taxonID	type	description	language	source
039287C4FFCD2316FF90F8C4D0C4FDFF.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Pinotus fissus Harold, 1867, designated by Nunes and Vaz-de-Mello (2019)	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFCD2316FF90F8C4D0C4FDFF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: distinguished from other subgenera of Dichotomius by the following combination of characters: Clypeus with two acute and conspicuous teeth (Fig. 3 e, g). Clypeal or genal external border straight, without division (Fig. 3 e, g). Ventral clypeal process transversely carinate, strongly bifurcate at apex. Protibiae inner angle acute or spiniform. Males with sixth abdominal ventrite with constriction at the medial portion (Fig. 3 f). Females sixth abdominal ventrite bearing modifications at medial portion (tubercles, lobe or emarginations) and / or pygidium swollen (Fig. 3 h). Parameres lacking or having basal and longitudinal excavations; subgenital plate present in ventral view, apex and base round, acute and / or emarginated; base, at junction with phalobase, produced in a membranous excavation or sclerotised – if sclerotised, having grooves or excavations. Panama to northern Argentina (modified from Nunes and Vaz-de-Mello (2019 )).	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFCD2316FCDEFDF4D1DDFBC7.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Copris smaragdinus Perty, 1830; by original monotypy.	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFCD2316FCDEFDF4D1DDFBC7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: this subgenus is distinguished from others by the following combination of characters: Body with a green metallic. Clypeal margin with central single rounded tooth on clypeal margin (Fig. 1 e, g). Ventral clypeal process pronounced into a small tubercle, not bifurcated. Clypeo-genal junction with division and lacking angulation (Fig. 1 e, g). Ventral thoracic ventrites glabrous. Sixth abdominal ventrite of females not differentiated by the presence of tubercles, lobe or emarginations (Fig. 1 f, g). Parameres lacking excavations, apex elongated; subgenital plate reduced, weakly sclerotized. ME with a square-shapedand with dorsal projection. Brazilian Cerrado (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Distrito Federal, Maranhão, Minas Gerais and São Paulo states) (modified from Maldaner et al., 2018).	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFCD2316FCDEFBDDD133F9CC.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Copris bicuspis Germar, 1823, subsequent designation of Martínez (1951)	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFCD2316FCDEFBDDD133F9CC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: separated from other subgenera by the following combination of characters: Clypeal teeth present, more or less strong (Fig. 3 a, c). Clypeal or genal external border lacking clypeo-genal angle or division (Fig. 3 a, c). Clypeal and genal margin curved. Ventral clypeal process obtuse, quadrangular or bifurcated. Ventral thoracic ventrites with long dense setae. Female sixth abdominal ventrite three times to four times larger than the fifth ventrite, not modified medially (Fig. 3 d). Parameres lacking longitudinal excavations, with subtriangular and slender shape in lateral view, well sclerotized; with subgenital plate short and well esclerotized. ME with subquadrangular to assymetrical shape. Mexico to Argentina (modified from Nunes and Vaz-de-Mello (2019 )).	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFCD2315FCDEF9C0D0E4FBA8.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Copris semiaeneus Germar, 1823, present designation.	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFCD2315FCDEF9C0D0E4FBA8.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The new subgenus is named after Hermann Luederwaldt (1865 – 1934), a German entomologist who contributed to the taxonomy of many groups of the Scarabaeoidea, especially that of the genus Dichotomius. Furthermore, in his work “ As espécies brasileiras do genero Pinotus ” (Luederwaldt, 1929), he erected the “ Secção Semiaeneus ”, for Dichotomius s. str., mentioning that “ Aqui attinentes as espécies mais simples e menores: O tronco do genero ” (Here are the simplest and smallest species: The base of the genus). This section is in part taxonomically equivalent to our new subgenus.	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFCD2315FCDEF9C0D0E4FBA8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: The species included in this subgenus are distinguished from other subgenera of Dichotomius by the following combination of characters: Head margin at the end of the fronto-clypeal sulcus with an invagination giving the appearance of being divided (Fig. 4 a, c, e). Metaventrite lacking pilosity (if present, clypeus not distinctly bidentate apically) (Fig. 4 b, d). Small to medium size (less than 20 mm).	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFCD2315FCDEF9C0D0E4FBA8.taxon	description	Description: Small size to medium size (less than 20 mm) (Fig. 4). Body shiny or dull black, dark blue or dull green, copper. Clypeus smooth to distinctly bidentate (Fig. 4 a, c). Head with processes located in the fronto-clypeal region, simple, conical to lamellate or tridentate in males, conical to tridentate in females. Lateral margin of the head at clypeo-genal junction with division (invagination giving the appearance of being divided), and lacking angulation (Fig. 4 a, c, e). Pronotum without pronotal processes at most with a depression on the anterior area (except in males of Dichotomius camposeabrai, which have a strong central excavation) (Fig. 4 a, c). Metaventrite without pilosity (if present, clypeus not distinctly bidentate) (Fig. 4 b, d). Protibial spur slightly to abruptly angle downward near the apex (Fig. 4 f) (in D. subaeneus, bifurcate). Elytral striae well-defined and bicarenate, with small foveate punctures, shallowly impressed and spaced by two to three times their diameter (Fig. 4 a, c). Meso- and metalegs with basitarsus from subquadrangular to quadrangular. Pygidium either completely marginated or without margin at the apex. Parameres subtriangular in lateral view and with subgenital plate in ventral view (Fig. 4 g-i). ME large and subquadrangular with two well sclerotized processes on the right lateral side, the surface covered with bristles along its entire length, and on the left side it presents a membranous process with long bristles (Fig. 4 l-m) (Arias-Buriticá and Vaz-de-Mello (2012, 2019 )). Colombia to central Argentina. Composition: Dichotomius alutaceus (Felsche 1901), D. anthrax (Felsche, 1901), D. australis (Luederwaldt, 1931 b), D. camposeabrai Martinez, 1974, D. comarapensis Génier, 2000, D. crenatipennis (Blanchard, 1846), D. luctuosioides (Luederwaldt, 1922); D. nemoricola (Pereira, 1942 a), D. punctatostriatus (Felsche, 1901), D. puncticollis (Luederwaldt, 1935), D. semiaeneus (Germar, 1823), D. texanus (Felsche, 1901), D. virescens (Luederwaldt, 1935), D. belus (Harold, 1880), D. fornicatus (Luederwaldt, 1931 b), D. rafanunezi Montoya-Molina & Vaz-de-Mello, 2021, and D. subaeneus (Castelnau, 1840) (the last four previously in the subgenus Selenocopris), and some undescribed species, the revision of this subgenus is underway (Arias-Buriticá and Vaz-de-Mello in prep.)	