identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03AB879F1057E86629E3F88A0550FDB5.text	03AB879F1057E86629E3F88A0550FDB5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parahesione Pettibone 1956	<div><p>Parahesione Pettibone, 1956</p><p>Diagnosis (modified after Jimi et al. 2023). Body depressed, reddish yellow to bright and deep red when alive. Prostomium with two lateral antennae, without median antenna, with two pairs of eyes. Palps simple or biarticulate. Six or eight pairs of tentacular cirri. Dorsal cirrophores fused with dorsal foliose lobe extending to base of parapodia, or dorsal foliose lobe absent. Parapodia typically biramous, sometimes uniramous in chaetiger 1. Notopodia with numerous capillary chaetae. Neuropodia with numerous compound chaetae: homogomph and/or heterogomph falcigers and heterogomph spinigers.</p><p>Remarks. The diagnosis of Parahesione in Jimi et al. (2023) was slightly emended, the most important modifications being:</p><p>1) The colour of the living worms, originally stated as “reddish”, is in fact ranging from “reddish yellow to bright and deep red”, encompassing the pale reddish yellow colour of P. luteola (Pettibone 1963: 108) and the bright to deep blood-red colour of the three Indo-West Pacific species (Jimi et al. 2023; present study).</p><p>2) The original statement “Dorsal cirrophores fused with or without dorsal foliose lobe extending to base of parapodia” is somewhat confusing and was replaced by “Dorsal cirrophores fused with dorsal foliose lobe extending to base of parapodia, or dorsal foliose lobe absent”.</p><p>3) The original statement “parapodia biramous” agrees with the type species and the undescribed species from New Caledonia, in which all parapodia are indeed biramous (Ruta et al. 2007); however, P. pulvinata and P. apiculata, as well as the below described new species, have uniramous parapodia in the first chaetiger.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AB879F1057E86629E3F88A0550FDB5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Syomin, Vitaly;Anker, Arthur;Kolbasova, Glafira;Carvalho, Susana	Syomin, Vitaly, Anker, Arthur, Kolbasova, Glafira, Carvalho, Susana (2025): Parahesione dudahamra sp. nov., an eye-catching symbiotic worm from the Red Sea, with complementary description and notes on Leocrates giardi Gravier, 1900 (Annelida: Phyllodocida: Hesionidae). Zootaxa 5673 (2): 189-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.2
03AB879F1056E86B29E3FD2302D1F8BE.text	03AB879F1056E86B29E3FD2302D1F8BE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parahesione dudahamra Syomin & Anker & Kolbasova & Carvalho 2025	<div><p>Parahesione dudahamra sp. nov.</p><p>Zoobank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 41B7FC87-5648-4843-B3DC-3E4DEF4647E6</p><p>(Figs. 1–5)</p><p>Diagnosis. Lateral antennae simple, without distinct ceratophores; palps biarticulate, with style abruptly narrowing to thin distal half. Eight pairs of tentacular cirri; longest dorsal cirri reaching chaetiger 12, longest ventral cirri reaching chaetiger 4. Dorsal foliose lobes of parapodia without projections, with bluntly pointed tips.</p><p>Type material. Holotype FLMNH UF 12510, Saudi Arabia, Makkah Governate, Thuwal, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.08752&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.340609" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.08752/lat 22.340609)">KAUST, King Abdullah Monument</a>, 22.340608°N 39.087519°E, sandflat adjacent to mangroves, suction pump, in burrow near mangrove roots, depth 0.3–0.5 m at low tide; leg. A. Anker, V. Syomin, G. Kolbasova, 1 March 2025 [fcn KSA_ 42858]. Originally complete specimen with regenerating left parapodium in chaetiger 16. Body 32 mm long, with 51 chaetigers. Maximum body width 2 mm without parapodia, 5 mm with parapodia. Pharynx not everted. Fixation: 4% formalin, transferred to 70% ethanol. Parapodia from chaetigers 16 to 18 (left side) dissected for DNA extraction and fixed with 96% ethanol. Parapodia of chaetigers 1 and 19 (left side) dissected and mounted on slides for study under compound microscope.