apicoscrobal...................................... lanuginosa</p><p>– First gastral tergite with stout curved hairs that are remiform or apically spatulate or simple erect standing hairs. Dorsolateral margin of head without projecting flagellate hairs or with single hair, in apicoscrobal position................ 13</p><p>13. Scape strongly dorsoventrally flattened and very broad; in full-face view maximum width of scape greater than maximum width of mandible. First gastral tergite unsculptured. Pronotal humeral hairs stiff and stout. With head in profile highest point of vertex without erect hairs............................. platyscapa</p><p>– Scape subcylindrical; in full-face view maximum width of scape less than maximum width of mandible. First gastral tergite with sculpture present other than basigastral costulae. Pronotal humeral hairs elongate or flagellate. With head in profile highest point of vertex with pair of erect hairs.................... 13b</p><p>13b. Ventral surface of postpetiole with large and distinct spongiform lobe. Propodeal spines long. Mandibles with asymmetrical preapical dentition (left mandible without trace of preapical dentition, right mandible with small slender preapical tooth located close to apicodorsal tooth and slightly smaller than intercalary tooth).................................................... idiogenes</p><p>– Ventral surface of postpetiole without spongiform lobe or crest. Propodeal spines short. Mandibles with symmetrical preapical dentition (both mandibles with small preapical tooth located close to apocidorsal tooth)............ royi new species</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397280C564BD9251894D6FCFB671B67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo;Ted R. Schultz;John S. Lapolla	Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo, Ted R. Schultz, John S. Lapolla (2010): A Review of the Dacetine Ants of Guyana (Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 19, No. 1: 11-43, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15625778
0397280C564ED939184DD1B7FB671DF5.text	0397280C564ED939184DD1B7FB671DF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Strumigenys acarai Sosa-Calvo, Schultz	<div><p>Strumigenys acarai Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, and LaPolla, n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 26–39)</p><p>Material examined.— Holotype: worker, labeled ‘‘ GUYANA: Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo, Acarai Mountains, New Romeo Camp, 1069 m., 58 ° 57.828 ' W, 1 ° 19.938 ' N; 14.x.2006; T.R. Schultz, J. Sosa-Calvo, C.J. Marshall, R. Williams; 1 ° upland forest; leaf-litter sample. (JSC061014-01) ’’ USNM ENT No. 00537294. (UGBC). Paratypes: 9 workers, labeled ‘‘ GUYANA: Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo, Acarai Mountains, New Romeo Camp, 1069 m., 58 ° 57.828 ' W, 1 ° 19.938 ' N; 14.x.2006; T.R. Schultz, J. Sosa-Calvo, C.J. Marshall, R. Williams; 1 ° upland forest; leaf-litter sample. (JSC061014-02, JSC061014-03). USNM ENT No. 00537295– 00537303. (BMNH (1), MCZC (1), and USNM (6))</p><p>Diagnosis (worker). — Small (TL 1.62– 1.79); eyes vestigial, consisting of one or two ommatidia; masticatory margin of mandibles with an inconspicuous tooth, visible under high magnifications; leading edge of antennal scapes with some hairs that curve toward the base of scape; dorsum of promesonotum rugulose and with a conspicuous median longitudinal ruga that extends for entire length of promesonotum; petiole lacking a ventral process or spongiform tissue of any kind.</p><p>Description (worker). —Head: mandibles elongate with outer margin convex; inner margin of mandibles with minute inconspicuous preapical denticle in mandible’s midlength, visible under high magnification; apical fork of mandibles lacking intercalary teeth; anterior margin of clypeus slightly concave or transverse; dorsum of antennal scape imbricate; anterior edge of antennal scape with at least 3 narrowly spatulate hairs curving toward base, some hairs on scape multi-furcate (Fig. 30); hairs on upper margin of scrobe narrowly spatulate and curving anteriorly; apicoscrobal hair flagellate; dorsum of head strongly areolate; ocular carina failing to reach level of eyes; eyes minute, with only 1 (one paratype, most of them with two) or 2 ommatidia; dorsum of head with fine subdecumbent hairs, some of which curve medially and with pair of erect hairs present on cephalic margin (very difficult to see). Mesosoma: humeral hair flagellate; anterior portion of pronotum, in dorsal view, strongly reticulate; dorsum of promesonotum rugulose and with conspicuous median longitudinal ruga or carina that extends for entire length of promesonotum; areas between rugae smooth and shining; dorsum of promesonotum with subdecumbent hairs that curve medially, most hairs directed backwards; posterior half of promesonotum areolate; mesonotum