identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A5026AFA401D6D6E39FBB1FB52C20C.text	03A5026AFA401D6D6E39FBB1FB52C20C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anostomidae Gunther 1864	<div><p>Anostomidae Günther, 1864</p><p>Anostomatina Günther, 1864:279. Type-genus: Anostomus Scopoli, 1777 . —Günther, 1864:279. Originally as Anostomatina, and thus implying stem Anostomat –. —Gill, 1896:209 corrected the stem to Anostom –.</p><p>Pithecocharacinae Fowler, 1906:319. Type-genus: Pithecocharax Fowler, 1906 . Pithecocharacinae Fowler, 1906 is a junior objective synonym of Anostomatina Günther, 1864 because Pithecocharax Fowler, 1906 is an objective junior synonym of Anostomus Scopoli, 1777 .</p><p>Type-genus. Anostomus Scopoli, 1777 .</p><p>Phylogenetic definition. The crown clade originating in the most recent common ancestor of Anostomus anostomus, Leporellus vittatus (Valenciennes, 1850) and Leporinus fasciatus (Bloch, 1794) (Figs. 2, S 1, S 2).</p><p>Diversity. Anostomidae includes approximately 150 valid species (Toledo-Piza et al., 2024) allocated among 17 nominal genera: Abramites, Anostomoides Pellegrin, 1909, Anostomus, Brevidens, Gnathodolus Myers, 1927, Hypomasticus, Insperanos, Laemolyta, Leporellus, Leporinus, Megaleporinus, Petulanos Sidlauskas &amp; Vari, 2008, Pseudanos Winterbottom, 1980, Rhytiodus Kner, 1858, Sartor Myers &amp; Carvalho, 1959, Schizodon, and Synaptolaemus Myers &amp; Fernández-Yépez, 1950 .</p><p>Anostominae Günther, 1864</p><p>Type-genus. Anostomus Scopoli, 1777 .</p><p>Phylogenetic definition. The crown clade originating in the most recent common ancestor of Anostomus anostomus, Pseudanos trimaculatus (Kner, 1858) and Gnathodolus bidens Myers, 1927 .</p><p>Diversity. Anostominae includes 16 species allocated among Anostomus, Gnathodolus,</p><p>Petulanos, Pseudanos, Sartor and Synaptolaemus .</p><p>Leporellinae Eigenmann, 1910</p><p>Type-genus. Leporellus Lütken, 1875 .</p><p>Phylogenetic definition. The most inclusive crown clade that contains the common ancestor of Leporellus, but not of Anostomus, Insperanos or Hypomasticus .</p><p>Diversity. Leporellinae includes a single genus, Leporellus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A5026AFA401D6D6E39FBB1FB52C20C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sidlauskas, Brian L.;Melo, Bruno F.;Birindelli, José L. O.;Burns, Michael D.;Frable, Benjamin W.;Hoekzema, Kendra;Dillman, Casey B.;Sabaj, Mark H.;Oliveira, Claudio	Sidlauskas, Brian L., Melo, Bruno F., Birindelli, José L. O., Burns, Michael D., Frable, Benjamin W., Hoekzema, Kendra, Dillman, Casey B., Sabaj, Mark H., Oliveira, Claudio (2025): Molecular phylogenetics, a new classification, and a new genus of the Neotropical fish family Anostomidae (Teleostei: Characiformes). Neotropical Ichthyology (e 240076) 23 (1), DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0076, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0076
03A5026AFA5E1D6C6FB6FF6CFC3AC548.text	03A5026AFA5E1D6C6FB6FF6CFC3AC548.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brevidens Birindelli, Sidlauskas & Melo 2025	<div><p>Brevidens Birindelli, Sidlauskas &amp; Melo, new genus urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7AF3926D-074D-41D9-8406-28D124AB554D</p><p>Type-species. Leporinus striatus Kner, 1858:79, herein designated.</p><p>Diagnosis. Brevidens differs from all other members of Anostomidae by possessing a fourth dentary tooth that is distinctly smaller than the anterior three teeth and separated from those teeth by a diastema (Fig. 2). Brevidens is further diagnosed by the following non-exclusive morphological features: four dark longitudinal stripes on the body; three premaxillary teeth; 16 scale rows around the caudal peduncle; a red spot on the ventral portion of the upper lip in life; subterminal mouth, its cleft longitudinally aligned with the ventral border of the eye in 60 mm SL or larger specimens.