identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03AA87FBFF8E703CFCAEFEEFFD5F28D8.text	03AA87FBFF8E703CFCAEFEEFFD5F28D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ranitomeya amazonica (Schulte 1999)	<div><p>Ranitomeya amazonica (Schulte, 1999)</p><p>Breeding behavior in captivity. The breeding pairs, among the five specimens of R. amazonica, placed the clutches of four to six anthracite eggs in the bromeliad phytotelm. While those egg depositions had no clear frequency, later depositions in a water filled film container occurred every two to five days. Thereby, the clutches were placed directly underneath the water surface of the vertically orientated container, which was placed on the ground next to a large stone. Moreover, at one day a single tadpole at stage 25 was found at the ground of the container, beneath a newly produced clutch.</p><p>Larval morphology. The description of the tadpole is based on one specimen at stage 41 (ZFMK 97374). Further voucher specimens are ZFMK 97357, 97362, 97366, 97370–97373. According to McDiarmid &amp; Altig (1999), R. amazonica tadpoles belong to the exotrophic, lentic, benthic, arboreal larval type. All measurements that were used to calculate the following proportions and its comparison with the other species of this study, can be found in Appendix III .</p><p>Dorsal view: Body shape is oval and moderately elongated (MBW/BL= 0.75). The snout is short and moderately pointed (RED/BL= 0.23, BWN/BWE = 0.56), nares are small and elliptical, positioned dorsally and orientated laterally. Nares are situated closer to snout than to eyes (RND/RED = 0.43). Eyes are large (ED/ BL = 0.12), positioned dorsally and orientated laterally. Internarial distance is smaller than interorbital distance (IND/IOD = 0.52). Single, sinistral spiracle is not visible in dorsal view.</p><p>Lateral view: Body is depressed (MBH/MBW = 0.59), snout is rounded. The spiracle is positioned below the longitudinal axis, at the second half of the body (RSD/ BL = 0.64), the inner wall is free from the body, opening is round and the spiracle tube is short. The maximum body height is situated between the eyes and the tail. The tail is long and narrowly rounded (TAL/BL= 1.95, TAL/ TL= 0.66). The musculature is well developed (TMH/ MTH = 0.58, TMW/MBW = 0.33). The “V”-shaped myo- septa are visible along the whole length of the tail, particularly at the first half. Upper fin originates posterior to the tail-body junction and the margin of the lower fin. Upper fin is slightly higher than the lower fin. Ventral tube is dextral, emergence from abdomen sagittal, opening is rounded. Hindlimbs are fully developed. Oral ap- paratus is visible in lateral view.</p><p>Oral apparatus: Oral disc is elliptical, positioned ven- trally and covers nearly one third of the body width (ODW/MBW = 0.27), emarginated. Marginal, ensiform, rounded and transparent papillae are present at the posterior side, with a moderate medial gap, and absent at the anterior side, except the most lateral part (seven papillae). Submarginal papillae are absent. Anterior labium contains two tooth rows of the same width (A1, A2), large medial gap in second anterior tooth row (A2-GAP). Posterior labium contains three tooth rows (P1, P2, P3), moderate medial gap in first tooth row (P1-GAP). Black jaw sheaths, both with serrations. The upper jaw sheath is wider than the lower jaw sheath. The labial tooth row formula is 2(2)/3(1) (Fig. 3D). Characteristic traits and the correlated proportions do not change during the development stages 26 to 41 (Table 1).</p><p>Coloration of a living tadpole of R. amazonica (ZFMK 97374). The dorsum is black to grey, with a yellowish green median stripe and two dorsolateral stripes of the same color, which run parallel to the longitudinal axis, and two lateral stripes (Fig. 3A 1, A 2). The two dorsolateral stripes originate at one point posterior to the nares, become separated and run next to the eyes to the base of the tail, with a moderate gap on eye level. The median one lies in between the two others, starts at eye level and ends prior to the tail-body junction. The lateral stripes are situated differently. One of the lateral stripes is situated at the first half of the body below the longitudinal axis, while the other one is located above the longitudinal axis at the second half of the body. The hindlimbs are dark bluish with large black spots. The tail shows a brownish coloration and is covered with dark and bright spots, the second half is brighter than the first half. Fins are trans- parent and spotted with beige dots. The density of dots wanes till the tip.