taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B787D7376B1153FF1AF999E311AB79.taxon	description	1. Humeral spot (394: 0> 1): present (s = 2, ci = 0.5, ri = 0.8). Reversed in Gephyrocharax caucanus,	en	Vanegas-Ríos, James A (2018): Phylogeny of the Neotropical genus Gephyrocharax (Characiformes: Characidae: Stevardiinae), with remarks on the tribe Stevardiini. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182 (4): 808-829, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx045, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/182/4/808/4080366
03B787D73777114DFCFDF959E562AA7E.taxon	description	This is the first phylogenetic study proposing the monophyly of these genera, with Chrysobrycon being the sister group of the remaining stevardiins. The monophyly of Chrysobrycon was supported by eight synapomorphies, most of which are associated with caudal-fin squamation of adult males. The majority of these synapomorphies present reversals and / or convergences with other stevardiines, especially with genera that have a hypertrophied caudal-fin squamation in the lower lobe of adult males (e. g. Acrobrycon, Gephyrocharax and Pterobrycon). The synapomorphies of Chrysobrycon involving the pouch scale of adult males (state 1 of the characters 502 and 525) were not observed in any other examined stevardiine. Chrysobrycon mojicai Vanegas-Ríos & Urbano-Bonilla (2017) was recently described from the Amazon Basin in Colombia. In that study, the presence of an extensive contact between the frontals (rarely the parietals) along the midline was identified as a diagnostic characteristic of the genus. Based on the results found here, this characteristic, which was coded in two characters (26 and 40), supports the monophyly of Chrysobrycon. The phylogenetic placement of C. mojicai, which could not be analyzed here, will be tested in a later study. Thomaz et al. (2015) found that an unidentified species of Gephyrocharax was more related to C. myersi (the single species of Chrysobrycon included) than to the Gephyrocharax clade. In the results, conversely, both Chrysobrycon and Gephyrocharax were resolved as monophyletic groups in the consensus topologies, independent of the weighting scheme used (Fig. 2). Furthermore, the support measures obtained for the Chrysobrycon clade were relatively high (> 50) in the final consensus topology. The findings of the taxonomic revision of Gephyrocharax (Vanegas-Ríos, 2016) suggest that the unidentified species of Gephyrocharax from the southwestern Amazon (Thomaz et al., 2015) might correspond to G. major. Further examination of the specimens used by Thomaz et al. (2015) and molecular data for all Chrysobrycon species are needed to better understand the incongruences between both hypotheses. The two known species of Pterobrycon were resolved as a sister clade to Corynopoma and Gephyrocharax. This result differs from the traditional phylogenetic concept under which Pterobrycon and Corynopoma have been considered sister genera (Weitzman & Menezes, 1998). The Pterobrycon clade was supported by four synapomorphies related to anal and pelvic fins and body squamation of adult males. Additionally, only two of these synapomorphies were optimised without homoplasy on the most parsimonious trees used to calculate the final consensus topology (characters 422, state 1: the middle pelvic-fin rays are longer than the remaining rays; character 494, state 1: the presence of one or two paddleshaped scales on the body in adult males). Even though the monophyly of Pterobrycon is not an unexpected result, it is indispensable for endorsing its current taxonomy (Bussing, 1974).	en	Vanegas-Ríos, James A (2018): Phylogeny of the Neotropical genus Gephyrocharax (Characiformes: Characidae: Stevardiinae), with remarks on the tribe Stevardiini. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182 (4): 808-829, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx045, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/182/4/808/4080366
03B787D73777114DFCFDF959E562AA7E.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS ON THE MONOPHYLY AND INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF STEVARDIINI Weitzman & Menezes (1998) carried out the first phylogenetic study that supported the monophyly of Stevardiini (= Corynopomini) consisting of the genera Corynopoma, Gephyrocharax and Pterobrycon. In subsequent morphology-based phylogenetic studies, including at least one stevardiin species, that definition of the tribe remained unchanged (Castro et al., 2003; Weitzman et al., 2005; Ferreira et al., 2011). Mirande (2010) did not analyze any stevardiin species in his phylogenetic study of Characidae, but he tentatively assigned them to several nodes of his phylogenetic hypothesis (nodes 235 – 244 and 244) based on the placement of Stevardiini within the ‘ clade A’ (sensu Malabarba & Weitzman, 2003) and the phylogenetic hypothesis of Glandulocaudinae (sensu Weitzman & Menezes, 1998). In my results, those nodes were not recovered with the same composition supposed by Mirande (2010) (Figs 1, 2).	en	Vanegas-Ríos, James A (2018): Phylogeny of the Neotropical genus Gephyrocharax (Characiformes: Characidae: Stevardiinae), with remarks on the tribe Stevardiini. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182 (4): 808-829, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx045, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/182/4/808/4080366