</p><p>Description. Body depressed, tapering posteriorly (Fig. 2). Prostomium rectangular, wider than long (Fig. 3A). Lateral antennae as long as prostomium, cylindrical, with narrow tips, simple, inserted directly on minute elevations on prostomium (Fig. 3C). Palps slightly longer than antennae, biarticulate; style basally thick, abruptly narrowing to thin distal half. Palpophore as long as half of style. Eyes brownish, two pairs of equally sized spots (Fig. 3A).</p><p>Pharynx not everted in holotype. Elongated cirri in segments 1–5: 8 pairs of tentacular cirri in segments 1–4 and elongated dorsal parapodial cirri in segment 5 (i.e., chaetiger 1). Tentacular cirri smooth. Ventral pair in segment 3 considerably shorter and thinner than in other segments. Cirrophores of tentacular cirri cylindrical, basally fused, without aciculae. Longest dorsal tentacular cirri reaching chaetiger 12; longest ventral tentacular cirri reaching chaetiger 4.</p><p>Segments 1–4 without chaetae; 1 st chaetiger is segment 5. Parapodia of chaetiger 1 uniramous. Dorsal cirrus reaching chaetiger 5, with cylindrical cirrophore, smooth cirrostyle, without notoaciculum. Neuropodium underdeveloped compared to subsequent parapodia, posterodorsal projection short (Fig. 4A); with about 15 heterogomph chaetae, superior ones regular, coarsely serrated spinigers (Fig. 4B). Length and shape of blades gradually changing in ventral direction. Inferior neurochaetae 3–4.6 times shorter than superior ones; length to width ratio of blades decreasing from 23 to 4, accordingly; medium neurochaetae with fine serrations along their entire length (Fig. 4C, D); inferior neurochaetae with faint serrations only in basal part (Fig. 4E). All chaetae variable in shape within same type; true falcigers absent.</p><p>All subsequent parapodia biramous. Notopodia small, bluntly conical, with about 60 simple capillary notochaetae, each serrated along most of their length; notoaciculum single, not protruding, transparent in fixed specimen (Fig. 5A); each notopodium with dorsal foliose lobe (Fig. 3B, D, E). Lobes narrow, with fringed edge from base to approximately 1/4 of parapodial length, usually marked by noticeable notch (Fig. 3E); gradually broader and gaining asymmetrical leaf-like shape from 2 nd quarter of parapodial length; each lobe partially covering subsequent parapodium; lobe tips rounded or bluntly pointed, without digitiform projection. In anterior third of body, from chaetiger 6, all lobe tips with compact glands in form of swellings with granulose contents, barely seen in living animal (Fig. 2), more distinct after fixation (Fig. 3B, D, E); in anteriormost 5 chaetigers and second third of body, glands occurring randomly in about half of lobes on either side of body; posterior third of body without glands. Posterior margin of each lobe edged by row of regularly spaced ciliary tufts (Fig. 3D), latter less numerous and not forming regular row, or absent, in posterior third of body. Dorsal cirrophores cylindrical, fused with dorsal foliose lobe (Fig. 5A); dorsal cirrostyle tapering, smooth; its length slightly exceeding that of parapodium.</p><p>Neuropodia large, truncate, longer than wide, with distinct prechaetal lobe, smaller postchaetal lobe, and digitiform posterodorsal projection (Fig. 5A). In most chaetigers except chaetiger 1, each neuropodium with about 15 supraacicular spinigers and 30 subacicular falcigers, all heterogomph with unidentate blades, their length within bundle decreasing 3.8–4.9 times from superior spinigers to inferior falcigers, along with slightly increasing thickness of chaetae (Fig. 5B–E). Spinigers coarsely serrated along their entire length (Fig. 5B). Blades of superior falcigers as long as those of medium spinigers, with fine but distinct serrations in proximal 1/2–2/3 of length (Fig. 5C). Towards middle of bundle, serrations becoming barely distinguishable, occupying less than half blade length, or absent; inferior falcigers with smooth blades (Fig. 5D, E). Neuroaciculum single, not protruding, with transparent sheath and dark core. Ventral cirrophores fused to parapodium; ventral cirrostyles short, extending beyond neuropodial lobes, conical, smooth.