identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03ADC404FF9D327B48DBFBCAD80C9193.text	03ADC404FF9D327B48DBFBCAD80C9193.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pelagotrichidiidae Hong & Zhang & Pan & Jiang 2025	<div><p>Pelagotrichidiidae fam. nov.</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2C0D9C61- 54BA-4F8A-B0EA-88D4D5E95998.</p><p>Diagnosis: Planktonic hypotrichs with lefward-spiralling cirral rows and dorsal kineties.Each ventral cirral row formed by a single frontoventral anlage. A true cirral row in frontal zone formed by frontoventral anlage I. Postoral ventral cirri absent. Dorsal kinety fragmentation absent. Dorsomarginal kineties present.</p><p>Type genus: Pelagotrichidium Jankowski, 1978 .</p><p>Genus included: Pelagotrichidium Jankowski, 1978 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ADC404FF9D327B48DBFBCAD80C9193	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hong, Meijie;Zhang, Zihui;Pan, Hongbo;Jiang, Jiamei	Hong, Meijie, Zhang, Zihui, Pan, Hongbo, Jiang, Jiamei (2025): Taxonomy and phylogeny of two planktonic hypotrichs, with establishment of a new family Pelagotrichidiidae (Protista: Ciliophora: Hypotrichia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlaf 061) 204 (3): 1-16, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf061, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf061
03ADC404FF9D327A48CEFA04DC239482.text	03ADC404FF9D327A48CEFA04DC239482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pelagotrichidium Jankowski. Tezisky Doklady Zoologischeski Institut Akademia NAUK SSSR 1978	<div><p>Pelagotrichidium Jankowski, 1978</p><p>1978 Pelagotrichidium Jankowski. Tezisky Doklady Zoologischeski Institut Akademia NAUK SSSR: p. 40.</p><p>2007 Pelagotrichidium Jankowski. St. Petersburg: Russian Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institute (in Russian with English summary): p. 473.</p><p>2008 Pelagotrichidium Lynn. Dordrecht: Springer: p. 359.</p><p>Improved diagnosis (based on original description and present work): Body unflatened, slightly flexible. Buccal cavity large. Undulating membranes close to Stylonychia patern. Buccal cirri absent. One marginal row on each side. Transverse cirri absent. Two dorsomarginal kineties. Caudal cirri absent.</p><p>Type species: Pelagotrichidium faurei (Tuffrau, 1972) Jankowski, 1978 .</p><p>Species included: Pelagotrichidium faurei (Tuffrau, 1972) Jankowski, 1978 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ADC404FF9D327A48CEFA04DC239482	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hong, Meijie;Zhang, Zihui;Pan, Hongbo;Jiang, Jiamei	Hong, Meijie, Zhang, Zihui, Pan, Hongbo, Jiang, Jiamei (2025): Taxonomy and phylogeny of two planktonic hypotrichs, with establishment of a new family Pelagotrichidiidae (Protista: Ciliophora: Hypotrichia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlaf 061) 204 (3): 1-16, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf061, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf061
03ADC404FF9C327C4B92FF11DEAD9381.text	03ADC404FF9C327C4B92FF11DEAD9381.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pelagotrichidium faurei (Tuffrau 1972) Tuffarau - Jankowski, Tezisky Doklady Zoologischeski Institut Akademia NAUK SSSR 1978	<div><p>Pelagotrichidium faurei (Tuffrau, 1972) Jankowski, 1978</p><p>1970 Hypotrichidium faurei Tuffrau, Journal of Protozoology 17: p. 38 (nomen nudum).</p><p>1972 Hypotrichidium faurei Tuffrau, Protistologica 8: p. 260 (original description).</p><p>1978 Pelagotrichidium faurei Tuffarau–Jankowski, Tezisky Doklady Zoologischeski Institut Akademia NAUK SSSR: p. 40.</p><p>1999 Pelagotrichidium faurei Foissner et al., Munich: Bavarian State Office of Water Management: p. 683.</p><p>Improved diagnosis (based on original description and present work): Body size 131–280 μm × 63–107 μm in vivo. Shape inverted pyriform, with a short ‘tail’. Cortical granules colourless, scatered across both cell sides.Adoral zone ~50% of body length, 42–73 membranelles. Contractile vacuole near lef cell margin, slightly above midway along cell length. Frontoventral rows usually five, two long and three short. Dorsal kineties usually five, including two dorsomarginal kineties. Two macronuclear nodules; one to four micronuclei. Freshwater habitat.