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFCE2315FCC0FB2AD10EF815.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Scarabeus boreus Olivier, 1789, by original designation	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFCE2315FCC0FB2AD10EF815.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: distinguished from other subgenera of Dichotomius by the following combination of characters: Medium to large size individuals (more than 15 mm). Clypeus completely rounded or weakly emarginate, lacking clypeal teeth or inconspicuous (Fig. 2 a, C). Head margin at clypeo-genal junction lacking angle or division (Fig. 2 a, c). Ventral clypeal process with conical to triangular shape with truncate, bicuspid or acute tip. Metaventrite with long setae on its entire surface, or at least on the metaventrite lateral side. Males with sixth abdominal ventrite with constriction at the medial portion (Fig. 2 b). Females sixth abdominal ventrite without constriction and not differentiated by the presence of tubercles, lobe or emarginations (Fig. 2 d). Male genital organ with symmetrical parameres, with subtriangular to subquadrangular shapes in lateral view, long parameres with different shapes among species groups (Fig. 2 e), with or without subgenital plate, and with or without setae in apical region. Endophallus with tubular shape (Fig. 2 e). Medial area of endophallus with semisclerotized membranes with raspules. Four endophallites: ME large and sclerotized, with variable shapes in the species groups (five different shapes) (Fig. 2 e). SRP with “ C ” shape with different widened and sclerotized in the species groups. FLP with “ N ” shape (Fig. 2 e). A + SA complex elongated, curved and with different shapes in the species groups (Fig. 2 e). Northeastern United States to central Argentina.	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFC4231FFFB2FBB9D01DFF1E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: The species of theD. bitiensis species group are recognized by the following combination of characters: (1) small-sized to medium-sized individuals (12.1 – 20.2 mm). (2) Head oval to subtriangular in males, and subtriangular in females (Fig. 5 a-d). (3) Clypeus with inconspicuous clypeal teeth, sometimes not perceptible by the clypeal projection (Fig. 5 a-d). Clypeal surface with well-defined transverse wrinkles. (4) Ventral clypeal process conical with obtuse tip (Fig. 5 f). (5) Both sexes with a cephalic process in the fronto-clypeal region, which may be a transverse carina, or a conical process with simple or bicuspidtip (Fig. 5 a- d). (6) Protibial spur abruptly angle downward near the apex (Fig. 5 e). (7) Pronotum from simple and convex at most with two very weak and transversal concavities to strongly excavated with pronotal processes of four humps that can be the two largest central or the four of equal size (Fig. 5 a-d). (8) Elytral striae bicarinate, from shallow to distinctly impressed, though the latter with deep punctures along their entire extension. (9) Pygidium with complete or incomplete apical margin and variable surface punctures (Fig. 5 g). (10). Aedeagus with subgenital plate, with widened plates (Fig. 5 j). (11) Parameres subtriangular in lateral view (Fig. 5 h), with short to long setae in the apical area (Fig. 5 h-j). (12) ME subquadrangular, semi-sclerotized in the central area and well sclerotized around it, with two projections and two lobes that have raspules on the surface in different extensions that vary among species (Fig. 5 n). Composition: Five valid species: Dichotomius bitiensis (Gillet, 1911), D. costaricensis (Luederwaldt, 1935), D. latilobatus Boilly and Vaz-de-Mello, 2021, D. motai (Pereira, 1942 a), D. nitidissimus (Waterhouse, 1891) and one undescribed species. Geographic distribution: Pacific dominion (Guajira, Sabana and Puntarenas-Chiriquí provinces), Boreal Brazilian dominion (Guianan lowlands and Roraima provinces), South Brazilian dominion (Madeira, Rondônia and Yungas provinces), Chacoan dominion (Cerrado and Chaco provinces), Paraná dominion (Parana forest province), and South American Transition zones (Páramo province) (Fig. 6 a).	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFC4231FFCC0FF7CD6FDFB44.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: The species of the D. boreus species group are recognized by the following combination of characters: (1) Medium-sized to large-sized individuals (16.6 – 27.1 mm). (2) Head oval and twice as wide as it is long (Fig. 7 a, b). (3) Clypeus with two inconspicuous clypeal teeth, sometimes imperceptible (Fig. 7 a, b). (4) Ventral clypeal process with invagination and then a conical process obtuse or acute tip (Fig. 7 c). (5) Both sexes with two cephalic process, the first one located in the clypeal region and the second one in the fronto-clypeal region (Fig. 7 a, b). (6) Protibial spur not angled or slightly angled near the apex (Fig. 7 d). (7) Pronotum with an excavation in the anterior area that can go from 1 / 3 to half of it and laterally to more than 2 / 3 of the pronotum (Fig. 7 a, b). (8) Pronotum with central process with different shapes according to the species. (9) Pronotal process with two humps with spine shape above the lateral foveae. (10) Posterior margin of pronotum with ocellate punctures, sometimes denser in the posteromedial area (Figs. 2 a, b, 7 a, b). (11) Elytral striae bicarinate, shallow to distinctly impressed and with punctate interestriae. (12) Pygidium with complete apical margin and evident punctures (Fig. 7 e) (13). Aedeagus lacking subgenital plate (Fig. 7 h). (14) Parameres subtriangular in lateral view (Fig. 7 f), without setae in the apical area (Fig. 7 f-h). (15) ME well sclerotized, large, and asymmetrical (Fig. 7 l). Composition: Six valid species: Dichotomius boreus (Olivier, 1789), D. carinatus (Luederwaldt, 1925), D. podalirius (Felsche, 1901), D. prietoi Martínez & Martínez, 1982, D. pelamon (Harold, 1869), D. quadrilobatus Chamorro et al., 2021, and two undescribed species. Geographic distribution: Pacific dominion (Sabana province), Boreal brazilian dominion (all provinces), South Brazilian dominion (all provinces), Chacoan subregion Southeastern Amazonian dominion (Xingu-Tapajós province), and South American Transition zones (Páramo province) (Fig. 6 b).	