identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039D87FFFFB17E2EFF8A2C6EFE172FD2.text	039D87FFFFB17E2EFF8A2C6EFE172FD2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mylochromis rotundus Turner 2025	<div><p>3.1 | Mylochromis rotundus new species urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 54696C3B-768C-4405-BDA6-9777A3F3A57D.</p><p>Holotype: University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge: UMZC 2016.25.9 apparent male, 99.7 mm SL, collected by scuba at Mphanga Rocks February 23, 2016, by Malawi Cichlid Genomic Diversity Survey (MCGDS) (Figures 1 – 3).</p><p>Paratypes (four): three apparent males: UMZC 2016.5.4, 88 mm SL; 2016.5.5 (lower jaw damaged), UMZC 104.8 mm SL; UMZC 2016.5.11, 93.5 mm SL and one female UMZC 2016.25.10, 71.5 mm SL collected with holotype .</p><p>Etymology: “rotundus ” = round, referring to the rounded body shape and short, rounded snout in particular.</p><p>Diagnosis: the lower jaw dentition is “ Placidochromis - type,” with the outer series extending relatively straight toward the posterior end of the jaw. The rounded body, short snout, and large eye enable the species to be readily distinguished from most other known oblique-striped species. Body depth of&gt;38% SL and the lack of enlarged pharyngeal teeth distinguish the species from all other known congeneric species apart from M. semipalatus and M. melanonotus (data from Eccles &amp; Trewavas, 1989). These two are considered conspecific by Konings (1993b). The latter has a distinctively flattened lower jaw at the symphysis. Both of these have relatively much longer snouts than M. rotundus (see Figure 9). In M. melanonotus: snout length 1.5 to almost 2 eye diameter (Eccles &amp; Trewavas, 1989), M. semipalatus snout 1.5 eye diameter (Eccles &amp; Trewavas, 1989) versus 0.9 – 1.2 in M. rotundus .</p><p>Description: body measurements and counts are presented in Table 1. M. rotundus is a medium sized (&lt;105 mm SL), laterally compressed (maximum body depth 2.5 – 2.6 times maximum width) cichlid fish with a rounded head profile, terminal mouth, and large eyes (31.8% – 38.8% head length [HL]) (Figures 1 and 2). When a melanin pattern is visible, it is dominated by a broad continuous oblique stripe.</p><p>All specimens are relatively deep bodied and laterally compressed, with deepest part of body generally around seventh dorsal-fin spine. Anterior upper lateral profile convex, 40 – 45 to horizontal anteriorly, slightly concave above eye, continuing straight to tip of snout, with no obvious bulge made by premaxillary pedicel. Jaws isognathous to slightly retrognathous, jaw teeth prominent even when mouth closed. Tip of snout well above level of upper insertion of pectoral fin and about level with the bottom of eye. Lower profile curves gently from lower jaw tip to insertion of pelvic fins, then almost straight from pelvic to first anal spine. Mouth relatively small, gape angled about 32 – 45 to horizontal and lips relatively thin. Posterior end of maxilla well in front of anterior margin of eye. Eye large, circular, and generally below the head profile in lateral view. Lachrymal wider than deep with five openings.</p><p>Flank scales weakly ctenoid, with cteni becoming reduced dorsally, particularly anteriorly above upper lateral line, where they transition into a cycloid state. Scales on chest relatively large (e.g., in type, largest scale 2 mm vs. width across insertion of pelvics, 7.6 mm). Gradual transition in size from larger flank scales to smaller chest scales, typical in non-mbuna Malawian endemic haplochromines (Eccles &amp; Trewavas, 1989). Caudal fin densely scaled, over at least proximal three-fourths.</p><p>Cephalic lateral-line pores fairly inconspicuous, and flank lateral line shows usual cichlid pattern of separate upper and lower portions, with zero to four pored scales after kink in upper lateral line and two to three smaller pored scales after line of flexion of hypurals.</p><p>Pectoral fins relatively short, extending beyond vent but not to first anal spine, whereas pelvics occasionally just reach first anal spine base. Filaments of dorsal and anal fins reaching just past base of caudal fin. Caudal emarginate.</p><p>Lower jaw relatively sturdy and broad, with marked mental process. Outer series of teeth in lower jaw stout, erect, prominent, subequally bicuspid with two large rounded cusps, generally deeply implanted in fleshy gums (Figure 3). Upper jaw outer series similar, but in some specimens relatively long shafts visible. In both upper and lower jaws, three to five irregular inner series of relatively large, erect, stout tricuspid teeth with blunt tips.