taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
03A55E298A36FFD637B817497D9AFE56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802939/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802939	Figure 5. Phylogeny of Nemopterinae.A, phylogeny based on molecular data, with topology derived from maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). Numbers at nodes are ML bootstrap values (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right). B, phylogeny based on morphological data, with character state mapped onto the tree.The topology represents the most-parsimonious tree, with nonhomoplasious and homoplasious synapomorphies indicated by black and white circles, respectively.a, Nemia costalis, female; b, Halter nutans, male; c, Chasmoptera huttii, male; d, Lertha palmonii, male; e, Nemoptera coa, male (photograph by Chao Wu); f, Sinonemoptera sinica, male; g, Nemopistha imperatrix, female (photograph by André Prost); h, Afroptera sp., female (photograph by Torsten Dikow); i, Chasmoptera huttii, female (photograph by Shaun L. Winterton); j, Nemoptera coa, female (photograph by Veljo Runnel); k, Sinonemoptera sinica, male (photograph by Yuchen Zheng).	Figure 5. Phylogeny of Nemopterinae.A, phylogeny based on molecular data, with topology derived from maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). Numbers at nodes are ML bootstrap values (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right). B, phylogeny based on morphological data, with character state mapped onto the tree.The topology represents the most-parsimonious tree, with nonhomoplasious and homoplasious synapomorphies indicated by black and white circles, respectively.a, Nemia costalis, female; b, Halter nutans, male; c, Chasmoptera huttii, male; d, Lertha palmonii, male; e, Nemoptera coa, male (photograph by Chao Wu); f, Sinonemoptera sinica, male; g, Nemopistha imperatrix, female (photograph by André Prost); h, Afroptera sp., female (photograph by Torsten Dikow); i, Chasmoptera huttii, female (photograph by Shaun L. Winterton); j, Nemoptera coa, female (photograph by Veljo Runnel); k, Sinonemoptera sinica, male (photograph by Yuchen Zheng).	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A36FFD637B817497D9AFE56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802941/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802941	Figure 6.Head characters of Nemopterinae.A, Halter nutans, male, frontal view. B, Sinonemoptera sinica, male, frontal view. C, Lertha palmonii, male, frontal view.D, Lertha palmonii, male, eye. E, Chasmoptera huttii, male, frontal view. F, Barbibucca biremis, female, frontal view.G, Nemia costalis, female, frontal view.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1).	Figure 6.Head characters of Nemopterinae.A, Halter nutans, male, frontal view. B, Sinonemoptera sinica, male, frontal view. C, Lertha palmonii, male, frontal view.D, Lertha palmonii, male, eye. E, Chasmoptera huttii, male, frontal view. F, Barbibucca biremis, female, frontal view.G, Nemia costalis, female, frontal view.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1).	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A36FFD637B817497D9AFE56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802948/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802948	Figure 8.Terminalia and genitalia of Nemopterinae. A, Nemoptera sinuata, male genitalia, dorsal view. B, Nemoptera sinuata, male genitalia, lateral view.C, Nemoptera sinuata, male terminalia, lateral view. D, Chasmoptera huttii, female terminalia, lateral view.E, Chasmoptera huttii, male genitalia, caudal view. F, Chasmoptera huttii, male terminalia, lateral view. G, Halter nutans, male genitalia, cephalic view. H, Halter nutans, male genitalia, caudal view. I, Halter nutans, male genitalia, lateral view.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1).	Figure 8.Terminalia and genitalia of Nemopterinae. A, Nemoptera sinuata, male genitalia, dorsal view. B, Nemoptera sinuata, male genitalia, lateral view.C, Nemoptera sinuata, male terminalia, lateral view. D, Chasmoptera huttii, female terminalia, lateral view.E, Chasmoptera huttii, male genitalia, caudal view. F, Chasmoptera huttii, male terminalia, lateral view. G, Halter nutans, male genitalia, cephalic view. H, Halter nutans, male genitalia, caudal view. I, Halter nutans, male genitalia, lateral view.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1).	