</p><p>Pygidium with 2 smooth anal cirri as long as 12 posterior chaetigers, mounted on massive cirrophores.</p><p>Colour: body bright red in life (Fig. 2), pale beige-orange after fixation (Fig. 3B); foliose parapodial lobes transparent, barely visible in living worms (Fig. 2C), opaque whitish with chalk-white tips after fixation (Fig. 3B, E), each lobe with central dark spot composed of granules of brown pigment (Figs. 2, 3B, D); bases of dorsal cirrophores of segments 4 and 5 with brown spots (Fig. 2B).</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet “dudahamra ” stands for “red worm” in Arabic language (دودة حمراء = dudat hamra’ or, simplified, duda hamra), referring to the bright red colour of the new worm species; used as a noun in apposition.</p><p>Distribution. North-western Indian Ocean: presently known only from the type locality in the central Red Sea (Thuwal, north of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia).</p><p>Ecology. The holotype was extracted from a burrow of an unknown host; the burrow entrance was a small hole in muddy sand close to mangrove roots, at a depth of 0.3–0.5 m. The rich burrowing infauna of the type locality, which is still being studied taxonomically, included acorn worms, echiurans, sipunculids, various polychaetes and decapod and stomatopod crustaceans. Among the burrowing decapods, five species of snapping shrimps ( Alpheus spp.) and at least eight species of ghost and mud-shrimps in the families Callichiridae (3 species), Callianassidae (2 species), Eucalliacidae (1 species) and Laomediidae (2 species) were identified (Anker, in prep.), including a large callichirid species preliminarily identified as Neocallichirus cf. vigilax (De Man, 1916) . Since the two species of Parahesione described by Jimi et al. (2023) were coinhabiting burrows of callichirids ( Neocallichirus jousseaumei, Glypturus armatus) and upogebiid ( Upogebia sp.), it is possible that P. dudahamra sp. nov. is associated with one of the Red Sea species of Neocallichirus, such as N. cf. vigilax or N. jousseaumei, or with Glypturus laurae (de Saint-Laurent in de Vaugelas &amp; de Saint-Laurent, 1984) . Within the studied area, P. dudahamra sp. nov. appears to be very rare: a considerable sampling effort to collect additional specimens of the new species (specifically targeting possible ghost-shrimp burrows but also other burrows) was unsuccessful.</p><p>Remarks. Parahesione dudahamra sp. nov. belongs to the same species group as the two species described by Jimi et al. (2023), viz. P. apiculata and P. pulvinata, characterised by eight pairs of tentacular cirri. The most reliable difference of the new species from the Red Sea from the two western Pacific species is the absence of distinct ceratophores in the lateral antennae. In P. dudahamra sp. nov., the lateral antennae are attached directly to minute elevations of the prostomium, which could represent rudimentary ceratophores fused to the prostomium. Other diagnostic features of P. dudahamra sp. nov. include the higher number of chaetae per parapodium, around 60 notochaetae and 45 neurochaetae in the new species vs. about 40 notochaetae and 30 neurochaetae in P. apiculata and P. pulvinata; the relatively longer dorsal tentacular cirri, the longest reaching chaetiger 12 in the new species vs. reaching chaetiger 8 in P. apiculata and P. pulvinata; the relatively shorter ventral cirri, reaching chaetiger 4 in the new species vs. reaching chaetigers 7 and 5 in P. apiculata and P. pulvinata, respectively; and the presence of granulose swellings on the tips of foliose dorsal parapodial lobes in the new species, which are more distinct after fixation, and which are absent in both western Pacific species (cf. Fig. 3; Jimi et al. 2023: figs. 3A, C and 7A, C, E). Results of the phylogenetic analysis of Parahesione are discussed below.