taxonID	type	description	language	source
03904A77731D8A33FC58262B3D4EFE6A.taxon	description	(FIGS 2 A – O, 3 A – E) Diagnosis: Shell internal, translucent, elongate-oval in shape, with chain-like sculpture in transverse lines. Body white. Rachidian tooth absent, one curved inner lateral tooth with sharp, developed denticulation along inner edge, one outer lateral tooth. Gizzard surrounded by muscle fibres, contains three equal chitinous spindle-like gizzard plates. Prostate highly lobate, emerging from tubular penial sheath. ZooBank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: D 3 FC 6 EEC- 729 D- 477 D-AEAE-D 3022 BC 6 C 154 Etymology: The name of this species stems from the shape of the prostate, which is highly lobate, resembling a vertebrate brain. Type locality: Off Nikine, Senegal, 12 ° 33 0 53.28 ″ N, 017 ° 21 0 18.36 ″ E. Material examined: Off Nikine, Senegal, 12 ° 33 0 53.28 ″ N, 017 ° 21 0 18.36 ″ E, 1 spec. (holotype), dissected, ZMBN 105812, H = 3.6 mm. Shell (Fig. 2 D – G): Maximum H = 3.6 mm. Internal, thin; translucent; elongated-oval cylindrical in shape, aperture wide with thin whitish parietal callus, outer lip scalloped, apex obtuse, not umbilicated; sculpture visible through mantle, consisting of transverse lines of pits connected to form chains. Animal (Fig. 2 A – C): Body white in preserved specimen, mantle thin. Cephalic shield indented, median groove present. Larval kidney not visible through shell. Radula (Fig. 3 A – D): Radular formula 17 9 1.1.0.1.1. Rachidian tooth absent. Inner lateral teeth with broad base, curved; inner edge with sharp and developed denticulation. Outer lateral teeth straight, with broad base. Gizzard (Fig. 2 H – O): Gizzard elongate cylindrical, surrounded by muscle fibres, contains three equal chitinous spindle-like plates with two longitudinal depressions on ventral surface. Dorsal surface inside the gizzard of amber colour, ventral surface more whitish, surrounded by translucent margin. Microsculpture on ventral surface, dorsal surface with crystalline needles. Male reproductive system (Fig. 3 E): Obvious separation between long, thin, lobate brain likeshaped prostate and elongate tubular penial sheath.	en	Malaquias, Manuel António E., Ohnheiser, Lena T., Oskars, Trond R., Willassen, Endre (2017): Diversity and systematics of philinid snails (Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea) in West Africa with remarks on the biogeography of the region. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (1): 1-35, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12478, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12478
03904A7773198A33FF2127EE3DA4FD76.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell oval, aperture wide, smooth, whitish translucent, internal. Body whitish translucent. Rachidian tooth absent, one rounded inner lateral tooth with developed, sharp denticulation along inner edge. Gizzard not surrounded by muscle fibres; plates calcareous; paired plates rounded with wide central region; unpaired plate smaller spindle shape; all with deep narrow holes. Long, thin, convoluted, prostate emerging from sack-like penial sheath tapering towards genital aperture; blind caecum present, separate ejaculatory duct, hammer shaped penial papilla with pointed subequal lobes; one about twice the length of the other. Type locality: Off Atijere, Nigeria, 06 ° 10 0 02.28 ″ N, 04 ° 17 0 19.32 ″ W.	en	Malaquias, Manuel António E., Ohnheiser, Lena T., Oskars, Trond R., Willassen, Endre (2017): Diversity and systematics of philinid snails (Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea) in West Africa with remarks on the biogeography of the region. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (1): 1-35, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12478, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12478
03904A7773048A2EFF3627643FAFF969.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell internal, translucent, elongate-oval, cylindrical, with sculpture of fused pits arranged in transverse lines, forming a fan in the apical part. Body white with brown dots. Larval kidney visible. Radula with three outer lateral teeth and one inner lateral tooth, rachidian tooth absent. Gizzard plates absent. Thick globose bilobed prostate clearly separated from penial sheath.	en	Malaquias, Manuel António E., Ohnheiser, Lena T., Oskars, Trond R., Willassen, Endre (2017): Diversity and systematics of philinid snails (Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea) in West Africa with remarks on the biogeography of the region. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (1): 1-35, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12478, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12478
