identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A0AD1BFF9DFFAD68B23C4C482EDBB0.text	03A0AD1BFF9DFFAD68B23C4C482EDBB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphaerolaimus Bastian 1865	<div><p>Genus  Sphaerolaimus Bastian, 1865</p><p>Diagnosis (according to Fonseca &amp; Bezerra 2014 and Tchesunov et al. 2024). Cuticle finely striated, lateral alae may be present. Inner labial sensilla papilliform, outer labial and cephalic setae setiform, usually joined in a common circle. One or two circles of eight groups of subcephalic setae posterior to the cephalic setae, significantly longer than both outer labial and cephalic setae. Subcephalic setae absent in the first two juvenile stages while present in juvenile four to adult stages. Somatic setae usually present. Amphidial fovea circular, situated at the level of the gymnostoma or further posteriorly. Buccal cavity large, barrel-shaped and the cheilostoma constitutes its major part. The cheilostoma consists of three compartments, anterior conical labial region, striated truncate conical region with fine longitudinal ribs, and broad barrel-shaped shagreen band. Gymnostoma narrow. Stegostoma short conical or truncate conical. Pharynx cylindroid, evenly muscular throughout its length, with very thick internal cuticular lining. Females monodelphic with an anterior outstretched ovary. Males diorchic with two opposed outstretched testes. Spicules mostly arcuate; gubernaculum with or without apophyses. Tail conical or conico-cylindrical with three terminal setae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0AD1BFF9DFFAD68B23C4C482EDBB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhai, Hongxiu;Liu, Lin;Huang, Mian	Zhai, Hongxiu, Liu, Lin, Huang, Mian (2025): Two new nematode species of the family Sphaerolaimidae (Nematoda, Monhysterida) from the Yellow Sea, China. Zootaxa 5631 (2): 335-348, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.2.6
03A0AD1BFF9EFFA868B23A874C29DBB0.text	03A0AD1BFF9EFFA868B23A874C29DBB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphaerolaimus articulatus Zhai & Liu & Huang 2025	<div><p>Sphaerolaimus articulatus sp. nov.</p><p>(Figures. 1–3, Table 1)</p><p>Type material. Five males and four females were found.  Holotype on slide 3400-8-2-2. Paratypes: M2 on slide 3400-8-2-2, M3 on slide 3500-4-2-3, M4 and M5 on slide 3400-8-2-1, F1 and F2 on slide 3400-6-2-2, F3 on slide 3400-8-2-2 and F4 on slide 3400-8-2-1.</p><p>Type locality and habitat. Sea floor silt sediment at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=124.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 124.0/lat 34.0)">Station 3400-8</a> (34°0′ N, 124°0′ E, water depth 80 m) in the Yellow Sea.</p><p>Etymology. The species epithet comes from the Latin word  “ articulatus ”, referring to the double-jointed spicules.</p><p>Measurements. All measurement data are given in Table 1.</p><p>Descriptions</p><p>Males. Body elongated fusiform. Cuticle with fine transverse striations and inconspicuous lateral alae. The lateral alae is 21 µm wide, extending along the body from about the level of the nerve ring to the cloaca. Anterior end widely conical. Mouth opening surrounded with six lips. Six minute inner labial papillae located at the base of the labial region. Six outer labial and four cephalic sensilla setiform, arranged in a common circle at the level of the anterior edge of the cheilostoma ribs. Subcephalic setae arranged in eight groups, located at the level of the anterior edge of the shagreen band. Each subcephalic group consists of two or three setae of various lengths, 8–20 μm long. Somatic setae arranged in eight longitudinal rows, 10–14 μm long; setae relatively long and dense in the pharyngeal region and tail region, short and sparse posterior to the nerve ring along the body. Amphidial fovea circular, with distinct cuticular rim, located at the level of the gymnostoma. Buccal cavity conspicuous and relatively voluminous. Cheilostoma, major portion of the buccal cavity, consists of three parts. Anterior part cone-shaped and smooth; middle part truncated cone-shaped, with fine longitudinal ribs; posterior part is spacy barrel-shaped with walls forming a sclerotized shagreen band. Anterior and posterior edges of the shagreen band are even, without lobes and inlets. Posterior