identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039843217647DD60FCC0F9DB57B9FDA3.text	039843217647DD60FCC0F9DB57B9FDA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicksonia amorosoana Lehnert & Coritico 2018	<div><p>1. Dicksonia amorosoana Lehnert &amp; Coritico, sp. nov. — Fig. 1, 2a; Map 1</p><p>A species with long matted woolly hairs on petioles and axes,these forming a uniform cover on the petiole; differing from D. blumei (Kunze) T.Moore in the areolate perispore of the spores (vs smooth and even in D. blumei) and the absence of stiff hairs protruding from the undercoat. Dicksonia amorosoana differs from D. mollis in lacking bristly irritating hairs on petioles and rachis (vs such hairs present in D. mollis) and having sori mostly subtended by a sterile lobe (vs sori usually without sterile lobe). — Type: F.P.Coritico FPC 016 (holo PNH-255875; iso BONN (fragment), CMUH-00008374), Philippines, Mindanao, Davao Province, Mt Apo, Kidapawan, North Cotabato, Manda- rangan trail to Lake Venado, N07°01'15" E125°16'30", 2106 m, 5 May 2012.</p><p>Etymology. The epithet honours Victor B. Amoroso, eminent Philippine pteridologist.</p><p>Tree fern, terrestrial. Trunks to 4 m tall, to 11 cm diam, with persistent petiole bases, frond scars not visible; adventitious buds not observed. Fronds to 210 cm long, held erect to ascending in a funnel-shaped crown. Petioles to 95 cm long (at least 1/3 of frond length), covered throughout with soft, reddish brown to golden, matted hairs, consisting of an outer layer of ciliform hairs to 3 cm long with elongate, turgid to collapsed cells and a dense undercoat of paler tortuous, catenate hairs to 5 mm long; largest hairs with indurated bases, hairs usually already matted and entangled in live plants, only a few protruding, leaving a faintly scabrous surface. Laminae to 120 by 112 cm, tripinnate-pinnatifid, base truncate to cuneate, apex gradually reduced, glossy dark green adaxially and light green abaxially, coriaceous; weakly dimorphic with fertile parts more deeply dissected, occurring throughout the lamina. Frond axes (rachises, costae and costules) abaxially covered with similar hairs as on petioles, with reddish, appressed hairs on rachis, costae and costules, becoming gradually shorter and more bicolorous towards costules, hairs with pale catenate bases and dark brown acicular tips; adaxially hairs sparser, thin and appressed on rachis and proximal costa parts, becoming shorter and more spreading towards costules, here uniformly whitish, curved, to 1.5 mm long. Pinnae subsessile to stalked to 4.5 cm, lanceolate with truncate bases and attenuate tips, alternate, patent, 8–10 pairs per frond, basal pinnae slightly shorter, more than 1/2 the length of longest pinna. Sterile pinnae to 65 by 25 cm; fertile pinnae 20–55 by 8–28 cm. Sterile pinnules to 14.0 by 3.2 cm, lanceolate, subsessile to shortly stalked to 1.3 mm, bases truncate to weakly cuneate, apices attenuate; fertile pinnules to 12.0 by 2.5 cm, elongate-lanceolate, subsessile to stalked to 1.3 mm, bases truncate to weakly cuneate, apices attenuate. Sterile segments to 15 by 5 mm, oblong to linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid to pinnatisect, with rounded lobes, the obtuse apices with crenulate margins; fertile segments to 16 by 5 mm, oblong to linear-lanceolate, pinnatisect to basally pinnate, with acute triangular lobes, each bearing one sorus on the acroscopic arm of a branched vein, the sterile apical section rhomboid with serrate margins. Veins of segments adaxially glabrous, abaxially midveins with bicolorous hairs to 2 mm long, with hyaline catenate bases and dark brown acicular terminal cell, lateral veins with few hairs to 1.5 mm long, spreading, hyaline, pale brown to whitish, thin-walled but usually turgid at base. Sori 1.0– 1.6 mm wide, slightly kidney-shaped when closed, circular when open, mostly (c. 75 %) on end of branched vein, the sterile lobe sticking out weakly to strongly below the sorus, if sorus on simple vein (c. 25 %) then on a lobe that is as wide as or wider than the outer indusial valve; indusia bivalved, outer one greenish with a pale brown cartilaginous margin, inner one light brown with entire margins, both valves may turn darker brown with age or drying but retain a paler margin; paraphyses slightly longer than sporangia, abundant, with red brown clavate tip. Spores tetrahedral-globose, exospore foveate, perispore granulate to baculate, deposited in a retate pattern.</p><p>Distribution — Southern Philippines (Mindanao).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In upper montane forests at c. 2100– 2200 m.</p><p>Vernacular name — ‘Amoroso’s woolly tree fern’, suggested herewith.</p><p>Additional specimens (paratypes). PHILIPPINES, Mindanao, Davao Province, Lake Linau, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=125.26806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.0019445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 125.26806/lat 7.0019445)">Mt Apo</a>, 3 Nov. 1946, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=125.26806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.0019445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 125.26806/lat 7.0019445)">Edaño</a> s.n. (UC-750887); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=125.26806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.0019445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 125.26806/lat 7.0019445)">Mt Apo</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=125.26806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.0019445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 125.26806/lat 7.0019445)">Kidapawan</a>, North Cotabato,within the sampling plot # 9, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=125.26806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.0019445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 125.26806/lat 7.0019445)">Lake Venado</a>, N07°00'07" E125°16'05", 2299 m, 9 Apr. 2013, Silverio FDS 089 (CMUH-00008401) .