taxonID	type	description	language	source
03AAA4060F34FFB38703FA22FAC4679C.taxon	description	(Fig. 3)	en	Barbosa, Kairo Dourado, Oliveira, Renan De Lima, de Andrade de Lima, Alexandro, Marinho, Paulo, Baseia, Iuri Goulart, Santos Ferreira da Cruz, Rhudson Henrique (2025): A True global hotspot of biodiversity: discovery of Geastrum crystallinum sp. nov. and Geastrum complanatum sp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Geastraceae) for Brazilian Cerrado. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (3): 35-50, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/mycologie2025v46a3.pdf
03AAA4060F34FFB38703FA22FAC4679C.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Geastrum complanatum sp. nov. is characterized by presenting fornicate basidiomata, discrete apophysis, flattened pedicel, and a “ farinaceous ” crystalline matter on the endoperidial surface, with pupa-shaped (pupiform) crystals under SEM.	en	Barbosa, Kairo Dourado, Oliveira, Renan De Lima, de Andrade de Lima, Alexandro, Marinho, Paulo, Baseia, Iuri Goulart, Santos Ferreira da Cruz, Rhudson Henrique (2025): A True global hotspot of biodiversity: discovery of Geastrum crystallinum sp. nov. and Geastrum complanatum sp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Geastraceae) for Brazilian Cerrado. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (3): 35-50, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/mycologie2025v46a3.pdf
03AAA4060F34FFB38703FA22FAC4679C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — Based on the flattened shape of the pedicel.	en	Barbosa, Kairo Dourado, Oliveira, Renan De Lima, de Andrade de Lima, Alexandro, Marinho, Paulo, Baseia, Iuri Goulart, Santos Ferreira da Cruz, Rhudson Henrique (2025): A True global hotspot of biodiversity: discovery of Geastrum crystallinum sp. nov. and Geastrum complanatum sp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Geastraceae) for Brazilian Cerrado. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (3): 35-50, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/mycologie2025v46a3.pdf
03AAA4060F34FFB38703FA22FAC4679C.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Brazil • Bahia, Barreiras, Família Barbosa Farm, Cerrado stricto sensu; found on termite mound in a gregarious growth; 12 ° 7 ’ 11.25 ” S, 45 ° 4 ’ 26.43 ” W; 13. IV. 2020; K. D. Barbosa, KD 0038; Holotype: BRBA-Fungos 0027; Isotype: UFRN-Fungos 3677.	en	Barbosa, Kairo Dourado, Oliveira, Renan De Lima, de Andrade de Lima, Alexandro, Marinho, Paulo, Baseia, Iuri Goulart, Santos Ferreira da Cruz, Rhudson Henrique (2025): A True global hotspot of biodiversity: discovery of Geastrum crystallinum sp. nov. and Geastrum complanatum sp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Geastraceae) for Brazilian Cerrado. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (3): 35-50, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/mycologie2025v46a3.pdf
03AAA4060F34FFB38703FA22FAC4679C.taxon	biology_ecology	HABIT. — Gregarious, growing on termite mound	en	Barbosa, Kairo Dourado, Oliveira, Renan De Lima, de Andrade de Lima, Alexandro, Marinho, Paulo, Baseia, Iuri Goulart, Santos Ferreira da Cruz, Rhudson Henrique (2025): A True global hotspot of biodiversity: discovery of Geastrum crystallinum sp. nov. and Geastrum complanatum sp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Geastraceae) for Brazilian Cerrado. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (3): 35-50, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/mycologie2025v46a3.pdf