</p><p>During metamorphosis, the dorsal coloration of tadpoles changed in regard to the different development stages (Fig. 4). Reaching stage 25 some specimens displayed a few isolated yellowish green spots while the majority showed no coloration. At stage 28 some parts of the medial and dorsolateral stripes were present at the first half of the dorsum. In comparison to the final coloration, those areas were yellowish green instead of yellow and lacked a continuous connection. At stage 36 the color pattern was yellow, the dorsolateral stripes reached the second half of the body and the medial stripe ended close to the posterior margin of the eyes. While the dorsolateral stripes were continuous, the medial stripe was spotted. At stage 41, the dorsolateral stripes reached the tail-body junction and the medial line ended at the second half of the body. Moreover, each flank displayed the initiation of the ventrolateral stripes posterior to the forelimb pouches, which were visible in dorsal view, as well as the typical color pattern of the hindlimbs (Fig. 3C 1, C 2).</p><p>Coloration of a preserved tadpole of R. amazonica (ZFMK 97374). The dorsum is dark gray, with a brownish area at the forelimb pouches. Dorsolateral and median stripes are whitish and run on top or parallel to the longitudinal axis, clearly discernible on the head and the first half of the body. Dorsolateral stripes originate and bifurcate at one point posterior to the nares and run next to the eyes, with a moderate gap on eye level. The median stripe runs in between the eyes, not fusing with the origin of the dorsolateral stripes. The hindlimbs are bluish gray, spotted with dark dots. The tail is brownish; the first half is darker than the second one, which is almost transparent. Fins are transparent and spotted with beige dots. Ventral side has a dark grey to brown coloration, except one bright spot at the chin, posterior to the oral disc.</p><p>Larval staging. During their embryonic development, all four to six eggs of the same clutch develop at the same pace, except the reduction of the gills. While the majority of the eggs swam separately beneath the water surface, two in each clutch stayed as a pair (Fig. 5B). Eggs up to stage 10 were not pigmented (Fig. 5A). At stage 10, when the dorsal lip was visible, the pigmentation start- ed and the eggs became brownish. After three days, the neural plate was discernible (Fig. 5C). Reaching stage 18, a whitish yolk sack was present at the ventral side of the embryo and body parts were slightly differentiat- ed (Fig. 5D). At stage 19, the embryo slowly assumed a larval shape. The head and tail region were visible and the larva had a dun coloration with beige spots. While the gill buds, the opening of the mouth and the ventral tube emerged, the eyes were absent. At stage 20, the gills and the correlated circulation were present while the whole body was elongated (Fig. 5E, Table 2). Upper and lower tail fins were slightly visible and the myosepta were present. Between stages 21 and 22, the tail and the gills were even more elongated, the overall body size increased and the pigmentation of all structures was denser. Tail fins were transparent, the tail was pointed. At stage 22, eyes were visible, nares were discernible and the decrease of the yolk sack was initiated (Fig. 5F). During the transition from stage 23 to 24, the sinistral gills were present while the dextral gills were completely reduced (Fig. 5G). The yolk sack was almost fully atrophied and the oral apparatus was formed. The transition to a free living and mobile tadpole started at stage 25, while the majority of the clutch was no longer enclosed by the jelly layer and the yolk sack was fully reduced. The spiracle was formed on the left, and after eleven to twelve days of development, the hatchlings swam freely within the water column (Fig. 5H–I).</p><p>Right after hatching, the free-swimming larvae had a surface area of 0.10 ± 0.02 cm ² (Table 3). Between the stages 25 to 27, while the hindlimb bud was slightly developed, the surface increased by 330%, resulting in an area of 0.33 ± 0.20 cm ². At stage 28, which half of the tadpoles had reached after 49 to 67 days (median = 56 days), they had a mean surface area of 0.74 ± 0.12 cm ² (Table 3). The hindlimb bud was as long as wide and the dorsal color pattern was slightly visible at the first half of the body. Between stages 29 to 40, where the completion of the hindlimb development took place, the larvae had a mean surface area of 0.98 ± 0.19 cm ². Thus, all toes, the metatarsal tubercles and the subarticular patches were discernible. With an area of 1.17 ± 0.12 cm ², half of all tadpoles reached stage 41 after 69 to 88 days (median= 84 days). Forelimb buds were visible and the hindlimbs showed the typical color pattern of the adult frog (Fig. 3A 1, B1). Furthermore, colored dorsolateral stripes were discernible and the ventral tube as well as the oral apparatus was still present. While the forelimbs grew inside the body, during the transition from stage 41 to 42, the larvae reached their maximum size with a surface area of 1.19 ± 0.12 cm ². After 82 to 94 days (median = 89 days), 50% of all metamorphs had emerged forelimbs, while the surface area decreased to 1.08 ± 0.17 cm ². The resorption of the tail started after 91 to 99 days (median = 96 days), while the tadpoles had a mean surface area of 0.86 ± 0.15 cm ². During the next days, the tail atrophied until the larva completed the metamorphosis, whereby the area of the larva was reduced to 0.82 ± 0.15 cm ². Thus, the transition from a free-swimming larva to a froglet with a remnant of the tail lasted 91 to 99 days (median = 96 days), while some individuals needed less (84 days) and others more time (105 days, Fig. 6). An additional and more detailed staging table, based on stereomicroscopic determinations of 17 specimens between stages 25 to 41, can be found in the Table 4.