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A36FFD637B817497D9AFE56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802945/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802945	Figure 7. Morphological characters of Nemopterinae. A, Nemopistha imperatrix, holotype in NHMUK, forewing (photograph by Benjamin W. Price). B, Nemeura gracilis, female, basal part of forewing (photograph by Jiazhi Zhang). C, Sinonemoptera sinica, male, basal part of forewing. D,Sin.sinica, male abdomen, lateral view.E, Lertha palmonii, male abdomen, lateral view. F, Barbibucca biremis, female abdomen, lateral view. G, Ba. biremis, female, body, lateral view.H, Ba.biremis, female, distal part of hindwing.I, Sin.sinica, male, distal part of hindwing. J, L.palmonii, male, distal part of hindwing. K, Halter nutans, male, distal part of hindwing; L, Nemoptera coa, male, distal part of hindwing. M, Chasmoptera huttii, male, distal part of hindwing.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1).	Figure 7. Morphological characters of Nemopterinae. A, Nemopistha imperatrix, holotype in NHMUK, forewing (photograph by Benjamin W. Price). B, Nemeura gracilis, female, basal part of forewing (photograph by Jiazhi Zhang). C, Sinonemoptera sinica, male, basal part of forewing. D,Sin.sinica, male abdomen, lateral view.E, Lertha palmonii, male abdomen, lateral view. F, Barbibucca biremis, female abdomen, lateral view. G, Ba. biremis, female, body, lateral view.H, Ba.biremis, female, distal part of hindwing.I, Sin.sinica, male, distal part of hindwing. J, L.palmonii, male, distal part of hindwing. K, Halter nutans, male, distal part of hindwing; L, Nemoptera coa, male, distal part of hindwing. M, Chasmoptera huttii, male, distal part of hindwing.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1).	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A36FFD637B817497D9AFE56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802929/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802929	Figure 2. Head, thorax, and wings of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, head, frontal view.B, Sinonemoptera tibetana, head, frontal view. C, Sin. sinica, head and thorax, dorsal view. D, Sin. tibetana, head and thorax, dorsal view. E, Sin. sinica, forewing.F, Sin. sinica, apex of hindwing. G, Sin. tibetana, forewing. H, Sin. tibetana, apex of hindwing.	Figure 2. Head, thorax, and wings of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, head, frontal view.B, Sinonemoptera tibetana, head, frontal view. C, Sin. sinica, head and thorax, dorsal view. D, Sin. tibetana, head and thorax, dorsal view. E, Sin. sinica, forewing.F, Sin. sinica, apex of hindwing. G, Sin. tibetana, forewing. H, Sin. tibetana, apex of hindwing.	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A36FFD637B817497D9AFE56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802933/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802933	Figure 3. Male terminalia of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, lateral view.B, Sin. sinica, caudal view. C, Sin. sinica, ventral view.D, Sin. sinica, dorsal view.E, Sinonemoptera tibetana, lateral view. F, Sin. tibetana, caudal view. G, Sin. tibetana, ventral view. H, Sin. tibetana, dorsal view.	Figure 3. Male terminalia of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, lateral view.B, Sin. sinica, caudal view. C, Sin. sinica, ventral view.D, Sin. sinica, dorsal view.E, Sinonemoptera tibetana, lateral view. F, Sin. tibetana, caudal view. G, Sin. tibetana, ventral view. H, Sin. tibetana, dorsal view.	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A36FFD637B817497D9AFE56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802927/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802927	Figure 1. Habitus of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica; B, Sinonemoptera tibetana.	Figure 1. Habitus of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica; B, Sinonemoptera tibetana.	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A34FFD734DB10797C66FD82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802927/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802927	Figure 1. Habitus of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica; B, Sinonemoptera tibetana.	Figure 1. Habitus of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica; B, Sinonemoptera tibetana.	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A34FFD734DB10797C66FD82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802929/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802929	Figure 2. Head, thorax, and wings of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, head, frontal view.B, Sinonemoptera tibetana, head, frontal view. C, Sin. sinica, head and thorax, dorsal view. D, Sin. tibetana, head and thorax, dorsal view. E, Sin. sinica, forewing.F, Sin. sinica, apex of hindwing. G, Sin. tibetana, forewing. H, Sin. tibetana, apex of hindwing.	