</p><p>The holotype of P. dudahamra sp. nov., with full body length 32 mm and 51 chaetigers, is larger than any of the specimens reported in Jimi et. al. (2023), with the longest specimens measuring 19.5–20 mm for 45–48 chaetigers. Since the number of chaetae per parapodium can be a size-dependent feature, it cannot be used for distinguishing the new species from its congeners until its variability is known for smaller individuals. On the other hand, while the dorsal cirri in the holotype of P. dudahamra sp. nov. are longer than in P. apiculata and P. pulvinata, its ventral ones are shorter than in the previously described species. Therefore, this character can be used as a secondary diagnostic feature to distinguish the new species from P. apiculata and P. pulvinata, in addition to the absence of ceratophores in the lateral antennae. The granulose swellings in the tips of dorsal foliose lobes are absent in the western Pacific species (Jimi et al., 2023; N. Jimi, pers. comm.). It is possible that this character emerges only in mature individuals; therefore it can be used as a secondary diagnostic character for large specimens, but its inclusion in the diagnoses requires additional material of different sizes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AB879F1056E86B29E3FD2302D1F8BE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Syomin, Vitaly;Anker, Arthur;Kolbasova, Glafira;Carvalho, Susana	Syomin, Vitaly, Anker, Arthur, Kolbasova, Glafira, Carvalho, Susana (2025): Parahesione dudahamra sp. nov., an eye-catching symbiotic worm from the Red Sea, with complementary description and notes on Leocrates giardi Gravier, 1900 (Annelida: Phyllodocida: Hesionidae). Zootaxa 5673 (2): 189-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.2
03AB879F105AE86A29E3FA39020BF84D.text	03AB879F105AE86A29E3FA39020BF84D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parahesione Pettibone 1956	<div><p>Key to species of Parahesione Pettibone, 1956</p><p>1. Six pairs of tentacular cirri; parapodia without dorsal foliose lobe..................................................................................... P. luteola (Webster, 1879) species group; West Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific*</p><p>– Eight pairs of tentacular cirri; parapodia with dorsal foliose lobe; Indo-West Pacific................................. 2</p><p>2. Tip of dorsal foliose lobe with digitate extension........ P. apiculata Jimi, Gonzalez, Rouse &amp; Britayev, 2023; West Pacific</p><p>– Tip of dorsal foliose lobe without digitate extension......................................................... 3</p><p>3. Lateral antennae biarticulate, with prominent ceratophores.................................................................................................... P. pulvinata Jimi, Gonzalez, Rouse &amp; Britayev, 2023; West Pacific</p><p>– Lateral antennae simple, no distinct ceratophores............................... P. dudahamra sp. nov.; Indian Ocean</p><p>* As of today, P. luteola species group includes only one described species from the West Atlantic ( P. luteola). However, at least one undescribed species is reported from Indo-West Pacific (New Caledonia), referred to as Parahesione sp. in Ruta et al. (2007) and Jimi et al. (2023); no characters except those which allow assigning it to P. luteola species group are mentioned.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AB879F105AE86A29E3FA39020BF84D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Syomin, Vitaly;Anker, Arthur;Kolbasova, Glafira;Carvalho, Susana	Syomin, Vitaly, Anker, Arthur, Kolbasova, Glafira, Carvalho, Susana (2025): Parahesione dudahamra sp. nov., an eye-catching symbiotic worm from the Red Sea, with complementary description and notes on Leocrates giardi Gravier, 1900 (Annelida: Phyllodocida: Hesionidae). Zootaxa 5673 (2): 189-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.2