</p><p>The complete development, from the embryogenesis through hatching and larval period to metamorphosis, was observed under constant conditions with a temperature of 24 °C while the annual mean temperature within the natural distribution area of R. amazonica is slightly higher (T Mean = 25.2 °C, T Max = 28.5 °C, T Min = 21.8 °C: Karger et al. 2017a,b; Fig.7)</p><p>Ranitomeya benedicta Brown, Twomey, Pepper &amp; San-</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87FBFF8E703CFCAEFEEFFD5F28D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klein, Benjamin;Regnet, Ruth Anastasia;Krings, Markus;Rödder, Dennis	Klein, Benjamin, Regnet, Ruth Anastasia, Krings, Markus, Rödder, Dennis (2020): Larval development and morphology of six Neotropical poison-dart frogs of the genus Ranitomeya (Anura: Dendrobatidae) based on captive-raised specimens. Bonn zoological Bulletin 69 (2): 191-223, DOI: 10.20363/BZB-2020.69.2.191, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15284227
03AA87FBFF9A7023FF2CFAF9FAB02875.text	03AA87FBFF9A7023FF2CFAF9FAB02875.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ranitomeya imitator (Schulte 1986)	<div><p>Ranitomeya imitator (Schulte, 1986)</p><p>Breeding behavior in captivity. The single breeding pair deposited the clutches of one to two whitish to beige eggs directly in the bromeliad phytotelm or in a horizontally orientated film container, which was attached to the side wall of the terrarium, which was kept moist by the misting system. Reproduction did not obey a standardized way.</p><p>Larval morphology. Description of the tadpole is based on two specimens at stage 41 (ZFMK 97358). Further voucher specimens are ZFMK 97364, 97368 and 97377. According to McDiarmid &amp; Altig (1999), the larvae belong to the exotrophic, lentic, benthic and arboreal larval type. All measurements that were used to calculate the following proportions and its comparison with the other species of this study, can be found in Appendix III .</p><p>Dorsal view: The body is shaped elliptically and slightly elongated (MBW/BL= 0.75). The snout is short, rounded and moderately pointed (RED/BL= 0.26, BWN/ BWE = 0.65). The shape of the nares is not visible in dorsal view. A skin fold, which originates at the nares, ends close to the anterior margin of the eyes; the two landmarks are not connected. Nares are located closer to the snout than to the eyes (RND/RED= 0.39). Eyes are large (ED/BL = 0.09), situated dorsally and orientated laterally. Internarial distance is smaller than the interorbital distance (IND/IOD = 0.46). The single sinistral spiracle is not visible in dorsal view.</p><p>Lateral view: Body is depressed (MBH/MBW = 0.73), snout is pointed. Nares are round, positioned and orientated dorsally. The spiracle is positioned below the longitudinal axis, at the posterior part of the body (RSD/ BL = 0.56), the inner wall is free from the body and the opening is round, spiracle tube is short. The maximum body height is situated between the eyes and the tail-body junction. The tail is long and the tip is broadly round- ed (TAL/BL= 1.83, TAL/TL = 0.65). The musculature is well developed (TMH/MTH = 0.49; TMW/MBW = 0.34). The “V”- shaped myosepta are visible along the whole length of the tail, particularly in the first half. The up- per fin originates anterior, the lower posterior to the tail-body junction. Upper fin is slightly higher than lower fin. Ventral tube partially absorbed, dextral; emergence from the abdomen sagittal, the opening is triangular and has smooth edges. Hindlimb development is completed. Parts of the oral apparatus are visible in lateral view, particularly the margins.</p><p>Oral apparatus: The oral disc is shaped elliptically, positioned ventrally, emarginated and covers almost one third of the body width (ODW/MBW= 0.31). Two rows of marginal, ensiform, rounded and transparent papillae are present at the posterior labium (around 20 papillae) and except one short row at the most lateral part, absent at the anterior labium (three to five papillae). Submargin- al papillae are absent. The anterior labium contains two tooth rows of equal width (A1, A2) with a large medial gap in the second row (A2-GAP). The posterior labium contains three tooth rows (P1, P2, P3) with a moderate medial gap in the first tooth row (P1-GAP). Black jaw sheaths, both serrated. Upper jaw sheath is wider than the lower jaw sheath. Lateral processes are present, extending slightly past the lower jaw. Tooth row formula is 2(2)/3(1) (Fig. 9D).