identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A587BDFFACFF91FCB6FA862B5997A2.text	03A587BDFFACFF91FCB6FA862B5997A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physematium Kaulf.	<div><p>Physematium Kaulf. in Flora 12: 341. 1829. – Type: Physematium molle Kaulf. in Flora 12: 341. 1829.</p><p>Morphological description — Plants small to mediumsized (up to 40 cm tall); usually lithophytic. Roots blackish, wiry, inserted radially. Rhizomes usually long-creeping or erect, bearing scales at apex, non-clathrate, brown to blackish-brown, centre usually sclerotic, margin entire to toothed. Fronds clustered, monomorphic, deciduous or sometimes evergreen; stipes stramineous or dark purple throughout, or proximally darkened, usually covered with scales and septate hairs, non-articulate, rigid or brittle. Lamina pinnate-pinnatifid or pinnate-pinnatisect to 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, membranous to subcoriaceous, glabrous or frequently covered with articulate hairs, sometimes with glandular hairs or capitate glands. Veins free, pinnate, usually ending in enlarged hydathodes. Sori dorsal along veins, subterminal or terminal, round, indusiate; soral receptacle flat; indusia inferior, globose, sacciform or saucer-shaped to cup-shaped, margin ciliate, or indusia developed into strap-shaped or filamentous segments. Spores ellipsoid or somewhat spheric, monolete, nonchlorophyllous, yellowish, tan or brown, perispore fold- ed, cristate or echinate. x = 38.</p><p>Distribution — A genus with three subgenera ( Physematium subg. Cheilanthopsis (Hieron.) Li Bing Zhang &amp; al., P. subg. Physematium and P. subg. Woodsiopsis (Shmakov) Li Bing Zhang &amp; al.) and c. 30 species distributed in Asia, Africa, Madagascar and America, with at least six species in South America, four in the Southern Cone, with the highest diversity in Andean and Pampean mountainous habitats, reaching its southern distribution limit in the highlands of Río Negro, Argentina. All species inhabiting the Southern Cone belong to P. subg. Physematium .</p><p>Remarks — In Physematium montevidense, the germination pattern of the gametophyte corresponds to the Vittaria - type and the development is Aspidium - type. Gametangia appeared 30–40 days after spore germination. The sporophytes emerged near 3 months after spore sowing (Martinenco &amp; al. 2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A587BDFFACFF91FCB6FA862B5997A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ponce, M. Mónica;Gorrer, Daniel A.;Arana, Marcelo D.	Ponce, M. Mónica, Gorrer, Daniel A., Arana, Marcelo D. (2025): Hidden and neglected taxa inside a collective taxon: taxonomic revision of Woodsiaceae in the Southern Cone of South America. Willdenowia 55 (1): 29-49, DOI: 10.3372/wi.55.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.55.04
03A587BDFFAEFF9DFCB6FCE62B369762.text	03A587BDFFAEFF9DFCB6FCE62B369762.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physematium hieronymi Ponce & Arana 2025	<div><p>1. Physematium hieronymi Ponce &amp; Arana, sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: Argentina, Jujuy, Depto. Dr. Manuel Belgrano, 9 km del desvío de la Ruta Nacional 9 camino a Tiraxi, selva con dominancia de Myrtaceae y Junglandaceae, 1600 m, 10 Dec 1998, O. Morrone &amp; al. 3208 (SI [accession no. 154134!]).</p><p>Diagnosis — Physematium hieronymi is similar to P. montevidense (Spreng.) Shmakov but differs by several characters: pendulous, gracile fronds (vs erect to patent); rhizomatic scales linear-triangular to narrowly lanceolate, strongly bicolorous, shiny, dark brown, totally sclerotic or with a very thin margin, blackish with castaneous to brown or reddish margin, margin entire, largely attenuate apex (vs ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, concolorous, dull, light brown or orange becoming bicolorous, in this case with a central stripe partially to totally sclerotic, brown, margin membranous, broad (twice as wide as central stripe), fimbriate, apex ending with an apical hair); stipe scales narrowly triangular-filiform, shiny, bicolorous, dark brown at centre, sclerotic or light membranous (vs ovate-lanceolate, dull, concolorous, pale brown, orange or reddish, membranous); laminae bipinnate or bipinnate-pinnatisect, pinnules usually sharply toothed, base of pinnules broadly decurrent to rachis, rachis becoming winged (vs pinnate-pinnatifid, rarely bipinnate, pinnules slightly to strongly crenulate or bicrenulate, bases adnate to rachis); spores reticulate, without folds (vs spores reticulate-folded, with conspicuous folds).