Figure 2. Head, thorax, and wings of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, head, frontal view.B, Sinonemoptera tibetana, head, frontal view. C, Sin. sinica, head and thorax, dorsal view. D, Sin. tibetana, head and thorax, dorsal view. E, Sin. sinica, forewing.F, Sin. sinica, apex of hindwing. G, Sin. tibetana, forewing. H, Sin. tibetana, apex of hindwing.	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A34FFD734DB10797C66FD82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802933/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802933	Figure 3. Male terminalia of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, lateral view.B, Sin. sinica, caudal view. C, Sin. sinica, ventral view.D, Sin. sinica, dorsal view.E, Sinonemoptera tibetana, lateral view. F, Sin. tibetana, caudal view. G, Sin. tibetana, ventral view. H, Sin. tibetana, dorsal view.	Figure 3. Male terminalia of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, lateral view.B, Sin. sinica, caudal view. C, Sin. sinica, ventral view.D, Sin. sinica, dorsal view.E, Sinonemoptera tibetana, lateral view. F, Sin. tibetana, caudal view. G, Sin. tibetana, ventral view. H, Sin. tibetana, dorsal view.	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A34FFD734DB10797C66FD82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802935/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802935	Figure 4. Male genitalia of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, lateral view.B, Sin.sinica, caudal view. C, Sin.sinica, cephalic view.D, Sin. sinica, dorsal view. E, Sin. sinica, ventral view. F, Sinonemoptera tibetana, lateral view. G, Sin. tibetana, caudal view. H, Sin. tibetana, cephalic view. I, Sin. tibetana, dorsal view.J, Sin. tibetana, ventral view.	Figure 4. Male genitalia of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, lateral view.B, Sin.sinica, caudal view. C, Sin.sinica, cephalic view.D, Sin. sinica, dorsal view. E, Sin. sinica, ventral view. F, Sinonemoptera tibetana, lateral view. G, Sin. tibetana, caudal view. H, Sin. tibetana, cephalic view. I, Sin. tibetana, dorsal view.J, Sin. tibetana, ventral view.	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A34FFD734DB10797C66FD82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802939/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802939	Figure 5. Phylogeny of Nemopterinae.A, phylogeny based on molecular data, with topology derived from maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). Numbers at nodes are ML bootstrap values (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right). B, phylogeny based on morphological data, with character state mapped onto the tree.The topology represents the most-parsimonious tree, with nonhomoplasious and homoplasious synapomorphies indicated by black and white circles, respectively.a, Nemia costalis, female; b, Halter nutans, male; c, Chasmoptera huttii, male; d, Lertha palmonii, male; e, Nemoptera coa, male (photograph by Chao Wu); f, Sinonemoptera sinica, male; g, Nemopistha imperatrix, female (photograph by André Prost); h, Afroptera sp., female (photograph by Torsten Dikow); i, Chasmoptera huttii, female (photograph by Shaun L. Winterton); j, Nemoptera coa, female (photograph by Veljo Runnel); k, Sinonemoptera sinica, male (photograph by Yuchen Zheng).	Figure 5. Phylogeny of Nemopterinae.A, phylogeny based on molecular data, with topology derived from maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). Numbers at nodes are ML bootstrap values (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right). B, phylogeny based on morphological data, with character state mapped onto the tree.The topology represents the most-parsimonious tree, with nonhomoplasious and homoplasious synapomorphies indicated by black and white circles, respectively.a, Nemia costalis, female; b, Halter nutans, male; c, Chasmoptera huttii, male; d, Lertha palmonii, male; e, Nemoptera coa, male (photograph by Chao Wu); f, Sinonemoptera sinica, male; g, Nemopistha imperatrix, female (photograph by André Prost); h, Afroptera sp., female (photograph by Torsten Dikow); i, Chasmoptera huttii, female (photograph by Shaun L. Winterton); j, Nemoptera coa, female (photograph by Veljo Runnel); k, Sinonemoptera sinica, male (photograph by Yuchen Zheng).	