</p><p>Coloration of a living tadpole of R. imitator (ZFMK 97358). The basic color of the dorsum is beige, heavily covered with puce to black dots. Additionally, the first half of the body is strongly dotted with yellowish green spots, which are able to reflect the light and become gold- en yellow, while the second half is almost completely covered with black dots, except some single yellowish green spots. The hindlimbs are beige with dark spots. The</p><p>tail is dun and spotted with puce dots; the second half is brighter than the first one. Fins are transparent and spot- ted with beige dots.</p><p>Coloration of a preserved tadpole of R. imitator (ZFMK 97358). Dorsum is beige, densely spotted with gray dots, with some brighter areas at the forelimb pouches and the muscle structures at the tail-body junction. The hindlimbs and the tail are of the same color as the dorsum, spotted with gray dots. While the dots on the hindlimbs are evenly distributed along their length, the</p><p>pigmentation of the tail decreases towards the tip. The fins are transparent and spotted with gray dots. The ven- tral side is beige and spotted with gray dots, while the concentration of that pigmentation increases to the tail-body junction.</p><p>Larval staging. One egg with a diameter of around 1.2 mm was found within a bromeliad phytotelm, where it swam beneath the water surface. At this time, it was not pigmented, had a transparent egg integument and was encompassed by a highly glutinous layer (Fig. 10A).</p><p>n = 1 Day Stage Traits</p><p>After one day it reached stage 9, the coloration became paler and the number of discernible cells increased (Table 6). At day three the egg reached stage 11 and the yolk plug was visible, followed by the neural fold at day four (Fig. 10B). A large yolk sack was discernible and the embryonic body assumed a larval shape at stage 19 (Fig. 10D). Thus, the head and tail region became visible and the gill buds were present. After six days of development the gills were discernible and the tail underwent several changes. The upper and lower tail fins together with the myosepta were slightly visible, while the whole tail was elongated (Fig. 10E). That elongation went on until day eight, as the hatchling reached stage 22.</p><p>The tail was pointed, the overall body size and the area of the gills increased, whereby the yolk sack atrophied. The pigmentation of the body and tail region became denser; the tail fins more transparent (Fig. 10F). At day nine, the hatchling was still at stage 22. The tail fins were higher, the nares discernible and the yolk sack was covered with blood vessels. When the larva reached stage 23, the transparent tail fins were spotted with beige dots, the oral apparatus was clearly visible and the yolk sack was almost completely atrophied. During day eleven and twelve, at stage 24, the dextral gill was reduced while the sinistral gill was still present (Fig. 10G). Additionally, the pigmentation of the body and tail region became denser and the anterior and posterior labia together with the papillae were discernible. At stage 25, both gills were absent while the sinistral spiracle was present. After 16 days of development the tadpole hatched from the jelly layer and swam free in the water body (Fig. 10H). At this time it had a surface area of 0.22 cm ² (Table 7).</p><p>Between stages 25 to 27, where the hindlimb bud was slightly discernible, the larvae had a surface area of 0.39 ± 0.12 cm ² (Table 7). After 24 to 43 days (median = 34 days), half of all individuals had a hindlimb bud that was equally in width and length and a surface area of 0.69 ± 0.11 cm ² (Table 7). Between stages 28 to 40, the tadpoles had a surface area of 0.89 ± 0.16 cm ². During this development period, the hindlimbs grew, all toes became separated and the typical dorsal color pattern was discernible. After 48 to 53 days (median = 51 days), 50% of the tadpoles reached stage 41, with a surface area of 1.11 ± 0.04 cm ². The forelimb buds were clearly perceptible and the hindlimbs displayed their typical reticulated col- or pattern. The forelimbs emerged after around 63 days, while the larvae reached their peak of growth with a surface area of 1.20 ± 0.17 cm ², followed by the resorption of the tail after 67 days. During the transition to a young froglet, the surface area decreased to a mean value of 1.03 ± 0.10 cm ² (Fig. 6, Table 7). A more detailed staging table based on stereomicroscopic determinations of four specimens between stages 25 to 37 can be found within Table 8.</p><p>The development was observed under constant conditions with a temperature of 24 °C, while the annual mean temperature within the natural distribution area of R. imitator is slightly higher (T Mean = 25.5 °C, T Max = 29.2 °C, T Min = 21.1 °C: Karger et al. 2017a,b; Fig. 7).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87FBFF9A7023FF2CFAF9FAB02875	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klein, Benjamin;Regnet, Ruth Anastasia;Krings, Markus;Rödder, Dennis	Klein, Benjamin, Regnet, Ruth Anastasia, Krings, Markus, Rödder, Dennis (2020): Larval development and morphology of six Neotropical poison-dart frogs of the genus Ranitomeya (Anura: Dendrobatidae) based on captive-raised specimens. Bonn zoological Bulletin 69 (2): 191-223, DOI: 10.20363/BZB-2020.69.2.191, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15284227
