identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0399D117FFD2FFEFFD25DACAFE21FB1F.text	0399D117FFD2FFEFFD25DACAFE21FB1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhynchothorax nopperabo Matsushita & Kakui 2024	<div><p>Rhynchothorax nopperabo sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1a- c, 2, 3</p><p>[New Japanese name: Įjďĵ‹fflÙṢḤŦ (Noppera-ibo-umigumo)]</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is for the mythical Japanese faceless ghost “Noppera-bo”, referring to the lack of eyes.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: Female (ICHUM 8636), three slides and one vial; Ikari-kai, Shiriuchi Town, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan (41°32'08.8''N, 140°25'46.9''E), intertidal zone, among gravel, 27 June 2021, coll. by Aoi Tsuyuki and Yuki Oya . Paratypes: Three females (ICHUM 8637, three slides and one vial; ICHUM 8638, one vial; ICHUM 8639, one vial); same collection information as for holotype .</p><p>Diagnosis (female). Anterolateral border of cephalic segment not produced into horns; no dorsal setae on lateral processes; one posterior tubercle on first lateral process; two posterior tubercles on second lateral process not reaching anterior margin of third lateral process; proboscis with nearly smooth dorsal surface; eyes lacking; cephalic segment with anterodorsal extensions; terminal palp segment unilobed; seventh to ninth segments of oviger with four ventral (one middle and three distal), three ventro-subdistal, three ventro-subdistal terminally-digitiform spines, respectively; auxiliary claws present, longer than half claw length.</p><p>Descriptions of holotype female</p><p>Trunk (Figs 1a, 2a, b) four segmented, decreasing in size anterior to posterior, without dorsal tubercles; total length about three times trunk width at second lateral process. Anterolateral border of cephalic segment lacking horns. Fourth trunk segment fan shaped. Lateral processes all separated by less than half their diameter at base, without dorsal setae.First lateral process directed anterolaterally, with large posterior tubercle; second lateral process directed slightly anteriorly, with two large posterior (not reaching anterior margin of third lateral process) and one small anterior tubercles; third lateral process directed slightly posteriorly, with one small anterior and one small posterior tubercles; fourth lateral process directed posterolaterally, with small anterior tubercle.</p><p>Proboscis (Fig. 2a,b) egg shaped with two pairs of slight dorsolateral swellings; mouth triradiate. Anterior tip of proboscis not reaching distal tip of palp in lateral view.</p><p>Ocular tubercle and eyes (Fig. 2a,b) lacking.</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 2a,b) conical, not reaching distal margin of second coxa of fourth leg; ventral surface flat; tip slightly trifurcate.</p><p>Chelifores (Fig. 2a,b) lacking; cephalic segment with flat triangular anterodorsal extensions.</p><p>Palp (Figs 1b, 2c) with five segments. First segment tiny, without setae.Second segment cylindrical, with dorsodistal seta. Third segment cylindrical, without setae. Fourth segment cylindrical, with large dorsal tubercle at two-thirds of length from proximal end, several ventrodistal, one mid-dorsal, and one lateroproximal tiny setae, and laterodistal seta; dorsal tubercle cylindrical, length about half that of fourth segment, with two latero-subdistal and one distal setae. Fifth segment arched dorsally, unilobed, semicircular in shape, with many setae.</p><p>Oviger (Fig.2d,e) with 10 segments.First to third segments cylindrical, without setae; first segment originating from flat ventral surface of trunk. Fourth and sixth segments cylindrical. Fifth segment arched ventrally. Fourth to sixth segments without setae. Seventh segment cylindrical, with one mid-ventral and three ventrodistal spines. Eighth and ninth segments oval, each with three ventro-subdistal spines. All spines on seventh to ninth segments terminally digitiform. Tenth segment oval, with large terminal claw, distal seta, medial terminally-digitiform spine, two ventroproximal conical spines, and serrated lamellar projection between terminal claw and proximal-most conical spine.