</p><p>Morphological description — Plants terrestrial, 30–50 cm tall. Rhizomes ascending, spreading, scaly, covered by persistent stipe bases; rhizomatic scales 2–3 × 0.2–0.4 mm, linear-triangular to narrowly lanceolate, strongly bicolorous, shiny, dark brown, totally sclerotic or with a very thin margin, blackish with castaneous to brown or reddish margin, margin entire, sometimes with scarce hairs, largely attenuate apex. Fronds fasciculate. Stipes very short, terete, 1.5–2 mm in diam., dark brown, often blackish proximally, scabrous, glabrescent, sometimes with paucicellular, uniseriate, glandular hairs and scaly proximally, scales narrowly triangular to filiform at apex, shiny, bicolorous, dark brown, sclerotic at centre, or sometimes light membranous. Blades linear-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, bright green or light green, bipinnate or bipinnate-pinnatisect. Rachises sulcate, stramineous to pale brown, scabrous or covered by scattered, multicellular, uniseriate, glandular hairs. Pinnae numerous, remote or subremote, ascendant, nearly opposite, triangular-lanceolate to long triangular, narrow, almost 1 cm wide at base, basal pinnae reduced gradually to become auriculiform. Pinnules opposite to subopposite, obtuse to rounded at apex, basally decurrent, margin sharply toothed, teeth at bases of segments rounded to subacute, apical ones acute, margin hairy, veins visible, furcate, tips enlarged to form whitish hydathodes visible adaxially; adaxial and abaxial lamina surfaces densely covered with two types of glandular trichomes, first type tortuous, uniseriate, articulate, multicellular with acute apical cell, second type erect, capitate, apparently composed of 2 or 3 cells, uni- or bicellular stalk and an apical cell globose, pale yellow, without any apparent exudate. Sori circular, with inferior indusium, membranous, inconspicuous at maturity, divid- ed into small lobes with glandular hairs. Spores with perispore reticulate, apparently without folds, large reticles formed by thick cords or many stacked, thin cords, also micro-reticulate surface pattern formed by smaller cords. – Fig. 1A, 2, 3S –W, 4J–O, 5M–P.</p><p>Distribution — Northwestern Argentina (Catamarca, Jujuy, Salta and Tucumán), also probably in Bolivia. This rare species occurs mainly in theYungas (Montane Forest district) and Monte biogeographic provinces. – Fig. 6.</p><p>Habitat — Physematium hieronymi inhabits sunny or shady, humid rock crevices close to meadows in open habitats of the Yunguean montane forest, which develops on the upper slopes of the mountains at 1500–3500 m. These forests constitute an area of endemism dominated by Podocarpus parlatorei Pilg. ( Podocarpaceae), Alnus acuminata Kunth ( Betulaceae), Cedrela angustifolia DC. ( Meliaceae) and several species of Polylepis Ruiz &amp; Pav. ( Rosaceae) (Arana &amp; al. 2021). In the Monte biogeographic province, P. hieronymi is found in shady places close to meadows in canyons and valleys, mainly in the undergrowth of woodland formations at median altitudes, intermingled with several species of Poaceae .</p><p>Etymology — The species is named in honour of the German botanist Georg Hans Hieronymus (1845–1921). Hieronymus was born in Silesia. In September 1872 he travelled to Argentina. Living in Córdoba, he dedicated himself intensely to the study of the flora, describing new species in various taxonomic groups of angiosperms and ferns. In 1883 he returned to Germany and in 1892 became a curator at the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem. Hieronymus advanced the taxonomy of ferns in South America, with the description of several new taxa, especially on the genus Woodsia (= Physematium).</p><p>Remarks — Physematium hieronymi is similar to Physematium peruvianum (Hook.) Ponce &amp; Arana, comb. nov. ≡ Woodsia peruviana Hook., Sp. Fil. 1: 61. 