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFC4231FFCC0FB26D1F9F815.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: The species of the D. bos species group are recognized by the following combination of characters: (1) Medium-sized to large-sized individuals (14 – 24.7 mm). (2) Head oval, as wide as it is long (Fig. 8 a, b). (3) Clypeus without evident clypeal teeth, sometimes inconspicuos (Fig. 8 a, b). (4) Ventral clypeal process conical with bicuspid tip (Fig. 8 a, b). (5) Both sexes with conical and directed upward cephalic process in fronto-clypeal area (Fig. 8 a, b). (6) Protibial spur not angled or slightly angled near the apex (Fig. 8 d). (7) Pronotum with anteriormedial region with a transversal depression and two distinct and obtuse lobes on the superior side (Fig. 8 a, b). (8) Lateral pronotal foveae circular and deep. (9) pronotal disc with impressed median longitudinal foveae. (10) Striae bicarinate, shallow to distinctly impressed, with shagreened surface and ocellate punctures in its extension. (11) Pygidium with incomplete apical margin and evident punctures (Fig. 8 e). (12) Aedeagus with subgenital plate (Fig. 8 h). (13) Parameres subtriangular in lateral view (Fig. 8 f), with very short setae in the apical area (Fig. 8 g, i). (14) ME subquadrangular with two extensions on the right and setae present throughout the surface. (Fig. 8 m). Composition: Two valid species: Dichotomius bos (Blanchard, 1846) and D. rugosicollis (Luederwaldt, 1935), and one undescribed species. Geographic distribution: Boreal Brazilian dominion (Pará provinces), South Brazilian dominion (Madeira, Rondônia and Yungas provinces), Chacoan subregion Southeastern Amazonian dominion (Xingu-Tapajós province), Chacoan dominion (Cerrado, Caatinga and Chaco provinces), and Paraná dominion (all provinces) (Fig. 9 a).	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFE92332FF90FF09D456FC6B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: This species group was revised by Arias-Buriticá and Vaz-de-Mello (2019). The species of the D. buqueti species group are recognized by the following combination of characters: (1) Medium to large-sized individuals (18 – 37.4 mm). (2) Both sexes with triangular head (Fig. 10 a, b). (3) Clypeus in most widely emarginated and flat, with strong transverse wrinkles. (4) Ventral clypeal process conical with obtuse tip (Fig. 10 c). (5) Males with lamelliform cephalic process, subquadrangular at the base and ending at the apical conical process directed forward; with a smaller process on each side at the base of the leading edge at the eye (Fig. 10 a). (6) Females with a four-pointed process between the eyes (Fig. 10 b) (except in D. haroldi which has two small separate processes). (7) Protibial spur without angle near the apex (Fig. 10 d). (8) Both sexes with excavated pronotum in anterior third, with two central tubercles, being stronger in males than in females (Fig. 10 a, b). (9) Pygidium with incomplete apical margin (Fig. 10 e). (10) Basal area of parameres ending in a strong constriction giving the appearance of spina in lateral and ventral views (Fig. 10 f, h). (11) Subgenital plate present (Fig. 10 h). (12) Parameres subtriangular in lateral view (Fig. 10 f), with long setae at apical area (Fig. 10 f-h). (13) ME subquadrangular with two extensions on the right and setae present throughout the surface (Fig. 10 l). Composition: Three valid species: Dichotomius buqueti (Lucas, 1859), D. haroldi (Waterhouse, 1891) and D. nutans (Harold, 1867). Geographic distribution: Chacoan dominion (Chaco and Pampean provinces), and Paraná dominion (Atlantic, Esteros del Iberá and Paraná Forest provinces) (Fig. 9 b).	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFE92332FF90FC77D069FDC6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: The species of the D. carolinus species group is recognized by the following combination of characters: (1) Large-sized individuals (23.7 – 32,1 mm). (2) Head long that wide, subtriangular to oval in males and subtriangular in females (Fig. 11 a, b). (3) Clypeus without clypeal teeth and with strong and well-defined transverse wrinkles (Fig. 11 a, b). (4) Ventral clypeal process conical with obtuse to acute tip (Fig. 11 c). (5) Males with one or two cephalic processes; when they have a single process, it is a transverse bicuspid carina or a widened bicuspid horn in the fronto-clypeal region. If they have two in addition to the previous one, another simple one in the clypeus. (6) Females with a four-pointed process between the eyes (Fig. 11 b). (7) Protibial spur not angled or slightly angled near the apex (Fig. 11 d). (8) Both sexes with excavated pronotum in anterior third, with pronotal disc with a large central lobe as wide as the head, with triangular to rounded shape, the lobe continues on each side to the lateral region where it forms two minor processes on the lateral fovea (Fig. 11 a, b). (9) Elytral striae bicarinate shallow to distinctly impressed, with shagreened surface and ocellate punctures. Elytral striae from 1 st to 5 th widened in the apical area (Fig. 11 a, b). (10) Pygidium with incomplete apical margin and evident puncture (Fig. 11 e). (11). Aedeagus with subgenital plate (Fig. 11 h). (11) Parameres subtriangular in lateral view (Fig. 11 f), with very long setae in the apical area (Fig. 11 f-h). (13) ME medium to large, subquadrangular with two extensions on the right and setae present throughout the surface. (Fig. 11 l). Composition: Eigth valid species: Dichotomius amicitae Kohlmann & Solis, 1997, D. annae Kohlmann & Solis, 1997, D. camargoi Martínez, 1956, D. carolinus (Linnaeus, 1767), D. coenosus Erichson, 1848, D. colonicus (Say, 1835), D. longiceps (Taschenberg, 1870), D. maya Peraza and Deloya, 2006, and D. nevermani (Luederwaldt, 1935), and one undescribed species. Geographic distribution: Mexican transition zone (all provinces), Brazilian subregion Mesoamerican dominion (all provinces), Pacific dominion (Chocó-Darién, Guajira, Guatuso-Talamanca, Magdalena, Puntarenas-Chiriquí, Sabana, and Venezuelan provinces), Boreal Brazilian dominion (Guianan Lowlands, Guianan, and Pará provinces), South Brazilian dominion (Madeira, Rondônia, and Yungas provinces), Chacoan subregion Southeastern Amazonian dominion (Xingu-Tapajós province), Chacoan dominion (Cerrado province), Paraná dominion (Araucaria Forest, Atlantic, and Parana Forest provinces), and South American transition zone (Páramo and Puna provinces) in the Neotropical region. This species group reaches to the Nearctic region in the Western subregion (Rocky Mountain dominion, Chihuahuan province) and Alleghany subregion (Escalante et al., 2021) (Fig. 12 a).	