</p><p>Legs (Fig. 3a- d) slender. First coxa cylindrical, with anterodistal tubercle on first and second legs (Fig. 3a, b), and posterior tubercle on third leg (Fig. 2b). Second coxa cylindrical, with sexual pore on posterior surface of fourth leg (Fig. 1c). Third coxa cylindrical. Femur and first and second tibiae cylindrical, each with long dorsodistal seta and several tiny setae as illustrated; three ventrodistal setae on second tibia. Tarsus with ventral seta. Propodus cylindrical, slightly arched ventrally, with many setae. Claw short, broad. Two auxiliary claws, narrow, longer than half claw length.</p><p>Measurements. Primarily based on holotype; in parentheses are corresponding measurements for paratype ICHUM 8637; nd, no data.</p><p>Proboscis length 0.51 (0.51), trunk length 0.90(0.90), abdomen length 0.22 (0.21), total length 1.62(1.62), proboscis width 0.27(0.29), trunk widths at first and second lateral processes 0.53 (0.48), 0.50(0.51).</p><p>Lengths for palp: second to fifth segments 0.26(0.25), 0.06 (0.06), 0.13 (0.15), 0.08 (0.07) [total length 0.53 (0.53)]; dorsal tubercle on fourth segment 0.07(0.07).</p><p>Lengths for oviger: second to tenth segments 0.06(nd), 0.08 (0.08), 0.13 (0.12), 0.09 (0.09), 0.13 (0.13), 0.08(0.07), 0.06(0.06), 0.05(0.04), 0.06(0.06), terminal claw 0.04 (0.04) [total length from second segment to terminal claw 0.78 (nd)].</p><p>Lengths for first leg: first coxa 0.14 (nd), second coxa 0.17(0.18), third coxa 0.12(0.08), femur0.28(0.27), first tibia 0.26 (0.26), second tibia 0.26(0.26), tarsus 0.03(0.03), propodus 0.20(0.20), claw 0.07(0.06) [total length 1.52 (nd)]; auxiliary claw 0.05 (0.05).</p><p>Lengths for second leg: first coxa 0.10 (nd), second coxa 0.12 (0.14), third coxa 0.10 (0.10), femur 0.21 (0.20), first tibia 0.22(0.18), second tibia 0.20 (0.22), tarsus 0.03 (0.03), propodus 0.18 (0.18) claw 0.06 (0.06) [total length 1.22 (nd)]; auxiliary claw 0.05(0.05).</p><p>Lengths for third leg: first coxa 0.07(nd), second coxa 0.11(0.12), third coxa 0.09(0.09), femur0.22(0.22), first tibia 0.20 (0.21), second tibia 0.21(0.21), tarsus 0.03(0.03), propodus 0.20(0.19) claw 0.07(0.06) [total length 1.19 (nd)]; auxiliary claw 0.04 (0.05).</p><p>Lengths for fourth leg: first coxa 0.08 (nd), second coxa 0.13 (0.13), third coxa 0.09 (0.09), femur 0.25 (0.23), first tibia 0.24(0.24), second tibia 0.24 (0.22), tarsus 0.03 (0.05), propodus 0.24 (nd, broken) claw 0.07(nd, broken) [total length 1.37(nd)]; auxiliary claw 0.04 (nd, broken).</p><p>Genetic information. A partial 18S sequence was determined from one paratype (ICHUM 8639, 1695 bp, LC795945). The sequence in the INSD most similar to our 18S sequence, as determined by BLAST searches (Altschul et al. 1990), was from the pycnogonid Pycnogonum tuberculatum Clark, 1963 (KX536444; identity score 96.36 %, query cover 100%; Sabroux et al. 2017). A single congeneric 18S sequence had previously been deposited in INSD, from nominal R. mediterraneus collected from Japan (AB292215; Nakamura et al. 2007); this sequence appeared in ninth place in our BLAST results (identity score 96.21 %, query cover 99 %). One Hedgpethia ( Colossendeidae) and six Pycnogonum sequences appeared in the second to eighth places, with 96.02-96.53% identity scores and 100 % query cover.</p><p>Remarks. Rhynchothorax nopperabo sp. nov. is similar to the six congeners in the philopsammum -group sensu Krapp (1973) ( R. alcicornis Krapp, 1973; R. anophthalmus, Arnaud, 1972; R. architectus Child, 1979; R. arenicolus Stock, 1989; R. philopsammum Hedgpeth, 1951; and R. vallatus Child, 1990) in lacking eyes, having auxiliary claws, and having anterodorsal extensions on the cephalic segment. It differs from all of them except R. vallatus in having a unilobed terminal segment of the palp, the anterolateral border of the cephalic segment not produced into horns, and the two small posterior tubercles on the second lateral process not reaching the anterior margin of the third lateral process, and in lacking mid-dorsal tubercles on the proboscis.