1844. – Lectotype (designated by Arana &amp; al. 2016: 16): Peru, “Shady places, Huamantanga”, 1834–1835, A. Mathews 602 (K [K000632731!]; isolectotypes: B [B 20 0094655!, B 20 0171563!], BM [BM000937848 digital image!], GH [00022287 digital image!], K [K000632730 digital image!]). However, the two species differ in several characters. In addition to the very different geographical distribution and habitats, the rhizomatic scales of P. peruvianum are lanceolate with an acute apex, castaneous, flaccid, with micro-dentate margins (vs rhizomatic scales linear-triangular, bicolorous, dark brown, with pale brown or reddish margin, entire border, sometimes with scarce hairs, and largely attenuate apex in P. hieronymi). Also, the last segments of the fronds are fully dentate, with acute teeth with a hyaline apex, sometimes with bicuspidate teeth in P. peruvianum (vs last segments not completely toothed at bases, with obtuse to subacute teeth in P. hieronymi). Although the type material of P. peruvianum lacks a rhizome, we were able to analyse specimens from Peru (and also high-quality digital images of specimens from Ecuador) collected in the same area from which the type material comes.</p><p>In the Southern Cone, Physematium hieronymi, owing to its habit and overall appearance, can be confused with P. jujuiense, but P. hieronymi has fronds gracile, fragile and pendulous, with laminae pinnate-pinnatifid or pinnate-pinnatisect or usually bipinnate, and pinnae more or less remote (vs fronds erect, firm and rather rigid, with laminae pinnate-pinnatisect to rarely pinnate, and pinnae more approximate in P. jujuiense). Also, P. hieronymi grows at intermediate elevations, whereas P. jujuiense grows at higher elevations.</p><p>Additional specimens examined — ARGENTINA: CATAMARCA: Belén, Quebrada de los Potrerillos, 2700 m , 28</p><p>Jan 1952, H. Sleumer &amp; F. Vervoorst 2460 (LIL) ; Pomán, Saujil, quebrada del Poca Agua, camino a la Casa de Piedra, 2000 m, 22 Feb 1952, F. Vervoorst 3550 (LIL) ; Rodeo, Quebrada de las Peñas, 27 May 1910, L. Castillón 11592 (LIL) . — JUJUY: Dr. Manuel Belgrano, Quebrada de Lozano, Río Lozano camino a Cerro Azul, 1950 m, O. Morrone &amp; al. 3282 (SI) ; Tumbaya, Volcán, cantera al SE del pueblo, 2200 m, 13 Feb 1985, Kiesling &amp; al. 5178 (SI) . — TUCUMÁN: Anfama, 1800 m, 8 Jun 1906, L. Monetti s.n. (LIL 40876) ; Tafí, San José, 2100 m, 17 Feb 1949, R. Sparre 5836 (LIL) ; Tafí del Valle, La Ciénaga, 2567 m, 20 Apr 2013, R. Delgado 415 (LIL) ; La Ciénaga, entre rocas, 17 Apr 1904, M. Lillo 3714 (LIL) . Tafí, La Hoyada, 1200 m, 3 May 1922, S. Venturi 1825 (LIL, SI) ; Cumbre del Taficillo, 1800 m, 4 Mar 1928, S. Venturi 6013 (SI) ; Abra del Infiernillo, c. puesto vialidad, 3000 m, E. Gomez-Sosa &amp; M. E. Múlgura 144, 146 (SI) . — SALTA: Quebrada del Río Toro y Río Blanco, I. Vattuone 4 (SI) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A587BDFFAEFF9DFCB6FCE62B369762	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ponce, M. Mónica;Gorrer, Daniel A.;Arana, Marcelo D.	Ponce, M. Mónica, Gorrer, Daniel A., Arana, Marcelo D. (2025): Hidden and neglected taxa inside a collective taxon: taxonomic revision of Woodsiaceae in the Southern Cone of South America. Willdenowia 55 (1): 29-49, DOI: 10.3372/wi.55.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.55.04
03A587BDFFA2FF86FF34FCC62B6E9022.text	03A587BDFFA2FF86FF34FCC62B6E9022.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physematium jujuiense (Ponce & Arana 2025) Ponce & Arana 2025	<div><p>2. Physematium jujuiense (Copel.) Ponce &amp; Arana,</p><p>comb. nov. ≡ Woodsia jujuiensis Copel. in Univ. Calif.</p><p>Publ. Bot. 19: 297. 1941. – Holotype: Argentina, Jujuy,</p><p>Rio Yala, 15 km west of Yala, on half-shady banks, alt.</p><p>1900 m, 8 Mar 1936, J. West 6235 (UC [UC 561572!]).</p><p>= Woodsia montevidensis var. fuscipes Hieron. in Hedwigia 46: 322. 1907. – Lectotype (designated by Arana &amp; al. 2016: 16): Argentina, Salta, “Prov. de Salta, Los Potreros al pie del Nevado del Castillo, 24.03.1827 ”, P. G. Lorentz &amp; G. H. E. W. Hieronymus 138 (B [B 20 0171577!]; isolectotypes: B [B 20 0171580!, B 20 0171581!], CORD!).