03904A7773048A2FFCC421863C6AF9A4.taxon	description	Male reproductive system (Fig. 7 I): Prostate thick, globose and bilobed, clearly separated from penial sheath. Ecology: The species occurs between 85 and 620 m depth (van der Linden, 1994; present study). Distribution: From Brittany southwards to Cape Verde, Morocco including the archipelagos of the Azores and Canaries; western Mediterranean Sea (France, Italy) (van der Linden, 1994, 1995; present study). Remarks: This is a difficult species because of the poor original description and of several later odd definitions and personal interpretations (see for reviews van der Linden, 1994; Oliverio & Tringali, 2001). van der Linden (1994) has redescribed P. intricata and referred that the shell has a similar chain-like sculpture to that of P. catena and a similar narrow and elongated spire to that of P. angulata; however, exhibits consistent differences in many other features of the shell (see van der Linden, 1994 for a thorough description). We tentatively here ascribe our specimen to P. intricata because of the presence of a folded (umbilicated) columella and we provide the first anatomical data on this species. Oliverio & Tringali (2001) have suggested that the description and illustrations by Vayssiere (1885: 35 – 38, figs 25 – 34) of Philine catena could refer to P. intricata because of the apparent folded columella. Yet, based on the evidence available this remains speculative and our observations depart substantially from the description by Vayssiere (1885) where a single outer-marginal tooth is referred to be present as well as three calcified gizzard plates. Regrettably, we did not succeed in preparing the radula of the only specimen available for SEM and ultrastructural details cannot be provided at this time.	en	Malaquias, Manuel António E., Ohnheiser, Lena T., Oskars, Trond R., Willassen, Endre (2017): Diversity and systematics of philinid snails (Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea) in West Africa with remarks on the biogeography of the region. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (1): 1-35, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12478, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12478
03904A7773058A28FF4C25B83A4BFEC6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell external, elongate, square – oval, with sculpture of raised longitudinal and transverse lines forming a white reticulate pattern on dark background. Body pale yellow. Type locality: Serifos, Greece, Aegean Sea. Material examined: Off Conakry, Guinea, 09 ° 15 0 36.36 ″ N, 014 ° 19 0 19.56 ″ W, 1 shell, ZMBN 105811, H = 2.3 mm. Funchal Bay, Madeira I., 2 shells, NMW. 1955.158.02421 (lectotype) and NMW. 1955.158.02467, H = 1.77, 3.0 mm (paralectotype). Shell (Fig. 8 A – D): Maximum H = 3.0 mm. External; elongate, squared – oval in shape, aperture wide with 0.013 0.002 0.003 0.033 c / n n / c 0.005 0.022 0.003 c n / 0.007 c n / 0.000 c / n c / n groups Within. P aperta L confusa. finmarchica P. P. guineensis indistincta. P P. intricata L. nanseni. P quadripartita scabra. P sp. Philine sp. 2 Laona. schrammi P ventricosa. L Scaphander Spiniphiline) computed 14 0.301 not 13 0.249 0.271 = c / (n. l. 12 0.290 0.289 0.298 s Philinidae 11 0.291 0.206 0.262 0.308 of 10 0.288 0.151 0.294 0.272 0.298 species 9 0.280 0.220 0.248 0.231 0.249 0.233 putative 8 0.250 0.238 0.261 0.251 0.260 0.268 0.267 for groups 7 0.259 0.176 0.296 0.225 0.294 0.202 0.237 0.274 within 6 0.193 0.258 0.152 0.284 0.220 0.280 0.250 0.268 0.261 and 5 0.167 0.173 0.241 0.082 0.281 0.233 0.255 0.246 0.250 0.218 between) 4 0.257 0.265 0.276 0.227 0.257 0.251 0.275 0.207 0.280 0.284 0.273 P 2 K (3 0.259 0.196 0.195 0.232 0.240 0.183 0.271 0.258 0.268 0.235 0.273 0.274 distances 2 0.250 0.308 0.229 0.202 0.186 0.266 0.207 0.308 0.203 0.318 0.194 0.265 0.272 two-parameter 1 0.255 0.247 0.211 0.262 0.268 0.298 0.214 0.227 0.295 0.261 0.266 0.248 0.317 0.265 3 Kimura. groups Between P aperta. confusa L. finmarchica. P guineensis P. P indistincta. intricata P. L nanseni. quadripartita P. P scabra. Philine. sp 2 Laona sp.. P schrammi ventricosa L. Scaphander Spiniphiline	en	Malaquias, Manuel António E., Ohnheiser, Lena T., Oskars, Trond R., Willassen, Endre (2017): Diversity and systematics of philinid snails (Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea) in West Africa with remarks on the biogeography of the region. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (1): 1-35, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12478, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12478
03904A7773058A28FF4C25B83A4BFEC6.taxon	description	Table 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 parietal callus, apex obtuse, slightly sunken, umbilicated; white sculpture consisting of raised longitudinal and transverse lines forming a reticulate pattern.	en	Malaquias, Manuel António E., Ohnheiser, Lena T., Oskars, Trond R., Willassen, Endre (2017): Diversity and systematics of philinid snails (Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea) in West Africa with remarks on the biogeography of the region. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (1): 1-35, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12478, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12478