</p><p>Notes — We could only investigate spores from the type, where we found little to no perispore deposited on the exospore. We attribute this to young age and assume that the aspect of fully developed spores will approach the condition seen in D. herberti, D. mollis or D. sciurus C.Chr. (Fig. 2f). With the Cyatheales, we often observe variation in the thickness of the perispore layer between different samples of one species, and in the case of the type of D. mollis, we even found spores without perispore (similar to Fig. 2a) mixed with spores that have it (Fig. 2e).</p><p>Dicksonia amorosoana is sympatric with D. mollis on Mindanao but usually occurs at higher elevations. It is very different from D. mollis and D. blumei in having all hairs soft and matted, and of an even reddish brown colouration, on frond axes and the petiole. In D. mollis and D. blumei, the hairs on the thicker frond axes are differentiated into a pale, appressed thin undercoat and dark reddish brown to blackish spreading bristles, which in the case of D. mollis tend to have a fragile irritating tip. Dicksonia amorosoana is more similar to D. mollis than to D. blumei regarding the darkened parts of the indusia, the spore morphology and the thickness and orientation of the hairs on the costules. Dicksonia lanigera from New Guinea is another species with a persistent thick shaggy hair cover on petioles and frond axes but is generally smaller than D. amorosoana, with short petioles and basally tapering laminae (petioles to 30 cm long, basal pinnae 1/4 or less of the longest pinnae in D. lanigera vs petioles to 95 cm long, basal pinnae more than 1/2 the length of longest pinna in D. amorosoana).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039843217647DD60FCC0F9DB57B9FDA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lehnert, M.;Coritico, F. P.	Lehnert, M., Coritico, F. P. (2018): The genus Dicksonia (Dicksoniaceae - Cyatheales) in western Malesia. Blumea 63 (1): 268-278, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.63.03.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.03.02
039843217642DD62FF99FD7C5784FEBC.text	039843217642DD62FF99FD7C5784FEBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicksonia blumei (Kunze) T. Moore	<div><p>2. Dicksonia blumei (Kunze) T.Moore — Fig. 2b, 3a, 4a; Map 1</p><p>Dicksonia blumei (Kunze) T. Moore (1860) 190, not sensu Christensen (1934) 223. — Balantium blumei Kunze (1848) 214. — Type: H. Zollinger 1894 (holo? LZ destroyed;lecto B-20_0138231,here designated;iso LE-00007994 (image), P-01415028, UC-414484 (fragment)), Indonesia, Java, without locality, without date.</p><p>Balantium chrysotrichum Hassk.(1856) 53. — Dicksonia chrysotricha (Hassk.) T. Moore (1860) 190. — Type: J.K. Hasskarl s.n. (lecto L-1258965, here designated), Indonesia, Java, ‘ Bogor Botanic Garden, and certainly at Mt Gedeh and other places’, 1855–1856.</p><p>Etymology. Named after Carl Ludwig Ritter von Blume (1796–1862), Dutch-German botanist and director of the Rijksherbarium in Leiden, who collected extensively on Java and neighbouring islands (1818–1827).</p><p>Tree fern, terrestrial. Trunks to 8(–10) m tall, to 12 cm diam, with old petiole bases, without skirt of old fronds. Adventitious buds not reported. Fronds to c. 400 cm long, ascending-arching, up to 12 per crown. Petioles 60–95 cm long, erect-ascending, dark brown, smooth to scabrous, basally densely covered with soft woolly hairs to 1.5 cm long, shiny golden to yellowish, grading distally into undercoat of matted ciliform to catenate, tortuous hairs to 1 mm long, with numerous protruding setiform hairs to 5 cm long, dark reddish brown, spreading, non-irritant, brittle, black bases usually sticking out from the undercoat. Laminae to c. 300 by 140 cm, tripinnate-pinnatifid, subcoriaceous to coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, gradually reduced apically, widest pinnae at the middle, tapering towards the base; shiny dark green adaxially, paler green abaxially; weakly dimorphic with fertile parts more deeply dissected, may be fertile in any part but mostly in the centre. Leaf axes (rachises, costae and costules) mostly dark reddish brown, often becoming paler towards the costules, these yellowish brown, axes densely hairy, rachises adaxially with spreading reddish brown hairs, antrorsely curved yellowish white hairs, and dense grayish brown undercoat, abaxially with longer reddish brown hairs, spreading, fragile, indument of costae and costules gradually becoming shorter, softer and paler. Pinnae to 70 by 19 cm, oblong-lanceolate, subsessile to sessile, 10–14 pairs per frond, with attenuate tips, basal pinnae reflexed, more oblanceolate, c. 1/2(–1/3?) the length of largest pinnae. Largest pinnules (sterile ≈ fertile) 6.5–8.0 by 1.7 cm, triangular-lanceolate, with attenuate tips. Sterile segments to 12.0 by 4.5 mm, oblong to linear, ascending, sessile, proximal