identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039FC944FFAEFFA3FC91E049FEB8D9C6.text	039FC944FFAEFFA3FC91E049FEB8D9C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scolopodontidae Bergstrom 1981	<div><p>Family Scolopodontidae Bergström, 1981 Genus Scolopodus Pander, 1856</p> <p>Type species: Scolopodus sublaevis Pander, 1856.</p> <p>Diagnosis.—Hyaline and partly albid, finely costate coniform conodonts with rounded cross−section and not greatly expanded base. Apparatuses consist of 3–6 morphotypes of symmetrical as well as asymmetrical elements.</p> <p>Remarks.—The genus Scolopodus was originally used by Pander (1856) to include simple cones with lateral and posterior grooves or costae. He defined Scolopodus as “Slender, differently shaped teeth with the front and hind margins rounded off and the convex surfaces more or less ribbed. They are distinguished at first sight from the genera described above by their harder substance, white colour and lack of keels” (Pander 1856: 25, original translation of Lindström 1955: 594). Lindström (1955) emended the definition of Scolopodus to include “hyaline, drepanodiform elements with rounded cross−section and symmetrical as well as asymmetrical elements. The sides of the elements may be finely costate. The base is not greatly expanded” (Lindström 1971). Van Wamel (1974) expanded the definition of Scolopodus to include both hyaline and partly albid conodonts, based on the assumption of general similarity with North American Scolopodus −like species. Almost all available Scolopodus elements from the green sands of the Popowka River locality are hyaline. Nevertheless, the finds of partly albid elements in the clays of the Hunneberg Stage underlying the green sands permit the sensu lato generic definition of Scolopodus emended by van Wamel (1974).</p> <p>The current generic concept of Scolopodus is based on S. sublaevis Pander, 1856 s.f. until it invalidity will be proved by future studies.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039FC944FFAEFFA3FC91E049FEB8D9C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tolmacheva, Tatiana Yu.	Tolmacheva, Tatiana Yu. (2006): Apparatus of the conodont Scolopodus striatus Pander, 1856 and a re-evaluation of Pander’s species of Scolopodus. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51 (2): 247-260, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13643863
039FC944FFA1FFA7FC91E3F3FD1CDA62.text	039FC944FFA1FFA7FC91E3F3FD1CDA62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scolopodus striatus Pander 1856	<div><p>Scolopodus striatus Pander, 1856</p> <p>Figs. 5A, B, D,?E, F, 6, 7, 8.</p> <p>1856 Scolopodus striatus sp. nov.; Pander 1856: 26, pl. 2: 8a–d, pl. A: 5f.</p> <p>1856? Scolopodus costatus sp. nov.; Pander 1856: 26, pl. 2: 7a–d, pl. A: 5e.</p> <p>1856 Scolopodus semicostatus sp. nov.; Pander 1856: 26, pl. 2: 4a–b, pl. A: 5e.</p> <p>1856 Scolopodus aequilateralis sp. nov.; Pander 1856: 26, pl. 2: 5a–c, pl. A: 5e.</p> <p>1856 Scolopodus quadratus sp. nov.; Pander 1856: 26, pl. 2: 6 a–d, pl. A: 5d.</p> <p>1955 Scolopodus rex sp. nov.; Lindström 1955: 595, 596, pl. 3: 32.</p> <p>1955 Scolopodus rex sp. nov. var. paltodiformis nov.; Lindström 1955: 596, pl. 3: 33, 34.</p> <p>1964 Scolopodus rex Lindström; Lindström 1964: 37, figs. 10H, 47h.</p> <p>1972 non Scolopodus rex Lindström; Bergström et al. 1972: pl. 1: b.</p> <p>1974 Scolopodus rex Lindström; Viira 1974: pl. 3: 22, 23.</p> <p>1974 Paltodus scolopodiformis sp. nov.; Sergeeva 1974: pl. 1: 10, 11.</p> <p>1974 Scolopodus rex Lindström; van Wamel 1974: 94, pl. 5: 18.</p> <p>1974 non “ Scolopodus rex ” Lindström; Serpagli 1974: 86–87, pl. 17: 1a–3b, pl. 28: 10.</p> <p>1976 Scolopodus rex Lindström; Dzik 1976: fig. 17h,?k,n, l,?m, non i.</p> <p>1976 non Scolopodus rex Lindström; Landing 1976: 640, pl. 4: 14.</p> <p>1978 Scolopodus rex Lindström; Löfgren 1978: 109, 110, pl. 1: 38, 39.</p> <p>1982 Scolopodus quadratus Pander; Fåhraeus 1982: 21, pl. 2: 1–14, pl. 3: 1–8, 15.</p> <p>1981 non aff. Scolopodus rex Lindström; Ethington and Clark 1981: 104, 105, pl. 12: 1, 2.</p> <p>1982 Scolopodus sublaevis Pander; Fåhraeus 1982: 21, pl. 1: 1–17, pl. 3: 9–14.</p> <p>1988 Scolopodus spp.; Bergström 1988: pl. 3: 43–45. 