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A34FFD734DB10797C66FD82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802941/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802941	Figure 6.Head characters of Nemopterinae.A, Halter nutans, male, frontal view. B, Sinonemoptera sinica, male, frontal view. C, Lertha palmonii, male, frontal view.D, Lertha palmonii, male, eye. E, Chasmoptera huttii, male, frontal view. F, Barbibucca biremis, female, frontal view.G, Nemia costalis, female, frontal view.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1).	Figure 6.Head characters of Nemopterinae.A, Halter nutans, male, frontal view. B, Sinonemoptera sinica, male, frontal view. C, Lertha palmonii, male, frontal view.D, Lertha palmonii, male, eye. E, Chasmoptera huttii, male, frontal view. F, Barbibucca biremis, female, frontal view.G, Nemia costalis, female, frontal view.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1).	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A34FFD734DB10797C66FD82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802950/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802950	Figure 9. Spatiotemporal diversification of Nemopterinae. A, chronogram based on the phylogeny inferred from integrative data, with estimated divergence times among nemopterine species and reconstructed ancestral areas.B, distribution of world Nemopterinae, with areas of endemism marked by different colours. C–E, diagrammatic model of major historical dispersals in Nemopterinae. Letters on pie charts in A correspond to the letters of areas in B.Dispersal and vicariance events are indicated in A by blue stars and red triangles, respectively.Nodal numbers in A are consistent with those in the Supporting Information (Table S8). Arrows in C–E show estimated dispersals of ancestral nemopterines. Background maps of palaeogeographical composition were acquired from Global Paleogeography and Tectonics in Deep Time© 2016, Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.	Figure 9. Spatiotemporal diversification of Nemopterinae. A, chronogram based on the phylogeny inferred from integrative data, with estimated divergence times among nemopterine species and reconstructed ancestral areas.B, distribution of world Nemopterinae, with areas of endemism marked by different colours. C–E, diagrammatic model of major historical dispersals in Nemopterinae. Letters on pie charts in A correspond to the letters of areas in B.Dispersal and vicariance events are indicated in A by blue stars and red triangles, respectively.Nodal numbers in A are consistent with those in the Supporting Information (Table S8). Arrows in C–E show estimated dispersals of ancestral nemopterines. Background maps of palaeogeographical composition were acquired from Global Paleogeography and Tectonics in Deep Time© 2016, Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A34FFD734DB10797C66FD82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802952/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802952	Figure 10. Species distribution modelling of world Nemopterinae through time and habitats of Sinonemoptera. A, Last Interglacial (LIG). B, Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). C, current period.D, future (2080s). E, living adult of Sinonemoptera tibetana (photograph by Yuchen Zheng). F, living adult of Sinonemoptera sinica (photograph by Chao Wu). G, habitat of Sin. tibetana in Cawarong (Tibet) (photograph by Xingyue Liu). H, habitat of Sin. sinica in Liuku (Yunnan) (photograph by Yuchen Zheng). I, habitat of Sin. sinica in Baoshan (Yunnan) (photograph by Chao Wu). J–L, monsoon evergreen forests in Yunnan between the habitats of Sin. sinica and Sin. tibetana (J, Bingzhongluo; K, Maji; L, Walayaku) (photograph by Yuchen Zheng). M, topographic map of the Nujiang River.Black triangles in C represent known records used to fit the ecological niche model. The blue dashed box in M represents the suitable habitat of Sin. tibetana, and the red dashed box represents the suitable habitat of Sin.sinica.	Figure 10. Species distribution modelling of world Nemopterinae through time and habitats of Sinonemoptera. A, Last Interglacial (LIG). B, Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). C, current period.D, future (2080s). E, living adult of Sinonemoptera tibetana (photograph by Yuchen Zheng). F, living adult of Sinonemoptera sinica (photograph by Chao Wu). G, habitat of Sin. tibetana in Cawarong (Tibet) (photograph by Xingyue Liu). H, habitat of Sin. sinica in Liuku (Yunnan) (photograph by Yuchen Zheng). I, habitat of Sin. sinica in Baoshan (Yunnan) (photograph by Chao Wu). J–L, monsoon evergreen forests in Yunnan between the habitats of Sin. sinica and Sin. tibetana (J, Bingzhongluo; K, Maji; L, Walayaku) (photograph by Yuchen Zheng). M, topographic map of the Nujiang River.Black triangles in C represent known records used to fit the ecological niche model. The blue dashed box in M represents the suitable habitat of Sin. tibetana, and the red dashed box represents the suitable habitat of Sin.sinica.	