identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A187BCB03DFFA477FEF8E65321FA89.text	03A187BCB03DFFA477FEF8E65321FA89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepidodendrales HAECKEL 1868	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Order  Lepidodendrales HAECKEL, 1868</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. The family classification of the  Lepidodendrales used here is based on Thomas and Branck-Hanes (1984). </p>
            <p> Family  Lepidodendraceae STERNB., 1820</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB03DFFA477FEF8E65321FA89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB03DFFA47483FAB555B1F932.text	03A187BCB03DFFA47483FAB555B1F932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepidodendron STERNB. 1820	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Fossil-genus  Lepidodendron STERNB., 1820</p>
            <p> Remarks. Crookall (1964) suggested that  Lepidodendron volkmannianum STERNB. from the Lower Limestone Formation occurs in the Kidston Collection, but this could not be verified, and there are no records listed in the relevant Fossilium Catalogus (Jongmans 1929). What appears to be the axis of a lycopsid cone from Swinless Glen was misattributed to  Cyclostigma ? hercynium C.E. WEISS by Crookall (1964: pl. 79, fig. 4). Another lycopsid stem fragment was made the type of  Cyclostigma majus CROOKALL (Crookall 1955: pl. 79, fig. 2) but this specimen is indeterminate. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB03DFFA47483FAB555B1F932	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB03DFFA574B3F8CD571CF8F2.text	03A187BCB03DFFA574B3F8CD571CF8F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepidodendron veltheimii STERNB. 1825	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lepidodendron veltheimii STERNB., 1825</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 3a, b</p>
            <p> 1825  Lepidodendron veltheimii STERNB. , p. 43, pl. 52, fig. 3. 1885  Lepidodendron veltheimianum STERNB. ; Kidston, p. 243, </p>
            <p>pl. 3.</p>
            <p>Limestone Coal Formation; BGS Kidst.2452. d: Specimen with shallower intercushion areas; Stripside Pit, Herbertshire Colliery, near Denny, Stirlingshire; Steam Coal, Limestone Coal Formation; BGS Kidst.4287. All scale bars = 10 mm.</p>
            <p> 1964  Lepidodendron veltheimii STERNB. ; Crookall, pl. 64, fig. 5, pl. 70, fig. 8. </p>
            <p> 1970  Lepidodendron veltheimii STERNB. ; Thomas, p. 153, pl. 33, figs 4–6. </p>
            <p> 1973  Lepidodendron veltheimii STERNB. ; Chaloner and Gay, pl. 79, fig. 5. </p>
            <p> 1974  Lepidodendron veltheimii STERNB. ; Thomas, p. 526, pl. 78, figs 3, 5, pls 79, 80, pl. 81, figs 1, 3. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Helically-arranged, protuberant leaf cushions usually 5–30 mm long, 2–10 mm wide (rarely up to 40 mm long, 20 mm wide). Cushions subrhomboidal, with acute, often sinuous upper and lower angles, and rounded lateral angles. Leaf scar rounded or rhomboidal occurs in upper part of cushion; scars slightly elongate laterally, occupying over half the cushion width, and with prominent vascular cicatrix in middle. Prominent ligule pit occurs adjacent to leaf scar, and the cushion surface above the leaf scar shows distinct striae. Prominent keel extends down from the scar to base of cushion, often with prominent lateral wrinkles. Large, round ulodendroid branch scars sometimes occur in longitudinal rows along stem.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. This is the most abundant lepidodendrid species in these floras and is clearly the same as the  L. veltheimii specimens found in the Maine-et-Loire floras. Kidston (1885) gave an extensive comparative analysis of other similar species found in Mississippian age floras, as well as providing a list of localities in the Limestone Coal Formation that have yielded  L. veltheimii . It can also be compared with the abundant Westphalian-age species  Lepidodendron aculeatum STERNB. except that the leaf scars are much larger and are higher on the cushion, and there are striae on the leaf cushion surface above the scar. Cuticles of this species prepared from specimens from the Upper Limestone Formation (Thomas 1970, 1974, Chaloner and Gay 1973) differed from  L. aculeatum in having elongate epidermal cells on the cushion below the leaf scar. </p>
            <p> The unillustrated record of  Sigillaria taylorii (CARRUTH.) KIDST. from the Upper Limestone Formation at New Braidbar Quarry in Kidston (1901) probably referred to a stem of  L. veltheimii with ulodendroid branch scars. </p>
            <p> There has been disagreement as to the orthography of this species epithet as Sternberg (1825) referred to both Veltheimii and Veltheimianum. However, his first reference to the fossil-species (on his p. 43) was as  L. Veltheimii where it is accompanied by a very brief diagnosis, and so we have used this spelling here. </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e s. Widespread in Limestone Coal Formation above the Johnstone Shell Bed notably at Todholes, and in the Upper Limestone Formation just below the Orchard Limestone notably at New Braidbar Quarry and Lochrim Burn, Arran.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB03DFFA574B3F8CD571CF8F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB03CFFA577C5F88F5232FA8B.text	03A187BCB03CFFA577C5F88F5232FA8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepidodendron jaschei A. ROEM. 1866	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lepidodendron jaschei A. ROEM., 1866</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 3c,d</p>
            <p> 1866  Lepidodendron jaschei A. ROEM. , p. 213, pl. 35, fig. 6. </p>
            <p> 1885  Lepidodendron lossenii C.E. WEISS , p. 169, pl. 6, figs 6, 7. </p>
            <p> 1964  Lepidodendron jaschei A. ROEM. ; Crookall, pl. 64, figs 1, 2, pl. 69, figs 3–7. </p>
            <p> 1964  Lepidodendron lossenii C.E. WEISS ; Crookall, pl. 63, figs 3, 4. </p>
            <p> 1964  Lepidodendron cf. nathorstii KIDST. ; Crookall, pl. 66, fig. 1. 2021  Lepidodendron cf. nathorstii KIDST. ; Strullu-Derrien et al., </p>
            <p>fig. 3C.</p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Leaf cushions helically-arranged, sometimes laterally contiguous, sometimes separated by prominent 1–2 mm wide inter-cushion areas. Cushions subrhomboidal, slender, straight, 15–20 mm long, 3 mm wide, with narrow, thread-like prolongations at upper and lower ends. Round to laterally oval leaf scar located just above middle of cushion, showing clear vascular and two foliar parichnos cicatrixes. Cushion surfaces both above and below scar have prominent lateral ridges, but no parichnos visible below scar. Ligule pit visible above scar.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. These distinctive, slender leaf cushions have often been referred to two separate fossil-species depending on whether the cushions are laterally contiguous (  L. lossenii ) or are separated by a wide inter-cushion area (  L. jaschei ). As pointed out by Potonié (1901), however, the types of these two species originated from the same locality (Kammerberg, Harz, Germany), and the two morphologies of stem are regularly found associated, and it is likely that they merely represent different growth stages of the same stems. </p>
            <p> Similar fragments from the Maine-et-Loire flora were reported by Strullu-Derrien et al. (2021) and provisionally named  L. cf. nathorstii KIDST. However , having now had the opportunity to examine the more extensive material from the lower Clackmannan Group, we now regard these French specimens as being conspecific with  L. jaschei . </p>
            <p> The unillustrated record of  Lepidodendron spetsbergense NATH. from the Upper Limestone Formation of New Braidbar Quarry (Kidston 1901) probably represents  L. jaschei . </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e s. Mainly the upper Limestone Coal Formation, notably the Stripeside and Woodyett Pits, Denny, Stirlingshire; also from below the Orchard Limestone (Upper Limestone Formation).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB03CFFA577C5F88F5232FA8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB03CFFA67492FAA65344F7F7.text	03A187BCB03CFFA67492FAA65344F7F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepidodendron rhodianum STERNB. 1825	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lepidodendron rhodianum STERNB., 1825</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 4</p>