ones free, distal ones adnate, margins crenate to serrate, especially towards the acute tips; fertile segments to 12.0 by 4.0 mm, sessile, free to decurrently adnate, linear, contracted, with 2–4 pairs of sori on deltate lobes, segment tips sterile. Veins adaxially glabrous, abaxially only midvein weakly to strongly hairy, hairs whitish to partly reddish, flaccid, often catenate, to 2.5 mm long, lateral veins glabrous, mostly simple, only in proximal segments forked 1 or 2 times. Sori 1.8–2.0 mm diam, kidney-shaped when closed, circular when open, mostly (c. 75 %) on end of branched vein, the sterile lobe sticking out weakly to strongly below the sorus, if sorus on simple vein (c. 25 %) then on a lobe that is as wide as or wider than the outer indusial valve; outer indusial valve with pale yellowish to brown cartilaginous margin and notably darkened, sometimes blackish rim, inner valve concolorous brown with subentire to erose margin, the rim not darkened. Spores tetrahedral-globose with prolonged, depressed lobes, to 57 µm diam, exospore retate, appearing smooth, areoles filled up by perispore, perispore papillate-granulate to baculate.</p><p>Distribution — Sumatra (up north to Karo Plateau; Holttum 1963), Java and Bali.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In wet montane forests, often abundant in the understory, at 1200–2500 m (and higher?).</p><p>Vernacular name — ‘Blume’s bristly tree fern’, suggested herewith.</p><p>Additional specimens. INDONESIA, Bali, B. Pohen, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.08&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.33" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.08/lat -8.33)">Batukau National Reserve</a>, S08°19'48" E115°04'48", 1700 m, 24 Mar. 1992, Afriastini 164 B1 (K) ; ‘ Java Orientalis’, Tengger Mts, Wonosari, 1200–1300 m, June 1909, Mousset s.n. [Rosenstock exsicc. 72] (STU, UC, W) ; Tankouban Prahou, Wawra 1191 (W) ; Java, Halimum National Park, 28 Oct. 2011, Chen 2040 (TAIF) ; Sumatra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.520004&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.22" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.520004/lat 3.22)">SSE of Sibajak</a> (c. N03°13'12" E98°31'12"), 1450 m, LÖrzing 5959 (K) ; Sumatra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.35/lat -0.4)">Gunung Singgalang</a> (c. S00°24' E100°21'), 2134 m, 16 Jan. 1913, Matthew s.n. (K) .</p><p>Notes — ‘ Dicksonia blumei C.Chr. ’ is often given as a later homonym, but Christensen (1934) actually just discussed Bornean plants under the correctly referenced name D. blumei (Kunze) T.Moore, which he pointed out to be quite different from Javanese plants and more similar to Philippine populations. These Bornean and Philippine plants were later described as D. mollis (Holttum 1962) .</p><p>In the discussion of Balantium blumei, Kunze (1848) cites two more collections: “From Java I received it first from collector Sporleder (with the added observation that the trunk is 15 feet tall). Junghuhn collected it on Mount Dieng (t. de Vr.)” [personal translation from Latin]. His description, however, is referenced solely by the collection of Zollinger (“S[pecimen]. l[egit]. Zollinger”), so it is interpreted to be based largely or entirely on this collection. “ Cibotium magnificum de Vriese in litt.” was cited as synonym (Kunze 1848) but seems to be unpublished and invalid.</p><p>In the description of Balantium chrysotrichum, Hasskarl (1856) specifically points out the soft hairs of the petiole and the trunk, which he reports to be used for the stopping of external and internal haemorrhages. He also mentions that some brown hairs are protruding from the woolly indument on the petiole, but without noting anything about them being irritating. The documented petiole characters are very useful for the distinction of D. blumei from D. mollis, which apparently always has irritant hairs and just a thin undercoat. Unfortunately, in most specimens the petioles are not or only fragmentarily preserved (i.e., bristly hairs broken off, or only upper petiole parts with less characteristic indument present), so more field observations are needed for validation.</p><p>Otherwise D. blumei and D. mollis have more or less the same general appearance in the field, with relatively thin trunks and long-stalked fronds with petioles and thicker frond axes covered in spreading dark brown to reddish brown hairs. In both species, the hairs inserted directly on the trunk differ strongly from those of the fronds, and are sometimes preserved in specimens as pale golden wool loosely attached to the petiole base.</p><p>Dicksonia blumei was also reported from Sulawesi (Holttum 1963); the respective specimen (Sarasin 2030) was not seen by us. Most likely it can be attributed to the very similar D. celebica . Dicksonia blumei is currently the only Dicksonia known on Java, so an unspecified tetraploid plant from this island with n = 130 (Lovis 1978) most likely belongs to this species. The species is also unique within the Malesian clade (sensu Noben et al. 2017) in having smooth spores rather than the areolate to foveate spores with retate perispore (‘verrucose’ sensu Holttum 1963) that are typical of this clade. Our scanning electron microscopic images indicate that the areolate exospore pattern is obscured by a thick perispore layer (Fig. 2b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039843217642DD62FF99FD7C5784FEBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lehnert, M.;Coritico, F. P.	Lehnert, M., Coritico, F. P. (2018): The genus Dicksonia (Dicksoniaceae - Cyatheales) in western Malesia. Blumea 63 (1): 268-278, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.63.03.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.03.02