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A34FFD734DB10797C66FD82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802945/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802945	Figure 7. Morphological characters of Nemopterinae. A, Nemopistha imperatrix, holotype in NHMUK, forewing (photograph by Benjamin W. Price). B, Nemeura gracilis, female, basal part of forewing (photograph by Jiazhi Zhang). C, Sinonemoptera sinica, male, basal part of forewing. D,Sin.sinica, male abdomen, lateral view.E, Lertha palmonii, male abdomen, lateral view. F, Barbibucca biremis, female abdomen, lateral view. G, Ba. biremis, female, body, lateral view.H, Ba.biremis, female, distal part of hindwing.I, Sin.sinica, male, distal part of hindwing. J, L.palmonii, male, distal part of hindwing. K, Halter nutans, male, distal part of hindwing; L, Nemoptera coa, male, distal part of hindwing. M, Chasmoptera huttii, male, distal part of hindwing.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1).	Figure 7. Morphological characters of Nemopterinae. A, Nemopistha imperatrix, holotype in NHMUK, forewing (photograph by Benjamin W. Price). B, Nemeura gracilis, female, basal part of forewing (photograph by Jiazhi Zhang). C, Sinonemoptera sinica, male, basal part of forewing. D,Sin.sinica, male abdomen, lateral view.E, Lertha palmonii, male abdomen, lateral view. F, Barbibucca biremis, female abdomen, lateral view. G, Ba. biremis, female, body, lateral view.H, Ba.biremis, female, distal part of hindwing.I, Sin.sinica, male, distal part of hindwing. J, L.palmonii, male, distal part of hindwing. K, Halter nutans, male, distal part of hindwing; L, Nemoptera coa, male, distal part of hindwing. M, Chasmoptera huttii, male, distal part of hindwing.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1).	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A35FFD934F4161C79EBF93D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802927/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802927	Figure 1. Habitus of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica; B, Sinonemoptera tibetana.	Figure 1. Habitus of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica; B, Sinonemoptera tibetana.	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A35FFD934F4161C79EBF93D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802929/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802929	Figure 2. Head, thorax, and wings of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, head, frontal view.B, Sinonemoptera tibetana, head, frontal view. C, Sin. sinica, head and thorax, dorsal view. D, Sin. tibetana, head and thorax, dorsal view. E, Sin. sinica, forewing.F, Sin. sinica, apex of hindwing. G, Sin. tibetana, forewing. H, Sin. tibetana, apex of hindwing.	Figure 2. Head, thorax, and wings of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, head, frontal view.B, Sinonemoptera tibetana, head, frontal view. C, Sin. sinica, head and thorax, dorsal view. D, Sin. tibetana, head and thorax, dorsal view. E, Sin. sinica, forewing.F, Sin. sinica, apex of hindwing. G, Sin. tibetana, forewing. H, Sin. tibetana, apex of hindwing.	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A35FFD934F4161C79EBF93D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802933/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802933	Figure 3. Male terminalia of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, lateral view.B, Sin. sinica, caudal view. C, Sin. sinica, ventral view.D, Sin. sinica, dorsal view.E, Sinonemoptera tibetana, lateral view. F, Sin. tibetana, caudal view. G, Sin. tibetana, ventral view. H, Sin. tibetana, dorsal view.	Figure 3. Male terminalia of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, lateral view.B, Sin. sinica, caudal view. C, Sin. sinica, ventral view.D, Sin. sinica, dorsal view.E, Sinonemoptera tibetana, lateral view. F, Sin. tibetana, caudal view. G, Sin. tibetana, ventral view. H, Sin. tibetana, dorsal view.	