            <p>1823 “Schuppenpflanze”; Rhode, p. 7, pl. 1, figs 1, 3, 4.</p>
            <p> 1825  Lepidodendron rhodianum STERNB. , p. xi. (based on Rhode 1820: pl. 1, figs 1, 3) </p>
            <p> 1970  Lepidodendron rhodianum STERNB. ; Thomas, p. 169, text-fig. 12. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Stems with spirally-arranged, contiguous leaf cushions. Cushions more or less isodiametric, 3–4 mm in size, subrhomboidal to obovate, with an obtuse upper angle, an elongate, sinuous lower angle and rounded lateral angles. Rhomboidal leaf scar occurs in upper part of cushion, with lateral lines extending to upper margin of cushion and a keel below scar variable in length; infrafoliar parichnos clearly marked. Cushion surface smooth below scar, striate above the scar.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. Several specimens of relatively slender branches in the Kidston Collection recorded as  Lepidodendron rhodianum STERNB. were mentioned but not figured by Crookall (1964). Cuticles from another specimen from the Upper Limestone Formation were described by Thomas (1970). Relatively slender branches of  L. rhodianum often occur in association with larger stems of  L. veltheimii and it is possible that they represent parts of the same plant: smaller, more isodiametric cushions occur in the upper parts of the plant, larger, more elongate cushions in the upper part. </p>
            <p> This species epithet is often given as rhodeanum, but in the protologue it is spelled  rhodianum and so this is used here. </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e s. Known only from the Johnstone Shell</p>
            <p>Bed (Limestone Coal Formation) and below the Orchard</p>
            <p>Limestone (Upper Limestone Formation).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB03CFFA67492FAA65344F7F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB031FFA877C8FF1154FFFC0E.text	03A187BCB031FFA877C8FF1154FFFC0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepidophloios grangeri B. A. THOMAS 1977	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lepidophloios grangeri B.A. THOMAS, 1977</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 5b</p>
            <p> 1895 (?)  Lepidophloios macrolepidotus GOLDENB. ; Kidston, p. 560. [see Remarks for details] </p>
            <p> 1964  Lepidophloios laricinus (STERNB.) STERNB. ; Crookall, p. 310, pl. 74, fig. 6. [see Remarks for details] </p>
            <p> 1977  Lepidophloios grangeri B.A. THOMAS , p. 286, pl. 36, figs 1–4. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Stems with helically arranged leaf cushions. Cushions rhomboidal, laterally elongate, 10–12 mm tall, 22–25 mm wide, broader than long, with smooth surface and no keel. Ligule pit apertures immediately adjacent to upper angles of leaf scars. For details of cuticle see Thomas (1977).</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. Only one specimen is known of this species. It was originally assigned to  L. macrolepidotus and  L. laricinus (see Synonymy), but differs from both species in the ligule being positioned much closer to the leaf scar and the stomatal density being higher (Thomas 1977). Another specimen of  Lepidophloios shoot was described by Galtier and Scott (1986) from the basal Limestone Coal Formation, but in a different mode of preservation, and so was not assigned to Thomas’s species. </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e. Craw Coal (Limestone Coal Formation), No. 4 Mine, Grange, Boness, Linlithgowshire.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB031FFA877C8FF1154FFFC0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB031FFA877A3F93F5585FA85.text	03A187BCB031FFA877A3F93F5585FA85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepidostrobophyllum veltheimianum (GEINITZ) STRULLU-DERRIEN, CLEAL, DUCASSOU, A. R. T. SPENCER, STOLLE et LESHYK 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lepidostrobophyllum veltheimianum (GEINITZ) STRULLU-DERRIEN, CLEAL, DUCASSOU, A.R.T. SPENCER, STOLLE et LESHYK, 2021</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 5a</p>
            <p> 1854  Lepidophyllum veltheimianum GEINITZ , p. 52, pl. 4, figs 6–9. </p>
            <p> 1952  Lepidocarpon waltonii CHALONER , p. 572, pl. 21, figs 1–7. </p>
            <p> 1966  Lepidocarpon waltonii CHALONER ; Crookall, p. 526, pl. 103, fig. 2. </p>
            <p> 1985  Lepidostrobophyllum veltheimianum (GEINITZ) STEPANEK et VOGELLEHNER , nom. inval., p. 86. </p>
            <p> 2021  Lepidostrobophyllum veltheimianum (GEINITZ) STRULLU-DERRIEN, CLEAL, DUCASSOU, A.R.T. SPENCER, STOLLE et LESHYK , p. 7, fig. 3H. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Lanceolate sporophylls gradually tapering to an acute apex, up to 35 mm long, 4 mm wide; pedicel 8–13 mm long. Each sporophyll has a single megaspore up to 6.7 mm long, 2 mm wide, often accompanied by three much smaller abortive megaspores.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. These sporophylls were originally described as  Lepidocarpon waltonii , but their slender, acute blades are closely comparable with the specimens from Maine-et-Loire described by Strullu-Derrien et al. (2021: fig. 3H) as  Lepidostrobophyllum veltheimianum , the latter name having precedence. In both southern Scotland and Maine-et-Loire these sporophylls are often found associated with stems of  Lepidodendron veltheimii , and are likely to have been produced by the same plant species. </p>
            <p>This combination was first used by Stepanek and Vogellehner (1985), who referred to two of the syntypes figured by Geinitz (1854: pl. 4, figs 7, 8) as characterising the species. However, as they did not make a full reference to the basionym and, being published after 1953, this new combination by Stepanek and Vogellehner was not validly published (ICN, Art. 41). The first use of the combination that included a direct and full reference to the Geintiz basionym was by Strullu-Derrien et al. (2021), so the correct designation for the species is as given here.</p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e s. Mainly from the coal-bearing interval above the Black Metals Band (Limestone Coal Formation); also from below the Orchard Limestone (Upper Limestone Formation).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB031FFA877A3F93F5585FA85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB031FFA877D1FBF3543CF952.text	03A187BCB031FFA877D1FBF3543CF952.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sublepidophloios ventricosus HOPPING 1956	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sublepidophloios ventricosus HOPPING, 1956</p>
            <p> 1956  Sublepidophloios ventricosus HOPPING , p. 3, figs 1–3. </p>
            <p> 2013  Sublepidophloios ventricosus HOPPING ; Thomas et al., p. 317, figs 4A–B, 5, 6. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Stem fragment preserved in ironstone showing straight, vertically-elongated leaf-cushions 50 mm long, 15 mm wide. Central part of leaf-cushions bulge outwards by ca. 10 mm and overlap lower part of cushion by ca. 2 mm. Leaf scars 2.5 mm long, 5 mm wide, with three foliar prints, and a ligule pit which is a little above the middle of the upper cushion surface.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. Only one specimen of this species is known, but it clearly shows the characteristic leaf-cushions of this fossil-genus that are intermediate between typical  Lepidodendron and  Lepidophloios . For a detailed account of this specimen see Thomas et al. (2013). </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e. Possil Ironstone (Limestone Coal</p>
            <p>Formation), Robroyston Colliery, Lanarkshire.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB031FFA877D1FBF3543CF952	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB031FFA97498FA4A5465FDA3.text	03A187BCB031FFA97498FA4A5465FDA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stigmaria stellata (GOPP.) GOPP.	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Stigmaria stellata (GÖPP.) GÖPP. in Bronn 1848 </p>
            <p>Text-fig. 5c</p>
            <p> 1841  Stigmaria ficoides var. stellata GÖPP. , p. 19, pl. 10, fig. 12. </p>
