taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B287D8FC7F910233BD1B04FD056BD2.taxon	description	and mitochondrial markers (Fedosov et al., 2021) disagree with the latter species in morphology, therefore they are considered separately. Cynodontium gracilescens This species was erroneously reported by Savicz-Lyubitskaya & Smirnova (1970) from the Russian Far East: the only old specimen from Amur River basin in LE actually belongs to C. tenellum. All studied specimens from the Caucasus identified as C. gracilescens possessed straight setae, whereas in most Floras (e. g., Limpricht, 1890; Hallingbäck et al., 2006) C. gracilescens is characterized as having setae cygneous in wet condition. No specimens from the territory of Russia fully fitting the concept of C. gracilescens were found. Cynodontium asperifolium This is another species with unistratose leaf laminae and mammillae / papillae in each cell on both surfaces. It was described from southern Siberia (Kuznetsky Alatau Mts.) and was hitherto known only in Russia (Asian part and Urals), Middle Asia (Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan) (Ignatov et al., 2006), and Mongolia (Tsegmed, 2010). It differs from the Caucasian plants in having leaves with wider acute or occasionally subobtuse leaf apices, cells with lower mammillae, and perichaetial leaves abruptly narrowed into very short acumina. Savicz-Lyubitskaya & Smirnova (1970) describe its stem leaves as ca. 2 mm long, which is considerably shorter than it is observed in most Caucasian specimens. According to our observations, the leaf length of C. asperifolium is more variable and overlap with the Caucasian plants (Fig. 3). Our measurements of leaf length and width confirm that the Caucasuan plants in most cases have longer and wider leaves than C. asperifolium, but in few cases specimens from the Caucasus with smaller leaves, as well as specimens of C. asperifolium with larger leaves were observed (Fig. 3). Newertheless, Mann-Whitney U test indicates the significance of differences between them in both leaf length and width. In unclear cases, the most reliable distinguishing characters between the Caucasian taxon and C. asperifolium are the shape of perichaetial leaves (see Fig. 1 E, G vs. P) and height of mammillae / papillae (Fig. 1 J vs. Q). There is also a difference in shape of perigonial leaves: they are abruptly constricted into short acumina in the Caucasian plants and obtuse in C. asperifolium (Fig. 1 I vs. R). In the molecular phylogenetic analysis in Fedosov et al. (2021), five specimens of C. asperifolium were resolved in a maximally supported clade sister to C. bruntonii, with their joint clade in a sister position to the clade composed of ‘ C. fallax ’ (as it was called there) & C. gracilescens. Thus, a separate status of C. asperifolium and the Caucasian plants in question was confirmed. Cynodontium species from the Caucasus The Caucasian specimens erroneously called as S. gracilescens and S. fallax obviously represent the same K M N O P R species. It is very similar to C. gracilescens in having high mammillae / papillae in each cell on both surfaces (Fig. 1 D & J); however, its leaves have sharply acute apices, whereas they are described and illustrated as usually subobtuse in C. gracilescens (e. g., Lüth. 2019). The Caucasian plants never have setae cygneous when wet or geniculate when dry. Limpricht (1890) also provided an illustration of perichaetium of C. gracilescens (Figure on page 285) showing inner perichaetial leaves abruptly narrowed into very short acumina. Instead, the Caucasian plants always possess more gradually tapered perichaetial leaves with longer acumina (Fig. 1 G – H). There is also an evidence from molecular data for separating the Caucasian specimens from C. gracilescens. Previously published molecular phylogenetic analysis based on plastid (trnS-rps 4 and trn L-F) and mitochondrial (nad 5) DNA sequences (Fedosov et al., 2021) resolved the Caucasian specimens (called C. fallax) and Central European specimens of C. gracilescens in separate, well supported clades sister to each other. All other species of Cynodontium and Cnestrum with similar mammillae / papillae on both leaf surfaces possess other morphological traits not allowing referring the Caucasian specimens into any of them. Therefore here we describe these plants as a new species.	en	Ignatova, E. A., Czernyadjeva, I. V., Fedosov, V. E. (2024): A new species of Cynodontium (Rhabdoweisiaceae, Bryophyta) from Russia with comments on related species. Arctoa 33 (1): 24-30, DOI: 10.15298/arctoa.33.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/arctoa.33.04