</p><p>Type locality: Tuffrau (1972) collected the species from a pond in Yveline near Paris, France.</p><p>Etymology: Te name is in honour of Professor Fauré-Fremiet, in recognition of his outstanding contribution to Ciliatology.</p><p>Voucher material: No record of type material could be found. Twelve voucher slides (registration no. ZZH2021091701/1–5, ZZH2021110301/1–7), with many protargol-impregnated specimens, are deposited in the Laboratory of Protozoology, Ocean University of China. Pertinent specimens are circled in black ink on the coverglass. Te SSU rDNA sequence from the Chinese population has been deposited in GenBank (accession no. PQ846962 as Pelagotrichidium faurei).</p><p>Remarks: Tis species was initially mentioned without a diagnosis in a summary published in the Journal of Protozoology Supplements (Tuffrau1970), priortoitsformalestablishmentbyTuffrau (1972). Subsequently, Jankowski (1978) moved the species from the genus Hypotrichidium Ilowaisky, 1921 to the genus Pelagotrichidium Jankowski, 1978, and designated it as the type species.</p><p>Description of the Chinese populations</p><p>(Figs 2–6; Table 1)</p><p>Te two populations exhibit similarities in the main morphological features, with the exception of body size.</p><p>Population I: Sized 131–155 μm × 63–94 μm in vivo (N = 5) and 81–248 μm × 46–137 μm afer protargol staining (N = 34). Te stained specimens appear significantly larger than the living cells, probably owing to the limited number of in vivo measurements, which might have excluded the largest individuals. Additionally, the use of a relatively high concentration and larger volume of bleaching solution during staining probably caused considerable cell expansion. A similar inflation effect was observed in the stained specimens of population II. Te remaining morphometric data of population I are listed in Table 1. Te following description is based on population II.</p><p>Population II: 155–199 μm × 77–107 μm in vivo (N = 5), 167–338 μm × 100–196 μm afer protargol staining (N = 21); inverted pyriform shaped, anterior end broadly rounded, posterior end conspicuous apiculus or blunt tapered (two of five cells observed) (Figs 2A, B, G, 3A, B). Cell more or less flexible, not contractile. Cytoplasm colourless, filled with food vacuoles containing numerous green algae and diatoms, body dark grey and opaque (Figs 2A–C, F, G, 3B). Contractile vacuole located near lef margin, slightly above middle level of cell, ~19 μm in diameter in diastole state (Figs 2C, 3A). Colourless cortical granules, scatered irregularly in cortex,.5–1.0 μm in diameter (Figs 2D, 3E). Two ellipsoidal macronuclear nodules adjacent to each other, 39–63 μm × 21–45 μm afer protargol staining. One to four spherical micronuclei, ~6–10 μm in diameter (Figs 2E, H, I, 3D). Movement moderately fast, usually swimming by rotation around longitudinal axis of body.</p><p>Adoral zone occupies on average 50% of body length, composed of 42–73 membranelles, cilia ~23 μm long, distal end curving across the anterior cell margin on dorsal side and extending down right margin to ventral side (DE-value, the distance between the anterior body end and the distal end of adoral zone divided by the length of adoral zone of membranelles,.23 on average). Buccal cavity large and rather deep (Figs 2H, I, 3A, C). Undulating membranes roughly in Stylonychia patern, paroral almost parallel to endoral membrane and nearly equal in length, gently curving to the lef, ultimately intersecting optically with later near posterior end (Figs 3F, 4A, D). However, cells ofen swell and flex afer staining, and nearly half of specimens present a middle intersection (Figs 2H, 3C). Cirral patern as shown in Fig. 3C, D. All cirri ~18 μm long. Somatic ciliature all