            <p> 1848  Stigmaria stellata (GÖPP.) GÖPP. in Bronn, p. 1201. </p>
            <p> 1966  Stigmaria stellata (GÖPP.) GÖPP. ; Crookall, p. 558, pl. 104, fig. 5. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Casts and compressions of axes up to 70 mm wide, surfaces covered with circular to oval scars 2–5 mm in size; scars have a slightly raised rim and a prominent raised vascular cicatrix. Each scar surrounded by 2–3 mm long radiating ridges giving a stellate-appearance.</p>
            <p>R e m a r k s. This distinctive fossil-species only seems to occur in lower Carboniferous macrofloras and can be</p>
            <p> Limestone Coal Formation; BGS Kidst.4290. d:  Mesocalamites haueri (STUR) HIRMER ; left bank of stream, lower side of old stone bridge, Bilston Burn, near Polton, Midlothian; Bed underlying No. 6 Limestone, Upper Limestone Formation; BGS Kidst.4426. e:  Mesocalamites taitianus (KIDST. et JONGM.) HIRMER ; left bank of stream, lower side of old stone bridge, Bilston Burn, near Polton, Midlothian; Bed underlying No. 6 Limestone, Upper Limestone Formation; BGS Kidst.4428. All scale bars = 10 mm. </p>
            <p> distinguished from the more widespread  Stigmaria ficoides (STERNB.) BRONGN. by the stallate surface markings on the axes between the root scars. Crookall (1966) suggested that they were the rhizophores of  Lepidodendron veltheimii STERNB. (see also Jennings 1973). At one locality in the Limestone Coal Formation (Stripeside Pit, Herbertshire Colliery), Crookall (1966) also reported specimens of  Stigmaria ficoides in association with  S. stellata . However, these Stripeside Pit specimens are merely poorly preserved examples of  S. stellata . </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e s. Limestone Coal Formation, between the Johnstone Shell Bed and the coal-bearing interval above the Black Metals Band; also, from below the Orchard Limestone (Upper Limestone Formation).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB031FFA97498FA4A5465FDA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB030FFA97499FF4055FDFA89.text	03A187BCB030FFA97499FF4055FDFA89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesocalamites haueri (STUR) HIRMER 1927	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Mesocalamites haueri (STUR) HIRMER, 1927</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 5d</p>
            <p> 1877  Calamites haueri STUR , p. 195, pl. 2, fig. 7, pl. 5, figs 2, 3. </p>
            <p> 1927  Mesocalamites haueri (STUR) HIRMER , p. 382. </p>
            <p> 1969  Calamites haueri STUR ; Crookall, p. 626, pl. 113, fig. 3, pl. 114, figs, 1–3, pl. 115, pl. 116, fig. 1. </p>
            <p> 1969  Calamites roemeri GÖPP. ; Crookall, p. 622, p. 122, fig. 4. </p>
            <p> 1969  Calamites approximatiformis STUR ; Crookall, p. 629, pl. 118, fig. 2. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Stems with coarse longitudinal ribs up to 4 mm wide, distally rounded with prominent circular tubercle. Nodes spaced up to 20 mm apart, with internodes sometimes wider than long, in others they may be more than twice as long as wide; at nodes, the ribs may pass straight through or be slightly offset. Occasional isolated oval branch scars sometimes occur immediately above node.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. This fossil-species represents the coarseribbed mesocalamitid stems found in these floras. They bear a superficial resemblance to  Calamites suckowii BRONGN. , which is widespread in the Westphalian macrofloras of Euramerica but the latter has ribs that are more consistently offset at the nodes. Jongmans (1911) queried the significance of this differences, but overlooked the occurrence of occasional branch scars in  M. haueri of a type rarely if ever seen in  C. suckowii . </p>
            <p> The specimens figured by Crookall as  Calamites roemeri and  Calamites approximatiformis have the coarse ribs with large distal tubercles similar to  M. haueri . Crookall differentiated  C. roermeri and  C. approximatiformis mainly in them having more circular branch scars. However, neither of his specimens of these species show this feature and the justification for distinguishing them taxonomically seems weak. </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e s. Only in Upper Limestone Formation, notably below Castlecary Limestone, Bilston Burn, Midlothian.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB030FFA97499FF4055FDFA89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB030FFA977DDF91B5700F7F7.text	03A187BCB030FFA977DDF91B5700F7F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesocalamites HIRMER 1927	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Fossil-genus  Mesocalamites HIRMER, 1927</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. Crookall (1969) assigned these stem fossils to  Calamites sect. Mesocalamites , but to simplify the nomenclature  Mesocalamites is taken here to be a fossil-genus in its own right. Although  Mesocalamites is morphologically intermediate between  Archaeocalamites STUR and  Calamites STERNB. , it is placed in the  Calamitaceae based on its association elsewhere with calamitacean foliage and strobili (e.g., Strullu-Derrien et al. 2021). However, no foliage or strobili have been reported from the lower Clackmannan Group. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB030FFA977DDF91B5700F7F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB030FFA977C4FD6054A6FCDD.text	03A187BCB030FFA977C4FD6054A6FCDD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sigillaria BRONGN. 1822	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Fossil-genus  Sigillaria BRONGN., 1822</p>
            <p>R e m a r k s. See Cleal and Thomas (2018) for an analysis of the taxonomic nomenclature of this fossil-genus.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB030FFA977C4FD6054A6FCDD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB030FFA977EDFC915413F997.text	03A187BCB030FFA977EDFC915413F997.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sigillaria youngiana KIDST. 1894	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sigillaria youngiana KIDST., 1894</p>
            <p> 1894a  Sigillaria youngiana KIDST. , p. 261, pl. 6, fig. 2. </p>
            <p> 1966  Sigillaria youngiana KIDST. ; Crookall, p. 372, pl. 83, fig. 10. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Stem with undulating 3–6 mm wide ribs. Leaf scars 2.5 mm long, 3 mm wide, occurring a short distance higher than the widest parts of ribs where they cover ca. ¾ of rib width; scar with emarginate upper margin, rounded lower margin, and prominent, downwardsprojecting lateral angles; lateral lines extend downwards from lateral angles for 4–8 mm. A central (vascular) cicatrix and two lateral (parichnos) cicatrices occur just above the middle of the scar; no evidence of infrafoliar parichnos. Ligule pit occurs just above leaf scar and from which there is a plume of 2–5 short radiating lines.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. Only one specimen of this species has been reported, which we have not been able to see directly, but which is well-illustrated by Crookall (1966). The phyllotaxy of the stem is not completely typical of  Sigillaria and Koehne (1904) compared it with  Lepidodendron volkmannianum STERNB. , although the leaf scars of the latter tend to be much larger. </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e. Possil Ironstone (Limestone Coal</p>
            <p>Formation), Robroyston Colliery, Lanarkshire.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB030FFA977EDFC915413F997	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB030FFAA742AFAA457EDFC2A.text	03A187BCB030FFAA742AFAA457EDFC2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesocalamites taitianus (KIDST. et JONGM.) HIRMER 1927	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Mesocalamites taitianus (KIDST. et JONGM.) HIRMER, 1927</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 5e</p>
            <p> 1915  Calamites taitianus KIDST. et JONGM. , pl. 147, fig. 5, pl. 148, fig. 1, pl. 149, figs 1–5. </p>
            <p> 1917  Calamites taitianus KIDST. et JONGM. ; Kidston and Jongmans, p. 195. </p>
            <p> 1927  Mesocalamites taitianus (KIDST. et JONGM.) HIRMER , p. 382. </p>
            <p> 1969  Calamites taitianus KIDST. et JONGM. ; Crookall, p. 625, pl. 112, figs 1–3, pl. 113, figs 1, 2. </p>