03B287D8FC7A910033E31D8AFDBC6920.taxon	materials_examined	Type: Russia, Caucasis, Charodinsky District, near Zajach’i gates, Fedosov 13 - 1 - 193, MW 9111628 (Holotype MW, isotype MHA). Diagnosis. Similar to Cynodontium gracilescens (F. Weber & D. Mohr) Schimp. in having high, spinulose mammillae / papillae in each cell on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surface, and unistratose leaf laminae including leaf margins, but differs from it in having straight versus arcuate setae when wet, and narrowly acute versus often subobtuse leaf apices. Etymology: The name refers to the region where the most specimens of the species originate from. Plants in loose tufts, yellowish-green or light green, dull. Stems 2 – 5 (– 8) cm. Leaves crisped when dry, widely spreading to arcuate-recurved when wet, (1.9 –) 2.5 – 3.4 (– 4.3) × (0.35 –) 0.5 – 0.6 (– 0.7) mm, narrow lanceolate, narrowly acute or acuminate at apex; margins recurved in lower 1 / 2 on one or both sides, plane distally, crenulate due to high mammillae; costa percurrent or ending few cells below leaf apex, strongly mammillose on dorsal surface in the upper 1 / 3; leaf lamina unistratose; cells in upper and median leaf portion transverse-rectangular, quadrate and short rectangular, 7 – 10 (– 12) µm wide, on both surfaces sharply mammilose-papillose, opaque; in lower part of leaf elongate rectangular, (35 –) 50 – 85 (– 120) µm long, smooth, becoming shorter towards leaf margins. Autoicous. Sporophytes frequent. Perichaetial leaves from semi-sheathing bases gradually narrowed into long acumina, mammilose-papillose in distal portion; perigonial leaves acuminate. Setae 0.5 – 0.9 (– 1.2) cm, straight when dry and wet, yellow or brownish. Capsules erect or slightly inclined, straight, 0.9 – 1.8 mm long, ovate, symmetrical, not strumose, furrowed when mature, constrict- ed below mouth after spore release, yellowish to brownish. Peristome well-developed, teeth split to 1 / 2 of their length or lower into 2 (3) unequal prongs, reddish, often lighter at tips, papillose and vertically striolate. Opercula with long oblique beaks. Annuli persistent, formed of one row of small cells. Spores 17 – 25 µm, brownish, finely papillose. Differentiation. Separating Cynodontium caucasicum from C. gracilescens is not easy. Their distinctions include straight vs. arcuate setae and usually acute vs. subobtuse leaf apices. We managed to study only few old specimens of C. gracilescens, and in all of them capsules were elevated high above the tuft on thin, yellow setae 10 – 14 mm long, geniculate when dry and cygneous when moist. Plants of C. caucasicum in most specimens had slightly shorter (usually 6 – 8 mm long) and stouter setae, usually straight but occasionally curved when moist but never geniculate when dry. However, according to the descriptions of C. gracilescens in Europe- an floras, it has setae of the same length as in C. caucasicum (Limpricht, 1890), or even shorter, 5.5 – 8.5 mm, apparently based on specimens from the Iberian Peninsula (Heras & Infante, 2015). It can be, however, caused by presence of C. caucasicum in Europe, which has not been distinguished from C. gracilescens before the molecular evidence appeared. Note that Heras & Infante (2015) describe the seta of C. gracilescens as ‘ recta a ligeramente flexuosa’ (straight to slightly flexuose) but not cygneous. We also tentatively refer to C. caucasicum one specimen without exact data on locality, collected by D. H. Hoppe and C. F. Hornschuch ‘ in alpibus’ (apparently in Europe). It has setae 5 mm long, totally straight. An additional character which can be helpful for separating C. caucasicum and C. gracilescens is the shape of perichaetial leaves: they are gradually tapered into long acumina in the former species and abruptly constricted into short apiculi in the latter one (see Fig. 1 G & H vs. A & B). However, only a restricted number of C. gracilescens specimens were available for our study, so we suggest the use of this character with caution. There is also a great resemblance between C. caucasicum and C. serrulatum (Funck ex Brid.) Lindb. (= Oreoweisia torquescens) in having unistratose leaf laminae, densely mammilose-papillose on both surfaces, but leaves of O. torquesens are more widely acute, and its capsules are smooth, with shorter, more slender and not divided peristome teeth; this species is also unknown in Russia.	en	Ignatova, E. A., Czernyadjeva, I. V., Fedosov, V. E. (2024): A new species of Cynodontium (Rhabdoweisiaceae, Bryophyta) from Russia with comments on related species. Arctoa 33 (1): 24-30, DOI: 10.15298/arctoa.33.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/arctoa.33.04