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A35FFD934F4161C79EBF93D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802939/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802939	Figure 5. Phylogeny of Nemopterinae.A, phylogeny based on molecular data, with topology derived from maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). Numbers at nodes are ML bootstrap values (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right). B, phylogeny based on morphological data, with character state mapped onto the tree.The topology represents the most-parsimonious tree, with nonhomoplasious and homoplasious synapomorphies indicated by black and white circles, respectively.a, Nemia costalis, female; b, Halter nutans, male; c, Chasmoptera huttii, male; d, Lertha palmonii, male; e, Nemoptera coa, male (photograph by Chao Wu); f, Sinonemoptera sinica, male; g, Nemopistha imperatrix, female (photograph by André Prost); h, Afroptera sp., female (photograph by Torsten Dikow); i, Chasmoptera huttii, female (photograph by Shaun L. Winterton); j, Nemoptera coa, female (photograph by Veljo Runnel); k, Sinonemoptera sinica, male (photograph by Yuchen Zheng).	Figure 5. Phylogeny of Nemopterinae.A, phylogeny based on molecular data, with topology derived from maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). Numbers at nodes are ML bootstrap values (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right). B, phylogeny based on morphological data, with character state mapped onto the tree.The topology represents the most-parsimonious tree, with nonhomoplasious and homoplasious synapomorphies indicated by black and white circles, respectively.a, Nemia costalis, female; b, Halter nutans, male; c, Chasmoptera huttii, male; d, Lertha palmonii, male; e, Nemoptera coa, male (photograph by Chao Wu); f, Sinonemoptera sinica, male; g, Nemopistha imperatrix, female (photograph by André Prost); h, Afroptera sp., female (photograph by Torsten Dikow); i, Chasmoptera huttii, female (photograph by Shaun L. Winterton); j, Nemoptera coa, female (photograph by Veljo Runnel); k, Sinonemoptera sinica, male (photograph by Yuchen Zheng).	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A35FFD934F4161C79EBF93D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802945/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802945	Figure 7. Morphological characters of Nemopterinae. A, Nemopistha imperatrix, holotype in NHMUK, forewing (photograph by Benjamin W. Price). B, Nemeura gracilis, female, basal part of forewing (photograph by Jiazhi Zhang). C, Sinonemoptera sinica, male, basal part of forewing. D,Sin.sinica, male abdomen, lateral view.E, Lertha palmonii, male abdomen, lateral view. F, Barbibucca biremis, female abdomen, lateral view. G, Ba. biremis, female, body, lateral view.H, Ba.biremis, female, distal part of hindwing.I, Sin.sinica, male, distal part of hindwing. J, L.palmonii, male, distal part of hindwing. K, Halter nutans, male, distal part of hindwing; L, Nemoptera coa, male, distal part of hindwing. M, Chasmoptera huttii, male, distal part of hindwing.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1).	Figure 7. Morphological characters of Nemopterinae. A, Nemopistha imperatrix, holotype in NHMUK, forewing (photograph by Benjamin W. Price). B, Nemeura gracilis, female, basal part of forewing (photograph by Jiazhi Zhang). C, Sinonemoptera sinica, male, basal part of forewing. D,Sin.sinica, male abdomen, lateral view.E, Lertha palmonii, male abdomen, lateral view. F, Barbibucca biremis, female abdomen, lateral view. G, Ba. biremis, female, body, lateral view.H, Ba.biremis, female, distal part of hindwing.I, Sin.sinica, male, distal part of hindwing. J, L.palmonii, male, distal part of hindwing. K, Halter nutans, male, distal part of hindwing; L, Nemoptera coa, male, distal part of hindwing. M, Chasmoptera huttii, male, distal part of hindwing.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1).	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
03A55E298A35FFD934F4161C79EBF93D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14802935/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14802935	Figure 4. Male genitalia of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, lateral view.B, Sin.sinica, caudal view. C, Sin.sinica, cephalic view.D, Sin. sinica, dorsal view. E, Sin. sinica, ventral view. F, Sinonemoptera tibetana, lateral view. G, Sin. tibetana, caudal view. H, Sin. tibetana, cephalic view. I, Sin. tibetana, dorsal view.J, Sin. tibetana, ventral view.	Figure 4. Male genitalia of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, lateral view.B, Sin.sinica, caudal view. C, Sin.sinica, cephalic view.D, Sin. sinica, dorsal view. E, Sin. sinica, ventral view. F, Sinonemoptera tibetana, lateral view. G, Sin. tibetana, caudal view. H, Sin. tibetana, cephalic view. I, Sin. tibetana, dorsal view.J, Sin. tibetana, ventral view.	2024-03-23	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue		Zenodo	biologists	Zheng, Yuchen;Liu, Xingyue			