with pair of flagellate simple hairs; dorsum of propodeum and declivity of propodeum areolate; mesopleuron and metapleuron mostly smooth and shining; mesopleuron and metapleuron divided by strip of aerolate sculpture that originates at ventral margin of mesopleuron and metapleuron and extends dorsally in direction of metanotal groove, this strip incomplete, fading before it connects with metanotal groove; propodeal spines long; declivity of propodeum with a thin carina. Metasoma: dorsum and sides of petiole strongly areolate; ventral margin lacking spongiform tissue or process of any kind; node of petiole, in lateral view, with two transverse rows each consisting of four long subdecumbent and simple hairs and composed of two hairs medially and two hairs distally (Fig. 35); posterior margin of petiolar node with small spongiform crest, best seen in fronto-dorsal view; in dorsal view, lateral projections of crest conspicuous and triangular; postpetiole with ventral and lateral spongiform lobes well developed; dorsum of postpetiole with longitudinal rugae, areas between rugae smooth and shining; base of first gastral sternite bearing conspicuous pad of spongiform tissue; basigastral costulae longitudinal and sharply defined, longer than maximum length of disc of postpetiole; dorsum of first gastral tergite with numerous long flagellate hairs; entire tergite posterior to basigastral costulae smooth and shining.</p><p>Measurements: holotype (and paratypes): GL = 0.40 (0.35–0.41), HL = 0.42 (0.39– 0.41), HW = 0.31 (0.29–0.33), ML = 0.25 (0.24–0.25), PL = 0.20 (0.15–0.19), PPL = 0.09 (0.08–0.11), PW = 0.18 (0.17–0.19), SL = 0.29 (0.27–0.30), TL = 1.77 (1.62–1.79), WL = 0.41 (0.38–0.42). Indexes: CI = 73 (74–81), MI = 59 (58–64), PI = 48 (38–51), SI = 94 (88–96). (n = 10)</p><p>Gyne and male.— Unknown.</p><p>Etymology.— The name of this species refers to the Acarai Mountains, in the Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo region of southern Guyana, where specimens of this species were collected.</p><p>Comments.— Strumigenys acarai seems to belong to the S. silvestrii species group (sensu Bolton 2000), sharing with some members of that group: (i) the ventral margin of petiole lacking spongiform tissue; (ii) the small worker size (HL 0.39– 0.43, HW 0.29–0.33, TL 1.62–1.79, WL 0.38– 0.42 in S. acarai, HL 0.36–0.52, HW 0.28– 0.44, TL 1.5–2.2, WL 0.36–0.56 in the S. silvestrii group); (iii) the apical fork of mandibles lacking intercalary denticles; (iv) the leading edge of the antennal scapes having two or more hairs that are curved or inclined toward the base of the scape; (v) the eyes minute, usually with only 1–3 ommatidia in total; (vi) the preocular carina short and ending before the level of the eye; (vii) the propodeal spines usually present; and (viii) the head and alitrunk usually sculptured but the mesopleuron and metapleuron entirely smooth and shining.</p><p>Strumigenys acarai shares with S. carinithorax Borgmeier, in addition to the character states mentioned above, the presence of a median fine longitudinal carina on the mesonotum. Strumigenys acarai differs from S. carinithorax, however, by having the ground-pilosity of the head, from above level of eye to close to occipital margin, very narrowly spatulate (almost simple) rather than spatulate as in S. carinithorax; the mandibles with a pair of minute inconspicuous preapical denticles proximal to the midlength of the mandibles rather than with a pair of spiniform preapical teeth as found in S. carinithorax, which are located in the distal third, and with a minute pair of denticles that may be difficult to see that are just proximal to the midlength of the mandibles (Bolton 2000); the leading edge of the antennal scapes with some multifurcated narrowly spatulate hairs rather than spoon-shaped hairs of S. carinithorax . Strumigenys acarai shares with S. waiwai (described here) the presence of multifurcated hairs. In the former species, however, these hairs seem to be restricted to the leading edge of the antennal scapes, whereas in the latter these hairs are present on the dorsum of the head. The two species described here ( S. acarai and S. waiwai) also differ from each other in mandibular dentition (inconspicuous pair of teeth at midlength of mandibles in S. acarai, and having a pair of spiniform teeth and a minute, but conspicuous pair of teeth at midlength of mandibles in S. waiwai), in the sculpture of the dorsum of the promesonotum (rugulose and with a conspicuous median longitudinal ruga in S. acarai, and strongly aerolate in S. waiwai), and in the length of the costulae on first gastral tergite (longer than the maximum length of the disc of postpetiole in S. acarai, and barely as long as the disc of postpetiole in S. waiwai).</p><p>Figs 26–36. Continued.