            <p> 1969  Calamites cistiformis STUR ; Crookall, p. 623, pl. 111, figs 1, 2. </p>
            <p> 1969  Calamites ramifer STUR ; Crookall, p. 627, pl. 116, figs 2–4, pl. 117, fig. 1. </p>
            <p> 1969  Archaeocalamites radiatus (BRONGN.) STUR ; Crookall, p. 611, pl. 110, figs 2, 3 (non figs 1, 4). </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Stems with more-or-less straight longitudinal ribs, 1–2 mm wide, with rounded end and small indistinct distal tubercle. Weakly marked nodes at intervals of up to 70 mm, with ribs mostly passing directly over them but occasionally offset. Branch scars 7–22 mm in size, circular to transversely oval, widely distributed along stem, with no more than two at each node. Ribs tend to be deflected around scars.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. This is one of the best-documented  Mesocalamites species based on the material from the Bilston Burn site in Midlothian, and differs from  M. haueri in having much finer longitudinal ribbing and occasional prominent branch scars. Very similar stems found in close association with  M. taitianus were described by Crookall (1969) as  Calamites cistiformis and  Calamites ramifer , without giving any reason for separating them taxonomically other than the latter two have smaller and more widely-spaced branch scars. Since the branch scars distribution in  M. taitianus is very variable, this is not a reliable character. Since the epithets  cistiformis and  ramifer were published before that of  M. taitianus (Stur 1877) one of the former names might take precedence but, until the types of the former have been more fully documented, the latter name has been retained here. </p>
            <p> The specimens figured by Crookall (1969) as  Archaeocalamites radiatus from the Limestone Coal Formation are very similar to  M. taitianus except that the ribs appear to cross the nodes more consistently. Given that this is also a variable character in  M. taitianus , the latter name has been used for these specimens. </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e s. Ther Limestone Coal Formation, between the Johnstone Shell Bed and the coal-bearing interval above the Black Metals Band, and the Upper Limestone Formation, mainly from below Castlecary Limestone at Bilston Burn.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB030FFAA742AFAA457EDFC2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB033FFAC7483F81B5774FD95.text	03A187BCB033FFAC7483F81B5774FD95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Artisophyton PFEFFERK. 1976	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Fossil-genus  Artisophyton PFEFFERK., 1976</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. Corsin (1948) has shown these stems to have borne fronds now included in the family  Tedeleaceae (e.g.,  Pecopteris penniformis (BRONGN.) BRONGN. ,  Pecopteris plumosa (ARTIS) STERNB. ). They are similar to the marattialean stems  Megaphyton ARTIS in having the leaf scars arranged in two longitudinal rows, one on either side of the main stem, but the scars tend to be squatter and more rectangular in shape. Two other fossil species from the Limestone Coal Formation were assigned by Crookall (1955) to  Megaphyton :  Megaphyton circulare CROOKALL and  Megaphyton obscurum CROOKALL. However , both types are inadequate to circumscribe the taxon: that of  M. circulare does not show details of the leaf trace, and that of  M. obscurum has a vertically elongate branch scar atypical for these fern stems. Neither of these species will be dealt with further here. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB033FFAC7483F81B5774FD95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB033FFAA74CBFB975308F867.text	03A187BCB033FFAA74CBFB975308F867.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pecopteris aspera BRONGN. 1836	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pecopteris aspera BRONGN., 1836</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 6c, d</p>
            <p> 1836  Pecopteris aspera BRONGN. , p. 339, pl. 120. </p>
            <p> 1901  Pecopteris (Dactylotheca) aspera f. sturii STERZEL , p. iii. </p>
            <p> 1923  Dactylotheca sturii (STERZEL) KIDSTON , p. 395, pl. 94, figs 4–6. </p>
            <p> 1939  Dactylotheca sturii (STERZEL) KIDSTON ; Radforth, p. 747, pl. 1, figs 10–22. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Fragments of pinnae with pinnules 2–5 mm long, 2–3 mm wide, inserted at near to right-angles. Pinnules rounded to linguaeform, broadly attached to rachis; midvein well-marked, extending for most of pinnule length, producing simple or occasionally one-formed, widely-spaced lateral veins. A few pinnules have up to 12 sporangia arranged in two rows, one on either side of midvein. Sporangia are single, oval with obtuse apex, ca. 0.5 mm long, with rudimentary apical annulus.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. This species was recorded by Kidston (1924) as  Dactylotheca sturii STERZEL but there is now general consensus that this species is indistinguishable from  P. aspera (see Dalinval 1960). A detailed description (under the name  D. sturii ) of the reproductive structures was given by Radforth (1939) based on specimens from the same locality as those described by Kidston (1924). </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e. Upper Limestone Formation, Cuthill</p>
            <p>Shore, between Index and Orchard Limestones.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB033FFAA74CBFB975308F867	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB033FFAA7460FC81527DFBDE.text	03A187BCB033FFAA7460FC81527DFBDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pecopteris (BRONGN.) STERNB. 1825	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Fossil-genus  Pecopteris (BRONGN.) STERNB., 1825</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. This fossil-genus is being used in the sense of Cleal (2015) for fern fronds probably of the filicalean fern family  Tedeleaceae , rather than marattialean fern remains as has historically happened (see also comments by Votočková Frojdová et al. 2020). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB033FFAA7460FC81527DFBDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB033FFAA77F6FB45559DFD1C.text	03A187BCB033FFAA77F6FB45559DFD1C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphenophyllum tenerrimum ETTINGSH. ex HELMHACKER 1874	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sphenophyllum tenerrimum ETTINGSH. ex HELMHACKER, 1874</p>
            <p>emend. by Stur (1877)</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 6a</p>
            <p> 1874  Sphenophyllum tenerrimum ETTINGSH. ex HELMHACKER , p. 50, pl. 3, figs 5–16. </p>
            <p> 1877  Sphenophyllum tenerrimum ETTINGSH. ex HELMHACKER ; Stur, p. 108, pl. 7, figs 1–14. (?Ettingshausen’s types) </p>
            <p> 1969  Sphenophyllum tenerrimum ETTINGSH. ex HELMHACKER ; Crookall, p. 602, pl. 108, fig. 6. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Ribbed stems with whorls of 9–12 leaves borne at about right-angles in proximal part of stem, but more obliquely in more distal positions. Leaves 3–10 mm long, deeply incised into 2–4 narrow-linear, splayed segments, the incisions usually extending about a half of the leaf length, each segment with a blunt apex. Occasionally the leaf segments divide for a second time. Leaf surface striate.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. This is the most commonly-reported  Sphenophyllum species found in lower Namurian macrofloras and is easily recognised by its whorls of deeply-incised leaves with splayed segments (e.g., Storch 1980, Havlena 1982, Terreaux de Felice et al. 2019). However, there are nomenclatural issues with the species epithet. According to Stur (1877) it was first used in manuscript but not published by Ettingshausen in 1853, and was mentioned by Stur (in Foetterle 1868: 50) in a species list but without description or illustration. The name  S. tenerrimum was first validly used by Helmhacker (1874) who included a description and illustrated several specimens, although most of those specimens are now reported lost (Jongmans 1911). Nevertheless, Helmhacker made clear reference to Ettingshausen’s specimens, which were later illustrated by Stur (1877), and so these can be legitimately taken as syntypes; Helmhaker’s publication of the name was therefore valid. </p>