03AA87FBFF9E7020FCAEF9C5FB5E2D5A.text	03AA87FBFF9E7020FCAEF9C5FB5E2D5A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ranitomeya reticulata (Boulenger 1884)	<div><p>Ranitomeya reticulata (Boulenger, 1884)</p><p>Breeding behavior in captivity. The breeding pair deposited the clutches, consisting of an egg, within the bromeliad phytotelm. Reproduction was occasionally.</p><p>Larval morphology. Description is based on three tadpoles at developmental stage 41 (ZFMK 97359). Further voucher specimens are ZFMK 97360, 97365 and 97378. According to McDiarmid &amp; Altig (1999), the larvae belong to the exotrophic, lentic, benthic and arboreal larval type. All measurements that were used to calculate the following proportions and its comparison with the other species of this study, are be found in the Table 13 .</p><p>Dorsal view: The body is oval and elongated (MBW/ BL= 0.62). The snout is short and moderately pointed (RED/BL= 0.28, BWN/BWE = 0.65). The shape of the nares is not visible in dorsal view, nares are closer to the snout than to the eyes (RND/RED = 0.40). A skin fold, which originates at the nares, ends close to the anterior margin of the eyes; the two landmarks are not connected. The eyes are large (ED/BL = 0.09), positioned dorsally and orientated laterally. The internarial distance is small- er than the interorbital distance (IND/IOD = 0.53). The single, sinistral spiracle as well as parts of the oral apparatus are visible in dorsal view.</p><p>Lateral view: Body is slightly depressed (MBH/ MBW= 0.68), the snout is pointed. Nares are round, located and orientated dorsally. The spiracle is situated below the longitudinal axis, at the second half of the body (RSD/BL= 0.64), the inner wall is free from the body and the opening is round. The maximum body height is located posterior to the eye. The tail is long and moderately pointed (TAL/BL= 1.64, TAL/TL = 0.62). The “V”- shaped myosepta are visible along the whole length of the tail. The upper fin originates posterior to the lower fin and the tail-body junction, the margin of the lower fin is nearly parallel to the margin of the tail muscle. Ventral tube is strongly atrophied, emergence from abdomen sagittal. Hindlimbs are completely developed. Oral appa- ratus is visible in lateral view.</p><p>Oral apparatus: The oral disc is elliptical, emarginated, located anteroventrally and covers more than one third of the maximum body width (ODW/MBW= 0.40). Mar- ginal, pointed and pigmented papillae are present at the posterior labium and except the most lateral part, absent at the anterior labium. Submarginal papillae are absent. The anterior labium contains two tooth rows of an equal width (A1, A2), the second tooth row has a large medial gap (A2-GAP). The posterior labium contains three tooth rows (P1, P2, P3), with a moderate gap in the first row (P1-GAP). Tooth row P1 and P2 are of the same width, the width of the P3 was not discernible. Both jaw sheaths are black and serrated. The tooth row formula is 2(2)/3(1) (Fig. 11D).</p><p>Coloration of a living tadpole of R. reticulata (ZFMK 97359). The dorsum has an anthracite basic color, with three golden to orange stripes running on top or parallel to the longitudinal axis (Fig. 11A 1, A 2). The two dorsolateral stripes originate at one point posterior to the nares, bifurcate and run close to the eyes, with a moderate gap on eye level. The medial stripe runs in between the two others, situated on the symmetry line of the body. Depending on the specimen, the medial and the dorsolateral stripes are fused, originating from one point posterior to the nares and anterior to the eyes. The distance between the stripes decreased at the second half of the body. The hindlimbs and the tail are as anthracite as the dorsum, spotted with darker dots. Fins are transparent and spotted with grayish dots.</p><p>Coloration of a preserved tadpole of R. reticulata (ZFMK 97359). The dorsum has a beige basic color, with some darker areas at the outermost part of the forelimb pouches and one small line at the anterior margin of the dorsolateral stripes. The area in between the dorsolateral stripes, which extends to the tail-body junction, is of the same color as the dark areas mentioned beforehand. The dorsolateral and median stripes are clearly discernible on the head and the first half of the body, running on top or parallel to the longitudinal axis. The dorsolateral stripes originate and bifurcate at one point posterior to the nares and run next to the eyes, with a moderate gap on eye level. The whitish median stripe originates in between the eyes, not fusing with the origin of the dorsolateral stripes. Anterior to the eye, the dorsolateral stripes are beige, posterior they are whitish. The hindlimbs and the tail are as beige as the dorsum, spotted with some dark dots. Fins are transparent and spotted with dark dots. The ventral side is beige, spotted with gray dots. The hindlimbs’ ventral side is brighter than the dorsal side.