lefward-spiralling, mainly comprising two long frontoventral rows (FVR IV and V) and three short rows (FVR I–III, each composed of several cirri). FVR I composed of two to five cirri, located in frontal area; FVR II composed of three to seven cirri, posteriormost cirrus near anterior end of undulating membrane; FVR III composed of four to nine cirri, located right of anterior portion of paroral, slightly longer than FVR II; FVR IV and V composed of 28–47 and 33–53 cirri, respectively, commencing posterior to distal end of adoral zone, terminating near rear cell end (Figs 2H, 3A, C). In 19 observed protargol-stained specimens, one individual bearing six (two long and four short) FVRs, and one individual bearing seven (three long and four short) FVRs. Lef marginal row with 41–70 cirri, commencing slightly ahead of level of proximal end of adoral zone, spiralling lefwards towards posterior end (‘tail region’) on dorsal side (Fig. 2H, I, L). Right marginal row with 34–58 cirri, commencing at approximately anterior 15% of body to near rear body end (Figs 2H, I, L, 3A, C).</p><p>Dorsal cilia ~3 μm long in vivo, usually arranged in five dorsal kineties (DKs). DK1 composed of 11–32 dikinetids, anterior end shortened, terminating at ~66% of body length; DK2 and DK3 composed of 20–50 and 26–43 dikinetids, respectively, spiralling lefwards to ventral side, terminating at ~80% of body length; dorsomarginal kineties 4 and 5 composed of 16–22 and 2–5 dikinetids, respectively, terminating before mid-body (Figs 2H, I, 3C, D). Among 18 observed protargol-stained specimens, four individuals bearing six dorsal kineties, and one individual bearing seven. Individuals with six or seven dorsal kineties, comprising four or five dorsal kineties and two dorsomarginal kineties.</p><p>Cell division of Pelagotrichidium faurei based on population II</p><p>(Figs 4–6)</p><p>Stomatogenesis: In a very early divider, the oral primordium of the opisthe occurs as a field of closely spaced basal bodies on the surface, which develops de novo posterior to the parental adoral membranelles along the FVR IV when the parental cirri remain intact (Figs 4A, B, 6A). Subsequently, the oral primordium enlarges and gives rise to the undulating membranes anlage (UMA, frontoventral anlage I) to the right. Several parental cirri in frontoventral row IV may be involved in this process (Figs 4C, 6B). New membranelles are formed in the anterior portion of the primordium and progress posteriorly (Figs 4C–E, G, 6B, E, H). During the following stages, the differentiation of the membranelles is completed, and the anterior end of the newly formed adoral zone bends to the right (Figs 4I, 5A, 6K). Anlage I (UMA) generates the cirri in the frontoventral row I at the anterior end, and the other portion splits longitudinally into paroral and endoral membranes (Figs 4H, I, 5A). In the proter, the parental adoral membranelles are inherited. Anlage I is formed by the dedifferentiation of the parental undulating membranes (Fig. 4G, H). It generates frontoventral row I, and new paroral and endoral membranes exactly like the anlage I in the opisthe (Figs 4I, 5A, 6E, G).</p><p>Frontoventral rows: Basically, the frontoventral cirri originate from five streaks. As the oral primordium of the opisthe grows, five frontoventral anlagen (FVA I–V) are generated to its right (Figs 4D, E, 6C). Te parental cirri in FVR IV and V may contribute to the formation. At the same time, in the proter, FVA I is formed by the dedifferentiation of the parental undulating membranes, and FVA II–V develop intrakinetally within the parental FVR II–V, respectively (Figs 4D, G, 6E). In the opisthe, FVA I–III are formed from the oral primordium, and FVA IV and V probably both originate from the parental FVR V (Figs 4D, G–I, 6E). Subsequently, each FVA streak broadens and lengthens, breaks apart, and differentiates into cirri in both proter and opisthe (Figs 4H, I, 6G, H). Six anlagen occur occasionally (Figs 4H, 5C, 6G). Anlagen I–V (or I–VI) develop into frontoventral rows I–V (or I–VI), respectively. Eventually, the divider starts to elongate, and the new ciliary structures move further apart as they migrate towards their final positions (Figs 5A, C, 6K).