wide conical part of the buccal cavity presents a pharyngostoma. The anterior part of the pharyngostoma, gymnostoma, is a narrow part just posterior to the shagreen band. The rearmost part of the buccal cavity, stegostoma, is surrounded with muscular pharyngeal tissue. Pharynx strongly muscular along its length, almost cylindrical, slightly broadened gradually to the cardia. Inner cuticular lining of the pharynx strong and wide. Cardia hemispheric, with internal cuticular lining, enveloped by intestinal tissue. Nerve ring difficult to identify, situated about anterior to the middle length of pharynx. Pore and ampulla of the secretory-excretory gland approximately located at the middle of the pharynx. Ventral gland cell body situated posterior to the cardia.</p><p>Reproductive system diorchic with two outstretched testes. Spicules 1.5–1.8 cloacal body diameter long, arcuated, divided into two parts by a fine suture anterior to the middle, handle-shaped proximally and blunt distally. Gubernaculum with two dorsally hook-shaped apophyses, 40–52 µm long along arc. Precloacal supplements absent. Tail conico-cylindrical with posterior third part cylindrical, and with three terminal setae, 16–18 μm long. Three caudal glands and spinneret present.</p><p>Females. Similar to males in general characteristics, except smaller amphideal fovea, 17–18% corresponding body diameter in width, located at the posterior edge of the shagreen band, tail with posterior quarter part cylindrical. Reproductive system monodelphic, with single anterior outstretched ovary situated at the right side of intestine. Post-vulvar sac absent. Vagina oblique. Vaginal glands present. Uterus filled with small spermatozoa. Spermatheca absent. Vulva situated far posterior to mid-body, 70–72% of the body length from the anterior end.</p><p>Dignosis and discussion.  Sphaerolaimus articulatus sp. nov. is characterized by circular amphidial fovea 11–12 µm wide in males at the level of the gymnostoma, and 7–8 µm in females at the posterior edge of the shagreen band, the longest subcephalic setae 15–20 µm long, spicules arcuate, divided into two parts by a fine suture anterior to the middle, handle-shaped proximally and blunt distally, gubernaculum with two dorsally hook-shaped apophyses.</p><p>The genus  Sphaerolaimus was divided into two groups of species by Zograf et al. (2020): one group with spicules more than two cloacal body diameter in length and another one with spicules equal or less than two cloacal body diameter in length. Among the second group, a small sub-group of species, characterized by the amphidial fovea situated behind the level of buccal cavity, and the rest of the species of the genus are characterized by amphidial fovea situated at the level of buccal cavity. The described species belongs to the second group which has short spicules and amphidial fovea situated at the level of buccal cavity. The new species is most similar to  Sphaerolaimus crenellatus Warwick, 1973 in having double-jointed spicules, but differs from the latter species by shorter body length (1.70–2.06 vs 2.35–2.83 mm), more anterior position of amphidial fovea (at the level of buccal cavity vs behind the buccal cavity base), shorter cervical setae (10–14 μm vs 27.5–37 μm), and gubernaculum with paired strongly curved apophyses (vs with dorsally directed straight apophysis). The new species is also similar to  Sphaerolaimus pacificus Allgén, 1947 in having paired strongly upcurved gubernacular apophyses, but differs by longer and double-jointed spicules (110–116 µm vs 72–87 µm long, not jointed). The new species is also similar to  Sphaerolaimus limosus Fadeeva, 1983 in having hook-shaped gubernacular apophyses, but differs by double-jointed spicules and anterior position of amphidial fovea (at the level of buccal cavity vs behind the buccal cavity base). In body size, amphidial fovea diameter and position, the new species is close to  Sphaerolaimus io Zograf, Pavlyuk, Trebukhova &amp; Nguyen, 2020, but it is distinguished by spicules double-jointed (vs not jointed in the latter species), gubernaculum with paired longer and curved apophyses (vs gubernaculum with shorter and straight apophyses).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0AD1BFF9EFFA868B23A874C29DBB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhai, Hongxiu;Liu, Lin;Huang, Mian	Zhai, Hongxiu, Liu, Lin, Huang, Mian (2025): Two new nematode species of the family Sphaerolaimidae (Nematoda, Monhysterida) from the Yellow Sea, China. Zootaxa 5631 (2): 335-348, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.2.6