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFE92332FCDEFDA4D0C4FA61.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: This species group was revised by Arias-Buriticá and Vaz-de-Mello (2024 a). The species of the D. cotopaxi species group is recognized by the following combination of characters: (1) Medium to large size (16 – 34 mm). (2) Males and females with calluses present on head, pronotum and elytra with corrugated appearence (Fig. 13 a, b). (3) Genas with acute and outgoing anterior angle (Fig. 13 a). (4) Ventral clypeal process conical with truncate or bicuspid tip (Fig. 13 d). (5) Hypomere with anterior excavation (shallow in D. ribeiroi) (Fig. 13 c). (6) Protibial spur not angled or slightly angled near the apex (Fig. 13 e). (7) Pronotum with anterior angles rounded and invagination in the posterior area of the lateral edge (Fig. 13 a, b). (8) Elytra with conspicuous striae formed by deep dimples (except in D. cotopaxi where they are absent or smooth and conspicuous only near the base). (9) Basal region of the striae from the first to the fifth with a basal fovea (Fig. 13 a, b). (10) elytral interstriae surface with wrinkles that in some species give at corrugated aspect. (11) Pygidium with complete apical margin (Fig. 13 f). (12) Parameres subtriangular in lateral view (Fig. 13 g), with long setae at apical area (Fig. 13 g-i). (13) Subgenital plate present evident in ventral view, being visible in dorsal view in the middle part of the left paramere (Fig. 13 i). (14) ME subquadrangular with two extensions and bristles on its surface (Fig. 13 m). Composition: Five valid species: Dichotomius cotopaxi (Guérin-Méneville, 1855), D. germanchoi Arias-Buriticá and Vaz-de-Mello, 2024, D. luederwaldti Arias-Buriticá and Vaz-de-Mello, 2024, D. monstrosus (Harold, 1875), and D. ribeiroi (Pereira, 1954). Geographic distribution: Pacific dominion (Cauca and Magdalena provinces), South Brazilian dominion (Yungas province), and South American transition zone (Desert, Puna and Páramo provinces) (Fig. 12 b).	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFE92333FCDEFA49D4CAFDBE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: The species of the D. depressicollis species group is recognized by the following combination of characters: (1) Medium-sized to large-sized individuals (17.4 – 27.3 mm). (2) Head oval as long as it is wide (Fig. 14 a, b). (3) Clypeus without clypeal teeth and with strong and well-defined transverse wrinkles (Fig. 14 a, b). (4) Ventral clypeal process conical with obtuse to acute tip (Fig. 14 c). (5) Both sexes with bidentate head process, in males located in the clypeal region and in females in the fronto-clypeal region (Fig. 14 a, b). (6) Protibial spur abruptly angle downward near the apex (Fig. 14 d). (7) Males and females with excavated pronotum in anterior third, with pronotal disc with a big central lobe as wide as the head, with triangular to rounded shape, the lobe continues on each side to the lateral region where it forms two minor processes over the lateral fovea (Fig. 14 a, b). (8) Media-lateral fovea elongated and deep, limited with two sinuous subparallel carinae (Fig. 14 j). (9) Elytral striae bicarinate, shallow to distinctly impressed. (10) Pygidium with incomplete apical margin and evident puncture (Fig. 14 e). (11) Aedeagus with subgenital plate (Fig. 14 h). (12) Parameres subtriangular in lateral view (Fig. 14 f), with short setae in the apical area (Fig. 14 i). (13) ME medium to large, subquadrangular with two extensions on the right and setae present throughout the surface (Fig. 14 n). Composition: Three valid species: Dichotomius depressicollis (Harold, 1867), D. melzeri (Luederwaldt, 1922) and D. zikani (Luederwaldt, 1922), and five undescribed species. Geographic distribution: Boreal Brazilian dominion (Pará provinces), South Brazilian dominion (Madeira, Rondônia and Yungas provinces), Chacoan subregion Southeastern Amazonian dominion (Xingu-Tapajós province), Chacoan dominion (Caatinga and Cerrado provinces), and Paraná dominion (all provinces) (Fig. 15 a).	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFE82333FFB2FD1CD431FA38.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: The species of the D. diabolicus species group is recognized by the following combination of characters: (1) Medium-sized individuals with opaque appearance (15.5 – 20.4 mm). (2) Head oval as long as it is wide (Fig. 16 a-c). (3) Clypeus margined with two inconspicous clypeal teeth and with strong and transverse wrinkles (Fig. 16 a-c). (4) Ventral clypeal process with triangular appereance with obtuse tip (Fig. 16 d). (5) Males with cephalic process on clypeal area from lamellate to conical (Fig. 16 a, b) and females with conical to carinate process on fronto-clypeal area (Fig. 16 c). (6) Protibial spur not angled or slightly angled near the apex (Fig. 16 e). (7) Anterior angles of pronotum acute (Fig. 16 a-c). (8) Lateral pronotal margin at the level of the media-lateral fovea with an invagination (Fig. 16 a-c). (9) Males and females with strong excavated pronotum in anterior third, with pronotal disc with a large central process with “ Y ” shape, or one to four points (Fig. 16 a-c). (10) Elytral striae bicarinate, shallow impressed. (11) Elytral interstriae shagreened, giving the appearance of opaque (not corrugated). (12) Pygidium with complete apical margin and evident punctures (Fig. 16 f). (13) Aedeagus with slender subgenital plate (Fig. 16 i). (14) Parameres with subquadrangular shape in lateral view (Fig. 16 g) and without setae in the apical region (Fig. 16 g-i). (15) ME well sclerotized with two extensions on the right (Fig. 16 m). Composition: Three valid species: Dichotomius bicornis (Waterhouse, 1891), D. diabolicus (Harold, 1875) and D. dynastus Gandini and Aguilar, 2009, and four undescribed species. Geographic distribution: South Brazilian dominion (Rondônia and Yungas province), and South American transition zone (Puna Province) (Fig. 15 b).	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFE82333FFB2F982D0BAFD53.