</p><p>Lower pharyngeal bone small, lightly built, Y-shaped, carrying small, short, slender blunt teeth (Figure 3). None notably enlarged, F I G U R E 3 Mylochromis rotundus, holotype, lower pharyngeal (left) and oral dentition (lower jaw, right) .</p><p>meristics of Mylochromis rotundus sp.</p><p>nov., holotype and four paratypes. Standard length (SL, mm)</p><p>As % SL</p><p>Body depth</p><p>Head length</p><p>Dorsal-fin base length Anal-fin base length</p><p>Predorsal length</p><p>Pre-anal length</p><p>Prepelvic length</p><p>Preventral length</p><p>Caudal peduncle length</p><p>Caudal peduncle depth</p><p>As % head length</p><p>Head width</p><p>Interorbital width</p><p>Snout length</p><p>Lower jaw length</p><p>Premaxillary pedicel length Cheek depth</p><p>Eye diameter</p><p>Lachrymal depth</p><p>Ratios</p><p>Holotype Paratypes: mean Minimum Maximum</p><p>99.7 89.5 71.5 104.8</p><p>40.7 39.8 38.6 40.4</p><p>32.2 32.9 31.9 35.0</p><p>56.5 55.9 53.4 57.6</p><p>19.1 18.7 18.3 19.1</p><p>37.2 38.1 36.8 40.4</p><p>71.2 69.9 68.7 71.8</p><p>34.8 34.2 32.1 36.5</p><p>42.5 40.6 38.8 42.0</p><p>14.1 14.8 13.6 15.9</p><p>13.1 12.4 11.5 13.4</p><p>49.2 48.6 44.4 51.0</p><p>29.6 26.9 22.8 28.8</p><p>37.7 36.0 34.8 37.4</p><p>35.2 33.8 30.6 38.0</p><p>28.0 26.6 25.2 27.8</p><p>23.1 17.0 16.3 17.6</p><p>31.8 34.8 32.0 38.8</p><p>26.2 23.9 21.2 25.3 Maximum depth/head width 2.57 2.49 2.46 2.54 Caudal peduncle length/depth 1.08 1.20 1.11 1.31</p><p>Meristics</p><p>Upper gill rakers</p><p>Lower gill rakers Dorsal-fin spines Dorsal-fin rays</p><p>Anal-fin rays</p><p>Longitudinal-line scales Cheek scales</p><p>3 4 5</p><p>13 10 11</p><p>16 16 17</p><p>12 10 11</p><p>9 9 9</p><p>36 32 33</p><p>4 3 3 although central teeth tend to be larger than lateral ones. Gill rakers widely spaced, pointed, finger-like with thick bases.</p><p>Preserved and fresh colouration of female beige, paler on chest and belly, flank scales with a brownish spot anteriorly (Figure 2). Strong dark oblique stripe from nape to the caudal-fin base, extending into fin rays. Stripe is continuous but has a “stepped” form of thinner lines joining elongated midlateral and suprapectoral blotches. A large dark blotch on upper half of operculum. Dorsal fin with dull orange spots throughout, and caudal, anal, and pelvic fins dusky. Preserved and freshly collected mature males darker with golden spots on majority of flank scales (Figure 1). Dorsal, caudal, anal, and pelvic fins dark, dorsal and caudal with numerous orange spots. Dorsal-fin lappets white with orange tips. It is possible that this is not the full breeding dress and that fully courting males are bright blue (Figure 4).</p><p>Distribution and ecology: known only from a collection from shallow water at Mphanga Rocks near Chilumba in the northwestern part of Lake Malawi. Photographs under the name Mylochromis sp. “mollis north,” which may or may not be of this species, are shown from the coast between Ruarwe and Chilumba (Konings, 2016; Figure 4). It appears to be a species of rocky habitats.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87FFFFB17E2EFF8A2C6EFE172FD2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Turner, George F.	Turner, George F. (2025): Two new species of Mylochromis (Cichlidae) from Lake Malawi, Africa. Journal of Fish Biology 106 (4): 1124-1133, DOI: 10.1111/jfb.16014, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.16014
039D87FFFFB77E2CFF8A28E6FB412FBA.text	039D87FFFFB77E2CFF8A28E6FB412FBA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mylochromis durophagus Turner 2025	<div><p>3.2 | Mylochromis durophagus new species urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: B29807EB-60A6-4389-A235-993B72E39C9B.</p><p>Holotype: University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge: UMZC 2016.18.13, apparent male, 89.7 mm SL, collected by scuba at Nkhata Bay February 20, 2016, by Malawi Cichlid Genomic Diversity Survey (MCGDS) (Figures 5 – 8).</p><p>Paratypes (2): UMZC 2016.18.15, apparent female, 67.5 mm SL, collected with holotype and one female UMZC 2016.25.2, 80.0 mm SL collected by scuba at Mphanga Rocks, Chilumba, February 23, 2016, by Malawi Cichlid Genomic Diversity Survey (MCGDS) .</p><p>Etymology: “duro-” = from durus, Latin, meaning “hard” + “-phagus” = Latin, meaning “to eat,” referring to the presumed diet of hard-shelled invertebrates indicated by the molariform pharyngeal dentition.