03A0AD1BFF9BFFA868B23A984BD0D96B.text	03A0AD1BFF9BFFA868B23A984BD0D96B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parasphaerolaimus Ditlevsen 1918	<div><p>Genus  Parasphaerolaimus Ditlevsen, 1918</p><p>Diagnosis (according to Fonseca &amp; Bezerra 2014, Cavalcanti &amp; Venekey 2017 and Tchesunov et al. 2024). Cuticle transversely striated or annulated. Six outer labial setiform sensilla and four cephalic setae arranged in a common circle, with cephalic setae longer than labial ones. Eight groups of subcephalic setae occur in all four juvenile stages as well as in the adults. Buccal cavity wide, barrel-shaped, within cheilostoma, the longitudinally striated truncated compartment longer than the shagreen band. Narrow granular shagreen band often consisting of six elements; circular crest may be developed. Gymnostoma narrow, with three cuticular elements. Stegostoma voluminous, conical. Amphideal fovea sexual dimorphism in size, at the level of gymnostoma or stegostoma. Ventral gland present, opening behind nerve ring. Males with one or two testes. Females with an anterior ovary on the left or right side of intestine. Oviparity or ovoviviparity.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0AD1BFF9BFFA868B23A984BD0D96B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhai, Hongxiu;Liu, Lin;Huang, Mian	Zhai, Hongxiu, Liu, Lin, Huang, Mian (2025): Two new nematode species of the family Sphaerolaimidae (Nematoda, Monhysterida) from the Yellow Sea, China. Zootaxa 5631 (2): 335-348, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.2.6
03A0AD1BFF9BFFA368B238EB4D00D8BC.text	03A0AD1BFF9BFFA368B238EB4D00D8BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parasphaerolaimus sinensis Zhai & Liu & Huang 2025	<div><p>Parasphaerolaimus sinensis sp. nov.</p><p>(Figures 4–6, Table 2)</p><p>Type material. Three males and three females were found.  Holotype on slide 3400-3-0-2. Paratypes: M2 on slide 3400-3-0-1, M3 on slide 3400-3-2-8, F1 on slide 3400-3-0-1, F2 and F3 on slide 3400-1-0-1.</p><p>Type locality and habitat. Sea floor silt sediment at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.8/lat 34.0)">Station 3400-3</a> (34°0′ N, 121°12′ E, water depth 64 m) and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.8/lat 34.0)">Station 3400-1</a> (34°0′ N, 120°48´E, water depth 48 m) in the Yellow Sea.</p><p>Etymology. The species epithet  “ sinensis ” refers to the country of origin, China.</p><p>Measurements. All measurement data are given in Table 2.</p><p>Descriptions</p><p>Males. Body plump, nearly cylindrical, anterior end blunt. Cuticle finely striated with a clear lateral alae, 15 µm wide, extending along the body from about the level of the nerve ring to the middle of the tail. Inner labial sensilla papilliform; six outer labial setae (4‒5 µm long) and four slightly longer cephalic setae (6‒7 µm long) joined in a single circle. A circle of eight groups of subcephalic setae situated below the level of cephalic setae, each group with 2‒3 setae, 14‒22 µm long. Cervical and somatic setae numerous, 16‒25 µm long, scattered along the body. Buccal cavity large, divided into two sections. Cheilostoma with longitudinal ribs and six regular sclerotized plates. Gymnostoma with three plates at posterior part. Stegostoma funnel-shaped with longitudinal ribs. Amphidial fovea circular, 15–17 µm in diameter or 33‒40% of corresponding body diameter, located at the level of junction of the gymnostoma and the stegostoma, i.e.25–27 µm from the anterior end. Nerve ring situated anterior to the middle of pharynx, i.e. 39% of pharynx length from anterior end of body. Secretory-excretory pore located behind nerve ring, 132–144 µm from anterior end of body. Ventral gland cell body located posterior to the cardia, lateral to the intestine. Pharynx cylindrical; cardia small, about 11 µm long, enveloped by intestinal tissue.