            <p> An added complication is that Helmhacker (1873) had earlier referred to the specimens he figured in his 1874a paper as  Sphenophyllum binatum HELMACKER. However , this was a nomen nudum with no accompanying description or illustration, and so invalid. </p>
            <p> This species is very similar to the upper Carboniferous  Sphenophyllum trichomatosum STUR , but the leaves of the latter have segments with a more acute apex and the leaf surface tends to be smooth (non-striate) (Jongmans 1911). </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e. Ca. 10 m below Orchard Limestone, (Upper Limestone Formation), Robroyston Colliery, Lanarkshire.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB033FFAA77F6FB45559DFD1C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB035FFAC77A0FDA95759FA7A.text	03A187BCB035FFAC77A0FDA95759FA7A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Artisophyton chalmersii (GOODLET)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Artisophyton chalmersii (GOODLET) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> 1957  Megaphyton chalmersii GOODLET , p. 158, pl. 6. </p>
            <p> B a s i o n y m.  Megaphyton chalmersii GOODLET, Geol.</p>
            <p>Mag., 94, p. 158, pl. 6.</p>
            <p>P l a n t F o s s i l N a m e s R e g i s t r y N u m b e r.</p>
            <p>PFN003374 for new combination.</p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Cast of stem 175 mm, long, 50 mm wide; two rows of crescent-shaped leaf scars 24 mm wide, 15 mm wide, distichously arranged on either side of stem, each scar with U-shaped leaf trace.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. This species was originally assigned to the marattialean fossil-genus  Megaphyton (Goodlet 1957) . However, there is no other evidence of marattialeans in the Limestone Coal Group, and the squatter, crescent-shaped leaf scars are more similar to those of the tedeleacean stems  Artisophyton (e.g., Pfefferkorn 1976). Since fronds of the tedeleacean  Pecopteris aspera are well documented from the Limestone Coal Group, an attribution of this species to  Artisophyton seems more reasonable and so a new combination is proposed here. </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e. Between Mynheer Coal and Pittencrieff Blackband Ironstone (Limestone Coal Formation), Elgin Colliery, Fife.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB035FFAC77A0FDA95759FA7A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB035FFAC7472FD515252FC8E.text	03A187BCB035FFAC7472FD515252FC8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphenopteris (BRONGN.) STERNB. 1825	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Fossil-genus  Sphenopteris (BRONGN.) STERNB., 1825</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s.  Sphenopteris is characterised by a dichotomy of the primary rachis in the lower part of the frond, no pinnae being attached below the fork, and transverse markings on the surface of the rachises due to sclerotic bands in the cortex. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB035FFAC7472FD515252FC8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB035FFAC761DF9C554CAF958.text	03A187BCB035FFAC761DF9C554CAF958.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zeilleria KIDST. 1884	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Fossil-genus  Zeilleria KIDST., 1884</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. The systematic position of  Zeilleria ferns remains uncertain but are here assigned to the  Urnatopteridaceae based on Brousmiche (1983). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB035FFAC761DF9C554CAF958	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB035FFAC77D4F9145366FDEC.text	03A187BCB035FFAC77D4F9145366FDEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zeilleria moravica (ETTINGSH.) BUREAU 1914	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Zeilleria moravica (ETTINGSH.) BUREAU, 1914</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 6d</p>
            <p> 1865  Trichomanes moravicum ETTINGSH. , p. 77, pl. 6, fig. 4. </p>
            <p> 1914  Zeilleria moravica (ETTINGSH.) BUREAU , p. 276. </p>
            <p> 1924  Zeilleria moravica (ETTINGSH.) BUREAU ; Kidston, p. 441, pl. 62, figs 3–5, pl. 108, fig. 4. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Fragments of pinnae with alternate pinnules, 5‒10 mm long. Pinnules deeply incised into up to six linear-acute, filiform segments; in larger pinnules the segments may be bifid. A single slender vein runs along each segment of pinnule.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. None of the Scottish specimens have yielded reproductive structures but Bureau (1914) reported pinnules of this species sometimes had “capsules” borne terminally on the lobes, which resemble  Zeilleria sporangia. </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e s. Mainly in Upper Limestone Formation, between below the Orchard Limestone and the Calmy Limestone; also one record from the Limestone Coal Formation.</p>
            <p> Order  Lyginopteridales CORSIN, 1960</p>
            <p>R e m a r k s. The taxonomy of the lyginopteridalean fronds is based on Cleal and Thomas (2023).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB035FFAC77D4F9145366FDEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB035FFAE7496FCA2574FFED1.text	03A187BCB035FFAE7496FCA2574FFED1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphenopteris elegans (BRONGN.) STERNB. 1825	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sphenopteris elegans (BRONGN.) STERNB., 1825</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 7a</p>
            <p> 1820  Filicites adiantoides SCHLOTH. , nom. inval., p. 408, pl. 21, fig. 2. </p>
            <p> 1822  Filicites (Sphenopteris) elegans BRONGN. , p. 233, p. 2, fig. 2. </p>
            <p> 1825  Sphenopteris elegans (BRONGN.) STERNB. , p. xv. </p>
            <p> 1834  Sphenopteris adiantoides SCHLOTH. ex LINDL. et HUTTON , p. 91, fig. 115. </p>
            <p> 1877  Diplothmema adiantoides (SCHLOTH. ex LINDL. et HUTTON) STUR , p. 230. </p>
            <p> 1903  Diplotheca stellata KIDST. in Peach, p. 131. </p>
            <p> 1923  Diplothmema adiantoides (SCHLOTH. ex LINDL. et HUTTON) STUR ; Kidston, p. 242, pl. 64, figs 1–4, pl. 65, pl. 66, figs 1–3, pl. 67, figs 4, 5. </p>
            <p> 1924  Diplotheca stellata KIDST. ; Kidston, p. 462, pl. 104, figs 1, 2. </p>
            <p> 2023  Sphenopteris elegans (BRONGN.) STERNB. ; Cleal and Thomas, fig. 2. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Fronds bone spirally on stem up to 40 mm wide. Petiole of frond bifurcates at wide angle to produce two asymmetrically-deltoid, primary pinna branches up to 0.2 m long; no pinnae attached below main frond bifurcation. Primary rachis branches bear once or twice pinnate secondary pinnae. All rachises have central longitudinal zone with transverse ridges. Pinnules alternate, cuneate to deltoid in shape, digitate with linear to cuneate lobes.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. This is the most abundant and distinctive pteridosperm species in the Serpukhovian floras of Scotland. It is the type species of the fossil-genus  Sphenopteris . Sporangial clusters that may have been borne on  S. elegans fronds were described by Kidston (in Peach 1903) as  Diplotheca stellata KIDST. , although that genus name is illegitimate (  Diplotheca KIDST. was a later homonym of a name used for extant angiosperms). A large specimen of this species showing the frond architecture from the Upper Limestone Formation was figured by Cleal and Thomas (2023). </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e s. Abundant in between the Johnstone Shell Bed (lower Limestone Coal Formation) and the Lyoncross Cement Limestone (upper Upper Limestone Formation).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB035FFAE7496FCA2574FFED1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB037FFAE746BFBB15245F7F7.text	03A187BCB037FFAE746BFBB15245F7F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphenopteridium dissectum (GOPP.) SCHIMP. 1874	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sphenopteridium dissectum (GÖPP.) SCHIMP., 1874</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 7e</p>
            <p> 1852  Cyclopteris dissecta GÖPP. , p. 161, pl. 14, figs 3, 4. </p>