</p><p>Diagnosis: the lower jaw dentition is “ Placidochromis -type,” with the outer series extending in a relatively straight line toward the posterior end of the jaw. This and the strong oblique stripe and lack of specialized morphology characterize the species as a member of the F I G U R E 7 Mylochromis durophagus: jaw teeth of holotype</p><p>(left) and lower pharyngeal bone of</p><p>80 mm paratype UMZC 2016.25.2. genus Mylochromis . The strongly molarized pharyngeal dentition distinguishes the species from all other known Mylochromis, except M. anaphyrmus, M. mola, and M. sphaerodon (Figure 9). M. mola differs by having a long snout (36.3% – 40.3% vs. 33.4% – 37.4% HL in M. durophagus), more acutely pointed head profile, more slender body (body depth 34.5% – 37.1% vs. 39.1% – 40.2% SL vs. in M. durophagus), and a blotchy, interrupted oblique stripe. M. durophagus has a much less steep head profile than M. anaphyrmus (40 vs. 56 – 67) and a more upwardly angled gape (40 vs. 10 – 20). M. durophagus also has a less steep head profile than M. sphaerodon (40 vs. 50 – 52).</p><p>Description: body measurements and counts are presented in Table 2. M. durophagus is a medium-sized (&lt;90 mm SL), laterally compressed (maximum body depth 2.35 – 2.42 times maximum width) cichlid fish with a rounded head profile, terminal mouth, and large eyes (29.3% – 33.1% HL). Prominent, broad continuous oblique stripe on flanks, narrowing anteriorly (Figures 5 and 6).</p><p>All specimens are moderately deep bodied and laterally compressed, with deepest part of body generally around first to fifth dorsal-fin spine. Anterior upper lateral profile moderately convex, straight, angled about 40 to horizontal, from tip of snout to above eye, with little or no obvious bulge made by premaxillary pedicel, then curving gently to first dorsal spine. Jaws isognathous to slightly retrognathous, jaw teeth not prominent when mouth closed. Tip of snout well above level of upper insertion of pectoral fin and about level with the bottom of eye or slightly above. Lower profile curves from lower jaw tip to insertion of pelvic fins, then almost straight from pelvics to first anal spine. Mouth relatively small, gape angled about 40 to horizontal. Lips moderately fleshy in larger specimens, relatively thin in smallest. Posterior end of maxilla well in front of anterior margin of eye. Eye large, circular, and just below the head profile in lateral view. Lachrymal squarish with five openings.</p><p>Flank scales weakly ctenoid, with cteni becoming reduced dorsally, particularly anteriorly above upper lateral line, where they transition into a cycloid state. Scales on chest relatively large. Gradual transition in size from larger flank scales, as is typical in non-mbuna Malawian endemic haplochromines (Eccles &amp; Trewavas, 1989). Caudal fin densely scaled, over at least proximal three-fourths.</p><p>Cephalic lateral-line pores fairly inconspicuous, and flank lateral line shows usual cichlid pattern of separate upper and lower portions, with up to four pored scales after kink in upper lateral line and one to three smaller pored scales after line of flexion of hypurals.</p><p>Pectoral fins relatively long, to around vertical plane through third anal spine, whereas pelvics occasionally just reach first anal spine base. Filaments of dorsal and anal fins reaching just past base of caudal fin in larger specimens, but well short in smallest. Caudal fin emarginate.</p><p>Lower jaw bones relatively slight and lacking a mental process. Outer series of teeth in lower jaw stout, erect, prominent, and deeply implanted, bicuspid with pointed, obliquely truncated major cusps. Upper jaw outer series similar, but both cusps more rounded, larger becoming more pointed posteriorly. In both upper and lower jaws, inner teeth very small, scattered, not forming clear rows.</p><p>Lower pharyngeal bone heavily built with hemispherical molariform teeth central-posteriorly. Gill rakers widely spaced, thick, blunt.</p><p>Female beige, paler on chest and belly, with a strong oblique stripe from nape to the caudal fin base, extending into fin rays. Dorsal fin has dull orange spots in two rows on spinous membranes, three oblique rows in soft dorsal; lappets dark in spinous portion. Caudal, anal, and pelvic fins dusky, pectorals yellowish. Mature male darker with golden spots on majority of flank scales. Dorsal, caudal, anal, and pelvic fins dark, dorsal and caudal with numerous orange spots. Dorsal-fin lappets white with orange tips. Dark lachrymal stripe visible. Based on other Malawian haplochromines, this is unlikely to be full male breeding dress.</p><p>Distribution and ecology: known only from two specimens collected from rocky shores at Nkhata Bay and one at Mphanga Rocks near Chilumba in the northwestern part of Lake Malawi. All were collected in shallow water by scuba divers.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87FFFFB77E2CFF8A28E6FB412FBA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Turner, George F.	Turner, George F. (2025): Two new species of Mylochromis (Cichlidae) from Lake Malawi, Africa. Journal of Fish Biology 106 (4): 1124-1133, DOI: 10.1111/jfb.16014, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.16014