</p><p>Comparisons. Externally, Brevidens striatus can be quickly distinguished from all anostomids, except Anostomus anostomus, A. ternetzi Fernández-Yépez, 1949, Hypomasticus arcus (Eigenmann, 1912), H. despaxi (Puyo, 1943), H. tepui (Birindelli, Britski &amp; Provenzano, 2019), Leporinus sexstriatus Britski &amp; Garavello, 1980, L. tristriatus Birindelli &amp; Britski, 2013, and Petulanos brevior (Géry, 1961) (new combination, see below), by having more than two dark longitudinal stripes on the body. Brevidens striatus is distinguished from all species of Anostominae by having a subterminal mouth (vs. superior), three premaxillary teeth (vs. four), and unicuspid incisiform teeth (vs. multicuspid crenate teeth). Brevidens is distinguished from Hypomasticus arcus, H. despaxi, and H. tepui by having three teeth on the premaxilla (vs. four), the dark midlateral stripe on the body continuous with a dark stripe on the head (vs. discontinuous), and the ventralmost stripe on the body not continuing anteriorly onto the head (vs. continuing). Brevidens is distinguished from L. tristriatus and L. sexstriatus by having four dark stripes on the body (vs. three or six), 16 scale rows around the caudal peduncle (vs. 12), a red spot on the ventral portion of the upper lip in life (vs. absent) and a subterminal mouth with its cleft longitudinally aligned with the ventral border of the eye in 60 mm SL or longer specimens (vs. a subinferior mouth with a cleft aligned with the ventral border of the infraorbitals).</p><p>Etymology. From the Latin brevis, meaning short, plus the Latin dens, meaning tooth, in reference to the abbreviated fourth dentary tooth that diagnoses the genus. Gender masculine.</p><p>Geographical distribution. Brevidens has a large geographical distribution including cis- and trans-Andean rivers. On the eastern side of the Andes, it occurs in the Uruguay, Paraná and Paraguay basins of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay, in the western Amazon basin of Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, and in the Orinoco basin of Colombia and Venezuela. Its trans-Andean distribution includes the Atrato, Magdalena, and Sinú rivers of Colombia (Birindelli, Britski, 2013).</p><p>Diversity. Birindelli, Britski (2013) found no obvious external morphological characteristics that would subdivide Brevidens striatus into multiple species. Nevertheless, its widespread geographical distribution includes areas that have been isolated from adjacent drainages for millions of years, such as the upper La Plata, Amazon, Orinoco, and the Magdalena basins (Lundberg et al., 1998; Albert, Reis, 2011; Aguilera et al., 2013). That occurrence in so many different river systems suggests that the diversity of Brevidens may be underestimated.</p><p>Monophyly, relationships and taxonomy of subfamilial lineages. Maximum likelihood (Figs. 3, S 1) and Bayesian reconstructions (Fig. S2) agreed unequivocally about the monophyly of Anostomidae, its three major subclades, and the relationships among them. Within Anostomidae, the initial split divides Leporellus Lütken, 1975</p><p>and the genera of Anostominae (sensu Winterbottom, 1980) from the remainder of the family (Fig. 3). Each of these lineages received full statistical support (100% bootstrap; 1.0 posterior probability) and have been recovered consistently in prior phylogenetic studies incorporating molecular data (Ramirez et al., 2017b; Betancur-R. et al., 2019; Sidlauskas et al., 2021; Melo et al., 2022). As such, we elevate the three major lineages to subfamilial status, using names established in prior literature. We refer Leporellus to Leporellinae Eigenmann, 1910 (Fig. 3), Anostomus, Gnathodolus, Petulanos, Pseudanos, Sartor and Synaptolaemus to Anostominae Günther, 1864, and Abramites, Anostomoides, Brevidens, Hypomasticus, Insperanos, Laemolyta, Leporinus, Megaleporinus, Rhytiodus, and Schizodon to Leporininae Eigenmann, 1912 (Fig. 3). The inclusion of Insperanos in Leporininae is based on the results of Sidlauskas et al. (2021) which placed Insperanos as the sister lineage to the remainder of that subfamily with 86% posterior probability.</p><p>Though the family group name for Anostominae comes from Anostomatina of Günther, 1864, the first usage of Anostominae (with that spelling) appears to be that of Myers (1950). His subfamilial concept matches that of the whole family Anostomidae as treated herein, as does Günther’s (1864) Anostomatina. Our concept of subfamily Anostominae more closely matches that of Winterbottom (1980).