            <p> 1874  Sphenopteridium dissectum (GÖPP.) SCHIMP. , p. 488, pl. 107, fig. 12. </p>
            <p> 1923  Sphenopteridium dissectum (GÖPP.) SCHIMP. ; Kidston, p. 160, pl. 37, figs 1–4. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Bipinnate fragments with clear transverse marks on the rachises. Ultimate pinnae up to 30 mm long, closely-spaced (often touching); pinnae have a pair of oblique, obovate pinnules in the proximal part, and a cuneate terminal pinnule comprising up to 7 segments with rounded apices. Pinnules thick-limbed with a rugous surface. Numerous fine, dichotomous, radiating veins.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. None of the Scottish specimens figured by Kidston (1923: pl. 37, figs 1–4) shows the diagnostic features of a  Sphenopteridium frond. However, specimens of this species from Saalfeld (Ludwig 1869: pl. 22, fig. 3) and Upper Silesia (Stur 1875: pl. 5, fig. 8) show the characteristic dichotomy with pinnae attached below the fork (see comments by Kidston 1923). Clusters of  Calathiops -like ovulate structures were found associated with these fronds at Swinless Glen and described and figured by Crookall (1976: pl. 171, figs 15, 16) as  Lagenostoma smithii KIDST. ex CROOKALL.</p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e s. Rare in Lower Limestone Formation, mainly from just above the Hurlet Limestine, and one record from the lower Limestone Coal Formation (Garibaldi Ironstone, Dalry).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB037FFAE746BFBB15245F7F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB037FFAE748EFC41531BFBFD.text	03A187BCB037FFAE748EFC41531BFBFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphenopteridium SCHIMP. 1874	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Fossil-genus  Sphenopteridium SCHIMP., 1874</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. This fossil-genus consists of remains of fronds similar to  Sphenopteris but where the main dichotomy occurs in the middle part of the frond resulting in pinnae being attached to the main rachis below the fork. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB037FFAE748EFC41531BFBFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB037FFAE7782FEEC5733FAD4.text	03A187BCB037FFAE7782FEEC5733FAD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphenopteris dicksonioides (GOPP.) C. E. WEISS 1881	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sphenopteris dicksonioides (GÖPP.) C.E. WEISS, 1881</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 7b</p>
            <p> 1836  Aspidites dicksonioides GÖPP. , p. 361, pl. 28. </p>
            <p> 1881  Sphenopteris dicksonioides (GÖPP.) C.E. WEISS , p. 11, pl. 11, figs 65, 66. </p>
            <p> 1923  Sphenopteris dicksonioides (GÖPP.) C.E. WEISS ; Kidston, p. 73, pl. 18, fig. 1. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Small pinnate fragments, up to tripinnately divided. Antepenultimate rachises 2‒3 mm wide, bearing alternate penultimate pinnae at near to right-angles. Penultimate rachises spaced at 17 mm intervals, ca. 1 mm wide, bearing alternate ultimate pinnae at near to right-angles. Ultimate pinnae with up to 12 pairs of small, petiolate, subtriangular pinnules up to 4 mm long and 2 mm wide, with vaulted limb; each pinnule has three to five rounded, deeply separated lobes. Veins not clearly visible.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. The type of the basionym of this species originated from the Serpukhovian of Upper Silesia. The only figured specimen from Scotland (Kidston 1923: pl. 18, fig. 1) is a small fragment, whose affinities must be regarded as uncertain. Some authors have placed this species in  Lyginopteris POTONIÉ auct. (i.e.,  Calymmotheca STUR ) (e.g., Patteisky 1957, Purkyňová 1970). However, no reproductive structures are known, nor any of the diagnostic features such as anastomosed rachial surface markings, and so the species has been retained here in  Sphenopteris . </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e s. Limestone Coal Formation, between the Johnstone Shake Bed and the coal-bearing interval above the Black Metals Band.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB037FFAE7782FEEC5733FAD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB037FFAE74C0FF2F52D2FCAD.text	03A187BCB037FFAE74C0FF2F52D2FCAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphenopteris mira KIDST. 1923	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sphenopteris mira KIDST., 1923</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 7d</p>
            <p> 1923  Sphenopteris mira KIDST. , p. 138, pl. 30, fig. 2. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. A single specimen showing part of a bipinnate segment. Pinnules alternately attached to ultimate rachis; pinnules small, subrhomboidal, 3‒5 mm long, each with 3‒6 narrow linear segments. A single vein enters each pinnule segment.</p>
            <p>R e m a r k s. Only one specimen of this small-pinnuled species is known from Scotland (Kidston 1923: pl. 30, fig. 2) but it has also been described from the Serpukhovian of Upper Silesia (Purkyňová 1970). There are no distinctive features that allow it to be definitely placed in a particular fossil-genus and so provisionally it has been retained in its original fossil-genus.</p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e. Rare in Upper Limestone Formation, only reported from below the Orchard Limestone at New Braidbar Quarry, Renfrewshire.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB037FFAE74C0FF2F52D2FCAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB037FFAE761FFA965293FF13.text	03A187BCB037FFAE761FFA965293FF13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphenopteris taitiana KIDST. 1923	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sphenopteris taitiana KIDST., 1923</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 7c</p>
            <p> 1923  Sphenopteris taitiana KIDST. , p. 78, pl. 18, figs 4, 5. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Bipinnate fragments with punctate ultimate rachises 2‒3 mm wide. Subopposite ultimate pinnae attached at near to right-angles, spaced at 20‒25 mm intervals, tapered along most of length. Pinnules deltoid with a welldeveloped petiole, up to 6 mm long and 4 mm wide; more distal pinnules are more or less entire, the most proximal pinnules have up to six lobes with the lobes sometimes themselves being shallowly lobed. Veins not clearly preserved.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. The types of this species originated from the Upper Limestone Formation. Kidston compared the species with  Sphenopteris linkii (GÖPP.) C. PRESL , widely regarded as a later heterotypic synonym of  Sphenopteris fragilis BRONGN. auct. (  Calymmotheca divaricata (GÖPP.) STUR ). However, Kidston’s specimens show none of the characteristic features of  Calymmotheca (e.g., rachises with anastomosed surface markings) and the species is here regarded as a true  Sphenopteris with distinctive, small pinnules. The species has also been recorded from Upper Silesia (Patteisky 1929). </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e s. Rare in Upper Limestone Formation, in interval below Orchard Limestone.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB037FFAE761FFA965293FF13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB029FFB074D5FDED5264F9B7.text	03A187BCB029FFB074D5FDED5264F9B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calymmotheca stangeri STUR 1877	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Calymmotheca stangeri STUR, 1877</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 8b, c</p>
            <p> 1877  Calymmotheca stangeri STUR , p. 257, pls 8–9. </p>