</p><p>Larval staging. At stage 25, right after hatching, the tadpoles had a surface area of 0.23 ± 0.09 cm ². During the transition from stage 25 to 27, where the hindlimb buds were slightly visible, the surface area increased to 0.32 ± 0.11 cm ². After 29 to 41 days (median = 36 days), half of all larvae had developed a hindlimb bud that was equally in diameter and length and reached a surface area of 0.81 ± 0.01 cm ². Between the stages 28 to 40, the larvae had a surface area of 0.88 ± 0.06 cm ². During this development period, the hindlimbs grew, all toes became separat- ed and the typical dorsal color pattern was present. The forelimb pouches were discernible after a minimum of 42 and a maximum of 63 days, while half of all individuals reached that development stage after 54 to 58 days (median = 56 days). At this point, the tadpoles had a surface area of 1.02 ± 0.11 cm ². Not a single larva completed the full metamorphosis to a young froglet (Fig. 6, Table 9). A more detailed staging table based on stereomicroscopic determinations of five specimens from an external source between stages 25 to 37 can be found within the Table 10.</p><p>The development was observed under constant conditions with a temperature of 24 °C, while the annual mean temperature within the natural distribution area of R. reticulata is slightly higher (T Mean = 24.8 °C, T Max = 28.2 °C, T Min = 21.5 °C: Karger et al. 2017a,b; Fig. 7).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87FBFF9E7020FCAEF9C5FB5E2D5A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klein, Benjamin;Regnet, Ruth Anastasia;Krings, Markus;Rödder, Dennis	Klein, Benjamin, Regnet, Ruth Anastasia, Krings, Markus, Rödder, Dennis (2020): Larval development and morphology of six Neotropical poison-dart frogs of the genus Ranitomeya (Anura: Dendrobatidae) based on captive-raised specimens. Bonn zoological Bulletin 69 (2): 191-223, DOI: 10.20363/BZB-2020.69.2.191, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15284227
03AA87FBFF9D702EFC8BFCDEFDD82FAF.text	03AA87FBFF9D702EFC8BFCDEFDD82FAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ranitomeya sirensis (Aichinger 1991)	<div><p>Ranitomeya sirensis (Aichinger, 1991)</p><p>Breeding behavior in captivity. The breeding pairs among the four specimens deposited clutches of up to two eggs in the bromeliad phytotelm. Reproduction occurred occasionally.</p><p>Larval morphology. The description is based on lateral and dorsal pictures of one specimen at stage 29. Thus, no voucher specimen is available. According to McDiarmid &amp; Altig (1999), the tadpole belongs to the exotrophic, lentic, benthic and arboreal larval type. All measurements that were used to calculate the following proportions and its comparison with the other species of this study, can be found in Appendix III.</p><p>Dorsal view: Body shape is oval and slightly elongated (MBW/BL = 0.86). The snout is short and round (RED/ BL= 0.24, BWN/BWE = 0.88). Nares are oval in dorsal view. The eyes are large (ED/BL = 0.09), located dorsally and oriented dorsolaterally. Internarial distance in small- er than interorbital distance (IND/IOD = 0.48). Sinistral spiracle is clearly visible in dorsal view.</p><p>Lateral view: The body is depressed (MBH/ MBW= 0.71), the snout is moderately pointed. Nares are almost round. Sinistral spiracle is situated below the longitudinal axis, at the second half of the body (RSD/ BL= 0.53), oriented laterally with an elliptical opening, whereas the inner wall of the spiracle is free from the body wall. The maximum body height is situated posterior to the spiracle. The tail is long and broadly rounded (TAL/BL= 1.90, TAL/TL = 0.66). The tail musculature is well developed (TMH/MTH = 0.51), “V”-shaped myo- septa are visible at the first two thirds of the tail. Both fins are equal in height and originate at the tail body junction. The ventral tube is situated dextrally, the emergence from the abdomen is sagittal and the opening is oval. Hind- limb development is not completed (length ≥ 150% of the diameter). Upper and lower labia are clearly visible in lateral view.</p><p>Oral Apparatus: The oral disc is emarginated, elliptical, positioned ventrally and covers more than one third of the maximum body width (ODW/MBW= 0.39). Mar- ginal papillae are present at the posterior labium and at the outermost parts of the anterior labium. The anterior labium contains two tooth rows of the same width (A1, A2), with a large gap in the second row (A2-GAP). The posterior labium contains three tooth rows (P1, P2, P3), of which the first has a moderate medial gap (P1-GAP). The first two rows (P1, P2) have the same width, while the third one (P3) is slightly shorter. The tooth row formula is 2(2)/3(1).