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: This species group was revised by Rossini and Vaz-de-Mello (2020). The species of the D. mamillatus species group is recognized by the following combination of characters: (1) Medium-sized to large-sized individuals (13 – 22 mm). (2) Head oval and twice as long as it is wide (Fig. 17 a, b). (3) Clypeus with two evident clypeal teeth, or inconspicous, surface with strong and well-defined transverse wrinkles (Fig. 17 a, b). (4) Ventral clypeal process conical with obtuse tip (Fig. 17 c). (5) Fronto-clypeal region of both sexes with a conical horn or with two small tubercles at middle with blunt or truncate (Fig. 17 a, b). (6) Protibial spur not angled or slightly angled near the apex (Fig. 17 d). (7) Pronotum either regularly convex (at most with two very weak and transversal concavities on the anterior side) or antero-medial region with a longitudinal depression and two distinct and obtuse humps on the superior side (Fig. 17 a, b). (8) Elytral striae bicarinate, shallow to distinctly impressed, with shallow to distinctly puntures in its extension. (9) Pygidium with complete or incomplete apical margin and evident punctures (Fig. 17 e). (10) Aedeagus with slender subgenital plate (Fig. 17 h). (11) Parameres subtriangular in lateral view (Fig. 17 f), without setae in the apical area (Fig. 17 f-h). (12) ME well sclerotized, large and asymmetrical (Fig. 17 l). Composition: Four valid species: Dichotomius gandinii Rossini and Vaz-de-Mello, 2020, D. mamillatus (Felsche, 1901), D. robustus (Luederwaldt, 1935) and D. worontzowi (Pereira, 1942 b). Geographic distribution: Pacific Dominion (Sabana and Trinida Provinces), Boreal Brazilian dominion (all provinces), South Brazilian dominion (all provinces), Chacoan subregion Southeastern Amazonian dominion (Xingu-Tapajós province), Chacoan dominion (Cerrado province), and South American transition zone (Páramo province) (Fig. 18 a).	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFE82333FCC0FD3FD6C8FA38.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: This species group was revised by Arias-Buriticá and Vaz-de-Mello (2024 b). The species of the D. mormon species group are recognized by the following combination of characters: (1) medium-sized to large-sized individuals (11.4 – 28.5 mm). (2) Head oval and twice as wide as it is long (Fig. 19 a, b). (3) Clypeus with two inconspicuous clypeal teeth, sometimes imperceptible (Fig. 19 b). (4) Ventral clypeal process with triangular appereance with acute or obtuse tip (Fig. 19 c). (5) Males with lamellar process in the anterior region of head (Fig. 19 a). (6) Females with conical process in the fronto-clypeal region (Fig. 19 b). (7) Protibial spur without angle near apex (Fig. 19 d). (8) Pronotum with strong excavation in the anterior area, pronotal disc with processes 2 - 6 pointed in males and 2 - 4 pointed in females (Fig. 19 a, b). (9) Anterior margin of pronotum behind head with a single lobe (Fig. 19 a). (10) Elytral striae bicarinate, shallow to distinctly impressed. (11) Pygidium with complete apical margin and evident punctures (Fig. 19 e). (12). Aedeagus with widened subgenital plate (Fig. 19 h). (13) Parameres subtriangular in lateral view (Fig. 19 f), without setae in the apical region (Fig. 19 f-h). (14) ME well sclerotized, large, and asymmetrical (Fig. 19 l). Composition: Five valid species: Dichotomius conicollis (Blanchard, 1846), D. larseni Arias-Buriticá and Vaz-de-Mello, 2024, D. mormon (Ljungh, 1799), D. ohausi (Luederwaldt, 1923), and D. talaus (Erichson, 1847). Geographic distribution: Boreal Brazilian dominion (Imerí and Napo provinces), South Brazilian dominion (all provinces), and Paraná dominion (Araucaria, Atlantic, Paraná Forest and Southern Espinhaço provinces) (Fig. 18 b).	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFE82330FCC0F982D720FC90.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: This species group was revised by Arias-Buriticá and Vaz-de-Mello (2023). The species of the D. reclinatus species group are recognized by the following combination of characters: (1) Medium to large-sized individuals (17 – 34.3 mm). (2) Head oval and twice wider than long (Fig. 20 a-d). (3) Clypeal margin complete with two smooth and blunt teeth (Fig. 20 a-d). (4) Clypeal surface with strong and well-defined transverse wrinkles. (5) Ventral clypeal process with invagination and then a conical process obtuse tip or with reduced conical process near to mouthparts (Fig. 20 e). (6) Males head with three horns the first one is central, directed backwards, subcylindrical and blunt-tipped. The others two horns in the clypeus or at the base of the first horn (Fig. 20 a, b) (In D. quadrinodosus where the first horn is dorsoventrally flattened or very short (Males 2 )). (7) Protibial spur without angle near apex (Fig. 19 f). (8) Males pronotum with antero-medial excavation that takes up two-thirds of its length (except in Males 2 of D. quadrinodosus) (Fig. 20 a, b). Female′ s pronotum with a central excavation similar or less to the males or with a central two-pointed process (Fig. 20 c-d). (9) Pygidium with complete apical margin (Fig. 20 f). (10) Male genital organ without subgenital plate (Fig. 20 i). (11) Widened parameres in lateral view (Fig. 20 g), without setae in the apical region (Fig. 20 g-i). (12) Parameres in ventral view with straight inner edge, basal region extended to the phallobase and with an excavation beside this projection (Fig. 20 i) (except in D. quadrinodosus). (13) ME well sclerotized, large, and asymmetrical (Fig. 20 m). Composition: Four valid species: Dichotomius horridus (Felsche, 1911), D. nimuendaju (Luederwaldt, 1925), D. quadrinodosus (Felsche, 1901) and D. reclinatus (Felsche, 1901). Geographic distribution: Pacific Dominion (Cauca, Chocó-Darién, Ecuadorian and Magdalena Provinces), Boreal Brazilian dominion (Guianan Lowlands and Roraima provinces), South Brazilian dominion (Madeira and Rondônia provinces), Chacoan subregion Southeastern Amazonian dominion (Xingu-Tapajós province), Chacoan dominion (Cerrado province), and Paraná dominion (Atlantic, Paraná Forest and Southern Espinhaço provinces) (Fig. 21 a).	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFEB2330FF90FCFAD418F85C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: The species of the D. satanas species group are recognized by the following combination of characters: (1) Medium-sized to large-sized individuals (15.1 – 24.6 mm). (2) Head oval and twice as wide as it is long (Fig. 22 a-c). (3) Clypeus with two inconspicuous clypeal teeth, sometimes imperceptible (Fig. 22 b, c). (4) Ventral clypeal process with triangular appearance with acute to obtuse tip (Fig. 22 d). (5) Males with lamellar process in clypeal region (Fig. 22 a). (6) Females with conical process in the fronto-clypeal region (Fig. 22 b, c). (7) Protibial spur without angle near apex (Fig. 22 e). (8) Anterior margin of pronotum just behind the head with two lobes (Fig. 22 a-c). (9) Pronotum with strong excavation in the anterior area, pronotal disc with processes of different numbers of tips and shapes (Fig. 22 a-c). (10) Elytral striae bicarinate, shallow to distinctly impressed, with shagreened surface and ocellate punctures in its extension. (11) Pygidium with complete apical margin and evident puncture (Fig. 22 f). (12) Aedeagus with