039843217640DD63FF99FE405379FED3.text	039843217640DD63FF99FE405379FED3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicksonia celebica Lehnert & Coritico 2018	<div><p>3. Dicksonia celebica Lehnert, sp. nov. — Fig. 2c, 3b, 4b; Map 1</p><p>This species differs from Dicksonia amorosoana in having a varying amount of thick, dark bristly hairs protruding from the predominantly soft and matted layer of hairs on the petioles. Dicksonia celebica is superficially most similar to D. blumei but has all hairs matted on the rachis (vs mostly spreading in D. blumei) and has spores with retate perispore (vs smooth). Dicksonia celebica differs from D. mollis in having a relatively voluminous reddish undercoat, and rachises and costae without bristly hairs (vs undercoat thinner, paler on petioles and rachis, and more darker bristly hairs that extend to the distal rachis and often onto the costae in D. mollis). — Type: F. Brambach 0944 (holo BO; iso BONN, GOET), Indonesia, Sulawesi Tengah, tree-inventory plot ‘Rorekautimbu’, 8.7 km NNE of Sedoa, 800 m N of campsite Puncak Dingin following trail to peak of Rorekautimbu, S01.280° E120.308°, 2420 m, 18–30 July 2011.</p><p>Etymology. Refers to the type locality Sulawesi (Latin celebicus = from</p><p>Sulawesi).</p><p>Tree fern, terrestrial. Trunks to 5.5 m tall, to 17 cm diam, with persistent petiole bases, frond scars not visible; adventitious buds not observed. Fronds to 310 cm long, held erect to ascending in a funnel-shaped crown. Petioles 70–110 cm long (at least 1/3 of frond length), covered throughout with soft, reddish brown to golden, matted hairs, consisting of an outer layer of ciliform hairs to 3.5 cm long with elongate, turgid to collapsed cells and a dense undercoat of paler tortuous, catenate hairs to 5 mm long; largest hairs with indurated bases, most hairs already matted and entangled in live plants, few to copious bristly protruding hairs, leaving a faintly scabrous surface. Laminae to 200 by 130 cm, tripinnate-pinnatifid, base truncate to cuneate, apex gradually reduced, glossy dark green adaxially and light green abaxially, coriaceous, weakly dimorphic with fertile parts more deeply dissected, occurring throughout the lamina. Frond axes (rachises, costae and costules) abaxially covered with similar hairs as on petioles, with pale reddish, matted hairs on rachis, costae and costules, mostly catenate or with catenate bases and dark brown acicular tip, becoming gradually more turgid and spreading towards smaller costules and midveins, adaxially hairs sparser, thin and appressed on rachis and proximal costa parts, becoming shorter and more spreading towards costules, here uniformly whitish, curved, to 1.5 mm long. Pinnae to 65 by 25 cm; fertile pinnae 20–55 by 8–28 cm; subsessile to stalked to 4 cm, lanceolate with truncate bases and attenuate tips, alternate, patent, 8–10 pairs per frond, basal pinnae slightly to notably shorter, at least 1/2 the length of longest pinna. Sterile pinnules to 14.0 by 3.2 cm, lanceolate, subsessile to short-stalked to 1.3 mm, bases truncate to weakly cuneate, apices attenuate; fertile pinnules to 12.0 by 2.5 cm, elongate-lanceolate, subsessile to stalked to 5.0 mm, bases truncate to weakly cuneate, apices attenuate. Sterile segments to 15 by 5 mm, oblong to linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid to pinnatisect, with rounded lobes, the obtuse apices with crenulate margins; fertile segments to 16 by 5 mm, oblong to linear-lanceolate, pinnatisect to basally pinnate, with acute triangular lobes, each bearing one sorus on the acroscopic arm of a branched vein, the sterile apical section rhomboid with serrate margins. Veins of segments adaxially glabrous, abaxially midveins with bicolorous hairs to 2 mm long, with hyaline catenate bases and dark brown acicular terminal cell, lateral veins with few hairs to 1.5 mm long, spreading, hyaline, pale brown to whitish, thin-walled but usually turgid at base. Sori 1.0– 1.6 mm wide, slightly kidney-shaped when closed, circular when open, mostly (c. 75 %) on end of branched vein, the sterile lobe sticking out weakly to strongly below the sorus, if sorus on simple vein (c. 25 %) then on a lobe that is as wide as or wider than the outer indusial valve; indusia bivalved, outer one greenish with a pale brown cartilaginous margin, inner one light brown with entire margins, often shrivelled in dried specimens, both valves may turn darker brown with age or drying but retain a paler margin; paraphyses slightly longer than sporangia, abundant, with pale to red brown clavate tips. Spores tetrahedral-globose, c. 40 µm diam, exospore foveate, perispore papillate-granulate to baculate, presumably deposited in a retate pattern.</p><p>Distribution — Indonesia (Sulawesi).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In upper montane forests, sometimes on exposed sandy ridges, at 1850–2900 m.</p><p>Vernacular name — ‘ Sulawesi woolly tree fern’, suggested herewith.