03B787D73777114DFCFDF959E562AA7E.taxon	description	Another stevardiine genus with a contentious position between the tribes allied to Stevardiini is Argopleura, which was obtained as the sister group of a clade including Scopaeocharax, Tyttocharax and Xenurobrycon. These genera have been grouped together in Xenurobryconini, a tribe related to the Stevardiini (Weitzman & Fink, 1985; Weitzman & Menezes, 1998). In the DNA-based phylogenetic study by Thomaz et al. (2015), Argopleura was resolved as the sister group of Glandulocaudini in most of their phylogenetic results, but in their ML tree it was obtained as the sister group of Glandulocaudini and Stevardiini. Based on these results, Thomaz et al. (2015) placed Argopleura as incertae sedis in Stevardiinae. The phylogenetic position obtained for Argopleura in the final consensus topology agrees more with that found by Weitzman & Fink (1985) and Weitzman & Menezes (1998) than with that found by Thomaz et al. (2015). Despite this disagreement between the molecular and morphological data, which should be investigated further, Argopleura is tentatively considered the sister genus of Xenurobryconini based on the results of the present study.	en	Vanegas-Ríos, James A (2018): Phylogeny of the Neotropical genus Gephyrocharax (Characiformes: Characidae: Stevardiinae), with remarks on the tribe Stevardiini. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182 (4): 808-829, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx045, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/182/4/808/4080366
03B787D73777114DFCFDF959E562AA7E.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS ON THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS WITHIN STEVARDIINAE Based on the type of cells constituting part of the glandular pocket (mucous vs. club), Weitzman et al. (2005) defined the stevardiines as a group consisting of the six tribes (Stevardiini = Corynopomini, Diapomini, Hysteronotini, Landonini, Phenacobryconini and Xenurobryconini) that had been previously placed in Glandulocaudinae by Weitzman & Menezes (1998). Later, Mirande (2010) expanded the phylogenetic concept of the subfamily to include the species of ‘ clade A’ of Malabarba & Weitzman (2003). Since then, the monophyly of Stevardiinae has been widely supported based on molecular data (Javonillo et al., 2010; Oliveira et al., 2011; Thomaz et al., 2015). In the final tree topology (Figs 1, 2), the monophyly of Stevardiinae was resolved with 26 of the 44 genera recognised in this subfamily by Mirande (2010), Mirande et al. (2013) and Thomaz et al. (2015). In total, 73 stevardiine species were analyzed in the data matrix, whereas Mirande (2010) and Mirande et al. (2013) analyzed 27 and 41 stevardiines, respectively (excluding Creagrutus species added in their extended matrix). After comparing the results with those presented by Mirande (2010) and Mirande et al. (2013), most of the differences found among the final topologies are associated with the placement of the species of Bryconamericus, Diapoma and Knodus, which in all cases did not constitute monophyletic groups. Additionally, the final tree topology (Fig. 1) recovered the monophyly of a group consisting of Carlastyanax, Creagrutus and Piabina, which was proposed by Mirande et al. (2013).	en	Vanegas-Ríos, James A (2018): Phylogeny of the Neotropical genus Gephyrocharax (Characiformes: Characidae: Stevardiinae), with remarks on the tribe Stevardiini. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182 (4): 808-829, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx045, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/182/4/808/4080366
03B787D73777114DFCFDF959E562AA7E.taxon	description	Although the purpose of the present work may be considered as a reappraisal of the phylogenetic study of Stevardiinae by Mirande (2010) and Mirande et al. (2013), the primary object was the study of the phylogeny of Gephyrocharax and other stevardiins based on a large data matrix. The effect of adding Stevardiini (and other terminal taxa) to the data matrices of Mirande (2010) and Mirande et al. (2013) can be considered as a secondary result of the cladistic analysis presented herein, which represents an advance in the phylogenetic knowledge of the subfamily. It is evident that our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of many stevardiines has improved in recent years (Malabarba & Weitzman, 2003; Mirande, 2010; Mirande et al., 2013; Thomaz et al., 2015), but further research is still needed to achieve a more consensual view of the internal classification of this subfamily.	en	Vanegas-Ríos, James A (2018): Phylogeny of the Neotropical genus Gephyrocharax (Characiformes: Characidae: Stevardiinae), with remarks on the tribe Stevardiini. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182 (4): 808-829, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx045, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/182/4/808/4080366