</p><p>Morphological description — Plants saxicolous, 10– 40 cm tall. Rhizomes suberect, ascending, nodose, compact, scaly, covered by many persistent stipe bases; rhizomatic scales 2–2.8 × 0.4–0.7 mm, triangular-lanceolate, strongly bicolorous, shiny, castaneous to dark brown, with dark brown to blackish central stripe completely sclerotic, margin pale brown, entire or scarcely hairy, apex acute, short or elongate. Fronds fasciculate or approximate. Stipes terete or subterete, brittle, 1/5–1/3 of length of frond, 0.5–1 mm in diam., brown, dark brown to burgundy, blackish at base, basal part with linear-triangular, sclerotic scales, glabrescent, smooth. Blades linear-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, bright green or light green, pinnate-pinnatifid. Rachises subterete to sulcate, stramineous to pale brown, with dense, glandular, uniseriate, pauci-multicellular, articulate hairs. Pinnae numerous, 20–30 pairs, approximate, ascending, triangular, almost 1 cm wide at base, basal pinnae sometimes strongly reduced. Last segments triangular, with margin sparsely incised-crenate, margin hairy, lateral veins visible, free, furcate, tips enlarged to form hydathodes visible adaxially; adaxial and abaxial lamina surfaces with multicellular, uniseriate, articulate hairs, dense on both surfaces, antrorse on adaxial surface. Sori circular, indusium inferior, membranous, with 1–3 striped lobes, usually one of them larger, with marginal, glandular hairs. Spores with folded-reticulate perispore, with complete and incomplete reticules, with some perforations, significant number of spheroids on surface, crest of folds microbaculate. – Fig. 1C, 3A–E, 4A–C, 5A–D.</p><p>Distribution — Northwestern Argentina (Catamarca, Jujuy, La Rioja, San Juan, Salta and Tucumán), in Bolivia (Cochabamba) and Peru (Cuzco). This species occurs mainly from the Monte (only in Prepuna district) to Puna biogeographic provinces. – Fig. 7.</p><p>Habitat — Physematium jujuiense grows in the high Andean environments, above 2000 m in elevation, on outcrops in rock crevices.</p><p>Remarks — This species is very well characterized by its narrowly elliptic blades; stipes thin and brittle, dark brown to almost burgundy, blackish at the bases; and by the rhizomatic and stipe scales linear-lanceolate, shiny and sclerotic.</p><p>Additional specimens examined — ARGENTINA: CATAMARCA: Ambato, El Potrero, 15 Mar 1904, Castillón 713 (LIL); Ambato, Rodeo, cerro Lamedero, 1600 m, 12 Feb 1959, V. Carenzo 941 (LIL); Andalgalá, Capillitas, 3000 m, Apr 1944, A. O’Donell 1365 (LIL); Capillitas, Refugio Minero, cerca de arroyo, 3046 m, 13 Jan 2017, J. M. Acosta &amp; S. von Mering 613 (SI); Andalgalá, Río Potrero, 2700 m, H. Sleumer 1845 (LIL); Andalgalá, Rio Pisavil, cerce de El Suncho, 2000 m, 21 Feb 1951, H. Sleumer 1621 (LIL). — JUJUY: Sierra de Zanta, 3500 m, Mar 1931, E. Martin 7513 (LIL); Humahuaca, Ruta Provincial 13, cerca del límite con la provincia de Salta hacia Iruya, 3800 m, 15 Mar 2018, F. O. Zuloaga &amp; al. 16337 (SI); Tumbaya, Volcán, Chilcayo camino a Abra Morada, 2550 m, 26 Feb 1985, R. Kiesling &amp; al. 5708 (SI). — LA RIOJA: Famatina, Sierra de Famatina, camino a la mina La Mexicana, Cuevas de Noroña, 2850 m, 20 Feb 1986, R. Kiesling &amp; al. 6348 (SI); Pelagio Luna, Sierra de Velazco, rancho la Esperanza, 2100 m, Sparre 8650 (LIL); Malanzán, Quebrada de los Nogués, Apr 1940, A. Agüero Vera de Gaudio s.n. (LIL 232851). — SAN JUAN: Angaco, Sierra de Pie de Palo, camino a Mogote de los Corralitos, Aguada del Caño, 2500 m, 15 Feb 1984, R. Kiesling 4406 (SI). SAN LUIS, Pringles, Ruta Provincial 9 entre los Tapiales y La Arenilla, 1600 m, 20 Nov 1984, R. Kiesling &amp; al. 4729 (SI). — SALTA: Orán, Santa Cruz, 3000 m, 20 May 1945, S. Pierotti 1264 (LIL). — TUCUMÁN: Rio Chico, Escaba, cumbre del Marbay, pajonal, 2400 m, L. Monetti 1816 (LIL); Tafí del Valle, La Quebradita, 2200 m, 7 Feb 1959, de la Sota 2076 (LIL); Sierras Calchaquíes, Peñas Azules, 29 Jan 1933, 3400 m, A. Burkart 5536 (SI); Calchaquíes, Quebrada honda, 3500 m, 26 Jan 1952, Sparre 9353 (LIL); Chicligasta, Estancia Las Pavas, Puesto La Cascada, 11 Mar 1924, 2700 m, S. Venturi 3039 (LIL, SI); Trancas, San Pedro de Colalao, 1700 m, 14 Apr 1955, de la Sota 274 (LIL). — BOLIVIA: COCHABAMBA: barrancas del arroyo de Caluya, 3500 m, 20 May 1920, J. Steinbach 4033, 4034 (LIL); Sacaba, Incachaca, sobre rocas húmedas, 2500 m, 14 Oct 1921, J. Steinbach 5862 (LIL). — PERU: CUZCO: Sicuani, Feb 1903, C M. Hicken 3 (SI); Cuzco, 3500 m, Mar 1922, F. Herrera 5 (SI).</p><p>3. Physematium montevidense (Spreng.) Shmakov in Turczaninowia 18(2): 12. 2015 [“ montividensis ”] ≡ Dicksonia montevidensis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 4: 122. 1827 ≡ Woodsia montevidensis (Spreng.) Hieron. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 22: 363. 1896. – Lectotype (designated by Arana &amp; al. 2016: 15): Uruguay, (“Brasilia”) [Montevideo], Pan d’Açucar, F. Sellow d 517 (B [B 20 0094654!]; isolectotype: B [B 20 0120343!]). = Woodsia incisa Gillies ex Hook. &amp; Grev., Icon.