slender subgenital plate (Fig. 22 i). (13) Parameres upward directed and subquadrangular in lateral view (Fig. 22 g), without setae in the apical area (Fig. 22 g-i). (14) ME well sclerotized and with “ U ” - shaped (Fig. 22 m). Composition: Ten valid species: Dichotomius adrastus (Harold 1875), D. alyattes (Harold, 1880), D. andresi Sarmiento and Amat, 2014, D. angustus (Luederwaldt, 1929), D. divergens (Luederwaldt, 1929), D. planicollis (Gillet, 1911), D. protectus (Harold, 1867), D. quinquedens (Felsche, 1910), D. quinquelobatus (Felsche, 1901), and D. satanas (Harold, 1867), and at least four or five undescribed species. Geographic distribution: Mexican transition zone (Chiapas Highlands, Sierra Madre Oriental, and TransmexicanVolcanic belt provinces), Brazilian subregion Mesoameric dominion (Mosquite, Pacific Lowlands, Veracruzan, and Yucatán Peninsule provinces), Pacific Dominion (Cauca, Chocó-Darién, Ecuadorian, Guajira, Guatuso Talamanca, Puntarenas-Chiriquí, Magdalena, Venezuelan, and Western Ecuador provinces), South Brazilian dominion (Rondônia and Yungas provinces), and South American transition zones (Páramo and Puna provinces) (Fig. 21 b).	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFEB2331FCDEFF46D13CFD28.taxon	description	(Figs. 23 a-m, 24 a)	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFEB2331FCDEFF46D13CFD28.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Holotype [♂]: Labels: 1: {handwritten text on white label} Brasilia St Paul / 2: {handwritten text on white label} agesilaus Reiche. Brazil. / 3: {printed text on white label} 6745 / 4: {handwritten text on ligth blue label} 38 / 5: {handwritten text on green label} r / 6: {printed text on rounded white label with red margins} Type / 7: {printed text on red label with black margins} HOLOTYPE [BMNH]. Additional specimens: BRAZIL: Paraná: Curitiba. 1 ♂ 2 unsexed. [UFPR]. Palmeiras Trav. & PEARSON COL. 19 - XII- 1952. 1 ♂. [CEMT]. C [ampina] Grande do Sul BR 116 km 68 I- 1990 Grossi EJ. 1 ♀. [CEMT]. Curitiba X- [1] 941 Hats. 1 ♀. [CEMT]. Curitiba 11 - V- 1938 Claret. 4 ♂, 1 ♀. [CEMT]. Ponta Grossa, Parque Estadual de Vila Velha, 27. i. 2011, voando ao amanhecer, P. C. Grossi & F. W. T. Leivas. 1 Unsexed. [CERPE]. Curitiba, Cidade Industrial, área de campo limpo, v. 2008, 1000 m, Grossi, Parizotto & Melo. 1 Unsexed. [CERPE]. Curitiba 5. [19] 39 Coleção F. Justus Jor. 1 ♂. [DZUP]. Curitiba 22 - 9 - [19] 67 O. C. Mangili. 1 ♂. [DZUP]. Jaguaraiva 30 - XII- [19] 71 F. Ciacomel. 1 ♂. [DZUP]. P [onta] Grossa 2. [19] 42 Coleção F. Justus Jor. 1 ♂. [DZUP]. Santa Catarina: Campos Novos 27 º 23 ′ S 51 ° 12 ′ W 8 - II- 2013 Lira D. 1 ♀. [CEMT]. Mafra 800 m 4. [19] 66. 2 ♀. [DZUP]. R [io] Vermelho 800 m 12. [19] 62. 1 ♂. [DZUP]. São Bento 800 m 2. [19] 59. 1 ♂. [DZUP]. São Paulo: Cruzália 11 - V- 2004 IGO. 1 ♀. [CEMT].	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFEB2331FCDEFF46D13CFD28.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: (1) Hypomeron with anterior excavation (Fig. 23 c). (2) Male clypeus with lamellar process directed upward, female with two-pointed process in frons. (Fig. 23 a, b). (3) Ventral clypeal process with bicuspid tip (Fig. 23 d). (4) Border of gena acute (Fig. 23 a, b). (5) Anterior-medial region of pronotum with a longitudinal depression and 4 lobes on the upper side (Fig. 23 a, b). (6) Lateral fovea of pronotum larger and deeper with carina on outer margin. (7) Males with spine-shaped process over the lateral foveae of pronotum and two descending carina from lateral lobes of pronotal process. (8) Elytral striae bicarinate with shagreened surface. (9) Pygidium with incomplete apical margin and evident punctures (Fig. 23 f). (10) Male genital organ in lateral view with subtriangular and widened parameres and acute apex (Fig. 23 g). (11) Subgenital plate present with widened sclerites protruding above parameres (Fig. 23 h). (12) ME is large, and subquadrangular with two well sclerotized processes on the right lateral side, the surface covered with bristles along its entire length, and on the left side it presents membranous process with long bristles (Fig. 23 m).	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFEB2331FCDEFF46D13CFD28.taxon	description	Redescription: Males: Length 28.4 ‒ 30.1 mm; width 15.9 ‒ 17.6 mm. Black and shiny color. Head: Wider than long with s ubtriangular shape. Clypeal margin without teeth. Ventral clypeal process with bicuspid tip. Dorsal surface with well-defined margin leading to the genae (Fig. 23 a). Clypeal surface strongly wrinkled and with lamellar process directed upward with bicuspid blunt tip (Fig. 23 a). Clypeo-genal suture evident in the base with small process. Genae margin acute with surface with wrinkled surface. Frons and posterior area of head with strong wrinkles. Thorax: Pronotum wider than long. Anterior angles short and curved, surface with wrinkles giving corrugated appearance. Anteriormedial region with a longitudinal depression with surface, covered with strong wrinkles giving small spines appearance, upper side with pronotal process with 4 lobes (Fig. 23 a). Lateral fovea of pronotum larger and deeper with carina on outer margin and over with spine-shaped process. Superio-posterior area of pronotum with large and shallow punctures separated by three to four times their diameter. Posterior margin of pronotum with shagreneed surface and small wrinkles. Hypomeron with anterior excavation glabrous, rest of hypomeron surface shagreened, with dense setigerous punctures (Fig. 23 c). Prosternum with denser setigerous punctures, setae long. Elytral striae bicarinate with ondulate margin and shagreened surface. Elytral interstriae with shiny surface, with shallow and larger punctures separated by three to four times their diameter. Mesoventrite shagreened, with short setae. Central area with smooth surface. Meso-metaesternal suture evident. Mesanepisternum shagreened with large setigerous punctures separated by less than once their diameter. Metaventrite anterior lobe with glabrous, shiny surface. Anterior area with a concavity. Central area with longitudinal fovea that goes to the posterior margin, bearing wrinkles in lateral margins near to the insertion of coxa. Metaventrite lateral sides with shagreened surface and denser setigerous punctures. Metanepisternum with similar surface to mesanepisternum. Abdomen: Shiny ventrites with microsculpture and ocellate punctures with scarce setae in the lateral sides. Sixth ventrite strongly narrowed medially. Pygidium shiny with microsculpture; with small and shallow punctures spaced by more than three times their diameter (Fig. 23 f). Pygidium with incomplete apical margin (Fig. 23 f). Legs: Protibia with four lateral teeth. Protibial spur not angled or slightly