03AAA4060F34FFB38703FA22FAC4679C.taxon	description	MYCOBANK. — MB # 849825. GENBANK ACCESSION NUMBER. — OR 479886 (ITS), OR 479888 (LSU). DESCRIPTION Unexpanded basidiomata absent. Expanded basidiomata fornicate, 14 - 30 mm high (including peristome), 17 - 28 mm wide. Exoperidium opening into 7 - 11 triangular rays, revolute, non-hygroscopic, fornicate. Mycelial layer cotonous, heavily encrusted, greyish white (1 B 1). Fibrous layer, papyraceous to coriaceous, persistent, pale yellow to greyish yellow (4 A 3, 4 B 3). Pseudoparenchymatous layer persistent, slightly rimose, collar absent, light brown (6 D 4). Endoperidium globose, 5 - 13 mm high (including peristome) × 10 - 13 wide mm, with “ farinaceous ” crystalline matter, and pupa-shaped (pupiform) crystals under SEM (4.1 - 18.0 µm diam.), greyish brown (6 D 3). Apophysis discrete, grooved, lighter than the endoperidium. Stalk / pedicel 2.0 - 3.0 mm high × 3.0 - 6.0 mm wide, yellowish white (1 A 2), flattened. Peristome delicately / roughly sulcate, slightly darker than the endoperidium, 16 - 21 folds, 0.3 - 0.4 mm high. Gleba dark brown (6 F 4). Mycelial layer composed of hyphae, 1 - 2.5 µm in diameter, thick walled (0.4 - 1 µm), encrusted, slightly sinuous, unbranched, lumen evident, hyaline. Fibrous layer composed of coiled hyaline hyphae, 4.1 - 8.9 µm in diameter, thick-walled (1.9 - 4.1 µm), slightly encrusted, unbranched, lumen evident, slightly sinuous. Pseudoparenchymatous layers composed of globose to subglobose cells, hyaline, 19.3 - 54 × 11.9 - 39.3 µm in diam., thin-walled (<1 µm). Eucapillitium hyaline 3 - 6 µm in diameter, thin-walled (> 1 µm), non-encrusted, slightly sinuous, lumen evident, unbranched. Rhizomorphs absent. Basidiospores globose to slightly elliptical, yellowish to brownish (Q = 1.00 - 1.25), 5.3 - 8.5 × 4.8 - 7.8 µm [x = 6.9 ± 0.6 × 6.4 ± 0.6, Qm = 1.10, n = 30], conspicuous ornamentation (0.2 - 0.9 µm in height) under LM, verrucose to irregularly pilate under SEM.	en	Barbosa, Kairo Dourado, Oliveira, Renan De Lima, de Andrade de Lima, Alexandro, Marinho, Paulo, Baseia, Iuri Goulart, Santos Ferreira da Cruz, Rhudson Henrique (2025): A True global hotspot of biodiversity: discovery of Geastrum crystallinum sp. nov. and Geastrum complanatum sp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Geastraceae) for Brazilian Cerrado. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (3): 35-50, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/mycologie2025v46a3.pdf
03AAA4060F34FFB38703FA22FAC4679C.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS Geastrum complanatum sp. nov. is a unique species growing unusually on the top of termite mounds in areas of the Brazilian Cerrado biome. The species is characterized by the presence of a flattened pedicel and “ farinaceous ” crystalline matter on the surface of the endoperidium, with the presence of pupa-shaped (pupiform) oxalate crystals under SEM, an exclusive crystal shape described for the first time for the genus Geastrum. Phylogenetically, Geastrum complanatum sp. nov. fits with the representatives of Sect. Geastrum, Subsect. Sulcostomata, characterized by having species with grooved peristome, well-developed mesoperidium and powdery / pruinose layer formed by small crystals with generative hyphae on the surface of the endoperidial and pseudoparenchymatous layers (Zamora et al. 2014; Zamora et al. 2015). In our phylogeny, G. complanatum sp. nov. groups in this Section and Subsection, together with G. meridionale J. C. Zamora (100 bs MP / 52 bs ML / 60 Bayesian pp), forming a sister-group with the species G. biplicatum Berk. & M. A. Curtis and G. tenuipes Berk. (100 bs MP / <50 bs ML / 59 Bayesian pp). Geastrum complanatum sp. nov. morphologically resembles the specimens of G. pectinatum Pers., G. meridionale, G. plicatum Berk., G. glaucescens Speg., G. parvistriatum J. C. Zamora & Calonge, G. papinuttii J. C. Zamora, G. striatum DC and G. tenuipes (Table 2), because all these species present a grooved peristome and the presence of crystalline matter on the endoperidial surface (Zamora et al. 2015). However, the peristome of G. complanatum sp. nov. presents very discreet grooves and little development