1990 Scolopodus rex Lindström; Stouge and Bagnoli 1990: 25, pl. 9: 1–6.</p> <p>1993 non Scolopodus rex Lindström; Lehnert 1993: pl. 4: 4. 1994 non Scolopodus rex Lindström; Seo et al. 1994: pl. 10: 10–12. 1995 Scolopodus? rex Lindström; Löfgren 1995: fig. 9as–at. 1998 non Scolopodus rex Lindström; Zhang 1998: pl. 17: 5–8. 2000 non Scolopodus rex Lindström; Dubinina 2000: pl. 11: 20, 23. 2001 Scolopodus quadratus Pander; Rasmussen 2001: pl. 17: 12. 2001 Scolopodus sp.; Tolmacheva et al. 2001: fig. 5: 28.</p> <p>Topotype: Specimen PMU In 1028 (Fig. 6A).</p> <p>Topotype horizon: The Billingen Regional Stage, Prioniodus elegans Zone.</p> <p>Topotype locality: The Popowka River section, the East Baltic.</p> <p>Material.—190 acontiodiform elements, 123 scandodiform elements, 44 subrounded elements, 95 paltodiform, and 253 compressed paltodiform elements.</p> <p>Emended diagnosis.—A species of Scolopodus consisting of five element morphotypes: acontiodiform, subrounded, compressed paltodiform, paltodiform and scandodiform. All elements are nongeniculate, finely costate and dominantly hyaline. Acontiodiform elements are symmetrical and nearly symmetrical elements with a low, slightly bloated base; symmetrical subrounded elements are characterised by high base with round to triangular cross−section and almost straight reclined cusp. Compressed paltodiform elements are asymmetrical with variable height of the base. Asymmetrical paltodiform and scandodiform elements have smooth outer sides, costate inner sides and twisted cusps.</p> <p>Description.—Acontiodiform elements (Figs. 6H, B, 8A–C) are symmetrical and nearly symmetrical with low base and reclined cusp. The base is bloated and slightly expanded posteriorly. The lateral sides of elements are costate and usually carry from 1 to 5 prominent costae. Anterior and posterior sides of the elements are usually smooth but occasionally costate with the costae confined to the basal region. Basal margin is rounded, circular or oval in cross−section: basal cavity is shallow. These elements are considered to be the P elements.</p> <p>Subrounded elements (Fig. 8H, I) are symmetrical with a high base, a deep basal cavity and a reclined, cusp that is strongly recurved above the base and rounded in cross−section. Most large adult specimens have four or five costae on the lateral sides as well as costae on the posterior side. Anterior side of the elements is usually smooth, or rarely costate. Basal margin is flat with triangular cross−section. These elements are considered to be Sa elements.</p> <p>Compressed paltodiform elements (Figs. 6A, C, E, J, K, 7D–I) are slightly asymmetrical, laterally compressed elements with reclined cusp and base of variable height. Both lateral and posterior sides bear prominent costae. Anterior is smooth, or rarely costate. Two morphological variants can be recognised: short−based (Figs. 6A, C, 7E, F, H, I) and long−based (Figs. 6E, 7D, G). Short−based elements are more numerous whereas long−based forms are relatively less common in the collections as are elements with short, posteriorly extended base (Fig. 7F). Long−based elements are usually less asymmetrical and smaller than other compressed paltodiform elements. Basal margin is usually flat with oval or rounded cross−section.</p> <p>Paltodiform elements (Figs. 6D, 7A–C) are asymmetrical with a curved cusp and base of variable height. Inner side is costate whereas the outer side is usually smooth, but occasionally with fine costae. Rare specimens have prominent costae in the posterior part of the outer side. Two variants of paltodiform elements can be recognised: moderate−based with a deep basal cavity and short based with a shallow basal cavity. Base is elongated or suboval in cross−section and slightly bloated posteriorly, forming a broad basal rim. Paltodiform and compressed paltodiform elements are considered to be the transition series of S elements.</p> <p>Scandodiform elements (Figs. 6F, G, 8D–F) are strongly asymmetrical with a very low base and a laterally compressed, keeled cusp that is strongly recurved above the base and twisted. The inner side of elements carries prominent costae, whereas the outer side is usually smooth. Some large specimens have fine costae that are confined to the base and lower part of cusp. Base is slightly expanded posteriorly and suboval in cross section. Basal cavity is shallow. Scandodiform elements are considered to be M elements.