</p><p>Additional specimens (paratypes). INDONESIA, Sulawesi Tengah, Lore Lindu National Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.14239&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.2366945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.14239/lat -1.2366945)">Nokilalaki</a>, c. S01°14'12.1" E120°08'32.6", 1850 m, 28 Aug. 2007, Kluge 7542 (UC-1939486); tree-inventory plot ‘ Rorekautimbu’ , 78.7 km NNE of Sedoa, 800 m N of campsite Puncak Dingin following trail to peak of Rorekautimbu, S01.280° E120.308°, 2420 m, 18–30 July 2011, Brambach 0730 (BO, BONN, GOET); tree-inventory plot ‘ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.308&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.28" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.308/lat -1.28)">Bulu Torenali’</a>, 7.7 km NNE of Sedoa, 250 m ESE of campsite Puncak Dingin on mountain crest/ plateau, S01.287° E120.312°, 2350 m, 21–24 Apr. 2012, Brambach 2036 (BO, BONN, GOET); Enrékang, ridge of Batu Bollong – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.312&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.287" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.312/lat -1.287)">Madjadja</a>, NNW of Madjadja, 2900 m, 24 June 1937, Eyma 959 (A,K-000570425,L-959530233, SING n.v.) .</p><p>Notes — The spores investigated with SEM (Fig. 2c) show hardly any perispore deposit but the collapsed spore walls indicate that the spore was probably young and not fully developed. See further comments under D. amorosoana .</p><p>To our knowledge, D. celebica is the only Dicksonia taxon present on Sulawesi. It is known so far only from north-central Sulawesi. Hidayat (2011) surveyed the fern diversity in the south-east of the island and found no Dicksoniaceae . Dicksonia celebica was already recognized as a dubitably distinct taxon by Holttum (1963), who discussed a specimen (Eyma 959) from Sulawesi that “agrees better with D. mollis than with New Guinean species (it is certainly not D. blumei)”. Hovenkamp &amp; De Joncheere (1988) discussed a specimen from the type locality (‘Roroka Timbu’, Hennipman 5262, n.v.) of D. celebica under D. cf. mollis, which differed in having retate spores instead of the verrucose spores that proper D. mollis should have (Holttum 1962). We have looked at spores from the type of D. mollis and found that under a strong stereomicroscope, the spores may appear verrucose, but the SEM reveals a clear retate layer of perispore (Fig. 2e), surrounding clean areoles of the exospore that are usually strongly indented (foveate). We have screened spores of all Malesian species with light microscopes and most also with SEM, and found that species of the Malesian clade (sensu Noben et al. 2017) follow this pattern of spore ornamentation, with some variation in the size of the clean areoles in the retate perispore. The only exception is D. blumei, where the spores appear smooth because the areoles of the exospore are filled up by the copious perispore (Fig. 2b).</p><p>Superficially, D. celebica could be accommodated as a subspecies under either D. blumei (closer regarding the hairy indument) or D. mollis (matching the spore morphology), but we follow here the molecular evidence that shows D. celebica as the sister taxon to D. amorosoana (Noben et al. 2017, as ‘ D. cf. blumei ’), separated from the other two species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039843217640DD63FF99FE405379FED3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lehnert, M.;Coritico, F. P.	Lehnert, M., Coritico, F. P. (2018): The genus Dicksonia (Dicksoniaceae - Cyatheales) in western Malesia. Blumea 63 (1): 268-278, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.63.03.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.03.02
039843217641DD6CFCC0FEAC5713F85B.text	039843217641DD6CFCC0FEAC5713F85B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicksonia ceramica Lehnert & Coritico 2018	<div><p>4. Dicksonia ceramica Lehnert, sp. nov. — Fig. 5; Map 1</p><p>A species with only soft, woolly hairs, Dicksonia ceramica differs from D. lanigera from New Guinea in shedding most of the hairs on the abaxial surfaces of the rachis, costae and costules, exposing the shiny atropurpureous to blackish epidermis (vs hairs mostly persisting, epidermis dull brown, not shiny). — Type: Kato, Ueda &amp; Mahjar C-1340 (holo K-000548897/- 000548898;iso BO? n.v., L-1258681,TO n.v.), Indonesia,Seram, Manusela National Park,along trail between Hatuemete (seaside) and Maraina (810 m) in Manusela Valley via Hoale Pass (1770 m) in Murkele Ridge, Kecamatan (District) Tehoru and Seram Utara, S03°10 –14' E129°35 –37', 18 Nov. 1983.</p><p>Etymology. Named after the type locality (Latin ceramicus = from Seram).</p><p>Tree fern, terrestrial. Trunks to 4 m tall, otherwise unknown; adventitious buds not reported. Fronds to 200 cm long. Petioles to 30 cm long (to 40 cm in sterile fronds), c. 1/6 of frond length, densely covered with reddish brown ciliform hairs to 4 cm long, mostly spreading but soft and often appressed, with undercoat of spreading pale, catenate hairs with dark brown acicular tips, 1–2 mm long; hairs if abraded leaving a smooth to faintly scabrous surface. Laminae to 170 by 80 cm, tripinnate-pinnatifid, coriaceous, shape unknown, weakly dimorphic with fertile parts more deeply dissected, occurring throughout the lamina. Leaf axes (rachises, costae and costules) shiny, dark castaneous to atropurpureous, appearing blackish in most parts, including most parts of costules, smooth to faintly scabrous, adaxially with antrorsely curved hairs to 1.5 mm long, pale reddish brown