</p><p>MODIFIED VERSION OF KEY IN BOLTON (2000)</p><p>In Bolton’s (2000) key, Strumigenys acarai will not key out to any of the known species. The key for the species of Strumigenys of the Neotropics can be modified as below to include S. acarai . Numbering of couplets follows Bolton (2000).</p><p>48. Cephalic dorsum with two pairs of short erect hairs that differ from other cephalic ground-pilosity, one pair close to occipital margin, other close to highest point of vertex. Ventral surface of petiole with curtain or fringe of spongiform tissue, or at least with spongiform lobes linked by carina......... couplet 49 of Bolton (2000)</p><p>– Cephalic dorsum without or with one pair of short erect hairs that differs from other cephalic ground-pilosity, when one present it is close to occipital margin. Ventral surface of petiole without spongiform tissue, sometimes with rounded or angular anteroventral cuticular process....... 52a (different to couplet 52 in Bolton 2000)</p><p>52a. Mandible with minute inconspicuous denticle close to midlength.... acarai new species</p><p>– Mandible with 1 or 2 very conspicuous spiniform preapical teeth, distal one in apical third, proximal one close to midlength.............. couplet 52 in Bolton (2000)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397280C564ED939184DD1B7FB671DF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo;Ted R. Schultz;John S. Lapolla	Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo, Ted R. Schultz, John S. Lapolla (2010): A Review of the Dacetine Ants of Guyana (Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 19, No. 1: 11-43, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15625778
0397280C5652D93D1845D679FB671FAB.text	0397280C5652D93D1845D679FB671FAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Strumigenys waiwai Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, and LaPolla 2010	<div><p>Strumigenys waiwai Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, and LaPolla, n. sp. (Figs 40–47)</p><p>Material examined.— Holotype: worker, labeled ‘‘ GUYANA: Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo, Acarai Mountains, camp edge Kamoa River, 394 m., 58 ° 49.929 ' W, 1 ° 32.786 ' N; 22.x.2006; J. Sosa-Calvo, T.R. Schultz; 1 ° forest; leaf-litter sample. (TRS 061022-LS04) ’’ USNM ENT No. 00537291. (UGBC). Paratypes: 2 workers, same locality as in holotype . USNM ENT No. 00537290, 00537292; 1 worker, labeled ‘‘ GUYANA: Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo, Acarai Mountains, camp edge Kamoa River, 530 m., 58 ° 50.299 ' W, 1 ° 33.046 ' N; 24.x.2006; J. Sosa-Calvo, T.R. Schultz, C.J. Marshall, R. Williams; 1 ° forest; leaf-litter sample. (JSC 061024- LS10) ’’ USNM ENT No. 00537293. (USNM).</p><p>Diagnosis (worker). — Small (TL 1.35– 1.45); cephalic margin with multi-furcate hairs; leading edge of antennal scapes at least with one hair that curves towards base of scape; eyes small, consisting of two or three ommatidia; inner margin of mandibles with a pair of spiniform teeth and a minute but conspicuous pair of teeth at midlength of mandibles; ventral margin of petiole with angular ventral process. In some workers (paratypes) ventral process of petiole very reduced.</p><p>Description (worker). —Head: leading edge of antennal scapes with at least one hair curving toward base of antennal scape; hairs on leading edge of antennal scapes narrowly spatulate or simple; inner margin of mandibles with pair of preapical spiniform teeth close to apicodorsal tooth and minute but conspicuous pair of teeth at midlength of mandibles; anterior margin of clypeus slightly concave (Figs 40, 42); dorsum of clypeus finely reticulate; dorsum of head markedly areolate and with multi-furcate hairs on posterior occipital portion (Figs 40–41, 43); upper margin of scrobes with row of simple hairs that curve anteriorly and with two flagellate hairs, one of which is in apicoscrobal position; eyes very reduced, with 2 or 3 ommatidia; ocular carina weakly developed, short and not reaching level of eyes; cephalic dorsum, in profile, with 2 pairs of inconspicuous erect simple hairs, very difficult to see and perhaps fragile and easily lost but differing from bifurcating pilosity that surrounds them. Mesosoma: dorsum of promesonotum, propodeum, and declivity of propodeum strongly areolate; dorsum of pronotum with elongate pair of hairs in addition to those at humeri; humeral hair flagellate; promesonotal spiracle in dorsal view projecting laterally, giving pronotum wider appearance and mesonotum and propodeum narrower appearance; mesonotum with pair of elongate hairs; sides of pronotum and anepisternum strongly areolate; mesopleuron and metapleuron mostly smooth and shining; dorsum of promesonotum and propodeum with simple subdecumbent hairs; propodeal spines minute and acute, subtended by broad lamella on declivity. Metasoma: dorsum of peduncle, disc, and sides of petiole strongly areolate; in lateral view, petiole with long ventral process. In one