</p><p>Coloration of living tadpole of R. sirensis . The basic color is beige, densely coverered with dark dots. Two light blue spots anterior to the nares, fused medially (Fig. 12A). The first half of the dorsum is brighter than the second half, additionally slightly transparent below the longitudinal axis (Fig. 12B). Inner organs are visible in ventral and lateral view (Fig. 12C). The hindlimb buds are white, slightly pigmented at the base. The tail has the same coloration as the dorsum, the color density of the dark pigmentation wanes to the posterior end. The tip of the tail lacks any pigmentation. Fins are transparent and spotted with brown dots. The density of those dots decreases to the tip.</p><p>Larval staging. During the stages 25 to 27, before the hindlimb buds were clearly discernible, the larvae had a mean surface area of 0.29 ± 0.13 cm ² (Table 11). After 24 to 39 days, half of the tadpoles reached stage 28 (median= 31 days). At this time, the hindlimb buds were almost equal in width and length and the surface area increased to 0.58 ± 0.11 cm ². In between the stages 29 to 40, the hindlimb development was completed and the larvae had a mean surface area of 0.86 ± 0.23 cm ². After 47 to 56 days, 50% of the individuals reached stage 41 (median = 52 days). The forelimb buds were perceptible and the tadpoles had a surface area of 1.15 ± 0.17 cm ². While the forelimbs grew inside the dorsum, the larval growth rate decreased. After 56 to 65 days, half of the tadpoles reached stage 42 and the forelimbs emerged through the body wall (median = 60 days). At this time, the tadpoles reached their peak of growth with a surface area of 1.20 ± 0.16 cm ². Afterwards, between day 60 and 71 (median = 63 days), the resorption of the tail was initiated. Close to the end of the metamorphosis, when the froglets had just a short remnant of the tail, the metamorphs had a surface area of 1.01 ± 0.16 cm ² (Fig. 6, Table 11).</p><p>The development was observed under constant conditions with a temperature of 24 °C, while the annual mean temperature within the natural distribution area of R. sirensis is slightly higher (T Mean = 24.7 °C, T Max = 29.1 °C, T Min = 18.8 °C: Karger et al. 2017a,b; Fig. 7).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87FBFF9D702EFC8BFCDEFDD82FAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klein, Benjamin;Regnet, Ruth Anastasia;Krings, Markus;Rödder, Dennis	Klein, Benjamin, Regnet, Ruth Anastasia, Krings, Markus, Rödder, Dennis (2020): Larval development and morphology of six Neotropical poison-dart frogs of the genus Ranitomeya (Anura: Dendrobatidae) based on captive-raised specimens. Bonn zoological Bulletin 69 (2): 191-223, DOI: 10.20363/BZB-2020.69.2.191, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15284227
03AA87FBFF93702CFF06FE63FB7E2F49.text	03AA87FBFF93702CFF06FE63FB7E2F49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ranitomeya vanzolinii (Myers 1982)	<div><p>Ranitomeya vanzolinii (Myers, 1982)</p><p>Breeding behavior in captivity. Successful reproductions were observed in two different terraria, each inhabited by four specimens. While the breeding pairs of the first tank deposited the clutches of two to three whitish to beige eggs in a horizontally orientated and dry film con- tainer, the breeding pairs of the second tank placed their clutches of similar size in the bromeliad phytotelm. In rare cases, tadpoles at different development stages were found within the bromeliad phytotelm. Reproduction occurred occasionally.</p><p>Larval morphology. The description is based on a single specimen at stage 41 (ZFMK 97361). Further voucher specimens are ZFMK 97369 and 97379. According to McDiarmid &amp; Altig (1999), the tadpole belongs to the exotrophic, lentic, benthic and arboreal larval type. All measurements that were used to calculate the following proportions and its comparison with the other species of this study, can be found in Appendix III .</p><p>Dorsal view: Body shape is oval and elongated (MBW/ BL = 0.76). The snout is short and moderately pointed (RED/BL= 0.23, BWN/BWE = 0.65). The shape of the nares is not visible in dorsal view. A skin fold connects the nares with the anterior margin of the eyes. Eyes are large (ED/BL= 0.10), located dorsally and orientated laterally. Internarial distance is smaller than interorbital distance (IND/IOD = 0.48). The single sinistral spiracle is not visible in dorsal view.