to whitish, persistent but relatively sparse, abaxially probably first covered with similar but generally shorter hairy indument as on the petioles but soon glabrescent, remnants of longer turgid brown hairs to 15 mm long and much shorter undercoat hairs persist in axils, costules distally with some persisting turgid spreading hairs to 1.5 mm long, pale brown with whitish tips. Pinnae to 40 by 16 cm, subsessile to stalked 1 cm, lanceolate with attenuate tips and ± truncate bases, the basal pinnule pair may be covering the rachis adaxially; c. 8–10 pinna pairs per frond, most pinnae patent, basal pinna pairs c. 1/4 the length of longest pinnae, not reflexed. Largest pinnules (sterile ≈ fertile) to 9.5 by 2.5 cm, lanceolate, subsessile to short-stalked to 1 mm, ± 2 cm between costules with ± truncate bases and attenuate apices. Sterile segments to c. 13 by 5 mm, sessile, free to adnate, oblong, most weakly oblique, straight or distally curved, margins crenate to lobed, the tips obtuse to acute, separated by narrow sinuses to 1 mm wide; fertile segments to 13.0 by 4.5 mm, approximate, sessile, free to adnate, deeply lobed but laminar tissue not reduced to narrow strands along the veins, most lobes with simple veins, only few basal lobes with one sorus on acroscopic fork of a vein, subtended by a sterile lobe not reaching beyond the sorus; segment tips a coarsely serrate sterile lobe. Veins mostly glabrous except for persisting turgid spreading hairs to 1.5 mm long, pale brown with whitish tips on midveins adaxially. Sori 1.6–2.0 mm wide, slightly kidney-shaped when closed, circular when open; indusia bivalved, outer one pale brown with paler cartilaginous margin, inner one light brown with slightly erose margins, somewhat darkened; paraphyses longer than sporangia, thin, pale tortuous, fragile. Spores tetrahedral-globose, whitish to pale yellow, exospore areolate with weakly protruding ridges, presumably covered in papillate-granulate to baculate perispore (only light microscopic evidence), forming a retate pattern (‘verrucose’ sensu Holttum 1963).</p><p>Distribution — Restricted to the island of Seram, Indonesia.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — At 980–1830 m in mossy montane forests on limestone (Kato 1990).</p><p>Vernacular name — ‘Seram woolly tree fern’, suggested herewith.</p><p>Additional specimens (paratypes). INDONESIA, Maluku, Seram, Manusela National Park, along a trail between Hatuemete (sea level) and Hoale Pass (1770 m), southern slope of Murkele Ridge, Kecamatan (District) Tehoru and Seram Utara, S03°13 –16' E129°36 –37', 1770 m, 21 Feb.1985, Kato, Ueda, Okamoto, Akiyama, Sunarno &amp; Mahjar C-7492 (K-000548899, L-1258680); Kecamatan (District), Tehoru, along a trail from Hunisi to Muselleinan Pass (1280 m), S03°12 –14' E129°45 –48', 1280 m, 27 Aug. 1986, Kato, Ueda &amp; Famani C-14048 (BO (image), TI n.v.).</p><p>Note — Dicksonia ceramica has been collected several times, and it is the only known species of the genus on Seram (Kato 1990). On one label, Kato indicated little variation occurring in the species on the island, and so, trusting Kato’s taxonomic expertise, the two collections that we were not able to consult (Kato et al. C-13608 and C-13837, BO, TI) are con- sidered most likely conspecific. Dicksonia ceramica was first determined and reported as D. lanigera based on its soft hairs, and it also resembles the New Guinean species D. hieronymi Brause in frond dissection (but D. hieronymi usually has a small sterile lobe subtending each sorus, whereas D. ceramica lacks this lobe). Unlike the other two mentioned species, D. ceramica loses most of its hair abaxially on the thinner frond axes, re- vealing their dark colour. In D. lanigera, the hairs are usually persisting and if removed the axes are not dark and shiny; in D. hieronymi it is mostly the same, but in some populations the epidermis of the axes may be dark and shiny. These plants of D. hieronymi still differ from in having the epidermis of the axes scabrous with spreading hairs (vs smooth epidermis, matted hairs in D. ceramica).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039843217641DD6CFCC0FEAC5713F85B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lehnert, M.;Coritico, F. P.	Lehnert, M., Coritico, F. P. (2018): The genus Dicksonia (Dicksoniaceae - Cyatheales) in western Malesia. Blumea 63 (1): 268-278, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.63.03.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.03.02
03984321764EDD6DFF99F824558DFCCD.text	03984321764EDD6DFF99F824558DFCCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicksonia mollis Holttum	<div><p>5. Dicksonia mollis Holttum — Fig. 2e, 3c, 4c, 6; Map 1</p><p>Dicksonia mollis Holttum (1962) 64. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 9874 (holo K-000602588/-000602589; iso BM-000097867, L-0537138/-0537139, MICH-1190338, MO-2675154/-2675155, NY-00127912, P, U-0007357, US-00066376), Philippines, Negros Oriental, Dumaguete, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.183334/lat 9.25)">Cuernos Mts</a>, c. N09°15' E123°11', Apr. 1908.</p><p>Etymology. The name was chosen because of the softer, denser cover of pale hairs on the costules compared to the similar Dicksonia blumei; the choice appears rather ironic given that the species has prickly petiole hairs, a feature that D. blumei does not have.