</p> <p>The number of costae on elements of all morphotype groups is different and varies from one to six, or even seven, but is not strongly influenced by the overall size of the elements. Small juvenile elements usually have fewer costae. The main and most prominent costae are often associated with short additional costae that are confined to the basal region. The edge of the basal margin of all elements is smooth with a low rim on the basal margin; all costae begin a short distance from the basal margin. The surface of elements of all morphotypes groups is usually smooth but occasionally fine longitudinal striation is present in addition to the costae; juvenile elements are more often striated.</p> <p>All elements are characterised by the basal cavity tips that are situated close to the anterior margin of the elements</p> <p>(Fig. 3). Remarks.— Fåhraeus (1982) divided S. striatus between two</p> <p>Pander species, mainly on the basis of the presence of fine striations on the surface of S. sublaevis elements and their absence in S. quadratus. Examination of a large number of elements from the Popowka River locality as well as from the Harku section shows the rare occurrence of striations on the surface of all morphotypes of elements. Moreover, elements may be smooth (Fig. 7B 4) or striated (Fig. 8G) or with intermediate structures (Fig. 7G 1). Juvenile elements are more often striated than adult or gerontic ones. Therefore, it is likely that striations and other surface microstructures were formed, or are preserved, as a result of biological or taphonomic processes and do not represent features of systematic value.</p> <p>Some symmetrical and slightly asymmetrical elements of Scolopodus reported outside Baltoscandia (Dubinina 2000; Lehnert 1993; Ji and Barnes 1994; Zhang 1998) are morphologically very similar to S. striatus. The difference between Baltoscandian and North American forms was discussed by Ethington and Clark (1981) and later by Ji and Barnes (1994) who assigned the North American Scolopodus to Scolopodus subrex Ji and Barnes, 1994 based on the higher number of costae, its greater height and sometimes costate anterior margin of the base. Ethington and Clark (1981) noted that small additional costae are not typical for the North American Scolopodus rex −like forms. However, the S. striatus elements in the available collections from Baltoscandia demonstrate wide variability in the morphological characters listed above. Some rare varieties of paltodiform and scandodiform elements bear costae on the outer side, and also the anterior side of some large compressed paltodiform elements can be costate. Moreover, the number of costae varies significantly from sample to sample. The earliest representatives of S. striatus from the clays of the Hunneberg Stage are characterised by relatively fewer costae whereas the elements from the Billingen Stage (at the Ottenby section, Sweden) bear more numerous and high costae. However, all scandodiform Scolopodus elements from Baltoscandia are nongeniculate. Scolopodus with geniculate scandodiform elements in the apparatuses like those reported from China by Zhang (1998: pl. 17: 8) seem to belong to another species of Scolopodus.</p> <p>Stratigraphic and geographic range.—From the upper part of the Paroistodus proteus Zone up to the Baltoniodus norrlandicus Zone in the St. Petersburg district (Pander 1986; Sergeeva 1974; Tolmacheva et al. 2001), Estonia (Viira 1974), Sweden (Lindström 1955, 1964; Fåhraeus 1982; van Wamel 1974; Löfgren 1978; Stouge and Bagnoli 1990), Norway (Rasmussen 2001), and Poland (Dzik 1976).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039FC944FFA1FFA7FC91E3F3FD1CDA62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tolmacheva, Tatiana Yu.	Tolmacheva, Tatiana Yu. (2006): Apparatus of the conodont Scolopodus striatus Pander, 1856 and a re-evaluation of Pander’s species of Scolopodus. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51 (2): 247-260, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13643863