compared to the other species with grooved peristomes. Geastrum pectinatum differs from G. complanatum sp. nov. by the presence of more robust basidiomata measuring 20 - 135 mm in diameter, while G. complanatum sp. nov. has delicate basidiomata measuring 17 - 28 mm in diameter (Zamora et al. 2015). In addition, the endoperidium of G. pectinatum is formed by crystalline matter with calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) bipyramidal crystals in the mesoperidium, with sizes ranging from 5 - 15 µm in diameter (Zamora et al. 2015), while G. complanatum sp. nov. has crystals that resemble a pupa, with sizes ranging from 4.1 - 18 µm in diameter. Geastrum meridionale J. C. Zamora is also similar to G. complanatum sp. nov., however the endoperidium of G. meridionale is much larger than that of G. complanatum sp. nov. specimens, with 12 - 33 mm in diameter and 5 - 13 mm in diameter, respectively. Furthermore, the exoperidium of G. meridionale is four times larger (45 - 125 mm in diameter) than that of G. complanatum sp. nov., with 17 - 28 mm in diameter (Zamora et al. 2015). Geastrum biplicatum resembles G. complatanum sp. nov. by the exoperidium with non-hygroscopic rays, brownish endoperidium with crystalline matter and a slightly delimited and sulcate peristome (Zamora et al. 2015). However, G. biplicatum has crystals with bipyramidal shape measuring 6 - 15 µm in diameter, while G. complatanum sp. nov. has pupa-shaped crystals with (4.1 -) 5.5 - 18.0 µm in diameter. Furthermore, G. biplicatum has a peristome with fewer folds (up to 19 folds), while the new species presented up to 21 folds. Two other species that are part of Subsect. Sulcostomata and resembles morphologically Geastrum complanatum sp. nov. are G. plicatum and G. glaucescens. However, the exoperidium of G. plicatum sp. nov. is a little more than twice the size of G. complanatum sp. nov., 38 - 62 mm in diameter, while G. glaucescens has pedicels that are commonly brownish, a characteristic not observed in G. complanatum sp. nov. which, in addition to presenting a yellowish white pedicel, has a flat conformation with up to 0.6 mm in diameter (Zamora et al. 2015). Geastrum parvistriatum and Geastrum papinuttii also resemble G. complanatum sp. nov. by the presence of farinaceous crystalline matter on the endoperidial surface and pedicellate endoperidium (Zamora et al. 2015). However, both species have pyramidal COD crystals and do not have the pupal-shape observed in G. complanatum sp. nov. under SEM (Zamora et al. 2015). The specimens of G. striatum and G. tenuipes also have morphological characters remarkably similar to G. complanatum sp. nov., such as the presence of a clear pedicel, farinaceous crystalline matter and globose basidiospores, however the exoperidium of the first two species is about three times larger, with diameters of 21 - 85 and 25 - 82 mm, respectively (Zamora et al. 2015).	en	Barbosa, Kairo Dourado, Oliveira, Renan De Lima, de Andrade de Lima, Alexandro, Marinho, Paulo, Baseia, Iuri Goulart, Santos Ferreira da Cruz, Rhudson Henrique (2025): A True global hotspot of biodiversity: discovery of Geastrum crystallinum sp. nov. and Geastrum complanatum sp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Geastraceae) for Brazilian Cerrado. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (3): 35-50, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/mycologie2025v46a3.pdf
03AAA4060F3EFFB784A0FCDBFAE461C2.taxon	description	(Fig. 4)	en	Barbosa, Kairo Dourado, Oliveira, Renan De Lima, de Andrade de Lima, Alexandro, Marinho, Paulo, Baseia, Iuri Goulart, Santos Ferreira da Cruz, Rhudson Henrique (2025): A True global hotspot of biodiversity: discovery of Geastrum crystallinum sp. nov. and Geastrum complanatum sp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Geastraceae) for Brazilian Cerrado. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (3): 35-50, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/mycologie2025v46a3.pdf