</p><p>Filic. 2: t. 191. 1830 ≡ Physematium incisum (Gillies ex Hook. &amp; Grev.) C. Presl, Tent. Pterid.: 66.</p><p>1836. – Lectotype (designated by Arana &amp; al. 2016:</p><p>15): Argentina, Mendoza, near San Luis, J. Gillies s.n. (BM [BM000937851!]; isolectotypes: BM</p><p>[BM000937850!], K [K000229420!]).</p><p>Morphological description — Plants saxicolous, 15– 40 cm tall. Rhizomes suberect to decumbent or suberect, separate or spreading, scaly, covered by persistent stipe bases; rhizomatic scales 2–2.8 × 0.4–0.7 mm, ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, concolorous, dull, light brown or orange becoming bicolorous, in this case with a central stripe partial to totally sclerotic, brown, margin membranous, broad (twice as wide as central stripe), fimbriate, with spaced hairs, apex ending with an apical hair. Fronds fasciculate. Stipes short to very short, terete or semiterete, 1.5–2 mm long, stramineous, often dark brown proximally, scabrous, with paucicellular, uniseriate, glandular hairs and scaly, scales ovate-lanceolate, dull, concolorous, pale brown, orange or reddish, membranous. Blades triangular, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, bright green or light green, pinnate-pinnatifid, rarely almost bipinnate. Rachises sulcate, stramineous to pale brown, scabrous or covered by scattered, multicellular, uniseriate, glandular hairs. Pinnae numerous, approximate, triangular, patent to ascending, opposite to alternate, 1–1.5 cm wide at base, basal pinnae gradual to strongly reduced to auriculiform. Last segments subopposite, with acute apex, base adnate, lobes with slightly to strongly crenate margin, sometimes bicrenate, margin hairy, lateral veins visible, free, furcate, tips enlarged to form whitish hydathodes visible adaxially; adaxial and abaxial lamina surfaces with hyaline, multicellular, articulate, glandular, hairs, dense on both surfaces, antrorse on adaxial surface, frequently with yellowish, paucicellular, glandular hairs on abaxial surface. Sori circular, indusium inferior, membranous, saucer-shaped, symmetric, composed of 2 or 3 conspicuous lobes, with glandular hairs on margins. Spores folded-reticulate, with complete and incomplete reticles and perforated surface, also with spinules on crests of folds. – Fig. 1D, 3F–L, 4D–F, 5E–H.</p><p>Distribution — Central and northwestern Argentina (Buenos Aires, Córdoba, La Rioja, Mendoza, Río Negro, San Juan, San Luis and Tucumán), southeastern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo) and Uruguay (Lavalleja, Maldonado, Minas, Rocha and Treinta Tres). This species occurs from the Atlantic biogeographic province, through the Araucaria Forests, Pampean (in isolated mountain systems) to Chaco (only Montane Chacoan district) and Monte biogeographic provinces. – Fig. 8.</p><p>Habitat — The species is common in mountainous forests and grasslands, and is found sunny areas, between rocks or in rock crevices, as well as in humid ravines near rivers.</p><p>Remarks — Physematium montevidense is distinguished by having rhizomatic and stipe base scales ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, concolorous, light brown to orange becoming bicolorous, with centre partially to totally sclerotic, margin broad, with spaced hairs or fimbriate, and apical hair. The stipes are rather robust, especially at the bases, and the laminae are very variable in division, shape and size, depending on the habitats where the plants grow, usually ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, pinnate-pinnatifid to bipinnatifid.</p><p>The spore size difference observed in P. montevidense is striking, where our specimens were 26 µm smaller than those analysed by Castro (2004), perhaps because she applied a very broad concept of Woodsia montevidensis . We were able to revise the specimens analysed by her and many of them, identified as “ W. montevidensis ” belong to P. pallidum (large spores) and P. hieronymi (small spores). According to Tryon &amp; Lugardon (1991) Woodsia (= Physematium) spores with large sizes are related to high ploidy levels. This would indicate that speciation in the genus apparently involves polyploidization.