angled near the apex, going to the middle of the fifth tarsomere (Fig. 23 e). Meso- and metatibia gradually widened towards apex, outer margin with eight to ten lateral spines, each with long erect setae; dorsal surface with two longitudinal rows of setae, apical side with setae throughout. Mesotibia with two spurs, unequal in length and acute apically. Metatibial spur apically truncate going to the base of the third tarsomere. Meso and metatibia with five tarsomeres, from first to fourth sub-triangular flattened dorsoventrally, inner edge with long continuous erect setae, outer edge with three to four setae, and the apices with tufts of setae. Basitarsomere of meso and metalegs as long as the 2 nd and 3 rd joined. Male genital organ: Lateral view of aedeagus with subquadrangular phallobase, basal area with a medium bulge on both sides, apex with a constriction of approximately 115 ° and a notch on the lower edge. Male genital organ in lateral view with subtriangular and widened parameres, with acute apex (Fig. 23 g). Dorsal view with symmetrical, subtriangular parameres. Central area constricted, and widening apically. Apex of parameres curved (Fig. 23 h). Ventral view with symmetrical parameres. Subgenital plate present with widened sclerites protruding between parameres (Fig. 23 i). Endophallites: ME is large, and subquadrangular with two well sclerotized processes on the right lateral side, the surface covered with bristles along its entire length, and on the left side it presents a membranous process with long bristles (Fig. 23 m). A + SA complex with undefined shape, more sclerotized in the central area surrounded by a semi-sclerotized membrane (Fig. 23 k). SRP C-shaped, widened and with undefined edges (Fig. 23 j). FLP N-shaped very membranous and only a small area on the right margin (Fig. 23 l). Female: Length 28 ‒ 32.1 mm; width 15.4 ‒ 18.6 mm. Differs from male by presenting a cephalic bicuspid process on fronto-clypeal area (Fig. 23 b). Pronotal process located in the first third region similar in shape to males, without spine process over the lateral fovea, with curved process in internal margin of fovea instead (Fig. 23 b). Pronotal punctures more evident than in males. Sixth abdominal ventrite not shortened medially.	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFEB2331FCDEFF46D13CFD28.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: Parana dominion (Araucaria forest and Paraná provinces). Known only from southern Brazil (São Paulo, Paraná, and Santa Catarina states) (Fig. 24 a). It is an uncommon species in entomological collections. Most specimens are old (1990 s or earlier), the most recent was collected in 2013. This species is under evaluation for its conservation status by the IUCN Scarabaeinae group (Maldaner et al., in prep). Taxonomic comments: Based on the external morphology, the shape of the ventral clypeal process and the endophallites, this species is included in Dichotomius (Dichotomius). The structure of the male genitalia and the excavation in anterior area of hypomeron are similar to that of the D. cotopaxi species group, but the external morphology (head, pronotum and elytra lacking calluses) does not allow it to be included in this group. Furthermore, the Medial endophallite found in this species has a unique structure in the subgenus, and does not allow it to be assigned to any Dichotomius (Dichotomius) species group. It is, therefore, considered an incertae sedis species. It may be later be elevated to a monospecific subgenus withinDichotomius, or described as an independent genus.	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFEA2336FCC0FCB3D1BBF851.taxon	description	(Figs. 25 a, b, 26 a-m, 24 b)	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFEA2336FCC0FCB3D1BBF851.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Lectotype [♂, here designated]: Labels: 1: {printed text on white label} Columbien / 2: {handwritten text on white label} Staudinger 1927 / 3: {printed text on red label with black margins} COTIPO / 4: {handwritten text on white label with black margins} Pinotus compressicollis gree. / 5: {printed text on white label} 17041 / 6: {printed text on white label} 800 [MZSP] (Fig. 25 a, b). Paralectotype [♀, here designated]: Labels: 1: {printed text on white label} Columbien / 2: {handwritten text on white label} Staudinger 1927 / 3: {printed text on red label with black margins} COTIPO / 4: {handwritten text on white label with black margins} Pinotus compressicollis gree. / 5: {printed text on white label} 17040 / 6: {printed text on white label} 800 [MZSP]. Additional specimens: COLOMBIA: Boyacá: Santa Maria 4 ° 51 ′ N 73 ° 16 ′ W 850 m. Trampa de excremento de cerdo 21. x. 2006 Arias, J. Delgado, P. & F. Molano. 1 ♀. [UPTC]. Caquetá: Florencia Corpoicamacagual 1 ° 37 ′ N 75 ° 36 ′ W 275 m Trampa Pitfall iii-iv. 2004 Loaiza, Y. 1 ♀. [UPTC]. Cundinamarca: Medina Miralindo 4 ° 35 ′ 33 ″ N 73 ° 23 ′ 17 ″ W 550 m II-II- 1997 Ex. Hum Escobar F. 2 ♂ 1 ♀. [1 ♂ CEMT, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ IAvH-E]. Medina Alto del río Gazaunta Vereda Miralindo Q [ebra] da La Ardita. 550 m. 4 ° 35 ′ N 73 ° 23 ′ W T 1 t 3 iii. 1997 Escobar F. 1 ♂. [UPTC]. Meta: Cumaral Finca Pavito 510 m XI- 2001 colecta nocturna Noriega J. 3 ♀. [CEMT]. Villavicencio Bosque de Bavaria 4 ° 9 ′ N 73 ° 38 ′ W 550 m Pitfall ex. Hum. Noriega J. 1 ♂ 1 ♀. [CEMT]. Puerto López El Naranjal 4 ° 5 ′ 14 ″ N 72 ° 57 ′ 30 ″ W 220 m II- 97 Escobar F. 1 ♀. [IAvH-E]. El Dorado El Porvenir Bosque 3 ° 42 ′ 20.64 ″ N 73 ° 32 ′ 36.42 ″ W WGS 84 336 m T ExH 21. VIII. 2013 Isaza L. 2 ♂ 5 ♀. [IAvH-E]. Rio Duda PNN Tinigua CIEM 2 ° 40 ′ N 74 ° 10 ′ W 350 m TEH I. 1996 Jiménez I. 1 ♂. [IAvH-E]. Villavicencio Agrícola El Naranjal carreera a Puerto Colombia 200 m 4 ° 2 ′ N 73 ° 15 ′ W Bosque de Vega Trampa de excrement humano 19. x. 2009 López D. 1 ♀. [UPTC]. Putumayo: Puerto Leguizamo Núcleo Santander - 0.127852 - 74.616468 Forest 190 m 01 - IX- 2019 Martínez, D. E. & Garcia, D. 1 unsexed individual. [IAvH-E], - 0,13521 - 74,597957 06 - IX- 2019. 1 unsexed individual. [IAvH-E]. [Valle del Cauca]: S. A. Felipe Ovalle, Q. Ac. 33501. 1 ♂ 1 ♀. [CEMT]. ECUADOR: Orellana: Dayuma Plataforma Primavera 300 m 21 - XI- 2011 Pitfall excremento Hernández C. 1 ♀. [CEMT]. Francisco de Orellana Rodrigo Borja IAMOE 04 - VI- 2000 Pitfall heces humanas Dávalos A. 1 ♀. [CEMT]. Pastaza: Vía Triunfo-Arajuno 13 - VI- 1998 Barragán A. 1 ♂. [CEMT]. Sucumbios: Pacayacu Campo Libertador XII- 2010 Pitfall excremento Colecta manual Gallo F. 1 ♂. [CEMT]. PERÚ: Loreto: Río Pucacuro 9779176 N 04322797 W 203 msnm Bosque primario de terraza (tierra firme) 21 - XI- 2007 Pitfall carroña Moreno C. 1 ♂. [CEMT], Pitfall heces. 1 ♂ 1 ♀. [CEMT].	