03AB879F1059E86C29E3FB110120F871.text	03AB879F1059E86C29E3FB110120F871.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leocrates giardi Gravier 1900	<div><p>Leocrates giardi Gravier, 1900</p><p>Figs. 6–8</p><p>Leocrates giardi Gravier 1900: 180–185, text-figs. 46–52, pl. 10, figs. 17–19 [original description; Gulf of Aden]. — Salazar-Vallejo 2020: 55, figs. 29, 30 [redescription based on type material and additional material from the Gulf of Suez and Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia].</p><p>Leocrates claparedii . — Fauvel 1919: 371 [erroneous assignment of the Red Sea material to the Mediterranean L. claparedii; Gulf of Aden, Red Sea, Arabian-Persian Gulf]. — Fauvel 1933: 44–45 [erroneous assignment of the Red Sea material to the Mediterranean L. claparedii; Gulf of Suez, Red Sea] [non L. claparedii (Costa in Claparède 1868)].</p><p>Leocrates diplognathus . — Fauvel 1955: 105 [erroneous record from the Red Sea] [non Paralamprophaea diplognatha (Monro 1926)].</p><p>Material examined. 1 specimen, FLMNH UF 12511, Saudi Arabia, Makkah Governate, Thuwal, KAUST, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.08752&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.340609" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.08752/lat 22.340609)">King Abdullah Monument</a>, 22.340608°N 39.087519°E, shallow sandflat near mangrove, depth 0.2–0.5 m at low tide, suction pump, in burrow, leg. A. Anker et al., 21.06.2022 [fcn AA-22-080] ; 1 specimen, FLMNH UF 12512, same collection data as for previous specimen [fcn AA-22-068]; 1 specimen, FLMNH UF 12513, Saudi Arabia, Makkah Governate, Thuwal, KAUST, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.08752&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.340609" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.08752/lat 22.340609)">King Abdullah Monument</a>, 22.340608°N 39.087519°E, shallow reef flat with some seagrass and coral rubble, depth 0.5–1 m, suction pump, in burrow, leg. A. Anker, 24 September 2022 [fcn AA-22-229] ; 1 specimen, FLMNH UF 12514, Saudi Arabia, Makkah Governate, Thuwal, KAUST, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.08752&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.340609" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.08752/lat 22.340609)">King Abdullah Monument</a>, 22.340608°N 39.087519°E, sandflat close to mangroves, depth 0.3–0.5 m at low tide, suction pump, in echiuran burrow near mangrove roots, in burrow, leg. A. Anker, V. Semin, G. Kolbasova, 1 March 2025 [fcn KSA_42868] ; 1 specimen, FLMNH UF 12515, Saudi Arabia, Makkah Governate, Thuwal, KAUST, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.08752&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.340609" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.08752/lat 22.340609)">King Abdullah Monument</a>, 22.340608°N 39.087519°E, sandflat adjacent to mangroves, depth 0.3–0.5 m at low tide, suction pump, in echiuran burrow, leg. V. Semin and G. Kolbasova, 28 March 2025 [fcn KSA_42979]. All specimens complete. Pharynx everted in 3 specimens.</p><p>Description (based on all examined material). Body wide anteriorly; slightly tapering posteriorly, with 16 chaetigers (Fig. 6). Body length 15–26 mm, maximum width without parapodia 1.5–2.5 mm, with parapodia 3– 5 mm. Prostomium slightly longer than wide, wider anteriorly in specimens with everted pharynx, with almost parallel lateral margins in specimens with retracted pharynx; lateral margins straight (Fig. 7A–B). Lateral antennae about 1.5 times longer than prostomium, slightly longer than palps, with short ceratophores. Palps with palpophores about 3 times longer than palpostyles. Median antenna inserted between posterior eyes, tapering, not reaching anterior margin of prostomium. Eyes brownish; each anterior eye 1/10 or slightly less of prostomial width, oval or round, sometimes emarginate, slightly larger than rounded posterior eyes; distance between anterior eyes slightly exceeding distance between those of posterior pair (greater in specimens with everted pharynx). Nuchal organs horizontal, C-shaped, dorsally visible lobes, their posterior portions sometimes obscured by tentacular belt; ciliated bands barely visible dorsally.</p><p>Facial tubercle variable in shape (Fig. 7A, B), globular, ovoid, tapering or almost equilaterally triangular, possibly depending on extent of pharynx eversion and/or fixation. Lateral vesicles of pharynx (seen in 1 specimen) equal, with tapering anterior portion (Fig. 7A). Both pharyngeal rings and ventral side of peristomial ring with longitudinal ribs separated by shallow grooves (Fig. 7). Ventral side of peristomium with each rib subdivided into 2 secondary ribs; anterior margin edged with low papillose ridge (Fig. 7D). Anterior margin of pharynx with 10–15 low marginal papillae at each side; number of papillae both in papillose ridge and anterior margin of pharynx dependent on specimen size. Jaws single, semi-transparent yellowish to brownish, tapering, pointed (Fig. 7C, D). Upper jaw about twice as large as lower jaw and inserted ahead of latter.