</p><p>Rhynchothorax nopperabo differs from R. vallatus as follows (character states of R. vallatus in parentheses; Child 1990): the oviger has a mid-ventral and three ventrodistal spines on the seventh segment, three ventro-subdistal spines on each of the eighth and ninth segments, two ventroproximal conical spines and a medial spine on the tenth segment (one mid-ventral and one ventrodistal spine on the seventh; one mid-ventral spine on each of the eighth and ninth; one ventroproximal spine on the tenth); the spines on the seventh to ninth segments of the oviger are terminally digitiform (conical); each lateral process lacks dorsal setae (one); the first lateral process has one posterior tubercle (two); the auxiliary claws are 0.63-0.81 times as long as the claw (less than half the claw length).</p><p>The 18S sequence in the INSD most similar to that from R. nopperabo, as determined by BLAST searches, was not from a confamilial species but from the pycnogonid Pycnogonum tuberculatum . All of the top nine sequences determined by BLAST searches (one from Rhynchothoracidae, seven from Pycnogonidae, and one from Colossendeidae) showed approximately 96% similarity to our sequence, i. e., our sequence differed from one confamilial and eight non-confamilial sequences to the same extent. This suggests that the 18S data alone may be insufficient to distinguish these three families.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0399D117FFD2FFEFFD25DACAFE21FB1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Matsushita, Hiroki;Kakui, Keiichi	Matsushita, Hiroki, Kakui, Keiichi (2024): Two new Rhynchothorax sea spiders from Japan. Spixiana 47 (1): 15-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16851490
0399D117FFD5FFE1FF38DFA0FD88FE0D.text	0399D117FFD5FFE1FF38DFA0FD88FE0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhynchothorax monoceros Matsushita & Kakui 2024	<div><p>Rhynchothorax monoceros sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1d, e, 4, 5, 6</p><p>[New Japanese name: ‹jbḩ‹fflÙṢḤŦ (Ikkakuibo-umigumo)]</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is the Latin noun (nominative case) for unicorn, referring to the long, anteriorly directed apical extension of the ocular tubercle.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: Female (ICHUM 8640), six slides and one vial; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.17639&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.220556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.17639/lat 28.220556)">Nishikomi</a>, Setouchi Town, Amami-Oshima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan (28°13'14.0''N, 129°10'35.0'' E), 15-30 m depth, among dead coral collected by SCUBA diving, 5 November 2015, coll. by Keiichi Kakui. Paratypes: Two females (ICHUM 8641, one vial; ICHUM 8642, seven slides); same collection information as for holotype.</p><p>Diagnosis (female). Trunk three segmented, with third and fourth trunk segments fused; trunk less than four times as long as proboscis; dorsal tubercles lacking on third lateral process; eyes present; ocular tubercle with long, anteriorly directed apical extension overhanging approximately proximal half of proboscis; anterodorsal extensions of cephalic segment lacking, seventh segment of oviger without mid-ventral spines, first coxa of fourth leg with dorsal tubercle; auxiliary claws absent.