worker (paratype) ventral process reduced to small tooth (Fig. 43); petiole, in lateral view, subquadrate; sides of petiole, in dorsal view, with conspicuous triangular crest; postpetiole, in lateral view, with large ventral spongiform lobes; disc of postpetiole with some longitudinal rugae; areas between rugae smooth and shining; dorsum of postpetiole with decumbent hairs; first gastral sternite with pad of spongiform tissue; first gastral tergite smooth and shining, with some conspicuous longitudinal basigastral costulae, barely as long as disc of postpetiole; first gastral tergite mostly with subdecumbent and decumbent hairs and some erect hairs (lacking in some paratype specimens. It is probable that these hairs are very fragile and lost easily).</p><p>Measurements: holotype (and paratypes): GL = 0.31 (0.28–0.31), HL = 0.33 (0.31– 0.34), HW = 0.26 (0.25–0.26), ML = 0.18 (0.18–0.19), PL = 0.17, PPL = 0.08 (0.08– 0.09), PW = 0.16 (0.14–0.16), SL = 0.21 (0.19–0.21), TL = 1.44 (1.35–1.45), WL = 0.36 (0.32–0.36). Indexes: CI = 79 (76–80), MI = 55 (53–58), PI = 48 (47–51), SI = 81 (77–82). (n = 4)</p><p>Gyne and male.— Unknown</p><p>Etymology.— This species is named after the Wai-Wai indigenous people, who depend on the area where we collected this species for their sustenance. Without their guidance, support, and permission to conduct research on their land, this work would not have been possible.</p><p>Comments.— Strumigenys waiwai is most similar to members of the Neotropical silvestrii -group. Strumigenys waiwai shares with most of the 18 known species in this group the following characters: (i) the small size (HL 0.31–0.34, HW 0.25–0.26, TL 1.35–1.45, WL 0.32–0.36. In members of the silvestrii -group HL 0.36–0.52, HW 0.28– 0.44, TL 1.5–2.2, WL 0.36–0.56); (ii) the absence of intercalary tooth between the apicodorsal and apicoventral teeth in the apical fork of the mandibles (this character state is shared with all the species in the group, except for S. xochipili Bolton from Mexico, which possesses a single intercalary tooth); (iii) the presence, on the inner margin of mandibles, of a spiniform pair of preapical teeth close to the apicodorsal tooth of the apical fork and, in addition, a minute pair of denticles on the midlength of the mandibles that may be difficult to see; (iv) the antennal scapes short to moderate (SI 76–80. In members of the S. silvestrii species group the SI 62–91), and with some hairs on the leading edge of the antennal scape that are curved toward the base of the scape; (v) the eyes very small, commonly formed by 1–3 ommatidia in total (some members of the S. silvestrii species group with 6 or more ommatidia);</p><p>.</p><p>(vi) the preocular carina short or weakly developed, ending before level of the eye; (vii) the propodeum, in profile, usually with a triangular pair of teeth that are subtended by a lamella or carina that extends down the declivity; and (viii) ventral surface of petiole lacking spongiform tissue instead with a small, but conspicuous crest or ventral process (members of the silvestrii -group usually lack spongiform tissue on ventral margin of petiole except for the species S. nastata Bolton, S. perdita Bolton, and S. calamita Bolton).</p><p>Variations in the presence of standing erect hairs on the cephalic dorsum were observed in the specimens studied (holotype and paratypes). In the material examined, some workers of S. waiwai have the two pairs of erect simple hairs on the dorsum of head that differ from the cephalic ground-pilosity, of which one pair is located close to occipital margin and the other is located close to the highest point of vertex. Among the variations observed in other specimens are: the two pairs of standing hairs are present, but curving at the tips, or only one pair of hairs is visible, or the hairs are difficult to see, or the hairs are missing. Apparently these hairs are very fragile and can be easily lost; therefore specimens may appear to have no hairs. Within the silvestrii -group, only individuals in the species S. calamita, S. nastata, S. perdita, and S. timicala Bolton, all endemic to Central America, share with individuals of S. waiwai the presence of two pairs of erect hairs on the cephalic dorsum, but these species differ from S. waiwai by having a fringe or curtain of spongiform tissue on the ventral margin of the petiole, whereas S. waiwai has an angular crest or small ventral process. In addition, S. waiwai differs from: S. nastata by having the antennal scape without a projecting narrow cuticular lamella that arises proximal to the subbasal bend; S. timicala by having the preapical tooth of the mandible separated from the apicodorsal tooth by a distance twice its length, rather than having the preapical tooth very close to the apicodorsal tooth; S. calamita and S. perdita by having the first gastral tergite generally with subdecumbent or decumbent simple