</p><p>Marginal cirral rows: In the early middle stage, several cirri at the anterior end and below the middle of the marginal cirral row dedifferentiate into two anlagen in each marginal row (Figs 4G, H, 6E). Later, the anlagen extend bidirectionally and begin to differentiate into new marginal cirri, and the parental marginal cirri are resorbed gradually (Figs 4H, I, 5A, C, D, 6G, H, K).</p><p>Dorsal ciliature: Te anlagen initiate from the proliferation of several basal bodies in the central region of dorsal kineties 1–3 (Figs 4D, F, 6D). Subsequently, two anlagen are formed within each of the dorsal kineties 1–3, while the parental dorsal kineties 4 and 5 remain intact (Figs 4H–J, 6F). In the middle stage, two short anlagen (DK 4 and 5) appear near the anterior portion of the right marginal cirral primordia and move dorsally (Figs 5A, B, 6L). Tese anlagen expand through the proliferation of basal bodies and extend in both directions, eventually replacing the parental dorsomarginal kineties (Figs 5C, D, 6M). No caudal cirri are formed.</p><p>Nuclear apparatus: A replication band is present in each macronuclear nodule in the early stage of division (Figs 4A, F, 6A). In the middle late divider, two macronuclear nodules fuse into a single ellipsoidal mass, and several micronuclei also fuse into a single mass (Figs 4J, 6J). In the next stage, the macronucleus lengthens and splits, and the micronuclei divide mitotically (Figs 5B, 6K). Eventually, two macronuclear nodules and one to four micronuclei are formed in each daughter cell (Fig. 5D).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ADC404FF9C327C4B92FF11DEAD9381	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hong, Meijie;Zhang, Zihui;Pan, Hongbo;Jiang, Jiamei	Hong, Meijie, Zhang, Zihui, Pan, Hongbo, Jiang, Jiamei (2025): Taxonomy and phylogeny of two planktonic hypotrichs, with establishment of a new family Pelagotrichidiidae (Protista: Ciliophora: Hypotrichia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlaf 061) 204 (3): 1-16, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf061, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf061
03ADC404FF9932714BE9F900DC7292D3.text	03ADC404FF9932714BE9F900DC7292D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psilotrichides hawaiiensis Heber 2018	<div><p>Psilotrichides hawaiiensis Heber et al., 2018</p><p>(Fig. 7A–L; Table 2)</p><p>2018 Psilotrichides hawaiiensis Heber et al., Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 65: p. 291.</p><p>2019 Psilotrichides hawaiiensis Luo et al., BMC Evolutionary Biology 19: p. 125.</p><p>Voucher material: Two permanent voucher slides (registration no. ZZH2021040901/1–2), with many protargol-impregnated specimens, are deposited in the Laboratory of Protozoology, Ocean University of China. Pertinent specimens are circled in black ink on the coverglass. Te SSU rDNA sequence from the Chinese population has been deposited in GenBank (accession no. PQ836550 as Psilotrichides hawaiiensis).</p><p>Chinese population of Psilotrichides hawaiiensis: Body size 51–76 μm × 37–57 μm in vivo (N = 5), 52–88 μm × 37–66 μm in protargol-stained specimens (N = 18). Body in vivo semirigid, inverted-pyriform in shape, right margin S-shape curved, anterior end rounded or obliquely truncate, posterior end bluntly tapered (Fig. 7A, D–F). Most cells dorsoventrally flatened ≤2:1, ventral side slightly protruding. Numerous colourless rod-shaped bacteria (~2.3 μm × 0.6 μm) residing on body surface (Fig. 7B). Cytoplasm colourless, usually containing some lipid droplets, ~1–3 μm across. Numerous green algae (~5–13 μm), nearly spherical or tapered Euglenoid-like, with red eyespot, widespread throughout body, rendering cells greenish (Fig. 7C, D). Some algae could be found in food vacuoles. Movements occasionally moderately fast, crawling on substrate, or mostly relatively slow, swimming by rotating around longitudinal axis of body. Cortex inflexible, colourless, lacking cortical granules.