</p><p>Descriptions of holotype female</p><p>Trunk (Figs 1d, 4a- d) three segmented, decreasing in size anterior to posterior. Dorsomedian tubercle present on cephalic, second trunk, and third trunk segments, respectively; all tubercles conical, about half as tall as trunk height, with rounded apex. Total length about three times trunk width at second lateral process. Anterolateral border of cephalic segment not produced into horns. Third and fourth trunk segments fused; fourth trunk segment fan shaped. Lateral processes all separated by less than half their diameter at base. First, second, and fourth lateral processes each with large dorsal tubercle. First lateral process directed anterolaterally; second lateral process directed slightly anteriorly; third lateral process directed slightly posteriorly; fourth lateral process directed posterolaterally. Two dorsal conical tubercles present posterior to ocular tubercle, about half as tall as dorsomedian tubercles on trunk.</p><p>Proboscis (Fig. 4a- d) egg shaped, slightly bent down, with vertical mouth, gentle mid-dorsal bulge, and two ventroproximal bulges. Anterior tip of proboscis not reaching distal tip of palp in lateral view.</p><p>Ocular tubercle (Fig. 4a- d) present on anterodorsal surface of cephalic segment, as tall as dorsomedian tubercles on trunk, with eyes. Long, anteriorly directed apical extension of ocular tubercle overhanging approximately proximal half of proboscis.</p><p>Abdomen (Fig.4a- d) tapering-cylindrical, reaching beyond distal margin of second coxa of fourth leg; ventral surface flat; tip slightly bifurcate.</p><p>Cephalic segment lacking chelifore and anterodorsal extensions.</p><p>Palp (Fig. 4e, f) with five segments. First segment short, without setae. Second segment cylindrical, with many tiny setae, one dorsodistal, one ventrosubproximal, and one ventrodistal setae, and large dorsodistal tubercle; dorsodistal tubercle cylindrical, length equal to second-segment width, with distal seta. Third segment cylindrical, with mid-dorsal bulge, mediodistal robust seta, four ventral setae (two median, two distal), and one mid-lateral seta; mid-dorsal bulge with three setae. Fourth and fifth segments cylindrical, with many setae.</p><p>Oviger (Fig. 5a- c) with 10 segments. First segment (not illustrated) cylindrical, originating from shallow ventral concavity of trunk. Second and third segments cylindrical. Fourth to sixth segments cylindrical; fourth segment with one dorsodistal and two mid-dorsal setae. Seventh segment cylindrical, with thick tip and two ventrodistal bifurcate spines. Eighth and ninth segments oval, with four mid-ventral spines; spine shapes on eighth segment (from medial to lateral) conical, bifurcate, bifurcate, conical; spine shapes on ninth segment (from medial to lateral) conical, bifurcate, conical, conical. Tenth segment oval, with large terminal claw, distal seta, medial conical spine, and one mid-ventral conical and one mid-ventral bifurcate spines.</p><p>Legs (Fig. 6a- d) slender; first leg longest. First to third coxae cylindrical, with several tiny setae; first coxa of each leg with dorsal tubercle taller than dorsal tubercle on lateral tubercle (Figs 4a- c, 6b, c); second coxa with sexual pore on posterior surface of fourth leg (Figs 1e, 6b). Femur and first and second tibiae cylindrical, each with long dorsodistal seta (detached in holotype) and several tiny setae as illustrated; femur thicker than tibiae, with mid-dorsal seta; second tibia with three ventrodistal setae. Tarsus with two ventral setae.Propodus cylindrical, slightly arched ventrally, with many setae. Claw long and broad. Auxiliary claws absent.</p><p>Measurements. Primarily based on holotype; in parentheses are corresponding measurements for paratypes ICHUM 8641 (left) and ICHUM 8642 (right); nd, no data</p><p>Proboscis length 0.37(0.37,0.33), trunk length 0.65(0.62,0.58), abdomen length 0.15(0.15,0.14), total length 1.17 (1.14,1.05), proboscis width 0.16 (0.18, 0.16), trunk widths at first and second lateral processes 0.33(0.40,0.34), 0.37(0.40,0.35), length of anteriorly directed apical extension of ocular tubercle 0.19(0.19,0.14).</p><p>Lengths for right palp: first to fifth segments 0.02 (nd,0.02), 0.20 (nd,0.17), 0.11(nd,0.10), 0.04 (nd, 0.04), 0.02 (nd, 0.02) [total length 0.40 (nd, 0.36)]; dorsal tubercle on second segment 0.07 (nd,0.08). Lengths for left palp: first to fifth segments nd (nd, 0.02), nd (nd,0.17), nd (nd, 0.11), nd (nd, 0.04), nd (nd, 0.02) [total length nd (nd, 0.36)]; dorsal tubercle on second segment nd(nd, 0.08).