</p><p>Additional specimens examined — ARGENTINA: BUENOS AIRES: General Pueyrredón, Estancia La Brava, Sierra Valdez, ladera oeste, 18 Nov 1977, O. Boelcke &amp; al. 806 (SI) ; Olavarría, Cerro Dos Hermanas, 250 m, 21 Apr 1947, A. Krapovickas 3407 (LIL) . Tornquist, Cerro Ventana, 7 Dec 1970, A. Burkart &amp; M. E. Múlgura s.n. (SI 28122) ; Coronel Suárez, Camino de Piscultura, 8 Dec 1970, A. Burkart &amp; M. E. Múlgura s.n. (SI 28123) ; Sierra de La Ventana, 23 May 1938, A. L. Cabrera 4470 (SI) . Saavedra, Pigüé, Cerro Cura Malal, grietas húmedas, 10 Nov 1932, A. Burkart 4667 (SI) ; Sierra de Curu Malal, abra de la Comenas, 13 Oct 1979, O. Boelcke &amp; al. 91198 (SI) ; Tandil, Sierras de Tandil, Cerro Leones, 2 Nov 1951, D. Abbiatti 4270 (SI) . — CÓRDOBA: Calamuchita, Valle de los Reartes, A. Castellanos 197 (SI) ; Las Guindas, pastizal, 30 Mar 2000, M. Ceballos s.n. (RCVC 3647). Colón, Ascochinga, Tres cascadas, 900 m, 17 Jan 1932, B. Veronesi s.n. (LIL 436491) ; Río Ceballos, Reserva Hídrica La Quebrada, Colanchanga, margen del sendero que une Los Guindos con el río Los Hornillos, 29 Mar 2015, R. E. Morero 414, 415 (CORD) ; Ascochinga, 28 Nov 1936, E. Nicora 1159 (SI) ; 28 Nov 1936, M. L. Giardelli 669 (SI); Punilla, Sierra Chica, Cerro Pan de Azúcar, 16 Dec 1886, F. Kurtz 4445 (CORD, SI) ; Copina, 1400 m, 12 Feb 1947, D. Grassi 2245 (LIL) ; Los Cocos, 1200, 15 Apr 1962, J. S. Lichtenstein s.n. (SI 22855) , Capilla del Monte, Feb 1933, E. Nicora 150 (SI) . San Alberto, Pampa de Achala, pastizal, 9 Nov 2000, M. Arana s.n. (RCVC 3727); Pampa de Achala, Ruta provincial 14, proximo al cruce Ruta nacional 20, 1800 km, 9 Jan 2017, J. M. Acosta 590 (SI) ; San Alberto, Los Gigantes, a 3 km de La Rotonda subiendo por el sendero, 9 Jan 2017, J. M. Acosta 588 (SI) . San Javier, La Paz – Loma Bola, 21 Apr 1952, J. S. de Lichtenstein s.n. (SI 18126) . Ischilín, Copacabana, 2 Jan 1941, E. Nicora s.n. (SI 17677) . — JUJUY: Valle Grande, entre Tres Morros y Cerro Hermoso, 2940 m, 16 Apr 2016, CMM 792 (SI) ; Alto Calilegua, 2540 m, 19 Jan 1987, Iudica 387 (SI) . — LA PAMPA: Depto. Chical Co, 20 Dec 1989, H. O. Troiani 10029 (SRFA) . Depto. Lihuel Calel, Sierra de Lihuel Calel, 30 Nov 1959, A. Burkart s.n. (SI 20553) ; Lihuel Calel, poco abundante entre grietas a la sombra, 25 Oct 1978, Steibel 5942 (SRFA) . — LA RIOJA: Cerro Famatina, Guanchin viejo, 25 Jan 1928, Castellanos 28/20 (LIL 18362) ; Velasco, 6 Mar 1944, A. Soriano 981 (SI) ; cerca de Mina San Juan, 3100 m, Mar 1906, F. Kurtz s.n. (SI24713) . — MENDOZA: San Carlos, Quebrada de Alvarado, 1800–2000 m, 10 Feb 1919, R. Sanzin 3278 (SI) ; Tunuyán, 25 km al suroeste de Campo de los Andes, 1800 m, J. Araque 1146 (LIL) ; íbid., M. Cáceres 86 (LIL) . — RÍO NEGRO: Dpto. San Antonio, Sierra Grande, ladera SE, aprox. 400 m, 8 Feb 1979, S. Crespo &amp; al. 2231 (BAB) ; ídem, 4 km al sur de Sierra Grande, entre piedras, en Quebrada, 10 Nov 1988, M. Correa &amp; al. 9616 (BAB) . — SALTA: Ruta provincial 33, Cuesta del Obispo, Paraje La Herradura, 3100 m, 12 Jan 2017, J. M. Acosta 606 (SI) . — SAN JUAN: Valle Fértil, Sierra de Elizondo, 1200 m, 16 Nov 1987, M. E. Múlgura &amp; al. 804 (SI) . — SAN LUIS: Cerro el Morro, 14 Oct 1949, Castellanos s.n. (LIL 380139); Merlo, Peñón Colorado, 19 Feb 1936, M. A. Vignati 37 (SI) ; Juan Martín de Pueyrredón, El Volcán, 25 Jan 1908, F. Pastore 13 (SI) ; Coronel Pringles, Ruta Provincial 9, Junin, Piedra Blanca, ladera occidental de Comechingones, 2000 m, D. Grassi 2166, 2171 (LIL) ; La Carolina, Monumento – Museo Lafinur, 1680 m, 28 Nov 2008, F. Biganzoli, R. León &amp; C. Larsen 2037 (SI) ; Dique La Florida, cerca del vertedero, 15 Dec 1991, M. E. Múlgura 1173 (SI) ; Estancia Grande, 28 Feb 1939; M. A. Vignati 7063 (SI) . — TUCUMÁN: Tafí, Valle de Tafí, Mar 1908, C. Bruch s.n. (SI 24691) ; Tafí, San José, 2100 m, 17 Feb 1949, R. Sparre 5873 (LIL) , Los Chamicos, 900 m, 30 Jan 1924, S. Venturi 2778 (SI) . — BRAZIL: RIO DE JANEIRO: Nova Friburgo, Parque Estadual dos <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.733334/lat -22.4)">Três Picos</a>, na subida para caixa de Fósforo, 22°24'00"S, 42°44'00"W, 1550 m, Jun 2006, J. Condack 442 (RB) . — RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Soledade, Sep 1913, C. Jürgens 355 (NY 678816); Santa Anna, 26 May 1907, W. G. F. Herter 3097 (NY 678817); Jaquirana, Parque Estadual do Tainhas. Estrada para o passo do S, 18 Dec 2021, F. Gonzatti &amp; al. 6219 (HUCS) . — SANTA CATARINA: São Joaquim, ad saxa aprica juxta flum. S. Matheus, 1907, L. Spannagel s.n. (Herb. Rosenstock 381) (P01402552, SI) ; idem, Bom