03AAA4060F3EFFB784A0FCDBFAE461C2.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Basidiomata small and completely whitish in the field, from exoperidium, mesoperidium, endoperidium, peristome and gleba. Hyaline basidiospores under light microscope, showing bypiramidal crystals of calcium oxalate in the gleba.	en	Barbosa, Kairo Dourado, Oliveira, Renan De Lima, de Andrade de Lima, Alexandro, Marinho, Paulo, Baseia, Iuri Goulart, Santos Ferreira da Cruz, Rhudson Henrique (2025): A True global hotspot of biodiversity: discovery of Geastrum crystallinum sp. nov. and Geastrum complanatum sp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Geastraceae) for Brazilian Cerrado. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (3): 35-50, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/mycologie2025v46a3.pdf
03AAA4060F3EFFB784A0FCDBFAE461C2.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — Based on the presence of crystals in the hyaline gleba under optical light microscopy.	en	Barbosa, Kairo Dourado, Oliveira, Renan De Lima, de Andrade de Lima, Alexandro, Marinho, Paulo, Baseia, Iuri Goulart, Santos Ferreira da Cruz, Rhudson Henrique (2025): A True global hotspot of biodiversity: discovery of Geastrum crystallinum sp. nov. and Geastrum complanatum sp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Geastraceae) for Brazilian Cerrado. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (3): 35-50, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/mycologie2025v46a3.pdf
03AAA4060F3EFFB784A0FCDBFAE461C2.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Brazil • Bahia, Barreiras, Família Barbosa Farm, Cerrado stricto sensu; found on sandy soils in a gregarious growth; 12 ° 7 ’ 11.25 ” S, 45 ° 4 ’ 26.43 ” W; 27. II. 2021; K. D. Barbosa, KD 0055; Holotype: BRBA-Fungos 0137; Isotype: UFRN-Fungos 3682.	en	Barbosa, Kairo Dourado, Oliveira, Renan De Lima, de Andrade de Lima, Alexandro, Marinho, Paulo, Baseia, Iuri Goulart, Santos Ferreira da Cruz, Rhudson Henrique (2025): A True global hotspot of biodiversity: discovery of Geastrum crystallinum sp. nov. and Geastrum complanatum sp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Geastraceae) for Brazilian Cerrado. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (3): 35-50, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/mycologie2025v46a3.pdf
03AAA4060F3EFFB784A0FCDBFAE461C2.taxon	biology_ecology	HABIT. — Gregarious, growing on sandy soils.	en	Barbosa, Kairo Dourado, Oliveira, Renan De Lima, de Andrade de Lima, Alexandro, Marinho, Paulo, Baseia, Iuri Goulart, Santos Ferreira da Cruz, Rhudson Henrique (2025): A True global hotspot of biodiversity: discovery of Geastrum crystallinum sp. nov. and Geastrum complanatum sp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Geastraceae) for Brazilian Cerrado. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (3): 35-50, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/mycologie2025v46a3.pdf
03AAA4060F3EFFB784A0FCDBFAE461C2.taxon	description	MYCOBANK. — MB # 849826. GENBANK ACCESSION NUMBER. — OR 479887 (ITS), OR 479889 (LSU). DESCRIPTION Unexpanded basidiomata absent. Expanded basidiomata saccate, 5 - 6 mm high (including peristome), 11 - 17 mm wide. Exoperidium with 7 - 9 triangular rays, revolute, non-hygroscopic. Mycelial layer cotonous to furfuraceous, encrusted with debris, completely whitish (1 A 1) when fresh and ivory when dry (4 B 3). Fibrous layer coriaceous, persistent, completely whitish (1 A 1) when fresh and grayish orange (5 B 3) when dried. Pseudoparenchymatous layer showing a pattern that varies from slightly rimose in newly expanded basidiomata to extremely rimose in older expanded basidiomata, white (1 A 1) when fresh and light brown (5 D 5) when