</p><p>Lengths for right oviger: second to tenth segments nd(nd, 0.05), nd (nd, 0.05), nd (nd, 0.11), nd (nd, 0.07), nd (nd, 0.08), 0.05 (nd, 0.05), 0.05 (nd, 0.05), 0.04 (nd, 0.05), 0.05 (nd, 0.05); terminal claw 0.04 (nd, 0.04) [total length for second to tenth segments nd(nd,0.59)]. Lengths for left oviger: first to tenth segments nd(nd,0.05), nd(nd,0.05), nd(nd,0.04), 0.11 (nd, 0.11), 0.08 (nd, 0.06), 0.09 (nd, 0.09), 0.05 (nd,0.05), 0.04 (nd, 0.05), 0.04 (nd,0.05), 0.05(nd, 0.05), terminal claw 0.03(nd,0.04) [total length nd(nd,0.62)].</p><p>Lengths for right first leg: first coxa 0.10(nd, nd), second coxa 0.08 (nd,0.07), third coxa 0.06 (nd, 0.07), femur 0.28 (nd,0.26), first tibia 0.27(nd, 0.27), second tibia 0.22(nd, 0.21), tarsus 0.04 (nd, 0.04), propodus 0.20(nd, 0.20), claw 0.09 (nd, 0.09) [total length 1.33 (nd, nd)]. Lengths for left first leg: first coxa nd(nd, 0.07), second coxa nd (nd, 0.07), third coxa nd (nd, 0.07), femur nd (nd, 0.25), first tibia nd (nd, 0.26), second tibia nd (nd, 0.21), tarsus nd (nd,0.04), propodus nd (nd, 0.19), claw nd (nd, 0.09) [total length nd (nd, 1.25)].</p><p>Lengths for right second leg: first coxa nd (nd, 0.07), second coxa nd (nd, 0.06), third coxa nd (nd,0.07), femur nd (nd, 0.22), first tibia nd (nd, 0.18), second tibia nd (nd, 0.14), tarsus nd (nd, 0.03), propodus nd (nd, 0.19), claw nd (nd, 0.09) [total length nd (nd, 1.06)]. Lengths for left second leg: first coxa 0.05 (nd, nd), second coxa 0.06 (nd, 0.06), third coxa 0.06(nd, 0.06), femur 0.21 (nd, 0.21), first tibia 0.19 (nd, 0.18), second tibia 0.15 (nd, 014), tarsus 0.04 (nd, 0.04), propodus 0.20 (nd, 0.18), claw 0.09 (nd,0.10) [total length 1.05 (nd, nd)].</p><p>Lengths for right third leg:first coxa 0.06(nd,0.06), second coxa 0.06 (nd, 0.06), third coxa 0.05(nd, 0.06), femur 0.21(nd, 0.20), first tibia 0.18 (nd, 0.17), second tibia 0.14(nd, 0.14), tarsus 0.04 (nd, 0.03), propodus 0.19 (nd, 0.19), claw 0.10 (nd, 0.10) [total length 1.03 (nd, 1.02)]. Lengths for left third leg: second coxa nd (nd, 0.07), third coxa nd (nd, 0.05), femur nd (nd, 0.20), first tibia nd (nd, 0.17), second tibia nd (nd,0.14), tarsus nd(nd,0.04), propodus nd (nd, 0.19), claw nd (nd, 0.10) [total length nd (nd, nd)].</p><p>Lengths for right fourth leg: first coxa 0.05, second coxa nd, third coxa 0.06, femur 0.20, first tibia 0.17, second tibia 0.15, tarsus 0.04, propodus 0.19, claw 0.10 [total length nd (nd, nd)]. Lengths for left fourth leg: first coxa (nd,0.05), second coxa (nd, 0.06), third coxa 0.05 (nd, 0.05), femur 0.20(nd, 0.19), first tibia 0.17(nd, 0.17), second tibia 0.14 (nd,0.14), tarsus 0.03 (nd, 0.03), propodus 0.20 (nd, 0.19), claw 0.10 (nd,0.10) [total length nd (nd, 0.99)].</p><p>Remarks. Rhynchothorax monoceros sp. nov. is similar to 10 species in the malaccensis - and mediterraneus - groups sensu Krapp (1973) ( R. barnardi Child &amp; Hedgpeth, 1971; R. crenatus Child, 1982; R. malaccensis Stock, 1968; R. mediterraneus Costa, 1861; R. monnioti Arnaud, 1974; R. oblongus (Pushkin, 1977); R. orientalis Child, 1988; R. sidereus Sabroux, Hassanin &amp; Corbari, 2022; R. tiahurensis Müller, 1989; R. unicornis Fage &amp; Stock, 1966) in having eyes, and in lacking auxiliary claws and anterodorsal extensions of the cephalic segment. It differs from all of them except R. mediterraneus in having the ocular tubercle with a long, anteriorly directed apical extension that overhangs approximately the proximal half of the proboscis, and a dorsal tubercle on the first coxa of the third leg. Additional characters distinguishing R. monoceros sp. nov. from the above nine species and R. mediterraneus are listed in electronic Supplementary material: Table S1.