</p><p>Tree fern, terrestrial. Trunks to 6 m tall, c. 10–12 cm diam, with old petiole bases, old fronds soon falling, not forming skirt around apex; adventitious buds not reported. Fronds to 380 cm long, ascending-arching, few, c. 6–12 per crown. Petioles to 60 cm long, dark brown to blackish, rough with blackish bases of broken-off bristly setiform hairs to 4.5 cm long, dark reddish brown, undercoat of appressed whitish hairs 0.5–1.0 mm long, filiform to catenate, tortuous, undercoat usually not thicker towards petiole base (not counting golden woolly hairs of trunk that may adhere). Laminae to 320 by 130 cm, tripinnate-pinnatifid, coriaceous, ovate-elliptic, widest at the middle, apex gradually reduced, weakly dimorphic with fertile parts more deeply dissected, occurring throughout the lamina. Leaf axes (rachises, costae and costules) dark reddish brown to atropurpureous or blackish, usually paler towards costules, densely hairy, adaxially mainly with curved yellowish white hairs 1.5–2.0 mm long, also with some longer spreading reddish brown hairs, and dense pale undercoat, abaxially with longer spreading reddish brown setiform hairs to 20 mm long, fragile, their blackish bases sticking out of whitish undercoat of flaccid to catenate, tortuous hairs, indument of costae and costules gradually becoming shorter, softer and paler, whitish hairs on costules and midveins usually forming a voluminous cover, relatively few hairs also with reddish tips. Pinnae to 75 by 25 cm, subsessile to short-stalked to 1.5 cm, oblong-lanceolate with attenuate tips, 10–14 pairs per frond, basal pinnae reflexed, c. 2/3 the length of largest pinnae, rarely smaller. Sterile pinnules to 14 by 2.5–3.0 cm, sessile, linear-lanceolate, bases truncate to cuneate, apices attenuate; fertile pinnules to 12.0 by 1.9 cm, sessile, linear-lanceolate, bases cuneate, apices attenuate. Sterile segments to 13.0 by 4.5 mm, oblong to linear, straight to weakly falcate, basal ones free, sessile, otherwise adnate, distal ones decurrent, most segments oblique, coarsely crenate to lobed almost to the midvein, margins crenate to serrate, segment tips rather blunt, acute; fertile segments to 13.0 by 3.5 mm, linear, straight, sessile to adnate with constricted bases, with 5 or 6 pairs of sori, with reduced lamina, sinuses wider than in sterile segments, larger sinuses U-shaped, parallel-sided, segment tips mostly sterile, rhomboid with 2–4 blunt teeth. Veins adaxially glabrous except for sporadic hairs on the midveins, abaxially midveins weakly to densely covered with pale catenate hairs, few to absent on lateral veins. Sori 1.7–2.0 mm diam, oblong when closed, circular when open, mostly (c. 75 %) on simple veins in a lobe that is narrower than outer indusial valve, if sorus on branched vein (c. 25 %) then sterile lobe inconspicuous below sorus; indusia bivalved, outer valve with concolorous pale yellowish brown (rarely darker) cartilaginous margin with notably paler rim, inner valve brown with darkened, sometimes blackish, erose margin; paraphyses longer than sporangia, flaccid to catenate, whitish, with dark brown clavate terminal cell. Spores tetrahedral-globose, to 61 µm diam, exospore foveate, perispore papillate-granulate to baculate, deposited in a retate pattern (‘verrucose’ sensu Holttum 1963).</p><p>Distribution — Malaysia (northern Borneo), Indonesia (northern Borneo) and throughout the Philippines.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — At 1500–2000(–2400) m in montane rain forests.</p><p>Vernacular name — ‘Philippine bristly tree fern’, ‘porcupine tree fern’, suggested herewith.</p><p>Additional specimens. MALAYSIA, Sabah, Mt Kinabalu, E116°32' N06°04', 1828–4100 m, 9 Apr. 1932, Clemens &amp; Clemens 29055 (K, UC); Tenom- pok, 1500 m, 9 Mar. 1932, Clemens &amp; Clemens 29734 (UC); Mt Trusmadi, 2000–2400 m, 10 Apr. 2015, Chen 4279 (TAIF). — PHILIPPINES, Luzon, Camarines Sur, Mt Isarog, Dec. 1928, Edano s.n. (UC); Mindanao, Davao, Todaya (Mt Apo), May 1909, Elmer 10640 (W); ibid., Aug.1909, Elmer 11452 (W); Negros, Balinsasayao twin lake to Guinsayawan, 7 Apr. 2014, Chen 3837 (TAIF). — INDONESIA, Kalimantan, Gunong Besar, c. S02.72 E115.62, 1300–1880 m, 18 Feb. 1979, Murata, Kato &amp; Mogea B 3513 (K).</p><p>Notes — Holttum (1962) gives only a short description of D. mollis, stating just the differences to D. blumei . There are ample collections of both species in the major herbaria but almost all of them have no further information about the dimensions of the plants.</p><p>The spores of D. mollis are larger than those of the other Malesian species, which is especially noticeable when compared side by side (Fig. 2). This could be an indication of polyploidy (Barrington et al. 1986) and it should be investigated, with a larger sampling than was possible here, in as much spore size varies within a population depending on plant age and nutrient supply.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03984321764EDD6DFF99F824558DFCCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lehnert, M.;Coritico, F. P.	Lehnert, M., Coritico, F. P. (2018): The genus Dicksonia (Dicksoniaceae - Cyatheales) in western Malesia. Blumea 63 (1): 268-278, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.63.03.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.03.02