</p><p>Though our classification for Anostomidae uses Linnean-rank subfamilies, we also provide definitions that adhere to PhyloCode (Queiroz, 2006; Queiroz, Cantino, 2020; Laurin, 2023), a rank-free system of classification that has gained substantial current traction and that uses explicit patterns of common ancestry and apomorphy to define taxa. In so doing, we erect a framework compatible with the two major classifications of actinopterygian fishes currently being debated by the ichthyological community (Betancur-R. et al., 2013; Near, Thacker, 2024)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A5026AFA5E1D6C6FB6FF6CFC3AC548	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sidlauskas, Brian L.;Melo, Bruno F.;Birindelli, José L. O.;Burns, Michael D.;Frable, Benjamin W.;Hoekzema, Kendra;Dillman, Casey B.;Sabaj, Mark H.;Oliveira, Claudio	Sidlauskas, Brian L., Melo, Bruno F., Birindelli, José L. O., Burns, Michael D., Frable, Benjamin W., Hoekzema, Kendra, Dillman, Casey B., Sabaj, Mark H., Oliveira, Claudio (2025): Molecular phylogenetics, a new classification, and a new genus of the Neotropical fish family Anostomidae (Teleostei: Characiformes). Neotropical Ichthyology (e 240076) 23 (1), DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0076, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0076
03A5026AFA411D6A6E5EFC7BFB40C52F.text	03A5026AFA411D6A6E5EFC7BFB40C52F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leporellus Lutken 1875	<div><p>Leporellus Lütken, 1875</p><p>Phylogenetic definition. Leporellus is herein defined as the clade within Anostomidae for which scales covering the caudal-fin rays and three or more dark stripes on the caudal fin, as inherited by Leporellus vittatus, are apomorphies.</p><p>Diversity. Though Toledo-Piza et al. (2024) considered the genus to encompass just two valid species ( Leporellus pictus and L. vittatus) data herein suggest higher intrageneric diversity (Fig. 4).</p><p>Leporininae Eigenmann, 1912</p><p>Type-genus. Leporinus Agassiz, 1829 .</p><p>Phylogenetic definition. The crown clade originating in the most recent common ancestor of Leporinus fasciatus, Hypomasticus mormyrops (Steindachner, 1875), and Insperanos nattereri (Steindachner, 1876) . This definition is based on the combined molecular and morphological phylogenetic hypothesis of Sidlauskas et al. (2021)</p><p>Diversity. Leporininae includes 128 species allocated among the genera Abramites, Brevidens, Anostomoides, Hypomasticus, Insperanos, Laemolyta, Leporinus, Megaleporinus, Rhytiodus, and Schizodon .</p><p>Taxonomic changes to alleviate non-monophyly. With two thirds of the known species in Anostomidae now placed in a phylogenetic context, we can reassign several species to correct some obvious cases of genus-level paraphyly or polyphyly (Tab. 4).</p><p>For example, because three analyzed specimens of Anostomus brevior Géry, 1961 are placed with high statistical support (96% bootstrap; 1.0 posterior probability) as sister to a clade containing both sequenced species of Petulanos and not with the remainder of Anostomus (Figs. 4, S 1, S 2) we formally transfer Anostomus brevior to an expanded concept of Petulanos . Similar logic justifies the transfer of Leporinus striatus to the new genus Brevidens .</p><p>The remaining taxonomic changes involve the composition of Hypomasticus, originally conceived as a subgenus of Leporinus possessing subterminal or inferior mouths (Borodin, 1929; Géry, 1960). Results here and elsewhere have reconstructed many species of Hypomasticus [including the type-species, H. mormyrops] as belonging to a distinct lineage originating early in the history of the family (Sidlauskas, Vari, 2008; Ramirez et al., 2017b; Birindelli et al., 2020b; Sidlauskas et al., 2021). However, the composition of that clade is broader than originally envisioned, and molecular results here (Fig. 5) and elsewhere (Birindelli et al., 2020b; Sidlauskas et al., 2021) universally agree that it contains several species with terminal mouths that have been traditionally assigned to Leporinus . Based on their inclusion in this clade in molecular analysis, we transfer Leporinus granti Eigenmann, 1912, L. lebaili Géry &amp; Planquette, 1983, L. melanostictus Norman, 1926, and L. torrenticola Birindelli, Teixeira &amp; Britski, 2016 to Hypomasticus . Though not included in our molecular sampling, we also transfer Leporinus arcus, L. gomesi Garavello &amp; Santos, 1981, L. nijsseni Garavello, 1990 and L. santosi Britski &amp; Birindelli, 2013 to Hypomasticus based on their morphological similarity to Leporinus granti (now H. granti) in aspects of coloration, body shape, dentition and squamation (Britski, Birindelli, 2013; Birindelli et al., 2019).