</p><p>Nuclear apparatus in or slightly lef of cell midline, composed of two elliptical macronuclear nodules (18 μm × 10 μm on average) and one global micronucleus (~7 μm across) in vivo attached to or near macronuclear nodules (Fig. 7G, L). Contractile vacuole ~12 μm across in diastole, usually positioned at lef cell margin in midbody (Fig. 7F) or slightly lef of midline (in one of five cells observed) (Fig. 7E).</p><p>Adoral zone of membranelles terminates at 35%–50% of body length in vivo and at ~43% on average in protargol preparations, composed of 21–26 (on average 23) membranelles. Bases of longest membranelle ~7 μm long (Fig. 7D, H, J), cilia ≤18 μm long in vivo (Fig. 7A, D–F). Adoral zone question mark-like pattern in ventral view (Fig. 7D). Undulating membranes roughly in Stylonychia patern, paroral slightly curved and almost parallel to shorter endoral membrane composed of monokinetids (Fig. 7H, J, K).</p><p>Total number of cirri ranging from 16 to 30; arranged in four ventral rows, one postoral row, and one lef and one right marginal row. Cirral patern relatively simple, with large gaps between cirri making it difficult to determine the number in each row (Fig 7H, J, K). All ventral rows twisting lef slightly. Ventral cirral row 1 (R1) composed of two or three cirri, with anteriormost cirrus near distal end of adoral zone; R2 typically containing two cirri, rarely three cirri; R3 containing two to seven cirri; and R4 containing two to eight cirri. Lef marginal row composed of two to five cirri, commencing at level of buccal vertex, terminating more or less subcaudally in most cells. Right marginal row composed of four to six cirri; anteriormost cirrus situated slightly behind anteriormost cirrus of R4. Two or three postoral ventral cirri located behind buccal vertex and well separated from rear end of adoral zone (Fig. 7H, J, K). In vivo, all cirri thin and long, ~15 μm long (Fig. 7A, D–F).</p><p>Dorsal bristles 3.0–4.5 μm long, arranged in three meridional rows. Tree dorsal kineties slightly shortened anteriorly, extending to rear body end (Fig. 7E, I, L). Caudal cirri absent.</p><p>Phylogenetic analyses</p><p>(Fig. 1)</p><p>Te GenBank accession numbers, lengths, and GC content of two newly obtained SSU rDNA sequences are as follows: Pelagotrichidium faurei, PQ 846962, 1774 bp, 45.72%; Psilotrichides hawaiiensis, PQ 836550, 1773 bp, 45.63%. Pelagotrichidium faurei differs from Heterouroleptus weishanensis (OR666141) by 12 nucleotides, which is the most similar sequence in the GenBank. Te Chinese population of Ps. hawaiiensis differs from the Guam population (MK211834) by three nucleotides. In the phylogenetic tree based on SSU rDNA sequences, Pe. faurei branches with species of the family Strongylidiidae Fauré-Fremiet, 1961 with high support (89% ML,.99 BI), while the type genus Hypotrichidium of the family Spirofilidae nests within the oxytrichids. Te Chinese population of Ps. hawaiiensis clusters with the Guam population (89% ML,.89 BI), forming a sister group with Urospinula succisa (Müller, 1786) Esteban et al., 2001 and Hemiholosticha kahli Luo et al., 2019 with full support (100% ML, 1.00 BI). However, the positions of Pe. faurei and Ps. hawaiiensis are not robust owing to the low support values and partly incongruent topologies in the ML tree and BI tree.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ADC404FF9932714BE9F900DC7292D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hong, Meijie;Zhang, Zihui;Pan, Hongbo;Jiang, Jiamei	Hong, Meijie, Zhang, Zihui, Pan, Hongbo, Jiang, Jiamei (2025): Taxonomy and phylogeny of two planktonic hypotrichs, with establishment of a new family Pelagotrichidiidae (Protista: Ciliophora: Hypotrichia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (zlaf 061) 204 (3): 1-16, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf061, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf061