03B287D8FC7A910033E31D8AFDBC6920.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: Cynodontium caucasicum is currently known in Russia only from the Caucasus (Republics Karachayevo-Circassian, Kabardino-Balkarian, North Ossetia – Alania, and Dagestan), it was also collected in Georgia (South Ossetia). Few old herbarium specimens from Central Europe were also observed; however, distribution of this species in Europe outside Russia and neighboring countries of the Caucasus needs to be clarified. In the Caucasus, it grows in altitudinal range ca. 1850 – 2400 m, in pine and birch forests in niches un- der and between rocks, on vertical and overhanging rock surfaces, on rotten logs, tree bases and exposed roots. Cynodontium asperifolium occurs in Russia mainly in its Asian part and Urals, but it was also found in one locality in Karachaevo-Circassian Republic, Teberda Nature Park. The identity of the Caucasian specimen was confirmed by molecular data (specimen RF 77 in Fedosov et al., 2021). Distribution of C. caucasicum and C. asperifolium in Russia is mapped in Fig. 4. Other studied specimens: Cynodontium caucasicum. CAUCASUS. RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic: Teberda Nature Reserve: Oriuchat Creek valley (Nazlykol River tributary), Ignatova 07 - 73 (MW 9030220); Oriuchat Creek valley (Nazlykol River tributary), Ignatova 07 - 73 (MW 9030220); right slope of Ullu-Murudzhu River valley, Ignatov & Ignatova 05 - 3935 (MW 9030227); same place, Ignatov & Ignatova 05 - 3809 (MW 9030228); same place, 9. VIII. 1986, Ignatova s. n. (MHA 9013705); Goralykol River valley, Ignatova 07 - 126 (MW 9030219); Kyshkadzher River valley, 14. VIII. 1986, Ignatova s. n. (MHA 9013706); Azgek River valley, left bank at confluence with Mukhu River, 17. VIII. 1955, A. L. Abramova & I. I. Abramov s. n. (LE B 0000903). Gudgora, 14. VII. 2010, Ukrainskaya & Shilnikov s. n. (LE B 0014637); Daut River valley, 5. VII. 1993, Ukrainskaya s. n. (LE B 0025512). Kabardino-Balkarian Republic: Bezengi River gorge 1 km downstream Mizhirgi River mouth, 27. IX. 1986, Portenier s. n. (MHA 9013704); Shkhelda Creek, a tributary of Adyl-Su Riv- er, 29. VII. 2004, Ignatov, Ignatova & Kharzinov s. n. (MHA 9013709 & MHA 9013711); Cherek-Bezengijsky Gorge, 20. VII. 2000, Tuziev s. n. (MW 9030217); Adyr-Su River valley, 23. VII. 1991, Ukrainskaya s. n. (LE B 0025782). Republic of North Ossetia – Alania: North Ossetian State Reserve, Tsei River gorge 21. VII. 1976, L. I. Abramova s. n. (MW 9030221 & MW 9030225); same place, 10. VII. 2013, Ukrainskaya s. n. (LE B 0015883). GEORGIA: Dzhava Distr., upper course of Bolshaya Liakhva River, 17. IX. 1947, I. Abramov s. n. (LE B 0000899); Republic of Dagestan: Gunib District, near station of Gorny Botanical Garden, Ignatov & Ignatova 09 - 360 (MHA 9013703); Charodinsky District: near Zayach’i gates, Fedosov 13 - 1 - 188 (MW 9132026); Karackskaja lesnaja dacha, Fedosov 13 - 1 - 137 (MW 9131992). Cynodontium gracilescens NORWAY: ST: Oppdal, Kongsvoll, 18. VII. 1970, A. A. Frisvoll s. n. (LE). [AUSTRIA] Tirolia (Vorarlberg), ad “ Vermalen-Joch ” prope Danöfen, C. Loitlesberger s. n., Kryptogamae exsiccatae № 1071 (LE). [SWITZER- LAND] Wengrn Alp, Breutel 157 (LE).	en	Ignatova, E. A., Czernyadjeva, I. V., Fedosov, V. E. (2024): A new species of Cynodontium (Rhabdoweisiaceae, Bryophyta) from Russia with comments on related species. Arctoa 33 (1): 24-30, DOI: 10.15298/arctoa.33.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/arctoa.33.04
03B287D8FC78910033E31F0CFD786E48.taxon	description	Specimens from Asian Russia misidentified as Cynodontium fallax (all in LE) [Republic of Bashkortostan] South Urals: Bashkirsky State Reserve, Ural-Tau Mt., upper course of Belaya River, 26. VII. 1946, Selivanova-Gorodkova s. n. – re-identified as Cynodontium asperifolium; east slope of Ural-Tau Mt., upper course of Ural River, Kazmash-tash Mt., 29. VII. 1946, Selivanova-Gorodkova s. n. – re-identified as Cynodontium asperifolium. Tyumen Province, Berezovo District: Lyapin River basin, Saryakpner Mt., 13. IX. 1950, Kil’dyushevsky s. n. – re-identified as Cynodontium strumiferum; Nyurtso-yu Creek (tributary of Maniya River), 2. IX. 1950, Kil’dyushevsky s. n – re-identified as Cynodontium asperifolium. Republic of Sakha / Yakutia: lower course of Lena River, Tiksi Bay, 1. VIII. 1955, Kil’dyushevsky 32 / 1 – re-identified as Cnestrum alpestre. Specimens from Asian Russia misidentified as Cynodontium gracilescens (all in LE) Amur [region], 14. VII. [18] 54,? illegible – re-identified as Cynodontium tenellum. Magadan Province, Ol’sky District, middle course of Chyolomdzhi River, 18. VII. 1983, Blagodatskikh s. n – re-identified as Cynodontium asperifolium.	en	Ignatova, E. A., Czernyadjeva, I. V., Fedosov, V. E. (2024): A new species of Cynodontium (Rhabdoweisiaceae, Bryophyta) from Russia with comments on related species. Arctoa 33 (1): 24-30, DOI: 10.15298/arctoa.33.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/arctoa.33.04