dehydrated, collar absent. Endoperidium globose, 3.5 - 6 mm high (including peristome) × 3 - 5.5 mm wide, surface non-pruinose, with small vermiform hyphae, entirely white (1 A 1) when fresh and whitish orange (5 A 2) when dry. Apophysis and stalk absent. Peristome fibrilose, flat to mammiform, concolour to slightly darker than the endoperidium, 0.1 - 0.2 mm high, whitish yellow (1 A 2) to pale yellow (2 A 2). Gleba whitish (1 A 1), with bipyramidal crystals (4.2 - 7.3 µm diam). Mycelial layer composed of hyaline hyphae, 1.8 - 3.7 µm in diameter, thick walled (0.3 - 0.6 µm), not encrusted, slightly sinuous, unbranched, with lumen evident. Fibrous layer composed by hyaline hyphae, 1.8 - 3.7 (5) µm in diameter, thick-walled, 0.3 - 1.2 (1.88 µm), not encrusted, slightly sinuous, unbranched, lumen evident. Pseudoparenchymatous layer composed of subglobose, globose to ellipsoid cells, hyaline, 24.7 - 66.1 × 19.2 - 36.6 µm in diameter, thin-walled (<1 µm). Eucapillitium hyaline, 1.3 - 4.3 µm in diameter, thin-walled (<1 µm), encrusted, slightly sinuous, unbranched, lumen evident. Basidiospores globose to slightly elliptical, hyaline (Q = 1.00 - 1.25), 3.8 - 5.1 × 3.7 - 4.9 µm [x = 4.4 ± 0.4 × 4.2 ± 0.3. Qm = 1.06, n = 30], conspicuous ornamentation (0.2 - 0.9 µm in height) under LM and verrucose under SEM.	en	Barbosa, Kairo Dourado, Oliveira, Renan De Lima, de Andrade de Lima, Alexandro, Marinho, Paulo, Baseia, Iuri Goulart, Santos Ferreira da Cruz, Rhudson Henrique (2025): A True global hotspot of biodiversity: discovery of Geastrum crystallinum sp. nov. and Geastrum complanatum sp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Geastraceae) for Brazilian Cerrado. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (3): 35-50, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/mycologie2025v46a3.pdf
03AAA4060F3EFFB784A0FCDBFAE461C2.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS Geastrum crystallinum sp. nov. (Table 3), is characterized by having a small basidioma, being completely whitish in the field, both in the rays, endoperidium, peristome and gleba, in addition to presenting hyaline basidiospores and the presence of bipyramidal crystals in the gleba. Geastrum crystallinum sp. nov. groups phylogenetically with the Sect. Corollina, Subsect. Marginata, forming a group with G. saccatum Fr. (<50 bs MP / <50 bs ML / 95 Bayesian pp), at the base of other species in the Subsect. Marginata (G. flexuosum (L. S. Domínguez & Castellano) Jeppson & E. Larss., G. corollinum (Batsch) Hollós and G. caatingense J. O. Sousa, M. P. Martín & Baseia). This Subsection is characterized by the presence of fibrillose, non-folded, thickened and distinctly delimited peristome (Zamora et al. 2014, 2015; Sousa et al. 2019). However, contrary to these characteristics present in the other species of Subsect. Marginata, G. crystallinum sp. nov. have a non-delimited peristome, which is the unique character that distinguishes the new species in this Subsection. In addition to this characteristic that separates all these species, representatives of G. saccatum and G. corolinum commonly present elongated, non-faceted and circular calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals, almost filiform or even in arachnoid structures with radial patterns that are often abundant, forming substantial amounts of powdery masses (Zamora et al. 2013). The specimens of G. caatingense, on the other hand, have color patterns in the basidiome that are completely different from those of G. crystallinum, with a pale orange (5 A 3) micelial layer, white orange (5 A 2) fibrous layer, a dark brown (6 E 4) pseudoparenchymatous layer, a grayish orange (6 B 2) endoperidium, and a brownish gray (6 C 2) to yellowish white (5 A 2) gleba, while specimens of G. crystallinum are completely whitish in colors (Sousa et al. 2019). Geastrum crystallinum sp. nov. resembles