</p><p>Rhynchothorax monoceros differs from R. mediterraneus as follows (character states of R. mediterraneus in parentheses; Dohrn 1881): no dorsal tubercles on the third lateral process (one); first coxa of the fourth leg with a dorsal tubercle (tubercle lacking); seventh segment of the oviger with two ventrodistal spines (one mid-ventral and two ventrodistal spines); tenth segment of the oviger with a median conical spine (spine lacking).</p><p>Miyazaki &amp; Stock (1995) reported sea spiders from Tanabe Bay, Shirahama, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, as R. mediterraneus, but their species lacked dorsal tubercules on the third and fourth lateral processes, which distinguishes it from R. mediterraneus sensu Dohrn (1881) and from R. monoceros .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0399D117FFD5FFE1FF38DFA0FD88FE0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Matsushita, Hiroki;Kakui, Keiichi	Matsushita, Hiroki, Kakui, Keiichi (2024): Two new Rhynchothorax sea spiders from Japan. Spixiana 47 (1): 15-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16851490
0399D117FFDBFFE6FF21DAA0FB7EFEEA.text	0399D117FFDBFFE6FF21DAA0FB7EFEEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhynchothorax Costa 1861	<div><p>Key to species in Rhynchothorax</p><p>The number of segments in the palp was not used in the key, as Staples (2019) suggested that this number was unclear for several species.</p><p>1 Auxiliary claws present, cephalic segment with anterodorsal extensions, eyes lacking............. 2</p><p>– Auxiliary claws present, cephalic segment lacking anterodorsal extensions, eyes present...... 8</p><p>– Auxiliary claws lacking, cephalic segment lacking anterodorsal extensions, eyes present..... 13</p><p>2 Terminal palp segment unilobed .................... 3</p><p>– Terminal palp segment bilobed....................... 7</p><p>3 Anterolateral border of cephalic segment with two horns.................................. R. philopsammum Hedgpeth, 1951</p><p>– Anterolateral border of cephalic segment lacking horns.............................................................. 4</p><p>4 Proboscis with several dorsal tubercles............ ........................................................... R. architectus Child, 1979</p><p>– Dorsal surface of proboscis nearly smooth.... 5</p><p>5 Second lateral process with single posterior tubercle, reaching beyond anterior margin of third lateral process.................. R. anophthalmus Arnaud, 1972</p><p>– Second lateral process with two posterior tubercles, not reaching anterior margin of third lateral process...................................................... 6</p><p>6 Auxiliary claws shorter than half claw length, first lateral process with two posterior tubercles, seventh to ninth segments of oviger respectively with two ventral (one middle and one distal), one mid-ventral, and one mid-ventral spines .................................................... R. vallatus Child, 1990</p><p>– Auxiliary claws longer than half claw length, first lateral process with one posterior tubercle, seventh to ninth segments of oviger respectively with four ventral (one middle and three distal), three ventro-subdistal, and three ventro-subdistal spines................. R. nopperabo sp. nov.</p><p>7 Several conical tubercles on lateral processes. ............................................................. R. alcicornis Krapp, 1973</p><p>– Conical tubercles lacking on lateral processes ............................................................ R. arenicolus Stock, 1989</p><p>8 Ocular tubercle length two or more times width ................................................................... 9</p><p>– Ocular tubercle less than or equal to 1.5 times width .................................................................. 11</p><p>9 Mouth triradiate, trunk four segmented.......... ........................................................... R. articulatus Stock, 1968</p><p>– Mouth vertical slit, trunk three segmented .. 10</p><p>10 Ocular tubercle with long, anteriorly directed apical extension overhanging approximately proximal half of proboscis................ R. percivali Clark, 1976</p><p>– Ocular tubercle with short apical extension not reaching to middle of proboscis............. R. swir Staples, 2019</p><p>11 All lateral processes with long tubercules, proboscis with dorsal tubercle one-third of way from proximal end........................... R. voxorinus Stock, 1966</p><p>– Lateral process with or without short tubercules, proboscis without dorsal tubercles ................ 12</p><p>12 Lateral processes all with dorsal tubercles, dorsodistal tubercle on fourth palp segment from distal end not greater than segment width.................................................. R. coralensis Staples, 2019</p><p>– Lateral process lacking dorsal tubercles, dorsodistal tubercle on fourth palp segment from distal end greater than segment width............. ............................................................... R. australis Hodgson, 1907</p><p>13 Trunk four segmented...................... R. oblongus (Pushkin, 1977)</p><p>– Trunk three segmented.................................... 14</p><p>14 Ocular tubercle with long, anteriorly directed apical extension overhanging approximately proximal half of proboscis............................... 15</p><p>– Ocular tubercle with short apical extension not reaching to middle of proboscis ..................... 17</p><p>15 First coxa of third leg with dorsal tubercle... 16</p><p>– First coxa of third leg lacking dorsal tubercle. .............................................................. R. orientalis Child, 1988</p><p>16 Third lateral process with dorsal tubercle, seventh segment of oviger with one mid-ventral and two ventrodistal spines.... R. mediterraneus Costa, 1861</p><p>– Third lateral process lacking dorsal tubercle, seventh segment of oviger with two ventrodistal spines............................ R. monoceros sp. nov.</p><p>17 Proboscis with dorsal tubercles...................... 18</p><p>– Proboscis lacking dorsal tubercle................... 20</p><p>18 More-proximal of two dorsal tubercles on palp longer than more-distal one........... R. unicornis Fage &amp; Stock, 1966</p><p>– More-proximal of two dorsal tubercles on palp as long as more-distal one............................... 19</p><p>19 Ocular tubercle and dorsal tubercles on trunk as tall as dorsal tubercle on proboscis.............. .............................................................. R. monnioti Arnaud, 1974</p><p>– Ocular tubercle and dorsal tubercles on trunk taller than dorsal tubercle on proboscis........... ............................................................... R. crenatus Child, 1982</p><p>20 Two dorsal conical tubercles posterior to ocular tubercle ............................................................... 21</p><p>– No dorsal conical tubercles posterior to ocular tubercle............................................................... 22</p><p>21 Dorsal tubercles on trunk spiniform, longer than tubercle width, length of dorsal tubercle on third palp segment from distal end not greater than segment width..................................... R. sidereus Sabroux, Hassanin &amp; Corbari, 2022</p><p>– Dorsal tubercles on trunk dome shaped, not longer than tubercle width, length of dorsal tubercle on third palp segment from distal end greater than segment width......... R. tiahurensis Müller, 1989</p><p>22 Dorsal tubercle on fourth palp segment from distal end longer than segment width, three dorsal tubercles on trunk.................. R. barnardi Child &amp; Hedgpath, 1971</p><p>– Dorsal tubercle on fourth palp segment from distal end not longer than segment width, four dorsal tubercles on trunk............. R. malaccensis Stock, 1968</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0399D117FFDBFFE6FF21DAA0FB7EFEEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Matsushita, Hiroki;Kakui, Keiichi	Matsushita, Hiroki, Kakui, Keiichi (2024): Two new Rhynchothorax sea spiders from Japan. Spixiana 47 (1): 15-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16851490