Jardim da Serra, entre pedras no campo, 1300 m, 15 Dec 1958, R. Reitz &amp; R. M. Klein 7902 (PACA) ; Lages, Campo Bello, 27°48'58"S, 50°19'33"W, sine col. (NY01016492); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.325832&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.81611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.325832/lat -27.81611)">Campos dos Padres</a>, em barrancos, 1800 m, 19 Dec 1948, R. Reitz 2622 (RB) . — SÃO PAULO: Campos do Jordão, 20 Feb 1937, P. Campos Porto 3111 (RB) . — URUGUAY: Uruguai, Banda Oriental Del Uruguay, 1 Jan 1816, A. Saint-Hilaire C2/2148 (P) . — FLORIDA: Cerro Colorado, estancia San Pedro, 2 Oct 1942, Gallinal, Aragone, Bergalli, Campal &amp; Rosenhairs, 2-multicellular, articulate. Sori circular, few per segment, indusium inferior, membranous, central, bowl-shaped, somewhat globose, divided into 2 or 3 lobes, with glandular hairs on margin. Spores with folded-reticulate perispore, with complete and incomplete reticules, with rugulatescabrate surface; margin of folds echinulate. – Fig. 1B, 3M–R, 4G–I, 5I–L .</p><p>gurtt 5030 (LIL). — LAVALLEJA: en intersticio rocoso, 14 Dec 1948, Rosengurtt 5318 (LIL); cerro de Arequipa, Apr 1907, A. Lombardo s.n. (LIL 225539); Sierra de la Ballena, 4 Aug 1940, Legrand 2229 (LIL); 12 Jun 1985, Del Puerto, Davies &amp; Berrutti 17847 (MVFA) . — MALDONADO: Sierra de las Ánimas, 500 m, 3 May 1931, W. Herter 885a (LIL) ; Sierra de las Ánimas, 6 Mar 1915, M. B. Berro s.n. (MFVA) ; en lugar húmedo y soleado, E. Marchesi 1359 (MFVA); Sierra de las Ánimas, Cerro Betete, entre piedras, a la sombra, 27 Oct 1996, M. Bonifacino &amp; E. Mendez s.n. (MFVA 25864); Cerro Lagunitas entre piedras, 1 Apr 1999, M. Bonifacino s.n. (MFVA 28870). — MINAS: cerro Verdún, 4 Dec 1900, M. B. Berro 1420 (MFVA) ; — ROCHA: Cerro de San Miguel, A. Castellanos 17451 (LIL) . — TREINTA Y TRES: Yerbal, 200 m, Apr 1928, G. Herter 885 (SI) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A587BDFFA2FF86FF34FCC62B6E9022	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ponce, M. Mónica;Gorrer, Daniel A.;Arana, Marcelo D.	Ponce, M. Mónica, Gorrer, Daniel A., Arana, Marcelo D. (2025): Hidden and neglected taxa inside a collective taxon: taxonomic revision of Woodsiaceae in the Southern Cone of South America. Willdenowia 55 (1): 29-49, DOI: 10.3372/wi.55.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.55.04
03A587BDFFB9FF85FF1EFB8628B591A2.text	03A587BDFFB9FF85FF1EFB8628B591A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physematium pallidum (Ponce & Arana 2025) Ponce & Arana 2025	<div><p>4. Physematium pallidum (Copel.) Ponce &amp; Arana, comb. nov. ≡ Woodsia pallida Copel. in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 19: 297. 1941. – Holotype: Argentina, Jujuy, 20 km west of Humahuaca, rock crevices in half-shade, alt. 3600 m, fern 10–30 cm high, 13 Mar 1936, J. West 6339 (UC [UC 600270!]; isotype: MICH [1191108!]).</p><p>Morphological description — Plants saxicolous, 5–15 (–20) cm tall, caespitose. Rhizomes suberect, compact, scaly, covered by persistent stipe bases; rhizomatic scales 0.5–1 mm long, strongly bicolorous, linear-lanceolate, dark brown to shiny black, sclerotic, with a thin, pale margin, entire, papillose or hairy, apex hairy. Fronds compactly fasciculate. Stipes 1/4–1/3 of length of frond, less than 1 mm in diam., brittle, light straw-coloured to stramineous, with paucicellular, uniseriate, glandular hairs, somewhat scabrous, base and along stipe with tiny, linear-lanceolate, black, membranous scales. Blades elliptic or subelliptic, 2–3(–4) cm wide, light-green or yellowish, pinnate to pinnate-pinnatifid. Rachises light straw-coloured, hairy-glandular, with abundant, uniseriate, glandular hairs, 2-pluricellular, articulate. Pinnae subremote, triangular, patent, opposite, basal pinnae strongly reduced. Last segments opposite to subopposite, oblong, rounded, with an undulate, sometimes recurved margin, glandular, lateral veins visible, furcate, tips enlarged to form hydathodes; adaxial and abaxial lamina surfaces with abundant, hyaline, uniseriate, glandular Distribution — Northwestern Argentina (Catamarca, Jujuy, La Rioja, San Juan, Salta and Tucumán), Bolivia (Chuquisaca and Potosí), and recorded here for the first time in Chile (Antofagasta, Arica y Parinacota and Tarapacá). This species is endemic to the South American Transition Zone, in the biogeographic provinces of Monte (Prepuna district), Puna and the Cuyan High Andean. – Fig. 9.