</p><p>Tentacular cirri long, thin, annulated. Cirrophores basally fused, with dark aciculae. Longest dorsal tentacular cirri posteriorly reaching chaetiger 6 to 8. Longest ventral tentacular cirri reaching chaetiger 2 or 3. Lateral cushions low, entire; longitudinal striae visible in all or only posterior segments in different specimens.</p><p>Chaetigers 1–4 with neurochaetae only. Notochaetae present from chaetiger 5 to last chaetiger. Notopodial acicular lobes elongate, tapering, with stout digitiform tips (Fig. 8A). Notochaetae simple capillaries with fine denticles present subdistally, around 10 to over 20 per bundle towards mid-body. Major notoaciculum black, not entering tip of lobe. Minor aciculum slender, black with semitransparent basal part, situated below major aciculum (Fig. 8A). Dorsal parapodial cirri long, thin, annulated (Fig. 8A), reaching 6 or 7 chaetigers backwards in anterior and mid-body segments, generally shorter in posterior segments, in latter case as long as 2–5 adjoining chaetigers.</p><p>Neuropodial acicular lobes bluntly conical, longer than wide. Neurochaetae around 20 per bundle in mid-body (less in 1 st and posterior chaetigers), all heterogomph falcigers (Fig. 8A). Blades bidentate, coarsely serrated at base (Fig. 8B, C), with finer serrations continuing along cutting edge and gradually fading away; guards approaching subdistal tooth (Fig. 8B, C) in most chaetae, reduced in inferior falcigers (Fig. 8D). Blade length decreasing towards ventral side (Fig. 8B–D): blades of superior falcigers 10–15 times as long as wide, those of inferior falcigers around 5–7 times as long as wide. Both neuroaciculae black. Major neuroaciculum not entering tip of acicular lobe. Minor aciculum relatively stout, lying above major aciculum, reaching to almost half parapodial length. Ventral parapodial cirri smooth, surpassing neurochaetal lobe by about half of their length (Fig. 8A).</p><p>Pygidium with terminal anus; anal cirri as long as 5 to 9 posterior chaetigers.</p><p>Colour: Body reddish, somewhat translucent, with iridescent cuticle when alive (Fig. 6A, B), beige after fixation (Fig. 7); prostomium opaque, crimson red (Fig. 6C).</p><p>Distribution. North-western Indian Ocean: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian-Persian Gulf (Gravier 1900; Salazar-Vallejo 2020 and references therein; present study).</p><p>Ecology. All herein examined specimens were extracted from burrows in sand or muddy sand, sometimes with a coral rubble component, at depths not exceeding 1 m at low tide; two specimens were collected with thalassematid echiurans, Listriolobus sp. / Ochetostoma sp.</p><p>Remarks. Leocrates giardi was described by Gravier (1900) based on material from the Gulf of Aden (Yemen and Djibouti), not the Red Sea, as somewhat confusingly stated by Salazar-Vallejo (2020): “Red Sea, Gulf of Aden”. The present specimens agree well with the type material of Gravier (1900) and the material redescribed by Salazar-Vallejo (2020), including from the Red Sea. Results of the phylogenetic analysis of Leocrates are discussed below. Noteworthy, in all our specimens, the blades and joints of falcigers are overgrown with threads of microalgae/ bacteria (Fig. 8B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AB879F1059E86C29E3FB110120F871	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Syomin, Vitaly;Anker, Arthur;Kolbasova, Glafira;Carvalho, Susana	Syomin, Vitaly, Anker, Arthur, Kolbasova, Glafira, Carvalho, Susana (2025): Parahesione dudahamra sp. nov., an eye-catching symbiotic worm from the Red Sea, with complementary description and notes on Leocrates giardi Gravier, 1900 (Annelida: Phyllodocida: Hesionidae). Zootaxa 5673 (2): 189-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.2