hairs (in some specimens it is possible to see, in addition, a few erect simple hairs) rather than entirely short stout hairs that are remiform to claviform (in S. calamita) or simple erect and stiff (in perdita); and from all four species and any other species in the S. silvestrii -group by: (i) having the dorsolateral margin of the head with two freely laterally projecting elongate or short flagellate hairs, one of which is located at the level of the vestigial eye and the other the apicoscrobal hair. This character state is also shared with S. lanuginosa but these hairs are shorter in S. waiwai than in S. lanuginosa; (ii) having hairs on the upper margins of the antennal scrobe simple and curving anteriorly rather than spoonshaped, spatulate, or narrowly spatulate and curving anteriorly (except for perparva in which case these hairs are posteriorly curved); and (iii) the cephalic groundpilosity composed of short erect or subdecumbent multifurcated hairs rather than spoon-shaped, spatulate, or narrowly spatulate hairs.</p><p>MODIFIED VERSION OF KEY IN BOLTON (2000)</p><p>In Bolton’s (2000) key, Strumigenys waiwai keys out to S. perdita . The key for the species of Strumigenys of the Neotropics can be modified as below to properly include S. waiwai . Numbering of couplets follows Bolton (2000).</p><p>47. In full-face view upper scrobe margin with a row of 4–5 broadly spatulate to spoon-shaped hairs that are curved posteriorly.......................... perparva</p><p>– In full-face view upper scrobe margin with row of simple or spatulate to spoon-shaped hairs that are all curved anteriorly................. couplet 48 in Bolton (2000)</p><p>48. Cephalic dorsum with two pairs of short erect hairs, one pair close to occipital margin, the other close to highest point of vertex. Ventral surface of petiole with curtain or fringe of spongiform tissue, or at least with spongiform lobes linked by carina. If spongiform tissue reduced to angular anteroventral process present, then dorsolateral margin of head with two freely laterally projecting short flagellate hairs, one at level of the vestigial eye, the other the apicoscrobal............ 49</p><p>– Cephalic dorsum without or with one pair of short erect hairs, when one is present it is close to occipital margin. Ventral surface of petiole without spongiform tissue, sometimes with rounded or angular anteroventral cuticular process. Dorsolateral margin of head without projecting flagellate hairs or with single hair, in apicoscrobal position............................ couplet 52 in Bolton (2000)</p><p>49. Distal preapical tooth conspicuous and obviously spiniform, located markedly proximal of the apicodorsal tooth and at about right angle to long axis of the mandible. Distal preapical teeth of opposing mandibles so long that their apices meet or even slightly overlap when mandibles fully closed. Mandibles always with small denticle just proximal of the inner midlength...................... 50</p><p>– Distal preapical tooth small, thorn-like and not obviously spiniform, located very close to the apicodorsal tooth and inclined toward it. Distal preapical teeth of opposing mandibles so short that their apices are widely separated when mandibles fully closed. Mandible usually without trace of denticle proximal to inner midlength but rarely vestigial denticle visible.................................. timicala</p><p>50. Leading edge of scape at subbasal bend with projecting convex cuticular lamella; lamella originates close to scape base and terminates just distal of the bend. Distal preapical tooth about same distance from proximal preapical denticle as it is from apicodorsal tooth............................................. nastata</p><p>– Leading edge of the scape at subbasal bend without projecting convex cuticular lamella. Distal preapical tooth closer to apicodorsal tooth than it is to proximal preapical denticle................................................ 51a</p><p>51a. Leading edge of antennal scape with spoon-shaped or narrowly spatulate hairs. In full-face view upper scrobe margin with row of spatulate to spoon-shaped hairs. Cephalic ground-pilosity spoon-shaped or spatulate.... couplet 51 of Bolton (2000)</p><p>– Leading edge of antennal scape with simple or filiform hairs. In full-face view, upper scrobe margin with a row of simple or filiform hairs. Cephalic ground-pilosity multifurcated...................................... waiwai new species</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397280C5652D93D1845D679FB671FAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo;Ted R. Schultz;John S. Lapolla	Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo, Ted R. Schultz, John S. Lapolla (2010): A Review of the Dacetine Ants of Guyana (Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 19, No. 1: 11-43, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15625778