</p><p>Habitat — Physematium pallidum is a xerophytic species that grows in crevices of cliffs or between rocks, close to meadows above 3600 m.</p><p>Additional specimens examined — ARGENTINA: CATAMARCA: La Tranca, 4 Feb 1930, Castellanos 30/316 (LIL); Andalgalá, El Globo, 4015 m, 17 Feb 2010, F. Zuloaga &amp; al. 11950 (SI); Belén, Laguna Blanca, 4200 m, 16 Mar 1989, A. Reca &amp; D. E. Ramadori 139 (SI). — JUJUY: Maimará, Laguna Colorada, 4000 m, 20 Jan 1906, Budin 18 (LIL); ídem, M. Lillo 4946 (SI); Rinconada, Reserva Provincial Altoandina La Chinchilla, Pie del Cerro Negro, frente laguna Villamas. 24 Feb 2022, J. M. Acosta, P. Moroni &amp; C. Zanotti 1171 (SI); Santa Catalina, Río Santa Catalina, 3780 m, 16 Feb 1998, O. Morrone &amp; al. 2692 (SI); Humahuaca, Mina Aguilares, cerca del molino, 4100 m, 28 Mar 1952, E. Petersen &amp; P. Hyinting 105, 133 (LIL); Valle Grande, Faldeo oeste Cerro Hermoso, 3380 m, 21 Jan 1995, H. Ayarde 480 (LIL); Yavi, Cerro Negro, 4000 m, 27 Feb 1940, T. Meyer s.n. (LIL 96216); Yavi, Ruta Provincial 5, de La Quiaca a Santa Victoria, 4020 m, 20 Feb 1997, F. O. Zuloaga &amp; al. 6097 (SI); Dr. Manuel Belgrano, Cerro Chañi, Refugio Militar, 4610 m, 27 Jan 2012, C. Zanotti &amp; M. Suescún 277 (SI); Susques, Coranzulí, 4703 m, 31 Mar 2019, V. L. López &amp; al. 176 (SI); idem, Ruta Nacional 40, base del Cerro Tuzgle, 4500 m, 8 Feb 2016, Zanotti &amp; al. 710 (SI). Santa Catalina, 3650 m, 9 Jan 1901, F. Claren (Herb. Kurtz) 11402 (SI); Tumbaya, Abra de Lipán, 4000 m, 24 Mar 1979, A. L. Cabrera &amp; al. 30570 (SI). — LA RIOJA: Sierra de Famatina, Cerro Nevado, Vega del Real Viejo, 4200 m, 5/ 6 Mar 1907, Herb. F. Kurtz 14774 (SI); La Mesada, 3500 m, 29 Apr 1951, Sparre 8886 (LIL). — SALTA: Alrededores del Nevado del Castillo, 23 Mar 1873, P. Lorentz &amp; G. Hieronymus 52-54 (CORD); Los Andes, Chorrillos, Mar 1930, Budín 20 (LIL). — SAN JUAN: Angaco, Sierra de Pie de Palo, Mogote de los Corralitos, 3100 m, 18 Feb 1986, R. Kiesling &amp; al. 6301 (SI). — TUCUMÁN: Tafí, cumbres Calchaquíes, entre rocas, 4200 m, 30 Jan 1907, M. Lillo 55426 (LIL); Calchaquíes, Cerro Negrito, 4300 m, 7 Mar 1952, R. Sparre 9658 (LIL), idem, 4000 m, 25 Feb 1949, R. Sparre 6042 (LIL). — BOLIVIA: CHUQUISACA: Oropeza, camino de Herradura prehispánico que va a Chaunaco y a pinturas rupestres, 3600 m, 9 Dec 2006, N. Muruaga &amp; H Huaylla s.n. (LIL 608391). — POTOSÍ: entre rocas, en el borde de la Laguna San Sebastián, 4000 m, May 1932, M. Cárdenas 159 (LIL); 4000 m, ídem, Apr 1933, M. Cárdenas 487 (LIL). — CHILE: ANTOFAGASTA: El Loa, Queb. Amincha, 1 Jan 2010, Pfanzelt &amp; Garcia 445 (CONC). — ARICA Y PARINACOTA: camino Zapahuira a Putre, km 25, en quebrada a orilla de riachuelo, 3450 m, 1 May 1972, Ricardi, Weldt &amp; Quezada 195 (CONC); Murmuntani, 1 May 1989, Hoffman 8948 (CONC); Putre, 4800 m, Feb 1952, U. Levi 44880 (CONC). —TARA- PACÁ: Parinacota, Laguna de Parinacota, 4300 m, 1 Jan 1970, O. Zöllner 3882 (CONC); Parinacota, wuchs an der Südseite unter grossen Felsblöcken, 30 Jan 1970, O. Zöllner 3901 (L).</p><p>Dubious species</p><p>Physematium cumingianum Kunze, Analecta Pteridogr.: 43. 1837 ≡ Woodsia cumingiana (Kunze) Hook., Sp. Fil. 1: 61. 1844. – Holotype: “Habitat probabiliter in Chile, misit H. Cuming ” (LZ [herb. Kunze, destroyed]).</p><p>Kunze (1837) mentioned in the protologue: “Unicum vidi specimen filicis” and “Herb. prop.” This is a rare case of evidence that an author used only a single specimen, so it was the holotype (Turland &amp; al. 2018: Art. 9.1). As Arana &amp; al. (2016) stated, there is no isotype or even an illustration of the species. According to Hooker (1844), who had the opportunity to revise the collections immediately after Cuming returned to Europe from Chile or Peru, most probably the type locality was mistaken and was in Peru instead of Chile.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A587BDFFB9FF85FF1EFB8628B591A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ponce, M. Mónica;Gorrer, Daniel A.;Arana, Marcelo D.	Ponce, M. Mónica, Gorrer, Daniel A., Arana, Marcelo D. (2025): Hidden and neglected taxa inside a collective taxon: taxonomic revision of Woodsiaceae in the Southern Cone of South America. Willdenowia 55 (1): 29-49, DOI: 10.3372/wi.55.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.55.04