</p><p>Lateral view: Body is depressed (MBH/MBW = 0.71), snout is round. Nares are shaped elliptically, located laterally and orientated ventrolaterally. The single, sinistral spiracle is situated below the longitudinal axis, at the second half of the body (RSD/BL = 0.61), and is oriented laterally. The inner wall is free from the body and the opening is round. The maximum body height is situated posterior to the eye. The tail is long and broadly round- ed (TAL/BL= 1.87, TAL/TL = 0.65). The musculature is well developed (TMH/MTH = 0.54, TMW/MBW = 0.33). “V”-shaped myosepta are visible along the whole length of the tail, particularly in the second half. At the maximum tail height, the upper fin is nearly double as high as the lower fin. Both fins originate at the tail-body junction. Ventral tube is slightly reduced, dextral, emergence sagittal from abdomen. Hindlimb development is completed. Upper and lower labia are visible in lateral view.</p><p>Oral apparatus: The oral disc is elliptical, emarginated, positioned ventrally and covers nearly one third of the maximum body width (ODW/MBW = 0.27). Marginal, transparent and rounded papillae are present at the posterior labium and except of six to seven papillae at the most lateral part, absent at the anterior labium. Submarginal papillae are absent. The anterior labium contains two tooth rows of the same width (A1, A2) with a large medial gap in the second row (A2-GAP). The posterior labium contains three tooth rows (P1, P2, P3) of which the first row has a moderate medial gap (P1-GAP). P2 is slightly shorter than P1, P3 is slightly shorter than P2. Both jaw sheaths are black and serrated, lateral processes of the upper jaw sheath are present and extend barely past the lower jaw sheath. The tooth row formula is 2(2)/3(1) (Fig. 13D).</p><p>Coloration of a living tadpole of R. vanzolinii (ZFMK 97361). The basic color of the dorsum is dark gray to black and lacks any pattern of another color (Fig. 13A 1, A 2). Hindlimbs are equally colored. The tail is brighter than the dorsum, with a color gradient between the first and the second half of the tail, whereas the color becomes brighter till the tip. The transparent fins are spotted with dark dots.</p><p>Coloration of a preserved tadpole of R. vanzolinii (ZFMK 97361). The basic color of the dorsum is anthracite, with some beige spotted areas at the forelimb pouches and the muscle attachment of the tail as well as a light gray area which originates at the tip of the snout and extends to the posterior margin of the eyes. The hindlimbs are of the same color as the dorsum, slightly spotted with beige dots. The tail is beige; the anterior half is darker than the posterior one. Fins are transparent and spotted with gray dots. The ventral side is as anthracite as the dorsal side, slightly spotted with beige dots.</p><p>Larval staging. At stage 25, right after hatching, the tadpoles had a surface area of 0.19 ± 0.05 cm ². During the transition from stage 25 to 27, when the hindlimb bud was just slightly visible in some rare cases, the tadpoles had a surface area of 0.32 ± 0.11 cm ² (Table 12). After 32 to 52 days, 50% of the larvae had reached stage 28. At this time, while the hindlimb bud was as long as wide and therefore clearly discernible, the tadpoles had a mean surface area of 0.53 ± 0.15 cm ². In between the stages 29 to 40, the development of the hindlimbs was completed and the larvae had a mean surface area of 0.76 ± 0.13 cm ². All toes became separated and the hindlimbs pigmented. After 51 to 73 days (mean = 60 days), half of all tadpoles had reached stage 41 (Fig. 6). The forelimb buds were clearly discernible and the larvae had a mean surface area of 0.98 ± 0.09 cm ². While the forelimbs grew inside the body, the larval growth rate decreased. After 64 to 94 days (median = 73 days), half of the tadpoles reached stage 42 and the forelimbs emerged. At this time the tadpoles reached their peak of growth with a surface area of 1.03 ± 0.11 cm ². Afterwards, as a part of the ongoing metamorphosis during the stages 43 to 46, the tail was reduced and the mean surface area decreased to a value of 0.86 ± 0.13 cm ² (Fig. 6, Table 12). Altogeth- er, the transition from a free living larva to a metamorph which initiated the resorption of the tail lasted 61 to 107 days, while half of all tadpoles reached that development period after 66 to 91 days (median = 77 days).</p><p>The development was observed under constant conditions with a temperature of 24 °C, while the annual mean temperature within the natural distribution area of R. vanzolinii is slightly higher (T Mean = 24.6 °C, T Max = 28.9 °C, T Min = 19.6 °C: Karger et al. 2017; Fig. 7).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87FBFF93702CFF06FE63FB7E2F49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klein, Benjamin;Regnet, Ruth Anastasia;Krings, Markus;Rödder, Dennis	Klein, Benjamin, Regnet, Ruth Anastasia, Krings, Markus, Rödder, Dennis (2020): Larval development and morphology of six Neotropical poison-dart frogs of the genus Ranitomeya (Anura: Dendrobatidae) based on captive-raised specimens. Bonn zoological Bulletin 69 (2): 191-223, DOI: 10.20363/BZB-2020.69.2.191, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15284227