03904A7773028A28FC50278F3B6DF92A.taxon	description	(FIGS 9 A – L, 10 A – E) Diagnosis: Shell internal, smooth, whitish translucid, oval; aperture wide. Body whitish. Rachidian tooth absent, one rounded inner lateral tooth with developed, sharp denticulation along inner edge. Gizzard not surrounded by muscle fibre; with two paired and one smaller unpaired spindle-shaped plates; all with wide deep holes. Long, thin, convoluted, prostate emerging from sack-like penial sheath which is tapering towards genital aperture, with blind caecum, separate ejaculatory duct, thin hammer shaped penial papilla with two long, slim pointed lobes, of similar length. ZooBank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: EE 4 EA 80 B- 842 B- 40 CE-AF 98 - 1 E 253 EDD 16 D 5	en	Malaquias, Manuel António E., Ohnheiser, Lena T., Oskars, Trond R., Willassen, Endre (2017): Diversity and systematics of philinid snails (Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea) in West Africa with remarks on the biogeography of the region. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (1): 1-35, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12478, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12478
03904A7773088A23FF5225C03B40FE4C.taxon	description	In the present monograph, we refer to an additional putative five new species, four of which are here formally described (P. cerebralis sp. nov., L. nanseni sp. nov., P. schrammi sp. nov., Philine sp., Spiniphiline caboverdensis sp. nov.) and we provide the first data on the occurrence of the genus Spiniphiline in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. This raises the number of known and named species of Philinidae s. l. in West Africa to 19. Price et al. (2011) have reinstated the name P. quadripartita for the white and large Atlantic philinid form, broadly named by authors as P. aperta (e. g. Thompson, 1988; Poppe & Goto, 1991; Cervera et al., 2004). Similarly, in this work we also provide evidence for the existence of a complex of at least four species that have been reported under the name P. quadripartita in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Beside the latter species, our results confirmed the taxonomic validity of P. guineensis (originally described as P. aperta guineensis) and have unravelled the existence of two additional lineages; one of them is formally described here as P. schrammi sp. nov. All these species are indistinguishable by their external morphology, but show subtle differences in their anatomy, mostly in the shape of the gizzard plates and in male reproductive system (see Remarks sections of these species). BIOGEOGRAPHY OF WEST AFRICAN PHILINIDS A striking biogeographical break was observed around Cape Verde and the Sahelian upwelling system between Mauritania and Guinea Bissau. This coincides with a classical transition zone between the northern cold-temperate fauna of the Lusitanian (including the Canaries, Azores and Madeira archipelagos) and northern European seas provinces and a more southern fauna inhabiting the Tropical Eastern Atlantic / Gulf of Guinea Provinces (the WAT sensu Spalding et al., 2007; Briggs & Bowen, 2012). Of the 19 named species of Philinidae in West Africa, eight have their northern geographical range in this area or are geographically restricted to the WAT Province, and ten species have their southern limit here or just further north (Fig. 15; see Table 1 for detailed distributions of species). Only P. scabra seems to span across this biogeographical break point (Fig. 15). Nevertheless, as pointed out in the Remarks section for P. cerebralis sp. nov. (Taxonomic Results), the previous use of the name P. scabra for West African specimens might result from a misidentification as the shells of the latter two species are nearly indistinguishable. Likewise, the citations of P. quadripartita south of Morocco are doubtful, as they probably refer to one of its southern cryptic species described in this work. Garc � ıa & Bertsch (2009) have suggested a similar discontinuity for the ‘ opisthobranch’ gastropods in general (sensu Burn & Thompson, 1998). The authors have found a break roughly in this same area separating a predominantly Atlanto-Mediterranean fauna confined southwards by the cold-temperate Canary current (Artic and Temperate Northern Atlantic realms; sensu Spalding et al., 2007) with an apparent limited capacity to extend into warm waters, and a southern fauna restricted in the north by the warm Senegalese waters and in the south by the cold waters of the Benguela current.	en	Malaquias, Manuel António E., Ohnheiser, Lena T., Oskars, Trond R., Willassen, Endre (2017): Diversity and systematics of philinid snails (Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea) in West Africa with remarks on the biogeography of the region. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 180 (1): 1-35, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12478, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12478