03984321764FDD6EFCC0FCCB5758FE3C.text	03984321764FDD6EFCC0FCCB5758FE3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicksonia timorensis Adjie	<div><p>6. Dicksonia timorensis Adjie — Map 1</p><p>Dicksonia timorensis (as ‘ timorense ’) Adjie (in Adjie et al.2012) 360. — Type: B. Adjie BA653 (holo Herbarium of Bali Botanic Garden n.v.; iso BO n.v., K?), Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Timor Island, Mutis Nature Reserve, Bukit Lelofui, 1760 m, cultivated in Bali Botanic Garden .</p><p>Best described as a slender version of the well-known and widely-cultivated D. antarctica, differing mainly in the hemi-epiphytic habit. Also seems to retain more hair on the frond axes and not to develop a skirt of dead fronds below the crown. Spore diam c. 40–42 µm, exospore smooth, perispore granulate. See Adjie et al. (2012) for further details and illustrations.</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to western Timor, Indonesia.</p><p>Note — Our evaluation of this species relies solely on the original description and the accompanying photographs and illustrations (Adjie et al. 2012). The designated isotype at K was not found .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03984321764FDD6EFCC0FCCB5758FE3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lehnert, M.;Coritico, F. P.	Lehnert, M., Coritico, F. P. (2018): The genus Dicksonia (Dicksoniaceae - Cyatheales) in western Malesia. Blumea 63 (1): 268-278, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.63.03.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.03.02
03984321764CDD6EFF99FDA453E5FE46.text	03984321764CDD6EFF99FDA453E5FE46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicksonia	<div><p>OF DICKSONIA</p><p>1. Spreading thick bristly hairs abundant and evenly distributed on rachis and most parts of the petiole; hairs brittle, in specimens often only black indurated bases sticking out of the contrasting yellowish to pale brown undercoat of matted, flexuous to tortuous hairs (apparently translucent when wet); either outer or inner indusial valve with darkened margin, contrasting with paler remainder of the valve............... 2</p><p>1. Spreading thick hairs either not bristly or confined to petiole, if broken-off then bases inconspicuous within undercoat; indusial valves rather pale, stramineous to medium brown, if outer valve darkened then margin paler than the remainder ofit ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. .. 4</p><p>2. Paler undercoat comparatively thin for the complete length of the petiole, at least abaxially (adaxially woolly hairs from the trunk may be adhering); bristly hairs mostly irritating, ending in a ± straight tip; hairs on costules notably denser than on veins, mainly white, antrorsely curved, with few longer, red and ± straight hairs protruding. — Philippines, Borneo........................................ 5. D. mollis</p><p>2. Paler undercoat denser towards petiole base, abaxially becoming a thick golden woolly layer with bristly hairs protruding; bristly hairs not irritating, most ending in a flexuous tip; hairs gradually thinning from costae to midveins, on costules hairs mostly spreading, longer ones reddish, shorter ones white. — Sumatra, Java, Bali, Sulawesi ............. 3</p><p>3. Outer indusial valve usually with dark brown margin; spores with evenly deposited perispore layer, appearing smooth at low magnification. — Sumatra, Java, Bali ... 2. D. blumei</p><p>3. Outer indusial valve usually with pale margin; spores with perispore deposited in retate pattern, appearing verrucose at low magnification. — Sulawesi ........ 3. D. celebica</p><p>4. Hairs on petioles, rachises and costae forming a dark reddish brown shaggy coat, hairs curved and bent downwards in respect to the orientation of the frond; some indurated bases may persist if hairs are abraded on the axes; lamina not strongly tapering basally, petioles relatively long; costules of fully expanded fronds usually abaxially with persistent layer of reddish brown undercoat, obscuring the colour of the epidermis. — Philippines ........ 1. D. amorosoana</p><p>4. Hairs on petioles dense, with reddish to dark orange spreading hairs and paler woolly undercoat, becoming gradually thinner and paler towards costae; lamina notably to strongly tapering basally, petioles relatively short; costules of fully expanded fronds abaxially usually with hairs sparse or absent, colour of the epidermis visible. — Seram, Timor....... 5</p><p>5. Plants terrestrial with ± straight trunks; epidermis of costae and costules abaxially with atropurpureous to blackish epidermis, contrasting strongly with the lamina; largest segments elongate with blunt tips; spores with retate perispore, appearing verrucose at low magnification. — Seram...................................... 4. D. ceramica</p><p>5. Plants starting as hemi-epiphytes on other tree ferns, trunk often bent where plant germinated on host; epidermis of costae and costules abaxially green in fresh material, yellowish to stramineous when dried, not contrasting strongly with the lamina; largest segments ovate-oblong with acute to short-acuminate tips; spores with evenly distributed perispore, appearing smooth at low magnification. — Timor.................................. 6. D. timorensis</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03984321764CDD6EFF99FDA453E5FE46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lehnert, M.;Coritico, F. P.	Lehnert, M., Coritico, F. P. (2018): The genus Dicksonia (Dicksoniaceae - Cyatheales) in western Malesia. Blumea 63 (1): 268-278, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.63.03.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.03.02