            <p> 1924  Calymmatotheca stangeri STUR ; Kidston, p. 465, pl. 105, figs 1–7, pl. 106, figs 1–9, pl. 107, figs 1–6. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Spinose stems up to 30 mm wide bearing helically-arranged fronds; both stems and rachises with anastomosed surface patterning. Petiole / primary rachis of fronds dichotomous producing divergent, tri-to quadripinnate, lanceolate to ovate pinna-branches, with ultimate pinnae borne both below and above the dichotomy. Ultimate pinnae linear-lanceolate to lanceolate depending on position in frond, bearing alternately to oppositely arranged pinnules. Pinnules thick-limbed, quadrate-ovate to triangular-ovate, basally constricted, with entire margin or shallowly lobed. Veins thin, dichotomous, with several veins entering each pinnule lobe. Cupulate ovules borne on rachises lacking sterile pinnule.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. This species is the type of the fossil-genus  Calymmotheca . It is very similar to  Calymmotheca dubuissonis (BRONGN.) STUR as occurs abundantly in the Serpukhovian of Maine-et-Loire, France (Bureau 1914, Strullu-Derrien et al. 2021) but the latter has pinnules that are more oblique to the rachis, are more divided and have more acute lobes. It is not widespread in the Scottish Serpukhovian floras, although at least it was reported as very abundant in Braidbar Quarry and Robroyston Pit that allowed Kidston (1924) to prepare a detailed description. </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e s. Below Orchard Limestone, Upper Limestone Formation, from New Braidbar Quarry and Robroyston Colliery.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB029FFB074D5FDED5264F9B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB029FFB074B2FEFF52F8FDD1.text	03A187BCB029FFB074B2FEFF52F8FDD1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calymmotheca STUR 1877	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Fossil-genus  Calymmotheca STUR, 1877</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. This fossil-genus was often named  Lyginopteris POTONIÉ (Potonié 1897) . However, that name was predated by  Calymmotheca STUR (Stur 1877; see Strullu-Derrien et al. 2021). Zeiller (1883) suggested that the spelling should be changed for linguistic reasons but the original spelling must be retained. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB029FFB074B2FEFF52F8FDD1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB029FFB077B5FF1157D0FCB4.text	03A187BCB029FFB077B5FF1157D0FCB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eusphenopteris foliolata (STUR) VAN AMEROM 1975	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Eusphenopteris foliolata (STUR) VAN AMEROM, 1975</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 10d, e</p>
            <p> 1875  Sphenopteris foliolata STUR , p. 22, pl. 5, figs 3‒6. </p>
            <p> 1923  Sphenopteris foliolata STUR ; Kidston, p. 113, pl. 23, figs 1‒4. </p>
            <p> 1975  Eusphenopteris foliolata (STUR) VAN AMEROM , p. 76, pl. 43, figs 4–6. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Bipinnate fragments. Alternate ultimate deltoid pinnae, widely spaced, each with 1‒3 or more pairs of pinnules. Pinnules petiolate, subrotund to subreniform, up to 10 mm long. Fine veins radiate from petiole, dichotomising 4‒6 times.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. The most detailed taxonomic analysis of this species was by van Amerom (1975), who regarded its position within  Eusphenopteris as being uncertain. If accepted, however, this will be the earliest known species of this genus. </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e s. Rare in Upper Limestone Formation, most notably from below the sandstone on which Ardross Castle was built, Fifeshire.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB029FFB077B5FF1157D0FCB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB029FFB077F8FC7756AAFB2F.text	03A187BCB029FFB077F8FC7756AAFB2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhacopteris SCHIMP. 1869	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Fossil-genus  Rhacopteris SCHIMP., 1869</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. Kidston (1923) recorded several other  Rhacopteris species from the lower Clackmannan Group but in most cases, there were no accompanying illustrations or voucher specimens in his collection (  R. inaequilaterata (GÖPP.) STUR ,  R. lindsaeformis (BUNBURY) KIDST. ,  R. petiolata (GÖPP.) KIDST. ). The systematic position of  Rhacopteris remains uncertain but based on the rachial anatomy Galtier et al. (1997) suggested possible lyginopteridealean affinities. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB029FFB077F8FC7756AAFB2F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB029FFB077E0FAC353CCFF13.text	03A187BCB029FFB077E0FAC353CCFF13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhacopteris transitionis STUR 1875	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Rhacopteris transitionis STUR, 1875</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 8a</p>
            <p> 1875  Rhacopteris transitionis STUR , p. 77, 86, pl. 8, figs 5–7. 1923  Rhacopteris transitionis STUR ; Kidston, p. 219, pl. 50, </p>
            <p>fig. 1, pl. 53, fig. 1 (?pl. 51, fig. 4).</p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Once-pinnate frond with stout, finelystriate rachis up to 5 mm wide. Petiolate pinnules touching or very close, attached to rachis at 70–80°. Pinnules ca. 15 mm long, 7 mm wide in middle of frond, becoming gradually smaller in more distal and proximal positions. Pinnule shape asymmetrically rhomboidal, shallowly divided into up to seven lobes. Fine veins radiate from base with a single vein entering each pinnule lobe.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. Although a rare species, Kidston (1923) documented some particularly well-preserved specimens from the Lower Limestone Formation. The systematic affinities of this species remain uncertain and Hübers et al. (2014) suggested that it might be an immature pteridosperm, by implication a lyginopteridalean. However, the very robust rachis and asymmetrical pinnules suggest that it is probably a  Rhacopteris . </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e s. Rare in Lower Limestone Formation, notably from the Top Hosie Limestone (Limekilns),</p>
            <p>Lanarkshire; and a record from an ironstone above the Top Hosie Limestone (lower Limestone Coal Formation).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB029FFB077E0FAC353CCFF13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB029FFB2748CF94A54D2F9D2.text	03A187BCB029FFB2748CF94A54D2F9D2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calymmotheca divaricata (GOPP.) STUR 1877	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Calymmotheca divaricata (GÖPP.) STUR, 1877</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 9</p>
            <p> 1836  Cheilanthites divaricatus GÖPP. , p. 238, pl. 12, figs 1, 2. </p>
            <p> 1836  Gleichenites linkii GÖPP. , p. 182, pl. 2, fig. 1. </p>
            <p> 1875  Sphenopteris falkenhainii STUR , p. 26, pl. 6, fig. 1. </p>
            <p> 1877  Calymmotheca divaricata (GÖPP.) STUR , p. 165, pl. 13, figs 1–3. </p>
            <p> 1923  Sphenopteris falkenhainii STUR ; Kidston, p. 79, pl. 19, fig. 1. </p>
            <p> 1923  Sphenopteris fragilis KIDST. (non Schlotheim), p. 86, pl. 17, figs 1–5. </p>
            <p> 1923  Schuetzia bennieana KIDST. ; Kidston, pl. 107, fig. 8. </p>
            <p> 1924  Schuetzia cf. bennieana KIDST. ; Kidston, pl. 107, figs 9–13. </p>
            <p> D e s c r i p t i o n. Bifurcate fronds attached to stems up to 15 mm wide with elongate-anastomosed surface markings. Primary rachis ca. 3 mm wide, bifurcating at 35° about 40 mm away from the attachment to the stem to  form bipinnate to tripinnate primary rachis branches. Gentlytapered ultimate pinnae attached at 70‒90°, oppositely or suboppositely arranged, spaced up to 15 mm apart. Pinnules up to 5 mm long and 3 mm wide, alternately to suboppositely arranged, and somewhat obliquely (70‒80°) attached to rachis by a broad but short petiole; pinnule shape deltoid to subrhomboidal. The most proximal pinnules are deeply incised with five to seven cuneate lobes, with each lobe sometimes being further shallowly divided; more distal pinnules are less divided and at the ends of the ultimate pinnae they become simple or bifid. </p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. This fossil-species is widespread in the upper Visean and Serpukhovian of Europe (Mosseichik 2010). Historically it has often been referred to as “  Sphenopteris fragilis SCHLOTH. ”. That name was not validly published as Schlotheim’s (1820) work pre-dated the starting point for palaeobotanical nomenclature but was subsequently validated by Brongniart (1828). As pointed out by Strullu-Derrien et al. (2021), however, the type of that name (Schlotheim 1804: pl. 10, fig. 17) is difficult to interpret and the earliest legitimate name with a type that can definitely be assigned to this species is  Cheilanthites divaricatus the basionym of  Calymmotheca divaricata . </p>