</p><p>On the other hand, results herein (Fig. 6) agree with several other studies (Ramirez et al., 2017b; Mirande, 2019; Birindelli et al., 2020b; Sidlauskas et al., 2021) in concluding that Hypomasticus julii (Santos, Jégu &amp; Lima, 1996) and H. pachycheilus (Britski, 1976) are distantly related to the remainder of Hypomasticus . Though Sidlauskas, Vari (2008) transferred those species to Hypomasticus on account of their strongly inferior mouth position, results here and elsewhere have clarified this as a morphological convergence. As such, we transfer those two species back to their original placement in Leporinus .</p><p>In total, these changes begin to alleviate the non-monophyly of Leporinus . While it would be possible to elevate other clades to generic status, we refrain from doing so because of the large number of species in Leporinus that still await inclusion in molecular phylogenies, and our generally low confidence in predicting their phylogenetic placement. Some of the subclades recognized herein include species that differ substantially in patterns and body shapes [e.g., the Leporinus ecuadorensis Eigenmann &amp; Henn, 1916, L. melanopleura Günther, 1864 and L. friderici (Bloch, 1794) clades] and many of the missing species have not been included in any modern studies of morphology or genetics. Further changes to the genus-level taxonomy of Leporinus surely await, but reassignments beyond those reported here are premature.</p><p>Genus-level relationships. Leporellus is the sister clade to Anostominae . Within</p><p>Anostominae, we reconstruct a basal split between a clade containing Gnathodolus and Sartor on one hand, and the members of Anostomus, Petulanos, Pseudanos and</p><p>Synaptolaemus on the other. Synaptolaemus appears as sister to the remaining three genera, and Anostomus (as amended above) is sister to Pseudanos plus Petulanos (Fig. 3). Even with the taxonomic changes summarized above, the large genus Leporinus is non-monophyletic in its current composition. As such we divide it into several clades for the purposes of discussion (Fig. 3). The basal split within subfamily Leporininae separates Hypomasticus from the remaining taxa, noting that Hypomasticus as conceived herein includes some former species of Leporinus (Tab. 4). The next split within the family divides the Leporinus ecuadorensis clade from all other members of Leporininae . A clade containing Anostomoides, Laemolyta, Rhytiodus, and Schizodon appears as sister to a clade containing Abramites, Brevidens, Megaleporinus, and all remaining members of Leporinus . Rhytiodus and Schizodon are sister taxa, with Laemolyta appearing as the closest genus to that pair and Anostomoides sister to the clade containing all three. Abramites and Megaleporinus are sister taxa, with Brevidens as the most closely related lineage to that pair. The Leporinus jamesi clade appears as sister to the clade containing Brevidens, Abramites and Megaleporinus . The Leporinus fasciatus clade contains the type-species for the genus and shares a sister relationship with the Leporinus friderici clade. The Leporinus pachycheilus clade is sister to that pair. The Leporinus melanopleura clade is sister to the clade containing Abramites, Megaleporinus, Brevidens, and the Leporinus fasciatus, L. friderici, L. jamesi Garman, 1929 and L. pachycheilus clades.</p><p>Due to the large number of species in Anostomidae, we prefer to initially report species-level relationships within each of its subclades visually rather than textually, as in Fig. 4, which details Anostominae and Leporellinae. Such figures are based on the maximum likelihood results and include bootstrap values reported categorically. Asterisks mark the few instances in which a clade appears in the maximum likelihood reconstruction, but not the Bayesian. The full trees with exact support values resulting from likelihood and Bayesian analyses appear in Figs. S1 and S 2. A detailed comparison of these relationships to previous hypotheses appears below.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A5026AFA411D6A6E5EFC7BFB40C52F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sidlauskas, Brian L.;Melo, Bruno F.;Birindelli, José L. O.;Burns, Michael D.;Frable, Benjamin W.;Hoekzema, Kendra;Dillman, Casey B.;Sabaj, Mark H.;Oliveira, Claudio	Sidlauskas, Brian L., Melo, Bruno F., Birindelli, José L. O., Burns, Michael D., Frable, Benjamin W., Hoekzema, Kendra, Dillman, Casey B., Sabaj, Mark H., Oliveira, Claudio (2025): Molecular phylogenetics, a new classification, and a new genus of the Neotropical fish family Anostomidae (Teleostei: Characiformes). Neotropical Ichthyology (e 240076) 23 (1), DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0076, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0076