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFEA2336FCC0FCB3D1BBF851.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: (1) Males with clypeus projected giving the appearance of a triangular head, females without projection and oval head. (Figs. 25, 26 a). (2) Both sexes with transverse carina in the frons (Figs. 25, 26 a, b). (3) Both sexes with anterior angles of pronotum curved. (4) Protibial spur without angle near apex (Fig. 26 e). (5) Males pronotum with process giving triangular appearance, but anterior area straight and with two projections in posterior area (Figs. 25, 26 a), females with simple pronotum (Fig. 26 b). (6) Lateral foveae of pronotum shallow in both sexes. (7) Meso-metaesternal suture not evident (Fig. 26 c). (8) Elytral striae bicarinate, not deep and with punctures separated by twice their diameter, sometimes inconspicuous in lateral striae. (9) Pygidium with complete apical margin and evident punctures (Fig. 26 f). (10) Male genital organ in lateral view with subquadrangular parameres and straight apex (Fig. 26 g). (11) Subgenital plate present (Fig. 26 I). (12) Shapes of endophallites (Fig. 26 j-m).	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFEA2336FCC0FCB3D1BBF851.taxon	description	Redescription: Males: Length 12.4 ‒ 14.5 mm; width 7.7 ‒ 8.5 mm. Black and shiny color. Head: Wider than long with subtriangular shape. Anterior margin is projected, clypeal teeth not evident (Figs. 25 a, 26 a). Clypeal surface strongly wrinkled. Clypeo-genal suture inconspicuous. Genae surface with wrinkles. Frons with transverse carina from 0.2 - 1 mm long, with two lateral tips and curved central area (some specimens straight), surface around the carina without wrinkles but with ellyptic and weak punctures. Thorax: Pronotum long than wider, with smooth and shiny appearance. Anterior angles long and curved, surface with scarce, shallow punctures (Figs. 25 a, 26 a). Disc of pronotum with process giving triangular appearance, with anterior area straight and with two projections in posterior area backwards directed (Figs. 25 a, 26 a). Lateral foveae inconspicuous. Hypomeron with shagreened surface, with ocellate and setigerous punctures separated by less than once their diameter in the anterior and lateral areas, central area is only shagreened and posterior area with ocellate punctures. Prosternum shagreened with setigerous punctures. Elytral striae bicarinate with shallow and ocellate punctures spaced by about twice times their diameter, sometimes inconspicuous in lateral striae. Elytral interstriae with shallow microsculpture giving shiny appearance and without punctures. Mesoventrite shagreened, with short setae. Central area with a smooth surface. Meso-metaesternal suture not evident (Fig. 26 c). Mesanepisternum shagreened with large setigerous punctures separated by less than once their diameter. Metaventrite with anterior lobe with microsculpture, shiny and with setae in lateral margins near to the insertion of coxa. Metaventrite sides with shagreened surface and denser setigerous punctures. Metanepisternum with similar surface to Mesanepisternum. Abdomen: Shiny ventrites with microsculpture and one rows of ocellate punctures in the anterior area becoming two towards the side. Sixth ventrite strongly narrow medially. Pygidium shiny with microsculpture; with small and shallow punctures spaced by more than three times their diameter (Fig. 26 f). Pygidium with complete apical margin (Fig. 26 f). Legs: Protibia with four lateral teeth. Protibial spur simple, without angle near apex going to the base of the fourth tarsomere (Fig. 26 e). Meso- and metatibia widened gradually towards apex; outer margin with eight to ten lateral spines, each with long erect setae; dorsal surface with two longitudinal rows of setae, apical side with setae throughout. Mesotibia with two spurs, unequal in length and acute apically. Metatibial spur apically truncate going to the base of the third tarsomere. Meso and metatibia with five tarsomeres, the first four sub-triangular, flattened dorsoventrally, inner edge with long continuous erect setae, outer edge with three to four setae, and the apices with tufts of setae. Male genitalia: Lateral view of aedeagus with subquadrangular phallobase, basal area with a medium bulge on both sides, apex with a constriction of approximately 115 ° and a notch on the lower edge. Subquadrangular parameres and straight apex (Fig. 26 g). Dorsal view with symmetrical parameres with widened basis (Fig. 26 h). Central area with a constriction, widening apically. Apex of parameres curved. Ventral view with symmetrical parameres. Subgenital plate presente with small sclerites (Fig. 26 i). Endophallites: ME is large, asymmetrical and sclerotized (Fig. 26 m). A + SA complex with undefined form, more sclerotized in the central area surrounded by a semi-sclerotized membrane (Fig. 26 k). SRP has “ C ” form, slender and with defined edges (Fig. 26 j). FLP has “ n ” shape with right lateral area sclerotized and left with semi-sclerotized membrane (Fig. 26 l). Female: Length 11.5 ‒ 15.3 mm; width 6.7 ‒ 8.9 mm. Differs from male by presenting oval head, with clypeus without central projection (Fig. 26 b). Head carina is less pronounced (Fig. 26 b). Pronotum is simple, convex and without process (Fig 26 b). Sixth abdominal ventrite not shortened medially.	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
039287C4FFEA2336FCC0FCB3D1BBF851.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: Pacific dominion (Sabana province), Boreal Brazilian dominion (Imerí and Napo provinces) and South American transition zone (Páramo province). Known from Amazon and Andean- Amazon piedemont of Colombia (Boyacá, Caquetá, Cundinamarca, Meta, Putumayo and Valle del Cauca departments), Ecuador (Orellana, Pastaza and Sucumbios provinces), and Peru (Loreto department) (Fig. 24 b). It is a rare species in entomological collections. Collected from 200 to 1,200 m of altitude. with pitfall traps baited with carrion and human and pig feces. Taxonomic comments: Based on the external morphology, the shape of the ventral clypeal process and the endophallites, this species is included as Dichotomius (Dichotomius). However, the inconspicuous meso-metaventral suture, exclusive to this species in Dichotomius (also seen in Canthidium), and the subquadrangular, apically truncate parameresdo not allow D. compressicollis to be assigned to any species group and is, therefore, considered an incertae sedis species. It may later be elevated to a monospecific subgenus within Dichotomius, or described as an independent genus.	en	Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury (2025): Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) 69 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0023