            <p> Kidston (1923: pl. 17, figs 1–5) figured specimens of this species from the Upper Limestone Formation as  S. fragilis BRONGN. He also (Kidston 1923: pl. 19, fig. 1) figured a specimen with somewhat less divided pinnules as  Sphenopteris falkenhainii STUR (Stur 1875) but Patteisky (1957) regarded this species as being merely a variety of  C. divaricata and the distinction is not recognised here. </p>
            <p> Clusters of sporangia associated with  C. divaricata fronds were described by Kidston (1924) as  Schuetzia cf. bennieana but Walton (1931) showed this generic attribution to be incorrect; they are almost certainly the pollen organs of  C. divaricata . </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e s. Widespread through the Limestone Coal Formation from the coal-bearing interval above the Black Metals Band, and through the Upper Limestone Formation to just below the Castlecary Limestone.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB029FFB2748CF94A54D2F9D2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB02BFFB27488FA37559CF84A.text	03A187BCB02BFFB27488FA37559CF84A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Archaeopteridium KIDST. 1923	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Fossil-genus  Archaeopteridium KIDST., 1923</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. This fossil-genus has been reviewed by Rowe (1992), who pointed out that it differs from both  Sphenopteris and  Sphenopteridium in the absence of transverse markings on the rachis caused by cortical sclerotic plates. However, its distinction from  Spathulopteris is less clear-cut. Kidston (1923) noted that the main difference is that  Archaeopteridium pinnules tend to be decurrent and more broadly attached to the rachis, and have a more lobed margin, but whether these differences are sufficient to merit a generic separation is unclear. Nevertheless, for the time being  Archaeopteridium has been kept as a separate fossil-genus. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB02BFFB27488FA37559CF84A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB02BFFB277B8F9EE558DFD33.text	03A187BCB02BFFB277B8F9EE558DFD33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calymmotheca distans (STERNB.) STRULLU-DERRIEN, CLEAL, DUCASSOU, A. R. T. SPENCER	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Calymmotheca distans (STERNB.) STRULLU-DERRIEN, CLEAL, DUCASSOU, A.R.T. SPENCER , </p>
            <p>STOLLE et LESHYK, 2021</p>
            <p> 1820  Filicites bermudensiformis SCHLOTH. , nom. inval., p. 409, pl. 21, fig. 2. </p>
            <p> 1825  Sphenopteris distans STERNB. , p. xvi. </p>
            <p> 1832  Filicites bermudensiformis SCHLOTH. , nom. illeg., pp. 7, 10, pl. 10, fig. 18 left b, pl. 21, fig. 2. </p>
            <p> 1913  Diplothmema bermudensiforme (SCHLOTH.) GOTHAN , nom. illeg. p. 73, pl. 15, fig. 5. </p>
            <p> 1923  Diplothmema bermudensiforme (SCHLOTH.) GOTHAN ; Kidston, p. 250, pl. 61, fig. 3, pl. 67, fig. 3. </p>
            <p> 2021  Calymmotheca distans (STERNB.) STRULLU-DERRIEN, CLEAL, DUCASSOU, A.R.T. SPENCER, STOLLE et LESHYK , p. 15. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Pinnate fragments, with rachises with anastomosed surface markings. Ultimate pinnae oblonglanceolate, with alternating, widely spaced, obliquely-attached pinnules; pinnules deltoid, up to ca. 8 mm long, 4–5 mm wide, with 3–5 lobes separated by shallow sinus; pinnule lobes oblong-rounded and in larger pinnules spread out in fan.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. This species has often been assigned the epithet  bermudensiforme /  bermudensiformis but as pointed out by Strullu-Derrien et al. (2021) this name is invalid and the correct name is  C. distans . The species is widely distributed in the upper Visean and lower Serpukhovian of Euramerica and was documented from the Clackmannan Group by Kidston (1923), although the specimens can no longer be located in his collection. Like the previous species the anastomosed surface markings on the rachises clearly point to it belonging to  Calymmotheca , but differs from the more widespread  C. divaricata by the less incised pinnules. </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e s. Rare in Lower Limestone and Upper Limestone Formations, but absent from Limestone Coal Formation.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB02BFFB277B8F9EE558DFD33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB02BFFB27464FC9F53D4FA74.text	03A187BCB02BFFB27464FC9F53D4FA74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spathulopteris clavigera (KIDST.) J. WALTON 1931	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Spathulopteris clavigera (KIDST.) J. WALTON, 1931</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 10a</p>
            <p> 1923  Sphenopteris clavigera KIDST. , p. 142, pl. 32, fig. 2. </p>
            <p> 1931  Spathulopteris clavigera (KIDST.) J. WALTON , p. 361, pl. 24, fig.19. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Relatively stout rachis, 6 mm wide, with smooth surface; narrow-deltoid penultimate pinnae alternate, bearing 2–4 pairs of small, clavate pinnules with up to 3 lobes in basal part of pinnae, entire in distal part; pinnule limb thick, showing little of the venation.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. This fossil-species was based on a specimen from the Lower Limestone Group. Kidston (1923) was uncertain as to the frond architecture and so placed it in the generalised fossil-genus  Sphenopteris . However, Walton (1931) showed that it was otherwise indistinguishable from  Spathulopteris . </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e. Only reported from above the Top Hosie Limestone (Lower Limestone Formation), East Kilbride.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB02BFFB27464FC9F53D4FA74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
03A187BCB02BFFB4746EF86654C3FC57.text	03A187BCB02BFFB4746EF86654C3FC57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Archaeopteridium tschermakii (STUR) KIDST. 1923	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Archaeopteridium tschermakii (STUR) KIDST., 1923</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 10b, c</p>
            <p> 1875  Archaeopteris tschermakii STUR , p. 57, pl. 12, fig. 1, pl. 16, fig. 1. </p>
            <p> 1894a  Plumatopteris elegans KIDST. , p. 258, pl. 5, fig. 1. </p>
            <p> 1923  Archaeopteridium tschermakii (STUR) KIDST. , p. 182, pl. 40, fig. 3, pl. 41, figs 1, 2, pl. 43, fig. 6. </p>
            <p> 1923  Plumatopteris elegans KIDST. ; Kidston, p. 185, pl. 41, figs 3, 4, pl. 43, figs 4, 5. </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Bipinnate frond fragments with longitudinally striate rachises. Ultimate pinnae with up to 9 alternately attached pinnules. Pinnules oblong, spathulate to obovate. Distal pinnules with entire margin, and broadly and decurrently attached to rachis; more proximal pinnules tend to become somewhat lobed and basally constricted, but never petiolate. Several radiating veins enter the pinnule at its base; in larger pinnules, an incipient midvein may develop.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. This is a rare but widespread species in upper Visean and Serpukhovian floras. The types of  P. elegans were described by Kidston (1923) in close association with  A. tschermakii and were only differentiated by adjacent pinnules being more fused along the rachis; they undoubtedly represent variation within  A. tschermakii (see also comments by Rowe 1992: 883). </p>
            <p>O c c u r r e n c e s. Several occurrences in the Lower Limestone Formation, and from ironstone bands below the Black Metals Band (Limestone Coal Formation).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BCB02BFFB4746EF86654C3FC57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cleal, Christopher J.;Strullu-Derrien, Christine;Spencer, Alan R. T.	Cleal, Christopher J., Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Spencer, Alan R. T. (2024): Early Coal Swamp Vegetation From The Serpukhovian Lower Clackmannan Group Of Scotland. Fossil Imprint 80 (1): 35-67, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.006