G. flexuosum in the presence of globose and verrucose basidiospores, with similar sizes between 4.0 to 5.0 µm in diameter (Kers 1976; Domínguez de Toledo & Castellano 1996). Both species have hyaline eucapillitium, with thin, sinuous walls covered in debris (Jeppson et al. 2013). However, G. flexuosum has a rounded semi-hypogeous basidiome that open irregularly at maturity and not like a typical star with rays, as observed in G. crystallinum and other species of the genus (Domínguez de Toledo & Castellano 1996; Jeppson et al. 2013). Although the basidiome of G. flexuosum also has a whitish color like G. crystallinum, its representatives can also have a brownish color and irregular rupture of the peridium (Jeppson et al. 2013), a characteristic not observed in the specimens of G. crystallinum. Additionally, G. flexuosum has a dark brown gleba without crystals (Kers 1976), while G. crystallinum has a whitish gleba with bipyramidal crystals. Another strongly similar species is Geastrum hyalinum Freitas-Neto, N. M. Assis, J. O. Sousa, & Baseia by the mature basidioma saccate, whitish gleba and hyaline spores under light microscopy (Assis et al. 2019). However, the gleba of G. hyalinum has a more whitish yellow color (1 A 2) (Assis et al. 2019), instead of the completely white color (1 A 1) when fresh and only whitish yellow (1 A 2) in dehydrated basidiomata of G. crystallinum. Another similar feature in G. crystallinum and G. hyalinum is the morphology of the endoperidium, that varies from globose to subglobose, also showing prominent small vermiform hyphae, absence of crystalline matter and apophysis (Assis et al. 2019). However, in G. crystallinum the size of this structure is almost four times smaller than in G. hyalinum. The peristome of both species is fibrillose and flattened, but in specimens of G. hyalinum the peristome is delimited, which is completely different from the non-delimited peristome of G. crystallinum (Assis et al. 2019). Both species have hyaline, globose basidiospores with conspicuous ornamentation, but in G. crystallinum there is no presence of bipyramidal crystals in the gleba (Assis et al. 2019). Unfortunately, no molecular data are available for the species G. hyalinum to be used in a genetic comparison, forcing us to compare the samples based solely on the morphological features. Geastrum crystallinum sp. nov. also morphologically resembles two other species that have saccate basidiomata: Geastrum floriforme Vittad. and G. lageniforme Vittad. (Fries 1829; Vittadini 1842). However, G. floriforme has a strongly hygroscopic exoperidium and a yellowish-brown gleba (5 E 4), while G. crystallinum has a non-hygroscopic exoperidium and a whitish gleba (Vittadini 1842; Sousa 2015). In G. lageniforme, the species has long rays with thin ends, a mycelial layer with distinct longitudinal grooves, and basidiospores with prominent columnar warts up to 1.2 µm in height, while G. crystallinum has short rays that do not taper at the base, absence of longitudinal grooves in the mycelial layer, and short verrucous ornamentations, smaller than 1 µm in height (Vittadini 1842; Sousa 2015). Thus, G. crystallinum sp. nov. is a unique and characteristic species, both in its macroscopic form in the field and microscopically in the laboratory.	en	Barbosa, Kairo Dourado, Oliveira, Renan De Lima, de Andrade de Lima, Alexandro, Marinho, Paulo, Baseia, Iuri Goulart, Santos Ferreira da Cruz, Rhudson Henrique (2025): A True global hotspot of biodiversity: discovery of Geastrum crystallinum sp. nov. and Geastrum complanatum sp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Geastraceae) for Brazilian Cerrado. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (3): 35-50, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2025v46a3, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/mycologie2025v46a3.pdf