</p><p>Reproductive system with a single outstretched testis. Spicules slender, slightly curved, 1.3–1.8 cloacal body diameter, proximally slightly enlarged and distally tapered. Gubernaculum with a pair of dorso-caudal apophyses, 10‒12 µm long. Tail conico-cylindrical, 3.2–3.6 cloacal body diameter, with three caudal glands. Somatic setae irregularly distributed along the tail. Three terminal setae, 11–20 µm in length.</p><p>Females. Similar to males in morphological characteristics, but bodies slightly longer (1650–2148 µm), cervical and somatic setae few and short, amphidial fovea smaller, 6 µm in diameter or 11‒13% corresponding body diameter, 30‒36 µm from anterior end of the body. Single anterior outstretched ovary extending forward, close to the cardia. Posterior to the oocytes region there is a sequence of developing eggs, shelled embryos, and sometimes a few hatched juveniles. Vulva situated far posteriorly, 80–122 µm from the anal opening, i.e. 84–87% of body length from the anterior end. Tail conico-cylindrical, with three terminal setae, 16–19 µm long.</p><p>Dignosis and discussion.  Parasphaerolaimus sinensis sp. nov. is characterized by amphidial fovea 15–17 µm wide in males and 6 µm in females, and all located at the level of junction of the gymnostoma and the stegostoma, length of longest subcephalic setae 19–20 µm in males, 6–7 µm in females, cuticle with lateral longitudinal ridge, 15 µm wide in males, 8 µm in females, slender and slightly curved spicules 1.3–1.8 cloacal body diameter, gubernaculum with a pair of dorso-caudal apophyses, 9–11 µm long, position of the vulva very close to the anus and ovoviviparity.</p><p>The new species resembles  P. Jintiani Fu, Boucher &amp; Cai, 2017 and  P. magdolnae Cavalcanti &amp; Venekey, 2017 in the presence of only one testis, lateral alae and females with intrauterine development of their offspring. It differs from  P. Jintiani by longer subcephalic setae (14–22 µm vs 6 µm) in males, relatively shorter and slender spicules slightly swollen proximally (63–74 µm vs spicules 109 µm, with developed swollen proximal ends), shorter gubernaculum with apophyses (vs longer gubernaculum, 48 µm, without apophyses). Moreover, the body size of males is smaller than in females, while in  P. Jintiani, male is longer than females. The new species differs from  P. magdolnae by longer subcephalic setae (14–22 µm vs 7–8 µm) in males, shorter and slightly arcuate spicules without a ventral indentation near the proximal end (vs spicules curved with a ventral indentation near the proximal end, 126–234 µm long), shorter gubernaculum with apophyses (vs longer gubernaculum, 27–38 µm, without apophyses). The new species is also similar to  P. dispar (Filipjev, 1918) Filipjev, 1946,  P. lodosus (Gerlach, 1956) Zograf, Pavlyuk, Trebukhova &amp; Nguyen, 2017 and  P. pilosus Zograf, Pavlyuk, Trebukhova &amp; Nguyen, 2017 in body size and shape, length of spicules and guberculum with apophyses. It differs from  P. dispar by the latter species without lateral alae, tail with posterior filiform portion, vulva located at 62–70% of body length from anterior end and oviparity. The new species differs from  P. lodosus, by the latter having cephalic setae and cervical setae very short (shorter than 10 µm), diameter of amphidial fovea 9–10 µm in males and 5 µm in females. The new species differs from  P. pilosus, by the latter presenting diameter of amphidial fovea 11.5–12 µm in males and 6.5–7 µm in females, spicules shorter than 60 µm, gubernaculum with small proximal apophyses, vulva located at 55–67% of body length from anterior end and oviparity.</p><p>Furthermore,  Parasphaerolaimus sinensis sp. nov. is distinguished from  P. paradoxus Ditlevsen, 1918 by a smaller body size (1212–2148 µm vs 2300–2400 µm), smaller De Man ratio a (18.7–23.6 vs 37–49), shorter cephalic and subcephalic setae in females (4–6 µm vs 24–34 µm), and longer spicules (63–74 µm vs 47.5 µm). In addition, the vulva located less than 67% of body length from anterior end in the latter species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0AD1BFF9BFFA368B238EB4D00D8BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhai, Hongxiu;Liu, Lin;Huang, Mian	Zhai, Hongxiu, Liu, Lin, Huang, Mian (2025): Two new nematode species of the family Sphaerolaimidae (Nematoda, Monhysterida) from the Yellow Sea, China. Zootaxa 5631 (2): 335-348, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.2.6
